Oklahoma Natural Gas Co. v. Williams

Oklahoma Natural Gas Co. v. Williams
1981 OK 147
639 P.2d 1222
Case Number: 54834
Decided: 12/01/1981
Modified: 12/02/1981
Supreme Court of Oklahoma

OKLAHOMA NATURAL GAS COMPANY, PETITIONER,
v.
ALVIE WILLIAMS AND THE WORKERS' COMPENSATION COURT, RESPONDENTS.

Proceeding to review a decision by an appellate panel of the Workers' Compensation Court; Patrick C. Ryan, Judge.

Proceeding by employer to review an appellate panel's decision which affirmed the trial judge's award of compensation.

AWARD SUSTAINED.

Yvonne Sparger Nichols, Looney, Nichols, Johnson & Hayes, Oklahoma City, for petitioner.

John B. Estes and Ernest W. Eblen, Stipe, Gossett, Stipe, Harper & Estes, Oklahoma City, for respondents.

OPALA, Justice:

[639 P.2d 1223]

¶1 The question for decision is whether Claimant's injury in an automobile accident - while he was en route home from an annual Christmas party sponsored by his employer - occurred "in the course of his employment". The trial tribunal ruled that it did. We hold that the material findings made on this issue by the three-judge review panel rest on competent evidence and are hence binding on this court.

¶2 Claimant, an employee of Oklahoma Natural Gas Company [ONG], and his wife each received an invitation from their respective employers to attend a Christmas party scheduled for the same night. ONG's party was an annual affair for employees from the Enid area as well as for those of the local office. The wife had a fairly new job. She wanted to go to the Christmas party at the home of her boss. She had expressed a dislike of ONG parties. For that feeling she had been chided by Claimant's immediate superior. Claimant initially declined his company's invitation. He explained that he and his wife had decided to attend her employer's party.

¶3 ONG management at the Enid office placed considerable importance on the attendance of company-sponsored functions. Claimant had been told on different occasions that this was of value to one who desired "to get ahead in the company". With respect to the party in question, Claimant was reminded his responsibility there was to introduce his subordinates to employees from other districts. He was also reminded that "higher-ups" from outside his own office would be present.

¶4 ONG officials perceived the Christmas party as a function for the benefit of the employees. Consistent with this policy, ONG employees were "encouraged" but not officially "compelled" to attend. While Claimant's superiors did in fact seek to induce his attendance at the party held the evening of his accident, they were far from suggesting that he should go there merely for his own entertainment and pleasure.

¶5 ONG paid for the dinner and made all the necessary arrangements. While it kept no official attendee's "roll", a reservation list, passed among the employees at work, served to apprise the company of those who intended to be there. When Claimant did not at first sign up, his superiors contacted him in an effort to stress the importance of the function. No compensation was paid for attending nor was it withheld for one's absence. Claimant's supervisor had expressly authorized the use of an ONG vehicle to all company-sponsored social events. On the evening of the party Claimant used his own car.

¶6 With enough persuasion brought to bear by his superiors, Claimant decided it would further his career to attend the ONG party. He and his wife went to both events. They left their home in Fairmont - eight miles east of Enid - took their two minor children to Waukomis to the home of a baby sitter - eight miles south of Enid - and then went to the Enid home of her employer for the first party. They had dinner there. [639 P.2d 1224] Leaving their car behind, they then proceeded in a vehicle of their friends to the Enid Country Club for the ONG event.

¶7 When the ONG party ended, they returned to the home of the wife's boss to pick up their car. They were en route to the Waukomis home of the baby sitter when a wreck occurred.

¶8 The trial judge found that Claimant, when injured, was in the course of his employment. The three-judge review panel

I.

¶9 Neither out-of-state case law

¶10 Liability for on-premises recreational and social activities is assayed by a set of recognized criteria.

¶11 Recreational and social activities are within the course of one's employment: (1) when they occur on the premises during a lunch or recreation period as a regular incident to the employment; or (2) when the employer expressly or impliedly induces participation, or makes the activity come within the orbit of employment duties; or (3) when the employer derives from the activity substantial direct benefit that extends beyond the intangible value of employees' health or moral improvement which is common to every kind of recreational and social event.

¶12 Factor (1) governs on-premises activities. It is inapplicable here. Factor (2) deals with "compulsory attendance". One who is expressly required to participate is clearly furthering the master's business.

¶13 Factor (3) - substantial benefit to the employer

¶14 The panel's finding that ONG received a benefit from the party rests here on competent evidence. The cumulative effect of benefits flowing to an employer from company-sponsored activities, including social affairs, may be considered as a factor in determining the compensability of an injury occurring in that setting.

¶15 The employer-benefit factor does present here a close question. So does the degree of implied compulsion exerted by ONG in its effort to induce Claimant's presence at the party. Standing in isolation, each of these factors may fall short of the mark. Considered together, they represent proof with inferences reasonably supportive of the trial tribunal's finding that Claimant's attendance at the party was an activity within the course of his employment.

¶16 In this case, the compulsion-of-attendance and the benefit-to-employer tests do not present themselves as independent alternatives. They stand here rather prominently at a point of intersection. For assessment of compensability the two tests, although formulated in the disjunctive, cannot be separated one from another. The latter implicates the former and vice versa.

¶17 Measured by purely objective criteria, benefit to ONG from its Christmas party may be sadly lacking in probative strength. Its weakness is nevertheless far from fatal to the claim. Objective evidentiary standard can be readily dispensed with. An acceptable substitute is supplied for this case by the crystal-clear proof of the employer's direct efforts to secure its personnel participation at the sponsored function by a systematic pattern of fostering among them the belief that the scheduled event represents a conscious tool of long-standing managerial policy. Management-induced [639 P.2d 1226] belief that employee attendance at a scheduled function - widely professed by local executives to be of value to the company - if solicited either as "command performance" or as an "encouraged voluntary response" is itself eloquent proof of company-perceived benefit. Subjective though its nature, such proof is sufficient to show both company expectation of "benefit" to be derived from the programmed event and company use of open or subtle "compulsion" to attain its proclaimed policy goal of capturing maximum employee participation.

II.

¶18 ONG asserts that the degree of supervision and control of the event constitutes the determinative factor. We disagree. It is merely one of several elements to be used as an analytical tool. The authorities where control appeared to be critical tend to support an award to Claimant.

¶19 Although these acts may be said to fall within ONG's role as host rather than employer, its master status vis-a-vis Claimant cannot be viewed as having been suspended for the occasion under consideration here.

III.

¶20 A more difficult question is presented by the Claimant's travel route via the baby sitter's house. The review panel found the necessary causal nexus in the nature of the invitation. The wife's attendance was expected but not that of the underage children. Thus viewed, the return trip by way of the baby sitter's house was a clearly anticipated if not impliedly charted route home.

¶21 ONG asserts that Claimant's injury occurred while he was on a fatal deviation

¶22 Claimant relies on cases in which the employee's injury occurred while he was going to, or returning from, the regular place of work to perform a special task outside regular hours at the request of the employer and for the employer's benefit.

¶23 Claimant undertook to attend the Christmas party in furtherance of his master's business, and as an incident of his employment. The travel bears all the indicia of special duty mission that lies outside the work routine - an off-premises mission with the attendant extra risk.

¶24 Notwithstanding the nature of the travel itself, ONG asserts the route toward Waukomis is a deviation and the errand to pick up Claimant's children is personal. ONG reasons that the injury occurred while Claimant was on an errand of his own.

¶25 In fetching the children at the baby sitter's house there was clearly a personal mission. Claimant and his wife attended two parties that night. They likely would have employed the sitter even if they had not gone to the ONG party. The dual purpose of the trip is not fatal to compensability. "If the work creates necessity for travel the employee is within [the] course of his employment, although at the same time [he is] serving a purpose of his own."

¶26 The personal mission is subsumed in the joint purpose. The route home via Waukomis was duty incident to the impliedly compelled attendance at the ONG social event - a mission undertaken in furtherance of the master's business and induced by the latter's entreaties.

¶27 Our holding here rests on the very narrow factual situation. The step-by-step analysis is not to be construed as extending a rule of blanket compensability to all company-sponsored off-premises events. Each case must stand on its particular facts.

¶28 The critical findings which form the underpinnings for this award rest on competent evidence. They are binding on us. The award is hence beyond our powers to disturb.

IV.

¶29 We do not reach here ONG's challenge to the constitutionality of that portion of 85 O.S.Supp. 1977 § 42 which provides an 18% interest rate for unpaid compensation awards.

¶30 Award sustained.

¶31 IRWIN, C.J., and HODGES, LAVENDER, DOOLIN and HARGRAVE, JJ., concur.

¶32 BARNES, V.C.J., and SIMMS, J., dissent.

Footnotes:

1 Although the 1977 amendments - 85 O.S.Supp. 1977 § 3.6 - continue to refer to a three-judge review panel as "the Workers' Compensation Court sitting en banc", the appellation appears lacking in legal precision. Stricto sensu, "en banc" means the entire membership of a multi-judge court. Black's Law Dictionary, 4th Ed. [1951] at p. 182; Webster's Third New International Dictionary [1961] at p. 745.

2 See anno. at 47 A.L.R.3d 566, 569-608; 1 Blair, Reference Guide to Workmen's Compensation § 9:14. Our survey of opinions from other jurisdictions indicates no clear consensus of opinion in any area discussed herein.

3 Pearl v. Associated Milk Producers, Inc., Okl., 581 P.2d 894, 896 [1978]; Tulsa Linen Service Co. v. Kroth, Okl., 512 P.2d 172 [1973].

4 State Farm Ins. Co. v. Worker's Comp. Court, Okl., 609 P.2d 779, 780-781 [1980]; Ryan v. State, 128 Okl. 25, 261 P. 181 [1927]; 15 Okl. Law Rev. 102 [1962].

5 City of Oklahoma City v. Alvarado, Okl., 507 P.2d 535, 537 [1973].

6 City of Oklahoma City v. Alvarado, supra note 5; 1 Larson, Workmen's Compensation Law § 22:00.

7 1 Larson, Workmen's Compensation Law, supra note 6 at § 22:22: "If the activity although not an integral part of the job is in effect required, it is clear enough that the employer has brought that activity within the employment. . . The compulsion need not take the form of a direct order if the employee is made to understand that he is to take part in the affair." See also Clevenger v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 396 S.W.2d 174, 182 [Tex.Civ.App. 1965].

8 See also Lawrence v. Ind. Comm. of Ariz., 78 Ariz. 401, 281 P.2d 113 [1955], where the court equated employer suggestion and encouragement with express order, in keeping with a recognition of the "realities of business".

9 Pearl v. Associated Milk Producers, Inc., supra note 3 at 897; Clevenger v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., supra note 7.

10 Goombi v. Trent, Okl., 531 P.2d 1363 [1975].

11 Bittman v. Boardman Co., Okl., 560 P.2d 967 [1977].

12 Kohlmayer v. Keller, 24 Ohio St.2d 10, 263 N.E.2d 231 [1970]; Youngberg v. Donlin Co., 264 Minn. 421, 119 N.W.2d 746, 749 [1963]; Le Bar v. Ewald Bros. Dairy, 217 Minn. 16, 13 N.W.2d 729, 731 [1944].

13 Stout v. Sterling Aluminum Products Co., 213 S.W.2d 244 [Mo. App. 1948]; Note: Workmen's Compensation for Injuries Arising out of Recreational Activity, Washington Univ.L.Q. 87 [1951].

14 Hill v. McFarland-Johnson, Engineers, 25 App.Div.2d 899, 269 N.Y.S.2d 217 [1966]; Kohlmayer v. Keller, supra note 12; Ricciardi v. Damar Products Co., 45 N.J. 54, 211 A.2d 347 [1965]; Gore v. New York Air Brake Co., 33 App.Div.2d 851, 305 N.Y.S.2d 814 [1969]. In Gore the court discusses the cumulative benefits from regular events as sufficiently related to employment to bring a separate activity, i.e. a picnic, within the scope of employment.

15 Cf: Harrison v. Stanton, 26 N.J. Super. 194, 97 A.2d 687 [1953].

16 Lybrand, Ross Bros. & Montgomery v. Industrial Comm., 36 Ill. 2d 410, 223 N.E.2d 150 [Ill. 1967]; Noble v. Zimmerman, 237 Ind. 556, 146 N.E.2d 828 [Ind. 1957]; Anno. 47 A.L.R.3d 566, 584-585.

17 Lawrence v. American Mut. Liability Ins. Co., 92 R.I. 1, 165 A.2d 735 [1960]; Tagliaremi v. MacMillan Book Co., 279 App.Div. 696, 108 N.Y.S.2d 374 [1951]. Contra, Auerbach Co. v. Industrial Commission, 113 Utah 347, 195 P.2d 245, 248 [Utah 1948] in which the court denied the award, stating the "fundamental test of employer-employee relationship is right of control".

18 1 Larson, Workmen's Compensation Law, supra note 6 at § 14, pp. 4-1 and 4-2.

19 1 Larson, Workmen's Compensation Law, supra note 6 at 4-298 and 4-299; see generally Qualls Transfer and Storage Co. v. Cummings, Okl., 505 P.2d 183 [1973]; Macke Vending Co. v. Abrahms, 27 Pa.Cmwlth. 490, 365 A.2d 451 [1976].

20 Impson v. Dillard's Brown-Dunkin Co., Okl., 489 P.2d 483 [1971]; Thurston Chemical Company v. Casteel, Okl., 285 P.2d 403 [1955].

21 See generally, 1 Larson, Workmen's Compensation Law, supra note 6, § 15 :00 et seq.

22 1 Larson, Workmen's Compensation Law, supra note 6, § 16 :10.

23 Restatement of the Law, Agency 2d §§ 228, 229 [1958].

24 Cf.: Lybrand, Ross Bros. & Montgomery v. Industrial Comm., supra note 16, in which the court allowed travel to a place other than the normal place of employment, undertaken incidental to employment and for the accommodation of employer. See also Ricciardi v. Damar Prod. Co., supra note 14; Dodge v. Wm. J. Keller, Inc., 304 N.Y. 792, 109 N.E.2d 85 [N.Y. 1952].

25 Qualls v. Cummings, Okl., 505 P.2d 183, 186 [1973].

26 Pearl v. Associated Milk Producers, Inc., supra note 3 at 897; Youngberg v. Donlin Co., supra note 12 at 749.

27 Goombi v. Trent, supra note 10; Bittman v. Boardman Co., supra note 11.

28 An attack on identical or similar grounds proved unsuccessful in Cyrus v. Vierson & Cochran, Inc., Okl.App., 631 P.2d 1349, 1353-1354 [1981].

29 Interest is not assessable pending review of an award. Its determination must await disposition of appellate proceedings. 85 O.S.Supp. 1977 §§ 3.6 (A) and (B), 42; First Baptist Church, Bristow v. Halloway, Okl., 402 P.2d 260, 262 [1965]; Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad Co. v. Edwards, Okl., 401 P.2d 303 [1961] and 401 P.2d 306 [1961]; Reardon v. McDougal, Okl., 524 P.2d 342, 344 [1974].