Mississippi Commission on Judicial Performance v. Houston J. Patton
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2010-JP-01387-SCT
MISSISSIPPI COMMISSION ON JUDICIAL
PERFORMANCE
v.
HOUSTON J. PATTON
DATE OF JUDGMENT:
TRIAL JUDGE:
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:
NATURE OF THE CASE:
DISPOSITION:
08/20/2010
HON. H. DAVID CLARK, II
MISSISSIPPI COMMISSION ON JUDICIAL
PERFORMANCE
DARLENE D. BALLARD
SORIE S. TARAWALLY
CIVIL - JUDICIAL PERFORMANCE
PUBLIC REPRIMAND, SUSPENSION FROM
OFFICE WITHOUT PAY FOR THIRTY (30)
DAYS, ASSESSMENT OF $1,000 IN FINES
AND COSTS OF $100 - 03/31/2011
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
EN BANC.
LAMAR, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1.
The Mississippi Commission on Judicial Performance recommended that Houston J.
Patton, County Court Judge for Hinds County, be publicly reprimanded and ordered to pay
a fine of $1,000 and costs of $100 for engaging in ex parte communications, misusing his
contempt power, failing to properly notice hearings, granting relief not requested, and issuing
a search warrant without legal authority, all actions which the Commission found to
constitute willful misconduct in office.
Judge Patton joined the Commission’s
recommendations and has admitted to all charges of misconduct. After reviewing the record,
we find the recommended sanctions to be insufficient, and we decline to adopt the
Commission’s recommendations. We impose a sanction of suspension without pay for thirty
days, a public reprimand, a fine of $1,000, and costs of $100.
STATEMENT OF FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
¶2.
On February 19, 2009, the Commission filed a formal complaint, in which it alleged
that Judge Patton had engaged in improper conduct in two cases involving the same
defendant. In the first case,1 the Commission averred that Judge Patton had engaged in ex
parte communications with the plaintiffs and counsel for the defendant; had presided over
numerous hearings and entered orders without proper notice to the defendant; had wrongfully
held the defendant in contempt, which resulted in his incarceration; and had wrongfully
issued a search warrant for the defendant’s premises in violation of his due-process rights.
And in the second case,2 the Commission averred that Judge Patton had engaged in ex parte
communications with the plaintiff and counsel for the defendant; had granted relief not
prayed for by the plaintiffs; and had wrongfully held the defendant in contempt, resulting in
his incarceration. The Commission found that Judge Patton’s conduct in both cases had
violated Canons 1, 2A, 2B, 3B(2), 3B(7), 3B(8), and 3B(9) of the Code of Judicial Conduct.
The Commission further found that Judge Patton’s actions constituted “. . . (b) willful
1
John Woodward and Vivian Wajda v. Billy Ralph Sullivan, No. 07-1884.
2
Joseph Gregory and Debra Gregory v. Billy R. Sullivan, Individually and Billy R.
Sullivan d/b/a A & S Environmental, No. 251-07-000328-COV.
2
misconduct in office; [and] (e) conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice which
brings the judicial office into disrepute[.]” 3
¶3.
On May 19, 2010, the Commission filed a second formal complaint against Judge
Patton. The Commission averred that Judge Patton again unlawfully had held a party in
contempt, resulting in incarceration.4 The Commission found that Judge Patton’s conduct
had violated Canons 1, 2A, 2B, 3B(2), 3B(7), 3B(8), and 3C(1) of the Code of Judicial
Conduct and Article 3, Section 30 of the Mississippi Constitution,5 which prohibits
imprisonment for debt. The Commission found the conduct was sanctionable under Section
177A of the Mississippi Constitution, as it was “. . . (b) willful misconduct in office; [and]
(e) conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice which brings the judicial office into
disrepute.” 6 The Commission, through its attorney, and Judge Patton entered into an Agreed
Statement of Facts and Proposed Recommendation in lieu of a hearing. This agreed
statement essentially reiterated the facts set forth in the formal complaints. Judge Patton and
the Commission agreed that he had violated Article 3, Section 30 of the Mississippi
Constitution and Canons 1, 2A, 2B, 3B(2), 3B(7), 3B(8), 3B(9), 3C(1), and that his conduct
was willful and prejudicial to the administration of justice under Section 177A of the
Mississippi Constitution. They agreed that the appropriate sanctions should be a public
3
Miss. Const. art. 6, § 177A(b),(e).
4
Vernon and Constance Hughes v. Homer “H.L.” Tillman and John Does 1-5, No.
251-07-5319-COV.
5
Miss. Const. art. 3, § 30.
6
Miss. Const. art. 6, § 177A(b),(e).
3
reprimand, a $1,000 fine, and $100 in costs. The full Commission accepted and adopted the
Agreed Statement of Facts and Proposed Recommendation with one change; it was silent as
to a violation of Article 3, Section 30, of the Mississippi Constitution.
DISCUSSION
¶4.
This Court conducts a ‘“de novo review of judicial misconduct proceedings, giving
great deference to the findings, based on clear and convincing evidence, of the
recommendations of the Mississippi Commission on Judicial Performance.’” 7 We may
“accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the findings and recommendation of the
Commission.” 8 This Court must render an independent judgment, as we are vested with the
“sole power to impose sanctions in judicial misconduct cases.” 9
¶5.
The Commission found by clear and convincing evidence that Judge Patton’s conduct
was willful and prejudicial to the administration of justice under Section 177A of the
Mississippi Constitution, and that it violated Canons 1, 2A, 2B, 3B(2), 3B(7), 3B(8), 3B(9),10
7
Miss. Comm’n on Judicial Performance v. Sanford, 941 So. 2d 209, 212 (Miss.
2006) (quoting Miss. Comm’n on Judicial Performance v. Gibson, 883 So. 2d 1155, 1156
(Miss. 2004)).
8
Rules of the Miss. Comm’n on Judicial Performance 10(E).
9
Gibson, 883 So. 2d at 1157.
10
We note that the record contains no facts that support a violation of Canon 3B(9),
which generally prohibits a judge and his court personnel from publicly commenting on a
pending case. Presumably facts in support of this violation were presented to the
Commission, because Judge Patton and the Commission provided in the agreed statement
of facts that Cannon 3B(9) was violated. Furthermore, the Commission filed a brief in
support of its recommendation in which it stated: “During the time the cases involved in
Inquiry Concerning a Judge No. 2008-274 were pending, Respondent made comments to the
local newspaper in an attempt to explain his actions and justify Sullivan’s incarceration. In
addition, Respondent publicly admitted ex parte contact with one of the litigants.” Judge
4
and 3C(1). To be willful under Section 177A, the misconduct must be “done willfully or with
gross unconcern and generally in bad faith[.]” 11
And “conduct prejudicial to the
administration of justice that brings the judicial office into disrepute” includes all willful
conduct.12 This Court has held that a judge’s participation in ex parte communication 13 and
misuse of contempt power14 constitute willful misconduct and conduct prejudicial to the
administration of justice. Further, Judge Patton agrees that his conduct falls within Section
177A(b) and (e), violates the above-noted code sections, and is sanctionable. We also find
that Judge Patton’s action of imprisoning a litigant for failure to pay a civil judgment is a
violation of Article 3, Section 30 of the Mississippi Constitution.15 Therefore, we find that
Judge Patton should be sanctioned.
¶6.
Under Section 177A, this Court may “remove from office, suspend, fine or publicly
censure or reprimand” a judge for misconduct.16
This Court considers six factors to
determine an appropriate sanction:
Patton did not file a brief but joined the “petition filed by the Commission.” We will
consider these unrebutted (and agreed to) assertions under the applicable de-novo review.
11
Miss. Comm’n on Judicial Performance v. U.U., 875 So. 2d 1083, 1088-89 (Miss.
12
Miss. Comm’n on Judicial Performance v. Vess, 10 So. 3d 486, 489 (Miss. 2009).
13
Id.
14
Miss. Comm’n on Judicial Performance v. Walker, 565 So. 2d 1117, 1124 (Miss.
15
See In re Nichols, 749 So. 2d 68 (Miss. 1999).
16
Miss. Const. art. 6, § 177A.
2004).
1990).
5
(1) The length and character of the judge’s public service; (2) Whether there
is any prior case law [sic] on point; (3) The magnitude of the offense and the
harm suffered; (4) Whether the misconduct is an isolated incident or evidences
a pattern of conduct; (5) Whether moral turpitude was involved; and (6) The
presence or absence of mitigating or aggravating circumstances.17
And we have ruled that the “guiding factor in assigning an appropriate sanction is that if it
fits the offense, and this is best measured by comparison with sanctions handed down in prior
cases for the listed offense.” 18
1. The length and character of the judge’s public service
¶7.
Judge Patton has been a judge for more than twenty years, and has no prior
disciplinary record. The record contains no information about the character of Judge Patton’s
public service.
2. Whether there is any prior caselaw on point.
¶8.
This Court has considered numerous judicial-misconduct cases involving abuse of
contempt power and ex parte communications.19 Recently, this Court decided Mississippi
17
Miss. Comm’n on Judicial Performance v. Gibson, 883 So. 2d 1155, 1158 (Miss.
18
Miss. Comm’n on Judicial Performance v. Britton, 936 So. 2d 898, 906 (Miss.
2004).
2006).
19
See e.g., Vess, 10 So. 3d at 488-89, 495 (ex parte communication and abuse of
contempt); Britton, 936 So. 2d at 906 (ex parte communication); Miss. Comm’n on Judicial
Performance v. Lewis, 913 So. 2d 266 (Miss. 2005) (ex parte communication); Miss.
Comm’n on Judicial Performance v. Blakeney, 848 So. 2d 824 (Miss. 2003) (ex parte
communication); Miss. Comm’n on Judicial Performance v. Willard, 788 So. 2d 736 (Miss.
2001) (ex parte communication and abuse of contempt); Miss. Comm’n on Judicial
Performance v. Gunter, 797 So. 2d 988, 990 (Miss. 2001) (abuse of contempt); Miss.
Comm’n on Judicial Performance v. Lewis, 801 So. 2d 704 (Miss. 2001) (ex parte
communication); Miss. Comm’n on Judicial Performance v. Byers, 757 So. 2d 961, 973
(Miss. 2000) (abuse of contempt); Miss. Comm’n on Judicial Performance v. Sanders, 749
So. 2d 1062 (Miss. 1999) (ex parte communication and abuse of contempt); Walker, 565 So.
6
Judicial Performance v. Vess, in which this Court sanctioned a justice court judge with a
public reprimand, a fine of $2,000, and costs of $100, for engaging in ex parte
communications with both parties in a pending suit and for failing to provide notice to one
of the parties.20 In that case, the judge admitted his recent misconduct and agreed to the
imposed sanction, but he also had been disciplined on two other occasions.21
¶9.
And in Mississippi Commission on Judicial Performance v. Byers, this Court
sanctioned a circuit judge with a public reprimand, fine of $1,500, and costs of $2,023.59 for
various improprieties, including the “serious charge” of misusing the contempt power.22 In
that case, a reporter disobeyed a court order by publishing an article about a juvenile
proceeding.23 The circuit judge had the reporter arrested and incarcerated without filing an
affidavit or an order to show cause, without noticing the hearing, and without an appeal
bond.24 In addition to misusing the contempt power, the Court found that the judge had
improperly sentenced a defendant under the wrong statute and had improperly extended a
defendant’s probation.25 The Court reviewed the misconduct at issue and a previous private
2d at 1124 (abuse of contempt).
20
Miss. Comm’n on Judicial Performance v. Vess, 10 So. 3d 486, 488-89, 495 (Miss.
21
Id. at 491, 492-93.
22
Byers, 757 So. 2d at 973.
23
Id. at 970.
24
Id. at 970-71.
25
Id. at 967-69.
2009).
7
reprimand for abuse of judicial powers before imposing sanctions.26 But the Court noted it
“seriously considered the sanction of removal.” 27
¶10.
The Court also considered a judge’s misuse of contempt in Mississippi Commission
on Judicial Performance v. Gunter, in which a municipal judge had a seventeen-year-old
arrested for contempt and immediately brought before him for failing to appear for
community service.28 The judge also improperly ordered that the teenager’s mother be
arrested for contempt of court and held for several hours without bond.29 In addition to
finding the judge had misused his power of contempt, this Court also found that the judge
had abused his official capacity as a judge by using the National Crime Information Center
and contacting clerks and police officers regarding a case in which he was counsel.30 The
Court noted that this was the judge’s first infraction when it imposed a sanction of a public
reprimand, a $1,500 fine, and $100 in costs.31
¶11.
But this Court has imposed harsher sanctions in cases involving similar misconduct.
In Mississippi Commission on Judicial Performance v. Gordon, the Mississippi
Commission on Judicial Performance recommended a public reprimand and assessment of
26
Id. at 970, 973.
27
Id. at 973.
28
Miss. Comm’n on Judicial Performance v. Gunter, 797 So. 2d 988, 990 (Miss.
29
Id.
30
Id. at 989.
31
Id. at 991-92.
2001).
8
costs for a municipal court judge who engaged in ex parte communications with defendants
and subsequently fixed fourteen traffic tickets.32 This Court enhanced the punishment to a
thirty-day suspension without pay, a public reprimand, and court costs, even though the judge
had no formal disciplinary record.33
¶12.
Likewise, in Mississippi Commission on Judicial Performance v. Britton, the Court
again imposed an enhanced punishment of suspension without pay for thirty days, a public
reprimand, and costs, on a justice court judge when the Commission had recommended only
a public reprimand and costs of $1,118.37.34 In that case, the judge had engaged in improper
ex parte communications and without notice or hearing, had entered orders and had
undertaken other actions in two unrelated cases.35 The judge also had engaged in similar
misconduct and had been before the Commission a total of six times, but he had never been
admonished by this Court.36
¶13.
And in Mississippi Commission on Judicial Performance v. Lewis, this Court
accepted the Commission’s recommendation to remove a justice court judge from office and
32
Miss. Comm’n on Judicial Performance v. Gordon, 955 So. 2d 300, 301-02 (Miss.
33
Id. at 306.
34
Miss. Comm’n on Judicial Performance v. Britton, 936 So. 2d 898, 906 (Miss.
35
Id. at 902-03.
36
Id. at 907.
2007).
2006).
9
assess costs of $2,080.23.37 In that case, the judge had engaged in ex parte communications
in two separate cases and improperly had dismissed a default judgment.38 This Court also
found that the judge had engaged in improper sexual advances toward the litigants, and that
he had failed to pay previous court costs and submit to a public reprimand for prior
disciplinary proceedings.39
3. The magnitude of the offense and the harm suffered
¶14.
In this case, Judge Patton failed to follow the law regarding ex parte communications,
contempt, and execution of search warrants. He failed to ensure litigants received notice of
hearings, and he publicly commented on pending cases.
This Court has ruled that
“immeasurable harm occurs when a judge who is trusted as the gatekeeper to justice for all
our citizens, fails to learn and apply fundamental tenets of the law.” 40 And we also have
ruled that “the power to hold a person in contempt of court is a solemn responsibility, and
any misuse of this power is a serious charge.” 41 Judge Patton’s conduct gave the appearance
of impropriety and of lending the prestige of his office to advance the private interests of
others. Further, his actions have violated the due-process rights of litigants. We find that
37
Miss. Comm’n on Judicial Performance v. Lewis, 913 So. 2d 266, 268 (Miss.
38
Id. at 268-69.
39
Id. at 271-72.
40
Miss. Comm’n on Judicial Performance v. Britton, 936 So. 2d 898, 906 (Miss.
41
Miss. Comm’n on Judicial Performance v. Byers, 757 So. 2d 961, 973 (Miss.
2005).
2006).
2000).
10
Judge Patton’s conduct brings the integrity, independence, and quality of the judiciary in
question.
4. Whether the misconduct is an isolated incident or evinces a pattern of conduct.
¶15.
While this is Judge Patton’s first time to be sanctioned for misconduct, this action was
initiated by two formal complaints involving misconduct in three civil cases. In each case,
Judge Patton engaged in ex parte communication. In two cases, he improperly used his
contempt power, held hearings without notice, and wrongfully incarcerated defendants. We
have held that three incidents within one formal complaint constituted a pattern.42 Similarly,
we found ten violations of various misconduct to constitute a pattern where the judge had no
prior disciplinary history and all allegations were brought within one formal complaint.43 So,
contrary to the dissent, this Court has found a pattern of misconduct when there is no prior
disciplinary action. Therefore, we find a pattern of misconduct.
5. Whether moral turpitude was involved.
¶16.
This Court has ruled that moral turpitude “includes, but is not limited to, actions
which involve interference with the administration of justice, misrepresentation, fraud,
deceit, bribery, extortion, or other such actions which bring the judiciary into disrepute.” 44
42
Miss. Comm’n on Judicial Performance v. Cowart, 936 So. 2d 343, 350 (Miss.
43
Miss. Comm’n on Judicial Performance v. Bradford, 18 So. 3d 251, 256 (Miss.
44
Miss. Comm’n on Judicial Performance v. Gibson, 883 So. 2d 1155, 1158 (Miss.
2006).
2009).
2004).
11
We also have said that a finding of moral turpitude “must involve some immorality” 45 and
cross the line “from simple negligence or mistake, to willful conduct which takes advantage
of a judge’s position for greed or other inappropriate motives.” 46 Our discussion of this
Gibson factor in Mississippi Commission on Judicial Performance v. Sanford, in which we
found moral turpitude, is particularly relevant:
[T]his case is not about a judge’s conduct because of a judge’s lack of judicial
education or training. This case involves some of the basic tenets of daily
living in a civil society, such as living by standards of fundamental decency
and honesty by not abusing the judicial process, and by revering the law and
the judicial system, and upholding the dignity and respect of the judiciary
through appropriate conduct and behavior toward others.47
We find that Judge Patton’s conduct, which is undisputed, involves moral turpitude, as he
abused the judicial process and failed to revere the law and judicial system. His actions of
wrongfully incarcerating litigants, engaging in ex parte communications, failing to give
notice of hearings and orders, publicly commenting on a pending case, and improperly
issuing a search warrant in a civil case, certainly warrant this Court to find moral turpitude.
6. The presence or absence of mitigating or aggravating circumstances
¶17.
This is Judge Patton’s first time to be sanctioned. He has admitted his misconduct and
has agreed to the recommended sanctions. However, his behavior was very similar in three
45
Miss. Comm’n on Judicial Performance v. Roberts, 952 So. 2d 934, 942 (Miss.
2007).
46
Miss. Comm’n on Judicial Performance v. Vess, 10 So. 3d 486, 493 (Miss. 2009)
(quoting Miss. Comm’n on Judicial Performance v. Gordon, 955 So. 2d 300, 305 (Miss.
2007)).
47
Miss. Comm’n on Judicial Performance v. Sanford, 941 So. 2d 209, 217 (Miss.
2006).
12
different cases and shows a pattern of misconduct. Judge Patton has ignored the Code of
Judicial Conduct, and his actions have deprived litigants of the due process of law, the
gravity of which this Court takes very seriously. This Court gives great deference to the
Commission’s findings with the clear charge that we must render an independent judgment.
¶18.
While this is Judge Patton’s first disciplinary action, we find his conduct is egregious
enough to warrant suspension, as imposed in Gordon and Britton, in addition to the
recommended sanction. After full consideration and de novo review of the record before us,
we find that the Commission’s recommendation is too lenient, and we enhance the sanction
to include a thirty-day suspension without pay, in addition to a public reprimand, fine of
$1,000, and costs of $100.
CONCLUSION
¶19.
Judge Patton has violated Canons 1, 2A, 2B, 3B(2), 3B(7), 3B(8), 3B(9), 3C(1) of the
Code of Judicial Conduct, and his conduct violated Article 3, Section 30 of the Mississippi
Constitution and is within the scope of Section 177A, subparts (b) and (e). Because of his
misconduct, we impose a sanction of a suspension without pay for thirty days, a public
reprimand, a fine of $1,000, and costs of $100. The public reprimand shall be read in open
court on the first day of the next term of the Circuit Court of Hinds County in which a jury
venire is present, with Judge Patton in attendance.
¶20. JUDGE HOUSTON J. PATTON, COUNTY COURT JUDGE FOR HINDS
COUNTY, SHALL BE PUBLICLY REPRIMANDED IN OPEN COURT BY THE
PRESIDING JUDGE OF THE HINDS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT ON THE FIRST
DAY OF THE NEXT TERM OF THAT COURT AFTER THIS DECISION BECOMES
FINAL WHEN A VENIRE PANEL IS PRESENT, IS SUSPENDED FROM OFFICE
WITHOUT PAY FOR THIRTY(30) DAYS, AND IS ASSESSED A FINE IN THE
AMOUNT OF $1,000 AND COSTS OF $100.
13
WALLER, C.J., CARLSON AND DICKINSON, P.JJ., AND RANDOLPH, J.,
CONCUR. KITCHENS, J., CONCURS IN PART AND DISSENTS IN PART WITH
SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY CHANDLER AND PIERCE, JJ.
PIERCE, J., CONCURS IN PART AND DISSENTS IN PART WITH SEPARATE
WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY KITCHENS AND CHANDLER, JJ. KING, J.,
NOT PARTICIPATING.
KITCHENS, JUSTICE, CONCURRING IN PART AND DISSENTING IN
PART:
¶21.
I must respectfully dissent from the portion of today’s opinion that adds a thirty-day
suspension to the sanctions recommended by the Commission. Judge Patton agreed to the
Commission’s recommendation, and the recommended sanctions are consistent with our prior
rulings in similar cases. This Court, in my judgment, should accept that recommendation
rather than imposing heightened sanctions that are unwarranted by the facts. I specifically
take issue with the majority’s finding that Judge Patton’s conduct evinces a pattern of bad
behavior and that his conduct involved moral turpitude.
¶22.
While this Court has the ultimate authority over the imposition of sanctions, it is well
settled that sanctions in any disciplinary action should be consistent with previous, similar
cases. Miss. Comm’n on Judicial Performance v. Sanford, 941 So. 2d 209, 215 (Miss.
2006) (citing In re Bailey, 541 So. 2d 1036, 1039 (Miss. 1989)). The majority’s decision to
impose heightened sanctions on a finding of moral turpitude is not warranted by the facts and
is in conflict with prior cases involving similar conduct. In addition, the majority is not
justified in finding, contrary to the Commission’s conclusions, that the acts in this case show
a pattern of misconduct; this is the first occasion upon which Judge Patton has been
sanctioned by this Court in the course of a career on the bench that is in its third decade.
14
¶23.
The determination of sanctions for judicial misconduct and the appropriateness of a
sanction are based on a finding of these well-known factors: (1) the length and character of
the judge’s public service; (2) whether there is prior case law on point; (3) the magnitude of
the offense and the harm suffered; (4) whether the misconduct is an isolated incident or
evidences a pattern of conduct; (5) whether moral turpitude was involved; and (6) the
presence or absence of mitigating or aggravating circumstances. Miss. Comm’n on Judicial
Performance v. Gibson, 883 So. 2d 1155, 1158 (Miss. 2004).
¶24.
Moral turpitude is a notoriously undefined term of art, and our decisions do not shed
much light on its meaning. For the purposes of judicial discipline, it “includes, but is not
limited to, actions which involve interference with the administration of justice,
misrepresentation, fraud, deceit, bribery, extortion, or other such actions which bring the
judiciary into disrepute.” Sanford, 941 So. 2d at 217 (Miss. 2006) (quoting Gibson, 883 So.
2d at 1158). In the context of criminal and tort law, this Court has said that moral turpitude
“has been defined as inherent baseness or vileness of principle in the human heart. It means,
in general, shameful wickedness, so extreme a departure from ordinary standards of honesty,
good morals, justice or ethics as to be shocking to the moral sense of the community.” Speed
v. Scott, 787 So. 2d 626, 633 (Miss. 2001) (quoting Restatement (Second) Torts § 571, cmt.
g (1977)). In the context of attorney discipline, this Court has held, for instance, that the
intentional conversion of client funds for one’s own use constitutes attorney conduct
involving moral turpitude. See, e.g., Miss. Bar v. Sweeney, 849 So. 2d 884, 888 (Miss. 2003);
Miss. State Bar Ass’n v. Strickland, 492 So. 2d 567, 571 (Miss. 1986).
15
¶25.
The United States Supreme Court, in the context of deportable offenses under
immigration law, has refused to assign a fixed meaning to the term “moral turpitude,” other
than to hold that crimes involving an element of fraud implicate that term. Jordan v. De
George, 341 U.S. 223, 232, 71 S. Ct. 703, 708, 95 L. Ed. 886 (1951). In reaching its decision
that conspiracy to defraud the United States is a deportable offense involving moral turpitude,
that Court stated “that fraud has consistently been regarded as such a contaminating
component in any crime that American courts have, without exception, included such crimes
within the scope of moral turpitude.” Id. at 228. Of course, that analysis, while incorporating
fraud, brings this Court no closer to an exhaustive definition. Indeed, Justice Jackson, in his
dissent to that decision, condemned the use of the term in the law as insufficiently definite to
pass constitutional muster. Id. at 232 (Jackson, J., dissenting). After noting that resort to a
dictionary renders the meaning of the phrase as “morally immoral,” Justice Jackson argued
that the term should have no application in law as an aggravating factor, writing:
We should not forget that criminality is one thing – a matter of law – and that
morality, ethics and religious teachings are another. Their relations have
puzzled the best of men. Assassination, for example, whose criminality no one
doubts, has been the subject of serious debate as to its morality. This does not
make crime less criminal, but it shows on what treacherous grounds we tread
when we undertake to translate ethical concepts into legal ones, case by case.
We usually end up by condemning all that we personally disapprove and for no
better reason than that we disapprove it. In fact, what better reason is there?
Uniformity and equal protection of the law can come only from a statutory
definition of fairly stable and confined bounds.
Id. at 241. We may take heed of Justice Jackson’s admonition without completely rejecting
the idea that some acts, within the context of circumstances, deserve moral condemnation.
Whatever the definition of moral turpitude should be for our purposes, it should be clear that
16
its application as an aggravating factor should occur only where the facts warrant our
strongest condemnation. In addition, if fraud is a touchstone, it indicates that a finding of
moral turpitude requires this Court to look beyond the sanctionable conduct itself and
examine, as well, the intent underlying the behavior in question.
¶26.
In line with that principle, this Court has said that a finding of moral turpitude requires
a determination of “whether a judge’s conduct crosses the line from simple negligence or
mistake, to willful conduct which takes advantage of a judge’s position for greed or other
inappropriate motives.” Miss. Comm’n on Judicial Performance v. Gordon, 955 So. 2d 300,
305 (Miss. 2007) (holding that fixing tickets by passing them to the inactive files without
requiring the defendants to appear in court and over the objections of the issuing officer
constituted moral turpitude). Thus, heightened sanctions may be appropriate when there is
a finding that the conduct “willfully subverts justice.” Id. Therefore, if the facts presented
to us do not support a conclusion that the motives of the judge being sanctioned were
inappropriate, we should refrain from finding that moral turpitude has been implicated.
¶27.
The majority cites Mississippi Commission on Judicial Performance v. Lewis, 913
So. 2d 266 (Miss. 2006), for the proposition that sanctions beyond fines and public
reprimands are appropriate where judicial misconduct involves improper ex parte
communications and improper dismissals. The majority, in the present case, however, fails
to recount the underlying facts that led it to a finding of moral turpitude in that case. In Lewis,
913 So. 2d at 268, the judge had engaged in ex parte communications in order to make sexual
advances toward several women. The improper dismissal cited by this Court was intended
by him to aid the judge’s sexual advances. Id. at 269. The improper ex parte communications
17
were not confined to meetings with the complainants in chambers but also included telephone
calls, sexual in content, made by the judge to at least one of the complainants at her home.
Id. at 268. The judge had been sanctioned numerous times prior to the cited action and had
failed to pay fines and costs imposed for those previous sanctions. Id. It was clear in that
case that the improper conduct was not only prejudicial to the administration of justice, but
also in furtherance of the judge’s personal ends in conflict with his role as an officer of the
court. This Court specifically found that the judge’s conduct made it impossible for him to
present himself as an unbiased trier of fact. Id. at 271. Unlike today’s case, the Lewis opinion
extensively discussed the facts that supported a conclusion that the sanctionable conduct was
not merely in violation of the Canons, but involved significant aggravating circumstances.
¶28.
Here, this Court uses the inclusive definition of moral turpitude in a manner that is
inconsistent with the fundamental premise underlying that factor: that some wrongful acts by
judges, committed in furtherance of their private interests, are so repugnant to the basic
standards of social expectations that we must condemn and punish them more harshly than
we would condemn and punish other wrongful acts. Here, the majority does not hold that
Judge Patton’s conduct was in any way fraudulent, intended to further his own interests to the
detriment of the judiciary, motivated by greed, or was otherwise so morally repugnant that
society as a whole would find his conduct shocking. The majority simply states that, as his
conduct interfered with the administration of justice, heightened sanctions are appropriate.
¶29.
Our jurisprudence cries out for consistency on this point.
Not every ex parte
communication is the product of a base heart; not every improper dismissal is the product of
the desire for personal gain at the expense of the impartial administration of justice. Judges
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are human, and therefore inherently imperfect; the Canons impose a standard of conduct that
is not impossibly high, but also sanctions conduct that is the product of human flaws or frailty
but is not necessarily wicked, deceitful, fraudulent or vile. We should take it as a limiting
principle that even actions amounting to willful misconduct do not constitute wrongdoing that
is the product of impurity or immorality unless the totality of the circumstances so indicates.
Where, as here, there is no allegation and no proof that the judge subject to discipline acted
in furtherance of his self-interests, with an intent to defraud, with inherent baseness or
vileness of principle, with deceit – in short, with shameful wickedness – this Court should not
make a finding that moral turpitude is present.
¶30.
I also take issue with the majority opinion’s characterization of Judge Patton’s conduct
as a pattern of behavior. The Commission made no such finding, and the facts in the record
do not support that conclusion. While I do not dispute that Judge Patton’s conduct in these
three cases violated the Canons, it does not necessarily follow that improper conduct in three
cases over the course of a 20-plus-year career on the bench with no prior disciplinary actions
constitutes a pattern. The majority cites Mississippi Commission on Judicial Performance
v. Cowart, 936 So. 2d 343, 350 (Miss. 2006), and Mississippi Commission on Judicial
Performance v. Bradford, 18 So. 3d 251, 256 (Miss. 2009), for the proposition that three
incidents within one formal complaint constitute a pattern. I note that, in Cowart, each of the
three incidents alluded to by the majority involved substantially identical misconduct of
improperly remanding traffic citations and then reinstating them on the active docket.
Cowart, 936 So. 2d at 345-46. If three incidents reported within one disciplinary action is the
de minimis standard to be employed by this Court with respect to a finding of a pattern of
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conduct, then we should, at the very least, also make a finding that the conduct in question is
so substantially similar, if not identical, that it warrants application of this factor when we
refuse to adopt a recommendation of the Commission.
¶31.
The majority also relies on Mississippi Commission on Judicial Performance v.
Britton, 936 So. 2d 898 (Miss. 2006), and Gordon, 955 So. 2d 300, as similar cases in which
the Court was justified in imposing heightened sanctions for a first public infraction. As noted
above, this Court in Gordon ruled a single disciplinary action involving fourteen separate acts
of ticket fixing, despite the egregiousness of the conduct, did not constitute a pattern of
conduct. Gordon, 955 So. 2d at 305. And, in Britton, the judge had been before the
Commission on six separate occasions over a six-year period, each time for infractions
involving similar conduct. Britton, 936 So. 2d at 907. In both Britton and Gordon, this Court
made extensive findings of fact to support the conclusion that the conduct was sufficiently
egregious, either by a finding of moral turpitude or of a pattern of conduct, to justify enhanced
sanctions. Here, the Court does not support its ruling that aggravating circumstances,
including its findings of moral turpitude and a pattern of conduct, are present. As such,
suspension in this case is not appropriate.
¶32.
For the above reasons, I respectfully concur in part and dissent in part.
CHANDLER AND PIERCE, JJ., JOIN THIS OPINION.
PIERCE, JUSTICE, CONCURRING IN PART AND DISSENTING IN PART:
¶33.
I concur in part and dissent in part in this case because I would accept the
Commission’s and Judge Patton’s Agreed Statement of Facts and Proposed Recommendation.
As the majority appropriately points out (Maj. Op. ¶ 7), “Judge Patton has been a judge for
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more than twenty years, and has no prior disciplinary record.” Therefore, I would hold that
a public reprimand, payment of $1,000 fine, and payment of costs of $100 is an appropriate
sanction.
KITCHENS AND CHANDLER, JJ., JOIN THIS OPINION.
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