CHRISTINA IMPERATO v. MEDWELL, LLC

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
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                                                        SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                        APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                        DOCKET NO. A-2023-19T1


CHRISTINA IMPERATO,

          Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

MEDWELL, LLC and DR. ALI
MAZANDARANI,

     Defendants-Appellants.
______________________________

                   Argued September 29, 2020 – Decided October 19, 2020

                   Before Judges Fasciale and Mayer.

                   On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                   Division, Bergen County, Docket No. L-0857-18.

                   Vafa Sarmasti argued the cause for appellants (Sarmasti
                   PLLC, attorneys; Vafa Sarmasti and William H. Mone,
                   on the briefs).

                   Gary S. Graifman argued the cause for respondent
                   (Kantrowitz, Goldhamer & Graifman, PC, attorneys;
                   Gary S. Graifman and William T. Schiffman, on the
                   brief).
PER CURIAM

      Defendants Medwell, LLC (Medwell) and Dr. Ali Mazandarani

(Mazandarani) (collectively defendants) appeal from a January 2, 2020 order

denying their motion to dismiss the complaint and compel arbitration.

Defendants also appeal from two related orders: a May 25, 2018 order denying

their initial motion to compel arbitration and directing limited discovery; and a

November 5, 2019 order reserving decision on defendants' renewed motion to

compel arbitration and scheduling a plenary hearing. We affirm all orders on

appeal.

      Plaintiff Christina Imperato sued defendants, alleging violations of the

New Jersey Law Against Discrimination (LAD),  N.J.S.A. 10:5-1 to -49.

Plaintiff, a former employee of defendants, claimed she was subject to sexual

harassment.

      Defendants moved to dismiss the complaint and compel arbitration based

on a document entitled Mutual Agreement to Arbitrate Claims (Agreement). In

a May 25, 2018 order, the judge denied defendants' motion without prejudice

and allowed limited discovery regarding the enforceability of the Agreement.

After limited discovery, defendants renewed their motion to dismiss the

complaint and compel arbitration.      In a November 5, 2019 order and an


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accompanying written decision, the judge scheduled a plenary hearing to

determine "what is factually disputed by the parties regarding [plaintiff] placing

her signature on the dotted line" and "whether plaintiff entered into an

enforceable arbitration agreement."

        At the plenary hearing held on December 17, 2019, the judge heard

testimony from plaintiff and Mazandarani and considered documents, including

deposition testimony, introduced as evidence. In a January 2, 2020 order and

an attached written decision, the judge denied defendants' motion to compel

arbitration.

        In her written decisions from November 5, 2019 and January 2, 2020, the

judge made the following factual findings. Plaintiff had various jobs prior to

starting work with Medwell,1 including working at a pizzeria, a hair salon, and

in sales. She obtained a high school diploma through a graduate equivalency

degree program, attended cosmetology school, and completed one or two

semesters at a local college.

        Plaintiff saw an online job posting for Medwell and responded. The next

day, January 13, 2009, plaintiff interviewed for the job at Medwell.



1
    Medwell is a chiropractic office.


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Mazandarani personally interviewed plaintiff, although he had no recollection

of the interview process, and wanted plaintiff to begin work on the day of the

interview. Plaintiff asked to start work the following Monday, January 19, 2009,

and Mazandarani agreed.

      Plaintiff received several forms to complete the day she started working.

Plaintiff was given additional paperwork to sign on January 21 and 22, 2009.

These documents contained job training information. On January 23, 2009,

plaintiff was asked by Mazandarani to sign additional papers to "officially be

hired." Plaintiff told the judge that Mazandarani sat opposite her, handed her

papers to sign, and pointed to where she should sign and initial. According to

plaintiff, she complied with Mazandarani's instructions and signed where she

was told. At no time did Mazandarani indicate plaintiff could take the papers

home for review and return with the signed documents the next day. Plaintiff

explained she was rushed during her signing of the documents on January 23,

2009 and felt compelled to sign the documents "to keep her job and get paid."

      One of the documents presented to plaintiff on January 23, 2009 was the

five-page, single-spaced Agreement, governing the arbitration of claims.

According to the Agreement, by signing the document, the employee

"understand[s] and agree[s]" that he or she will "gain[] the benefits of a speedy,


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impartial, final and binding dispute resolution procedure." The Agreement

describes the arbitrable claims, which includes but is not limited to "tort claims;

claims for discrimination (including, but not limited to, race, sex, sexual

orientation, religion, national origin, age, marital status, physical or mental

disability or handicap, or medical condition) . . . ." Despite its title as a "Mutual

Agreement to Arbitrate Claims," the document has a signature line only for the

employee.

      Immediately above the Agreement's signature line is a section titled

"Voluntary Agreement," which reads:

             I ACKNOWLEDGE THAT I HAVE CAREFULLY
             READ THIS AGREEMENT, THAT I UNDERSTAND
             ITS TERMS, THAT ALL UNDERSTANDINGS AND
             AGREEMENTS BETWEEN THE COMPANY AND
             ME RELATING TO THE SUBJECTS COVERED IN
             THE AGREEMENT ARE CONTAINED IN IT, AND
             THAT I HAVE ENTERED INTO THE AGREEMENT
             VOLUNTARILY AND NOT IN RELIANCE ON ANY
             PROMISES OR REPRESENTATIONS BY THE
             COMPANY OTHER THAN THOSE CONTAINED IN
             THIS AGREEMENT ITSELF.

             I UNDERSTAND THAT BY SIGNING THIS
             AGREEMENT I AM GIVING UP MY RIGHT TO A
             JURY TRIAL.

             I FURTHER ACKNOWLEDGE THAT I HAVE BEEN
             GIVEN THE OPPORTUNITY TO DISCUSS THIS
             AGREEMENT WITH MY PRIVATE LEGAL
             COUNSEL AND HAVE AVAILED MYSELF OF

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            THAT OPPORTUNITY TO THE EXTENT I WISH TO
            DO SO.

      Plaintiff admitted she signed and dated the Agreement. The Agreement

was not signed by Mazandarani or Medwell. Mazandarani had no recollection

of plaintiff's interview, his involvement in her hiring, or her signing of the

Agreement. Despite Mazandarani's inability to recall plaintiff's hiring process,

defendants claimed plaintiff was given the employment papers, including the

Agreement, to review at home prior to signing. Plaintiff testified that if she had

been given the paperwork in advance, she would have consulted an attorney or

family member prior to signing the documents.

      The judge acknowledged plaintiff signed the Agreement but found "the

scenario upon which the employer requested plaintiff['s] signatures injected a[]

high level of intimidation, pressure and compression which eviscerated the

paper acknowledgment." In addition, the judge noted Mazandarani "ha[d] no

recollection of the circumstances for the signing of the agreement, ha[d] no

records to show otherwise, and presented no other witness from his offices . . .

of the pertinent circumstances."     The judge concluded "[t]he method and

surrounding circumstances to the signing of the [Agreement], along with the

absence of any contrary evidence, point to an employer-orchestrated signing



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event, which was days after plaintiff got a taste of what it would be like to have

a paid steady job in a respectable environment."

      Because Mazandarani had no specific recollection of the events

surrounding plaintiff's hiring, the judge deemed plaintiff's testimony regarding

the hiring process more credible. The judge found plaintiff was not given the

opportunity to take documents home for review. She also determined plaintiff

was coerced into signing the paperwork by Mazandarani because he was present

when plaintiff was given the Agreement, and he directed her where to sign and

initial the document.    The judge concluded the circumstances surrounding

plaintiff's execution of the Agreement were "rushed and sudden." The judge

found Mazandarani's request that plaintiff

            go into his office to sign some papers, page by page,
            does not support any manifestation of an intent to waive
            such rights, which was explicit, affirmative[,] and
            unmistakable. Under this scenario, there is no evidence
            that plaintiff knowingly and expressly gave up her right
            to a jury trial in favor of arbitration.

      Based on the evidence adduced at the plenary hearing, the judge

concluded "plaintiff's version of the signing of the [A]greement paints a lucid

picture of either guided direction for a quick signature on a very important issue

or is evidence of inconspicuous intimidation or coercion. Either way, these facts



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do not support a finding of waiver according to Atalese [v. U.S. Legal Servs.

Grp., L.P.,  219 N.J. 430 (2014)]."

      On appeal, defendants argue the motion judge erred in failing to apply the

correct legal standard for enforcement of an arbitration agreement. In addition,

defendants claim the Agreement clearly and unambiguously informed plaintiff

of her waiver of rights. Further, defendants assert the judge ignored the favored

status of arbitration in this State. We disagree.

      We apply a de novo standard of review when determining the enforceability

of contracts, including arbitration agreements. Goffe v. Foulke Mgmt. Corp.,  238 N.J. 191, 207 (2019). "The enforceability of arbitration provisions is a question of

law; therefore, it is one to which [this court] need not give deference to the analysis

by the trial [judge.]" Ibid. However, a trial judge's factual findings are reviewed for

an abuse of discretion. See Cumberland Farms, Inc. v. N.J. Dep't of Envtl. Prot.,

 447 N.J. Super. 423, 437-38 (App. Div. 2016). "The general rule is that findings by

the trial [judge] are binding on appeal when supported by adequate, substantial,

credible evidence." Ibid. (quoting Seidman v. Clifton Sav. Bank, S.L.A.,  205 N.J.
 150, 169 (2011)).

      An agreement to arbitrate is treated like any other contract. Atalese,  219 N.J.

at 442 ("[A]n agreement to arbitrate, like any other contract, 'must be the product of


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mutual assent, as determined under customary principles of contract law.'"

(quoting NAACP of Camden Cty. E. v. Foulke Mgmt. Corp.,  421 N.J. Super. 404,

424 (App. Div. 2011))). "A legally enforceable agreement requires 'a meeting of

the minds.'" Ibid. (quoting Morton v. 4 Orchard Land Trust,  180 N.J. 118, 120

(2004)). The parties must have come to an understanding as to the contract's

terms. Ibid. In determining enforceability of an arbitration provision, a court

should consider "the relations of the parties, the attendant circumstances, and

the objects they were trying to attain." Kernahan v. Home Warranty Adm'r of

Florida, Inc.,  236 N.J. 301, 320 (2019) (quoting Tessmar v. Grosner,  23 N.J.
 193, 201 (1957)). Regarding the waiver of the right to litigate claims and

defenses "in a judicial forum, 'courts take particular care in assuring the knowing

assent of both parties to arbitrate, and a clear mutual understanding of the

ramifications of that assent.'" Atalese,  219 N.J. at 442-43 (quoting Foulke,  421 N.J. Super. at 425).

      "[A] party who enters into a contract in writing, without any fraud or

imposition being practiced upon him, is conclusively presumed to understand

and assent to its terms and legal effect." Kernahan  236 N.J. at 321 (quoting

Rudbart v. N. Jersey Dist. Water Supply Comm'n,  127 N.J. 344, 353 (1992)).

When a party presents a contract for signature but does not sign themself, "the


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omission of that other party's signature is a significant factor in determining

whether the two parties mutually have reached an agreement." Leodori v.

CIGNA Corp.,  175 N.J. 293, 305 (2003).

      Here, the judge conducted a plenary hearing to "resolve the conflicting

factual contentions on the threshold issue of whether plaintiff entered into an

enforceable arbitration agreement." She weighed the evidence presented, heard

testimony from plaintiff and Mazandarani, and made credibility determinations.

       In denying the motion to compel arbitration, the judge found no mutual

assent in the execution of the Agreement. Based on the unrefuted testimony, the

judge concluded defendants, either by fraud or imposition, caused plaintiff to

sign the Agreement. Further, despite the word "mutual" in the title of the

Agreement, the judge held the absence of defendants' signature was a significant

factor in finding the document did not represent a mutual agreement between

the parties. In addition, the judge found no evidence that plaintiff was afforded

an opportunity to review the Agreement prior to signing despite language in the

Agreement granting her an opportunity to review the Agreement with counsel.

The judge concluded "the evidence [did] not support defendants' contention that

[plaintiff] chose to arbitrate with an explicit, affirmative and unmistakable




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intention that she was expressly giving up her established right to bring an action

in court in favor of arbitration."

      Based on our review of the record developed during the plenary hearing,

the absence of the conclusive presumption of assent, defendants' failure to

present any contradictory evidence, and the judge's credibility findings, we are

satisfied the circumstances surrounding plaintiff's execution of the Agreement

did not present a clear expression of an explicit and voluntary agreement to

forego the court system and be bound by arbitration.

      Because we affirm the January 2, 2020 order, we need not address the

earlier orders on appeal.

      Affirmed.




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