Brown v. State

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Justia Opinion Summary

The Court of Appeals affirmed the order of the Appellate Division affirming the final judgments awarding damages in favor of Plaintiff in this personal injury action filed against the State.

Plaintiff was injured and her husband was killed when the couple’s motorcycle collided with a pickup truck in an intersection. Plaintiff sought damages, alleging that the accident was the result of the improper design of the intersection, an excessive speed limit, and inadequate signage. On remittal, the Court of Claims found that the lack of a four-way stop sign was a proximate cause of the accident. The Appellate Division affirmed. The Court of Appeals affirmed, holding (1) there was record support for the finding that the State’s breach was a proximate cause of the accident; and (2) the trial court did not err in declining to apportion some fault to the driver of the pickup truck.

Brown v State of New York 2018 NY Slip Op 04029 Decided on June 7, 2018 Court of Appeals Wilson, J. Published by New York State Law Reporting Bureau pursuant to Judiciary Law § 431. This opinion is uncorrected and subject to revision before publication in the Official Reports.

Decided on June 7, 2018
No. 66

[*1]Linda M. Brown, Respondent,

v

State of New York, Appellant. No. 67



Linda M. Brown, & c., Respondent,

v

State of New York, Appellant.



Jonathan D. Hitsous, for appellant.

Michael Steinberg, for respondent.




WILSON, J.

In April 2003, Wayne Brown was driving a Harley-Davidson Fat Boy motorcycle north on Route 350 with his wife, Linda Brown, as a passenger. Henry Friend had stopped his pickup truck at the stop sign on Paddy Lane where it intersects Route 350. He looked north, then south, then north again before pulling into the intersection. The Browns' motorcycle collided with Mr. Friend's truck, killing Mr. Brown and injuring Ms. Brown. Ms. Brown, in separate claims against the State (as administratrix of her husband's estate and on her own behalf), sought damages for wrongful death and for her own injuries. She alleged that the accident occurred as a result of the improper design of the intersection, an excessive speed limit on Route 350, and inadequate signage at the intersection; she also alleged that the State acted negligently by not taking any corrective action in response to complaints about the intersection's danger.

Between 1995 and 1999, there had been 14 right-angle collisions at the intersection of Route 350 and Paddy Lane. At the Town of Ontario's request, the Department of Transportation (DOT) began studying the intersection in 1999. DOT never completed its study and took no remedial action. Ms. Brown's expert testified that the appropriate corrective action would have been to place a four-way stop sign at the intersection. DOT's expert stated that the installation of a four-way stop sign would have been a measure of last resort, to be considered if other less restrictive measures were insufficient.

After trial, the Court of Claims held that the State had breached its duty by failing to complete the study and take any remedial action, but dismissed the claims for lack of proximate cause, because Ms. Brown had failed to prove that a four-way stop sign was necessary and would have been installed in time to prevent the accident. The Appellate Division reversed, holding that Ms. Brown needed to show only that the dangerous condition was a proximate cause of her injury, and had no burden to prove that the State would have installed a four-way stop sign before the date of the accident. Two dissenting justices would have required Ms. Brown to show "what corrective action should have been taken by defendant and that such corrective action would have been completed before and would have prevented the accident."

On remittal, the Court of Claims found that the dangerous condition was a proximate cause of the accident. The court held the State 100% liable for the accident, finding that Mr. Friend was not negligent because he "carefully entered the intersection after looking both ways, but simply was unable to see the motorcycle . . . at any time before the accident occurred." The State appealed from the final judgments awarding damages, and the Appellate Division affirmed. The State appeals as of right from the final Appellate Division order, pursuant to CPLR 5601 (d) to review the prior nonfinal Appellate Division order and, by leave of this Court, pursuant to CPLR 5602 (a) (1) (i).

The State argues that its breach was not a proximate cause of the accident, because Ms. Brown failed to prove that a four-way stop sign would have been installed before the accident and would have prevented it. Alternatively, the State argues that some fault should be apportioned to Mr. Friend, because he would have seen the motorcycle had he acted with reasonable care, and because his violation of the Vehicle and Traffic Law demonstrates his negligence.

I. Proximate Cause

/i>

The State agrees it cannot invoke qualified immunity because it did not complete the safety study; therefore, ordinary rules of negligence apply (see Turturro v City of New York, 28 NY3d 469, 479 [2016]). The State has a nondelegable duty to keep its roads reasonably safe (Friedman v State, 67 NY2d 271, 283 [1986]), and the State breaches that duty "when [it] is made aware of a dangerous highway condition and does not take action to remedy it" (id. at 286). A breach proximately causes harm if it is a substantial factor in the plaintiff's injury (Turturro, 28 NY3d at 483).

We first address whether the Appellate Division's standard for proximate cause was correct — i.e., what did Ms. Brown have to prove? The Appellate Division properly characterized the inquiry: "whether the dangerous condition of the intersection because of the vertical curve in the line of sight looking south from Paddy Lane, combined with the speed limit of 55 miles per hour and the absence of four-way stop signs at the intersection, may be deemed a proximate cause of the accident." The court thus held that Ms. Brown was required to show "that the absence of safety measures contributed to the happening of the accident by materially increasing the risk, or by greatly increasing the probability of its occurrence."

We have never required accident victims to identify a specific remedy and prove it would have been timely implemented and prevented the accident. In Turturro, for example, a 12-year-old plaintiff was struck by a speeding car while he attempted to ride his bicycle across a four-lane road as to which the City had received numerous complaints of excessive speed (28 NY3d at 485). There, the plaintiff was not required to show that traffic calming measures — much less any specific traffic calming measure adopted at a specific time — would have avoided the accident. The relevant inquiry was whether the "City's failure to conduct a traffic calming study and to implement traffic calming measures was a substantial factor in causing the accident" (id.).

Here, there is record support for the finding that the State's breach was a proximate cause of the accident. It is undisputed that there was a pattern of right-angle accidents at the intersection. It is also undisputed that the State did not complete the traffic study, reduce the speed limit on Route 350, change the design or signage, or take any steps whatsoever to attempt to improve safety at the intersection. The other affirmed findings of fact — that the vertical curve created visibility problems; that Mr. Friend stopped and looked both ways; that Mr. Friend was unable to see the motorcycle approaching; that no one was speeding — are beyond our review.

Once on notice of the dangerous condition, it was the State's burden to take reasonable steps in a reasonable amount of time. Instead, it did nothing. That right-angle collisions would continue to occur absent the adoption of some safety measure is hardly surprising. "[T]he most significant inquiry in the proximate cause analysis is often that of foreseeability" (Hain v Jamison, 28 NY3d 524, 530 [2016]). Where, as here, the risk of harm created by the defendant corresponds to the harm that actually resulted, we cannot say that proximate cause is lacking as a matter of law.

II. Apportionment

/i>

The State argues that some fault should be apportioned to Mr. Friend. First, the State claims that Mr. Friend "failed to see claimant's approaching motorcycle even though he should have seen it in the exercise of reasonable care." Ms. Brown's expert did testify that a driver at the intersection looking south on Route 350 would see the top third of an approaching northbound vehicle — though not specifically a motorcycle — from 897 feet away, and the entire vehicle from 550 feet away. Mr. Friend testified that he was familiar with the intersection, and that the time between when he looked south and when the collision occurred was about five to ten seconds.

However, those facts do not compel a conclusion that Mr. Friend was negligent as a matter of law. The Court of Claims found that Mr. Friend "carefully entered the intersection after looking both ways, but simply was unable to see the motorcycle operated by [claimant's husband] at any time before the accident occurred." The record contains evidence supporting that conclusion: Mr. Friend's testimony that he stopped at the stop sign and looked both ways but did not see the motorcycle before entering the intersection; the expert testimony that drivers in Mr. Friend's location could not see cross-traffic because of the vertical curve; and the history of right-angle accidents at the intersection.

The State also claims that Mr. Friend was at fault because he was convicted of failing to yield the right of way, in violation of Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1142 (a). Even assuming the conviction is admissible, a VTL violation does not itself establish negligence, when, as the court found here, the driver has exercised reasonable care in an effort to comply with the statute (see Luck v Tellier, 222 AD2d 783, 785 [3d Dept 1995]). There is evidence from which the court could have properly concluded that Mr. Friend used reasonable care, and we cannot disturb that factual determination.

Accordingly, on each appeal, the order of the Appellate Division appealed from and the prior Appellate Division order brought up for review should be affirmed, with costs.

For Each Case: Order appealed from and Appellate Division order brought up for review affirmed, with costs. Opinion by Judge Wilson. Chief Judge DiFiore and Judges Rivera, Stein, Fahey, Garcia and Feinman concur.

Decided June 7, 2018



Primary Holding

The Appellant Division properly applied the standard for proximate cause when it concluded that the defendant State of New York’s failure to take corrective action to make an intersection more safe was the proximate cause in the accident that resulted in the plaintiff’s injuries.

Facts

In April 2003, Wayne Brown was riding his motorcycle north on Route 350 in the Town of Ontario. Plaintiff Linda Brown, his wife, was a passenger on the motorcycle. The posted speed limit was 55 mph. Henry Friend was driving a pickup truck in the area and stopped at the stop sign at the intersection of Paddy Lane and Route 350. Friend looked both ways and then proceeded to drive his pickup truck across Route 350. The Browns’ motorcycle collided with Friend’s truck. As a result, Wayne Brown was killed and Linda Brown was injured. Friend indicated that he never saw the Browns’ motorcycle. As administratrix of her husband’s estate, Linda Brown, filed a wrongful death claim against the State of New York, as well as a personal injury claim on her own behalf. In her lawsuits, Linda Brown claimed that the accident occurred because of inadequate signage at the intersection and an excessive speed limit on Route 350. In addition, Brown argued that the State was negligent in failing to take action in response to long history of complaints about the hazards of the intersection of Paddy Lane and Route 350.

The defendant State of New York responded to Linda Brown’s complaint by asserting government immunity. The Court of Claims concluded because the defendant failed to follow through with its study of the intersection, that the State was not entitled to government immunity. However, the court dismissed plaintiff's claim concluding that the plaintiff had not shown that the failure of the State to take corrective action to make the intersection safer within a reasonable period of time was not the proximate cause of the accident.

On remittal, the Court of Claims reversed, finding that the dangerous condition was a proximate cause of the accident and that the defendant State of New York was 100% liable for the accident. The State appealed and the Appellate Division affirmed.

Attorneys
  • Jonathan D. Hitsous, for appellant.
  • Michael Steinberg, for respondent
Opinions

Majority

  • WILSON, J (Author)

The Appellate Division held that in order to prevail, plaintiff Linda Brown was required to show that the failure of the State of New York to provide safety measures contributed to the accident or greatly increased the likelihood of an accident happening. While the court has never required that plaintiffs prove that a but for the timely implementation of a specific remedy an accident would not have occurred, the court has required a showing that failure to implement safety measures was a substantial factor in causing an accident.

In this case the plaintiff produced evidence that there was a pattern of accidents at that intersection that were similar to the type of accident between the Browns and Friend. In addition, despite evidence of a pattern of accidents the defendant did not complete a traffic study, reduce the speed limit, or take any other measures to attempt to improve the safety at the intersection. In addition, the record also shows that although Friend did indeed stop at the intersection and look both ways, he was unable to see the Browns’ motorcycle approaching.

Since the defendant was on notice of the dangerous condition, it was required to take reasonable steps in a reasonable amount of time to cure the condition. Instead, the defendant did nothing. It was foreseeable that in the absence of any corrective actions, accidents would continue to occur with the risk of harm. Because harm did actually occur in this case, the court concluded that as a matter of law proximate cause existed.

Case Commentary

This case is notable because it establishes in negligence cases, plaintiffs must only show that the defendant was on notice of a hazardous condition, had a reasonable time to take corrective action, and that failure to take the corrective action contributed substantially to the victim’s injury. Moreover, the plaintiff does not have to prove that a specific action would have prevented the injury.


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