PETER MAX, VIAMAX, INC v. GREAT AMERICAN SECURITY INSURANCE CO.
Annotate this CaseNOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
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SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-0042-19
PETER MAX, VIAMAX, INC.,
and ALP, INC.,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
GREAT AMERICAN SECURITY
INSURANCE CO. and
INTERESTED UNDERWRITERS
AT LLOYDS,
Defendants-Respondents.
_____________________________
Argued February 11, 2021 – Decided March 11, 2021
Before Judges Yannotti, Mawla and Natali.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
Law Division, Bergen County, Docket No. L-7136-18.
Bradley J. Nash (Schlam Stone & Dolan LLP) of the
New York bar, admitted pro hac vice, argued the
cause for appellants (Howard Law LLP, attorneys;
Jane A. Grinch, of counsel and on the briefs; Steven
Siegel, on the briefs).
Philip C. Silverberg argued the cause for respondent
Great American Security Insurance Co. (Mound
Cotton Wollan & Greengrass LLP, attorneys; Philip C.
Silverberg, of counsel and on the brief; Craig R.
Rygiel, on the brief).
Adam P. Stark argued the cause for respondent
Interested Underwriters at Lloyds (Fleischner Potash
LLP, attorneys; Benjamin A. Fleischner and Kirsten J.
Orr, on the brief).
PER CURIAM
In this insurance valuation dispute, plaintiffs Peter Max, Viamax, Inc.,
and Alp, Inc., appeal from an order confirming a $48,876,014 arbitration
award in their favor and against their insurers Great American Security
Company (Great American) and Interested Underwriters at Lloyds (Lloyds)
under the Alternative Procedure for Dispute Resolution Act (Act), N.J.S.A.
2A:23A-1 to -30. Based on our review of the record, we are convinced we do
not have jurisdiction to consider the issues raised on appeal, and accordingly
dismiss the appeal in accordance with N.J.S.A. 2A:23A-18(b).
I.
The relevant facts are not disputed. Plaintiffs maintained a warehouse
facility located in Lyndhurst, where approximately eighty percent of the
artwork of Peter Max was stored. On October 29, 2012, a significant amount
of that artwork was damaged or destroyed by flooding caused by Superstorm
A-0042-19
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Sandy. The damaged items consisted mostly of paintings, posters, and works
on paper in various formats, which had been accumulated as unsold or extra
works over many years.
At the time of the loss, Great American provided coverage to plaintiffs
under a dealer's insurance policy. The Great American policy was a one-year
policy that commenced on May 4, 2012, and had a coverage limit of $75
million. Additionally, Lloyds provided an excess insurance policy with a
coverage limit of $325 million. The Lloyds policy was subject to all the terms,
clauses, and conditions contained in the Great American policy.
On October 11, 2013, after nearly a year of investigating and evaluating
the claim, the parties were unable to agree on the amount of the loss. Great
American accordingly made a written demand pursuant to its policy for an
appraisal to determine the value of the loss. Lloyds made a similar demand.
The parties subsequently retained appraisers and also agreed, consistent
with the terms of the Great American policy, to designate a former New Jersey
Supreme Court Associate Justice to serve as Umpire, who would resolve any
"differences" between the respective appraisals. The parties further agreed
that the Umpire's final appraisal and appointment would be governed by the
A-0042-19
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Act. As the parties' appraisers' valuations of the loss differed substantially, the
matter was ultimately submitted to the Umpire for resolution.
After extensive proceedings, the Umpire issued a fifty-two-page written
decision that valued the loss at $48,876,014, and which divided the loss into
six categories: prints and posters, overpaints, paintings, acrylic, mixed media
on paper, and other. The Umpire explained in great detail her extensive
involvement in the appraisal process, the disputes between the parties'
appraisers, the methodology employed by them, and how she resolved those
disputes in determining the amount of loss.
The Umpire made specific factual findings and determined that the
doctrine of contra proferentem 1 was inapplicable under the facts presented.
The Umpire concluded that the Great American policy was not a contract of
adhesion, but rather "a standard form dealer's policy that was altered by
sophisticated parties, capably represented, who engaged in an arms-length
1
The doctrine of contra proferentem provides that "[w]here a word or phrase
is ambiguous, a court generally will adopt the meaning that is most favorable
to the non-drafting party if the contract was the result of negotiations between
parties of unequal bargaining power." Chubb Custom Ins. v. Prudential Ins.,
195 N.J. 231, 238 (2008). It is a consumer-protective doctrine "only available
in situations where the parties have unequal bargaining power." Pacifico v.
Pacifico, 190 N.J. 258, 268 (2007). "If both parties are equally 'worldly-wise'
and sophisticated, contra proferentem is inappropriate." Ibid.
A-0042-19
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transaction." She therefore concluded the policies did not "require application
of presumptions in favor of [plaintiffs]."
The Umpire also determined that the insurance policies were not "valued
policies," 2 and concluded that certain spreadsheets which contained a list of
values for the insured property that was attached to the Lloyd's policies, did
not represent the parties' agreement to value plaintiff's artwork at a specific
price. Rather, the loss would be evaluated consistent with the terms and
conditions of the policies, and specifically General Endorsement No. 4
(Endorsement Four) 3 in the Great American policy, that left "unchanged the
mechanism for addressing partial losses but [altered] the calculation of value
in general." The Umpire also applied a "blockage discount" to three of the six
2
A "valued" policy is one in which the "value of the property insured is
definitely settled by the contract engagement of the parties so that in the event
of a total loss proof of the actual value becomes unnecessary." Karcher v.
Philadelphia Fire & Marine Ins., 32 N.J. Super. 496, 499 (App. Div. 1954),
modified on other grounds, 19 N.J. 214 (1955). "[I]t is the uncertainty of the
amount of the liability of the insurer which distinguishes a so-called open
policy from a valued policy." Ibid.
3
General Endorsement Four, which plaintiffs' insurance broker specifically
bargained to be included in the Great American policy, provided for the
valuation of insured property in the event of loss or damage. Specifically, the
valuation of original works of art and original posters would be at the retail
value while the valuation of other prints and posters would be at wholesale
value.
A-0042-19
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categories of artwork as follows: 1) overpaints—15%; 2) prints—15%; and 3)
posters—25%.
On October 5, 2018, plaintiffs filed a verified complaint and order to
show cause seeking to modify the award under N.J.S.A. 2A:23A-13(f) 4
claiming the Umpire made several factual and legal errors. Specifically,
plaintiffs alleged the Umpire erred by: 1) finding that plaintiffs and its
insurers had equal bargaining power and refusing to apply the doctrine of
contra proferentem, 2) concluding that the policies were not valued policies,
and 3) applying blockage discounts to three of the six categories of artwork.
On May 14, 2019, Judge John D. O'Dwyer heard oral argument on
plaintiffs' motion to modify the award and denied plaintiffs' application in a
May 21, 2019 written decision. Judge O'Dwyer first concluded that the
Umpire properly refused to apply the doctrine of contra proferentem and her
factual determination that the parties were of equal bargaining power was
supported by "substantial evidence" in the record. Specifically, the judge
relied on the Umpire's conclusions that plaintiff was a "a sophisticated
business" who had generated six million dollars in revenue for 2012 and was
4 N.J.S.A. 2A:23A-13(f) permits the Law Division to modify an award if the
Umpire "committed prejudicial error in applying applicable law to the issues
and facts presented for alternative resolution."
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"capably represented by its insurance broker and bargained for . . .
Endorsement [Four]."
Judge O'Dwyer also concluded that the Umpire's finding that the policies
"were not 'valued policies'" was supported by substantial credible evidence.
Indeed, the judge found that there was nothing in the record that supported
plaintiffs' proposition "that the attachment of the spreadsheets to the [Lloyds]
[p]olicy results in a finding that the valuation on the spreadsheets controls for
the [Great American] [p]olicy[.]" The judge further noted that if t he policies
were "valued policies" then "there would have been no necessity for the
extensive, painstaking[,] and detailed appraisal evaluations undertaken by each
side of the dispute."
The judge rejected plaintiff's argument that the Umpire erred in her
interpretation and application of the policy term "retail value." Judge O'Dwyer
found that the Umpire's "determination of retail value was derived from her in -
depth study and consideration of the Max Organization and its sales history,
volume, and practices." The judge agreed with the Umpire that the
"undisputed facts demonstrate that in many categories of artwork . . ., the sales
were largely bulk sales at prices far removed from gallery asking prices."
Accordingly, Judge O'Dwyer determined that the Umpire's adopted
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methodology for determining retail value was based on substantial credible
evidence.
Finally, Judge O'Dwyer concluded that the "Umpire did not err in her
determination to the use of blockage discount." The judge noted that the
Umpire rejected a blockage discount for some categories of artwork including,
"[o]ther" and "[w]orks on [p]aper," while applying it to "[p]osters." Judge
O'Dwyer stated that the Umpire utilized the broad evidence approach 5 and
applied the blockage discount because plaintiff's approach to valuation
"overlooked the possibility that many of the items had not sold in the past and
that the entire body of works likely would not in the future be sold at those
prices." In addition, the judge found that like "the issue with regard to 'retail
value[,]' blockage discount was appropriate in the particular factual scenario
herein."
Plaintiffs filed a motion for reconsideration which the court denied.
Judge O'Dwyer subsequently entered final judgment. On October 3, 2019,
Great American and Lloyds filed a motion to dismiss plaintiffs' appeal
pursuant to Rule 2:8-2, which we denied. This appeal followed.
5
The broad evidence rule "requires the fact-finder to consider all evidence an
expert would consider relevant to an evaluation, and particularly both fair
market value and replacement cost less depreciation." Elberon Bathing Co.,
Inc. v. Ambassador Ins., 77 N.J. 1, 13 (1978).
A-0042-19
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On appeal, plaintiffs contend that we possess subject matter jurisdiction
over all the issues presented in this appeal, and argue appellate review is
necessary in accordance with our supervisory role over awards issued under
the Act. Specifically, plaintiffs maintain the court: 1) applied the incorrect
standard of review to the Umpire's determinations; 2) committed error because
the application of blockage discounts, which they characterize as a "novel
question of law in New Jersey," is contrary to General Endorsement Four's
language that plaintiffs would receive retail value for the insured property; 3)
incorrectly concluded the insurance policies were not "valued policies"; and 4)
failed to apply the "reasonable expectations of the insured doctrine" when
construing the policies, contrary to public policy. We conclude, however, that
plaintiffs' appeal is barred by the Act.
II.
The Act is a voluntary procedure for alternative dispute resolution.
"Parties who enter into an agreement under the [Act] waive their right to a jury
trial" and to an appeal of the arbitrator's decision except as provided in
N.J.S.A. 2A:23A-13. Weinstock v. Weinstock, 377 N.J. Super. 182, 188 (App.
Div. 2005) (citing N.J.S.A. 2A:23A-2(b)). Under the Act, an arbitration award
may be challenged by commencing a "summary application in the Superior
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Court for its vacation, modification or correction." N.J.S.A. 2A:23A-13(a).
Once the trial court grants an order that confirms, modifies, or corrects an
arbitration award, the court is to enter a judgment or decree in conformity with
the award. N.J.S.A. 2A:23A-18(b). The statute then explicitly provides:
"There shall be no further appeal or review of the judgment or decree." Ibid.
"Thus, the only appeal of an umpire's award contemplated by the [Act] 'is an
expedited summary review to the Chancery Division of the New Jersey
Superior Court.'" Weinstock, 377 N.J. Super. at 188 (quoting Mt. Hope Dev.
Assocs. v. Mt. Hope Waterpower Project, L.P., 154 N.J. 141, 148 (1998)).
The statutory prohibition against appeals from judgments confirming
arbitration awards is not without exception. Appellate review of a trial court
judgment confirming an arbitration award is permissible in those "rare
circumstances" where "public policy" requires such a result. Mt. Hope Dev.
Assocs., 154 N.J. at 152. For example, there is "a judicially-recognized
caveat," Kimba Med. Supply v. Allstate Ins., 431 N.J. Super. 463, 481 (App.
Div. 2013), to N.J.S.A. 2A:23A-18(b)'s proscription where appellate review is
required to fulfill our "supervisory function over the [trial] courts." Id. at 482
(quoting Mt. Hope Dev. Assocs., 154 N.J. at 152); see also N.J. Mfrs. Ins. v.
Specialty Surgical Ctr., 458 N.J. at Super. 63, 68 (2019); Riverside
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Chiropractic Grp. v. Mercury Ins., 404 N.J. Super. 228, 239 (App. Div. 2008).
"This residual appellate review function, [however,] . . . is to be exercised
sparingly . . . ." Kimba Med. Supply, 431 N.J. Super. at 482.
In Morel v. State Farm Insurance Co., we determined a review of an
order confirming an arbitration award was required to fulfill our supervisory
function because the trial court did not apply the correct legal standard of
review and did not rule on the plaintiff's claims. 396 N.J. Super. 472, 476
(App. Div. 2007). Similarly, in Kimba Medical Supply, we found our
supervisory function supported appellate review of a judgment confirming an
Act arbitration award because the case presented "unsettled questions of
statutory interpretation" that required "definitive precedential guidance." 431 N.J. Super. at 482-83.
In contrast, we have dismissed appeals from trial court orders addressing
arbitration awards entered under the Act. Most recently, in Monmouth
Medical Center v. State Farm Indemnity Co., we explained we "have no
jurisdiction to tamper with the judge's decision or do anything other than
recognize that the judge has acted within his [or her] jurisdiction" where the
judge adheres to the Act's statutory grounds in addressing a challenge to an
arbitration award. 460 N.J. Super. 582, 590 (App. Div. 2019) (quoting N.J.
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Citizens Underwriting Reciprocal Exch. v. Kieran Collins, D.C., L.L.C., 399 N.J. Super. 40, 48 (App. Div. 2008)). We also dismissed appeals from trial
court orders vacating arbitration awards, finding we lacked jurisdiction under
N.J.S.A. 2A:23A-18(b) because the trial judges "exercised [their] authority" in
accordance with the Act, "adhered to the statutory grounds in vacating the . . .
awards," and "provided rational explanations" supporting their findings the
dispute resolution professionals committed prejudicial error under N.J.S.A.
2A:23A-13(c)(5). Id. at 591.
Applying these legal principles, we discern no basis to exercise our
supervisory powers over the court, as Judge O'Dwyer did not depart from the
Act in any manner. Indeed, the record is bereft of any of the "rare
circumstances" supporting an exception to N.J.S.A. 2A:23A-18(b)'s
proscription of appellate review of an order confirming an Act arbitration
award. See Mt. Hope Dev. Assocs., 154 N.J. at 152. Judge O'Dwyer carefully
considered the record presented; analyzed plaintiffs' challenges under the
correct statutory standard and applicable standards of review; and provided a
reasoned and well-supported decision rejecting plaintiffs' application to vacate
the awards. See Monmouth Med. Ctr., 460 N.J. at 591.
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In addition, there are no public policy issues warranting an exercise of
our appellate jurisdiction. The arguments plaintiffs made before the trial court
in support of their challenge to the arbitration award, and that they repeat on
appeal, are merely disagreements regarding the interpretation of the insurance
contracts and the sufficiency of the factual findings made by the Umpire
regarding the parties' sophistication and coverage expectations at the time the
policies were issued. Plaintiffs' appeal is barred under N.J.S.A. 2A:23A-18(b).
Dismissed.
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