Glover v. First Union Nat. Bank

428 S.E.2d 206 (1993)

109 N.C. App. 451

Edward J. GLOVER, Jr., Plaintiff, v. FIRST UNION NATIONAL BANK OF NORTH CAROLINA and First Union National Bank of North Carolina, Trustee of the Retirement Plan and Trust for Employees of First Union National Bank of North Carolina and Its Affiliated Companies, Defendants.

No. 9216SC169.

Court of Appeals of North Carolina.

April 6, 1993.

*208 McLean, Stacy, Henry & McLean, P.A. by William S. McLean, Lumberton, for plaintiff.

Tharrington, Smith & Hargrove by Randall M. Roden, Raleigh, for defendant.

MARTIN, Judge.

The dispositive issue on appeal is whether the Merger Agreement executed between Scottish Bank and First Union is so clear and unambiguous as to establish, as a matter of law, that former employees of Scottish Bank are entitled to receive retirement benefits under the First Union Plan based upon total years of service to both Scottish Bank and First Union, as well as their accrued benefits under the previously existing Scottish Bank Plan. We conclude that the Merger Agreement is ambiguous and unclear as to this point, requiring resolution of the issue by the fact finder rather than by summary judgment. Accordingly, we must vacate the trial court's judgments and remand this case for trial.

Preliminarily, we consider defendants' contention that plaintiff's claim is barred by the statute of limitations. Defendants asserted as an affirmative defense that the acts giving rise to plaintiff's claim occurred at the time of the merger between the Scottish Bank and First Union in 1963 when the Merger Agreement became effective and the Scottish Bank Plan was terminated, or in any event, no later than 1 September 1968, when defendants executed another document which merged the Scottish Bank Plan funds into the First Union Plan funds. Thus, defendants contend that plaintiff's action is barred by the applicable three-year statute of limitations.

The statute of limitations for an action for breach of contract is three years from the accrual of the cause of action. N.C.Gen.Stat. § 1-52(1). The statute begins to run on the date the promise is broken. Penley v. Penley, 314 N.C. 1, 332 S.E.2d 51 (1985). In no event can the limitations period begin to run until the injured party is at liberty to sue. Id.; Wheeless v. Insurance Co., 11 N.C.App. 348, 181 S.E.2d 144 (1971). Additionally, "[i]t is well settled that where a fiduciary relation exists between the parties, with respect to money due by one to the other, the statute of limitations does not begin to run until there has been a demand and refusal." Efird v. Sikes, 206 N.C. 560, 562, 174 S.E. 513, 513-14 (1934).

Here, plaintiff did not become eligible for retirement benefits until his retirement on 31 October 1988. Accordingly, until that date he was not entitled to demand and could not be injured by a refusal of the retirement benefits which he claims. Since defendants' performance under the Merger Agreement could not take place until plaintiff retired; the alleged breach could not have occurred until that time, and plaintiff was therefore not at liberty to sue at any time prior to his retirement. Because plaintiff brought this action within three years of defendants' refusal of his demand for benefits under the Scottish Bank Plan, his action is not barred by the statute of limitations.

The central issue presented in this case is whether the language of Section 11 of the Merger Agreement so clearly establishes *209 that defendants intended to pay plaintiff benefits under the First Union Plan based upon his service at both institutions, and in addition, separate benefits which had accrued under the Scottish Bank Plan, as to entitle him to judgment as a matter of law. We conclude that the merger agreement does not clearly establish plaintiff's position and that genuine issues of material fact exist precluding summary judgment.

A party moving for summary judgment must demonstrate that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that he is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. N.C.Gen.Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 56; Hagler v. Hagler, 319 N.C. 287, 354 S.E.2d 228 (1987); International Paper Co. v. Corporex Constrs., 96 N.C.App. 312, 385 S.E.2d 553 (1989). Summary judgment is a drastic measure which should be used with caution. Williams v. Power & Light Co., 296 N.C. 400, 250 S.E.2d 255 (1979); Kessing v. Mortgage Corp., 278 N.C. 523, 180 S.E.2d 823 (1971). All evidence before the court must be construed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, and the slightest doubt as to the facts entitles the non-moving party to a trial. Ballenger v. Crowell, 38 N.C.App. 50, 247 S.E.2d 287 (1978).

A court's primary purpose in interpreting a contract is to ascertain the intention of the parties. International Paper Co., supra. If a contract is plain and unambiguous on its face the court may interpret it as a matter of law, but where it is ambiguous and the intention of the parties is unclear, interpretation of the contract is for the jury. Id. An ambiguity exists where the language of a contract is fairly and reasonably susceptible to either of the constructions asserted by the parties. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. v. Freeman-White Assoc., 322 N.C. 77, 366 S.E.2d 480 (1988). "The fact that a dispute has arisen as to the parties' interpretation of the contract is some indication that the language of the contract is, at best, ambiguous." Id. at 83, 366 S.E.2d at 484.

Plaintiff's claims are based upon the language in the third paragraph of Section 11, stating that "with respect to their vested interest resulting from former participation in the profit sharing plan of SB [Scottish Bank] they shall have the right to payment of such vested interest in accordance with the provisions of the plan," and upon the proposition that the words "termination of employment for any reason," clearly includes retirement. Therefore, plaintiff asserts the language was insurance that the Scottish Bank employees would have the right to payment of their vested interest in the Scottish Bank Plan in addition to the benefits paid to them under the First Union Plan (which were based upon total years of service with both First Union and Scottish Bank) regardless of the reason for termination.

Defendants respond that the third paragraph of Section 11 quoted above does not address the issue of retirement benefits upon termination of employment. Rather, defendants contend that the purpose of the third paragraph of Section 11 is to specify the employee's right to payment if his employment is terminated for any other reason prior to retirement, while the second paragraph of Section 11 describes the benefits to which a participant in the Scottish Bank Plan would be entitled upon retirement from First Union. Thus, defendants argue that the trial court misconstrued the third paragraph of Section 11 to be a separate and unconditional requirement to pay the employee his vested interest in the Scottish Bank Plan upon retirement.

Defendants argue further that the plain language of the second paragraph of Section 11 of the Merger Agreement bars plaintiff's claim that he is entitled to retirement benefits under both the First Union Plan and the Scottish Bank Plan as that language provides that benefits shall be "adjusted to provide the greater of said plans." Thus, defendants contend that the express language of the Merger Agreement guarantees that as participants in the First Union Plan, the former Scottish Bank employees would be entitled to a payment of benefits that would be equal to or exceed the vested interest they had acquired in the Scottish Bank Plan.

*210 In response, plaintiff argues that the failure to provide a formula for calculation of the Scottish Bank benefits in either the Merger Agreement or the First Union Plan is evidence that all parties reasonably interpreted the Merger Agreement as recognizing separate and inviolate trusts on behalf of Scottish Bank employees, and that the First Union Plan is an additional benefit for the vested employees of the Scottish Bank.

Finally, plaintiff asserts that "adjusted to provide the greater of the said plans" was inserted to address the First Union pension plan provision that an employee terminated during his first ten years of employment had zero vested rights. Plaintiff states that a bank such as Scottish Bank may have a large number of employees without ten years of service at any given point in time. Thus, argues plaintiff, this provision insured that all such employees were to receive their Scottish Bank account even though they might not be entitled to any additional First Union benefit because they had worked for less than ten years.

In this case, we believe that the language from Section 11 of the Merger Agreement quoted previously creates an ambiguity as to the true intention of the parties. As demonstrated by the parties' dispute, the language of the Merger Agreement is fairly and reasonably susceptible to either of the constructions asserted. Based upon the contract language alone, we cannot say that as a matter of law defendants owed plaintiff his accumulated retirement benefits under the Scottish Bank Plan in addition to the benefits paid to him under the First Union Plan which included credit for his years of service with the Scottish Bank. Nor can we say as a matter of law that plaintiff is entitled to recover only under the First Union Plan. While there may be evidence in the record to support both parties contentions, ambiguities in contracts must be resolved by a trier of fact upon consideration of a range of factors including the expressions used, the subject matter, the end in view, the purpose and the situation of the parties. International Paper Co., supra; Silver v. Board of Transportation, 47 N.C.App. 261, 267 S.E.2d 49 (1980).

In summary, we conclude that the language in the Merger Agreement is ambiguous as to the parties' intent regarding the benefits to which former Scottish Bank employees are entitled upon their retirement from First Union. Thus, the trial court's finding as a matter of law that defendants were liable to plaintiff under both the Scottish Bank Plan and the First Union Plan was error. In order to resolve this ambiguity, we must remand this case for trial. Because we vacate the judgments, we do not deem it necessary to address defendants' assignments of error relating to the award of attorneys' fees.

The partial summary judgment and final judgment are vacated, and this case is remanded to the Superior Court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Vacated and Remanded.

JOHNSON and GREENE, JJ., concur.