CHRISTOPHER TRUEL V CITY OF DEARBORN
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
CHRISTOPHER TRUEL,
FOR PUBLICATION
December 14, 2010
9:10 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v
CITY OF DEARBORN, MICHAEL CELESKI,
JOSEPH DOULETTE, and JEFFERY
GEISINGER,
No. 290600
Wayne Circuit Court
LC No. 08-116508-CD
Defendants-Appellees,
and
WAYNE COUNTY PROSECUTING
ATTORNEY’S OFFICE,
Appellant.
Before: CAVANAGH, P.J., AND O’CONNELL AND WILDER, JJ.
WILDER, J.
Appellant Wayne County Prosecutor’s Office (“WCPO”) appeals by delayed leave
granted1 from an order granting defendants’ motion to compel discovery and requiring the
WCPO to “produce its entire file to Defendants’ Counsel, including factual and deliberative
material[.]” We reverse and remand for further proceedings.
I.
According to plaintiff’s complaint, plaintiff, a Dearborn police officer, was dispatched to
Falls Sports Lounge on February 15, 2004, to investigate a report of a bar fight. Upon arrival,
plaintiff alleged that he saw several Dearborn police officers exiting the back door. He further
alleged that the chief of police, Michael Celeski, and another Dearborn police officer, Joseph
1
Truel v City of Dearborn, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered March 2, 2009
(Docket No. 290600).
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Doulette were “in the bar area” and “appeared to have just been involved in a fight.” Another
person was “lying on the floor of the bar covered in blood.” Plaintiff learned from a witness that
Celeski was one of the people who started the fight and “had been swinging a pool stick during
the actual altercation.” Plaintiff alleged that Celeski told him that, if he knew what was good for
him, he would “end the investigation and ‘get the f*** out of here.’” Plaintiff obeyed his
commanding officer.
Plaintiff alleged that, following the Fall Sports Lounge incident, he was harassed and
ridiculed by other members of the department, including those in command, and he was denied
promotions. Plaintiff maintained that he cooperated in investigations regarding this incident by
the Dearborn City Council, the Michigan State Police, and the WCPO. A week after plaintiff
“answered an investigative subpoena” and testified under oath, plaintiff found himself under
investigation for allegedly being a “dirty cop.” Plaintiff’s doctors subsequently “ordered [him]
off work . . . due to depression and anxiety related to post traumatic stress directly stemming”
from these incidents as well as an unrelated officer-involved shooting. Plaintiff then sued
defendants for violation of the Whistleblowers’ Protection Act (WPA), MCL 15.361 et seq.
As alleged in the complaint, the WCPO and the State Police conducted an investigation
regarding “potential misconduct by members of [the Dearborn] police department at the Fall’s
[sic] Lounge in 2004” and “concluded that there [was] no credible evidence of any illegal
activities by members of [the] department.” After plaintiff initiated his WPA action, defense
counsel requested “the entire investigative file” from the investigation, including “any and all
interviews, transcripts, notes, etc.” under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), MCL 15.231
et seq. The WCPO responded to the request, but withheld “statements given by four Dearborn
Police Officers pursuant to the investigative subpoenas” and “a final report of the investigation.”
Corporation counsel then requested the information that had been withheld by subpoena and the
WCPO denied the request, claiming that it was “protected under privileged work product and the
deliberative process privilege,” and that transcripts of the statements and records were
confidential under MCL 767A.8. Defendants thereafter filed a motion to compel discovery in
plaintiff’s action, which the trial court granted.
II.
At the outset, we note that “the discovery rules and the FOIA represent ‘two independent
schemes for obtaining information . . . .” Central Michigan Univ Supervisory-Technical Ass’n
MEA/NEA v Central Michigan Univ Bd of Trustees, 223 Mich App 727, 731; 567 NW2d 696
(1997) (HOLBROOK, J., concurring) (citation omitted). Therefore, discovery in a civil action and
the FOIA are subject to different procedures and enforcement mechanisms.
Under the FOIA, a person has a right to inspect a public record of a public body upon
written request unless the record is exempt from disclosure. MCL 15.233(1). The public body
must furnish the person with a reasonable opportunity to inspect and examine the records. MCL
15.233(3). If a public body denies all or part of a request for a public record, the person
requesting the document may either appeal the decision to the head of the public body or file a
civil action in the circuit court to compel the public body to disclose the public record. MCL
15.240(1). This appeal must be decided without reference to FOIA because there is nothing in
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the record to show that defendants satisfied the requirements of MCL 15.204(1) by appealing the
denial if their discovery requests to the head of the WCPO, or by filing a separate FOIA civil
action in the circuit court.
However, in this claim under the WPA, as in a civil action generally, “[p]arties may
obtain discovery regarding any matter, not privileged, which is relevant to the subject matter
involved in the pending action, whether it relates to the claim or defense of the party seeking
discovery or to the claim or defense of another party . . . .” MCR 2.302(B)(1). Discovery may
be obtained “by any means provided in subchapter 2.300” of the court rules. MCR 2.302(A)(1).
Any person may be deposed pursuant to MCR 2.306(A)(1). The deponent may be subpoenaed to
appear and may be directed to produce documents or other tangible things. MCR 2.306(B)(1)
and (3). A deposition notice and subpoena “may provide that the deposition is solely for
producing documents . . . for inspection and copying, and that the party does not intend to
examine the deponent.” MCR 2.305(A)(3). If the deponent objects, “the party serving the
subpoena is not entitled to inspect and copy the materials without an order of the court in which
the action is pending.” MCR 2.305(B)(2). “The party serving the subpoena may, with notice to
the deponent, move for an order compelling production of the designated materials.” MCR
2.305(B)(3). Thus, because defendants have disputed the denial of their subpoena requesting the
withheld information, a motion to compel was an appropriate means by which to seek its
production.
A. APPLICABILITY OF MCL 767A.8
On appeal, the WCPO argues that the transcripts of statements given by the four police
officers cannot be disclosed under the investigative subpoena statutes. We agree. A trial court’s
ruling on a discovery motion is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Holman v Rasak, 281 Mich
App 507, 508; 761 NW2d 391 (2008). We review de novo issues of privilege, Powell Prod, Inc
v Jackhill Oil Co, 250 Mich App 89, 98; 645 NW2d 697 (2002), questions of law, including the
interpretation of statutes, Van Reken v Darden, Neef & Heitsch, 259 Mich App 454, 456; 674
NW2d 731 (2003), and the construction, interpretation, and application of the court rules, ISB
Sales Co v Dave’s Cakes, 258 Mich App 520, 526; 672 NW2d 181 (2003); Kernen v Homestead
Dev Co, 252 Mich App 689, 692; 653 NW2d 634 (2002).
The rules of statutory construction require that courts give effect to the Legislature’s
intent. Bush v Shabahang, 484 Mich 156, 166; 772 NW2d 272 (2009). Courts should first look
to the specific statutory language to determine the intent of the Legislature, which is presumed to
intend the meaning that the statute plainly expresses. Institute in Basic Life Principles, Inc v
Watersmeet Twp (After Remand), 217 Mich App 7, 12; 551 NW2d 199 (1996). “If the statutory
language is clear and unambiguous, judicial construction is neither required nor permitted, and
courts must apply the statute as written.” Rose Hill Ctr, Inc v Holly Twp, 224 Mich App 28, 32;
568 NW2d 332 (1997). If reasonable minds could differ regarding the meaning of a statute,
judicial construction is appropriate. Yaldo v North Pointe Ins Co, 457 Mich 341, 346; 578
NW2d 274 (1998).
The investigative subpoena statutes permit the prosecuting attorney to petition the court
for an investigative subpoena. MCL 767A.2(1). The petition must identify “each person who
will be questioned or who will be required to produce material” and the “records, documents, or
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physical evidence to be examined,” and explain why “the testimony of the person or examination
of the records, documents, or physical evidence is relevant to the investigation.” MCL
767A.2(2)(b), (c), and (d). If the petition is approved, the subpoena must set forth “[t]he time
and place for taking the person’s testimony or for the person to produce the required documents
or physical evidence” and “describe the records, documents, or physical evidence” to be
produced. MCL 767A.4(1)(b) and (e). “A person properly served with an investigative
subpoena . . . shall appear before the prosecuting attorney and answer questions concerning the
felony being investigated or produce any records, documents, or physical evidence he or she is
required to produce.” MCL 767A.5(1). The prosecutor may, with court approval, grant
immunity to a person “whom the prosecuting attorney intends to require to give testimony
concerning” the matter under investigation. MCL 767A.7(1). If a criminal charge is filed
against a person as a result of information obtained during the investigation, that person is
entitled to a copy of the testimony he provided in response to a subpoena as well as that of every
subpoenaed witness who will testify at trial. MCL 767A.5(6).
MCL 767A.8 provides:
Petitions for immunity, orders of immunity, transcripts of testimony
delivered to witnesses pursuant to grants of immunity, and records, documents,
and physical evidence obtained by the prosecuting attorney pursuant to an
investigation under this chapter are confidential and shall not be available for
public inspection or copying or divulged to any person except as otherwise
provided in this chapter. Material and information obtained under this act are
exempt from disclosure under the freedom of information act . . . .
The plain language of § 8 makes several delineated items related to an investigation
confidential, including (1) petitions for immunity, (2) orders granting immunity, (3) “transcripts
of testimony delivered to witnesses pursuant to grants of immunity,”2 and (4) “records,
documents, and physical evidence obtained by the prosecuting attorney pursuant to an
investigation under this chapter.” Given the act’s repeated references to testimony or answering
questions on the one hand, and records, documents, or physical evidence on the other hand, and
the fact that one or the other or both may be subpoenaed, MCL 767A.2(2), it appears that
testimony is not the same as “records, documents, or physical evidence.” The distinction is
supported by dictionary definitions, which indicate that testimony is a statement or declaration
given by a witness under oath, whereas a document is a written or printed paper furnishing
2
Why “transcripts of testimony delivered to witnesses pursuant to grants of immunity” should
specifically be confidential is not entirely clear because unlike the grand jury act after which it is
modeled, Senate Fiscal Agency Bill Analysis, SB 85, August 10, 1995, the investigative
subpoena act does not otherwise provide that transcripts of testimony given under a grant of
immunity be given to the testifying witness. Cf. MCL 767.19b(3) (a witness who testifies before
a grand jury under a grant of immunity is entitled to a transcript of his testimony if he is
prosecuted for an offense in violation of the grant of immunity) and MCL 767.19f(3) (transcripts
of testimony “delivered to a witness pursuant to his or her grant of immunity” cannot be
disclosed to anyone other than “his or her attorney.”).
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information or some other written item and a record is a written account of facts or events.
Random House Webster’s College Dictionary (1997). While a transcript of testimony certainly
could be considered a record or document, given that it is a written copy of oral testimony,
Black’s Law Dictionary (7th ed), it is not a record or document “obtained by the prosecuting
attorney pursuant to an investigation under this chapter.” Rather, a transcript is a subsequent
reduction to writing of testimony “obtained under this act.” Defendants argue that the only
transcripts treated as confidential under the investigative subpoena statutes are those “of
testimony delivered to witnesses pursuant to grants of immunity[.]” However, this interpretation
does not harmonize and give effect to §8 and the investigative subpoena statutes as a whole.
Robinson v Lansing, 486 Mich 1, 15; 782 NW2d 171 (2010); Bush, 484 Mich at 167.
The delineated items in section 8 were clearly not intended to be an all encompassing
expression of the elements of an investigation that are considered confidential. For example, the
petition for an investigative subpoena itself is confidential, MCL 767A.2(5), and MCL
767A.5(6) provides for the limited disclosure of testimony to a defendant who has been charged
based upon information obtained pursuant to the investigative subpoena statutes. The more
likely explanation is that the delineated items in section 8 were meant to address those matters
not already covered elsewhere in the act. Further, it would make little sense in §8 to specifically
exempt all “[m]aterial and information” obtained during the investigation, which would certainly
include witness testimony and transcripts thereof, from disclosure under the FOIA if the same
material and information were not intended to be confidential under the investigative subpoena
statutes “except as otherwise provided in this chapter.” We reject an interpretation that the
Legislature intended that transcripts of witness testimony be available upon request as long as the
request is not made under the FOIA.
Because transcripts of witness testimony are only available to a criminal defendant when
the charges result from information obtained through investigative subpoenas, and (a) the
testimony is that of the defendant or (b) the testimony is that of witnesses who will testify at trial,
MCL 767A.5(6), defendants here are not entitled to the transcripts of statements given by the
four police officers. Therefore, the trial court abused its discretion by granting defendants’
motion to compel the WCPO to produce the transcripts.
B. APPLICABILITY OF THE DELIBERATIVE-PROCESS PRIVILEGE
As we noted earlier in this opinion, parties may obtain discovery of any matter that is
relevant and not privileged. MCR 2.302(B)(1). “Privilege is governed by the common law,
except as modified by statute or court rule.” MRE 501.
In Ostoin v Waterford Twp Police Dep’t, 189 Mich App 334, 337; 471 NW2d 666
(1991), the Court adopted the deliberative-process privilege recognized under federal law.
According to the Ostoin Court, “the central question . . . is whether the material sought is factual
or evaluative” because “factual material falls outside the scope of the privilege; to be protected,
the material must comprise part of the deliberative or evaluative process.” Id. at 338. Another
court described the privilege as follows:
[I]t allows the government to withhold documents and other materials that
would reveal “advisory opinions, recommendations and deliberations comprising
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part of a process by which governmental decisions and policies are formulated.”
Although this privilege is most commonly encountered in Freedom of Information
Act . . . litigation, it originated as a common law privilege. Two requirements are
essential to the deliberative process privilege: the material must be predecisional
and it must be deliberative. Both requirements stem from the privilege’s
“ultimate purpose[, which] . . . is to prevent injury to the quality of agency
decisions” by allowing government officials freedom to debate alternative
approaches in private. The deliberative process privilege does not shield
documents that simply state or explain a decision the government has already
made or protect material that is purely factual, unless the material is so
inextricably intertwined with the deliberative sections of documents that its
disclosure would inevitably reveal the government’s deliberations. [In re Sealed
Case, 121 F3d 729, 737 (DC Cir, 1997) (citations and footnote omitted)3.]
In NLRB v Sears, Roebuck & Co, 421 US 132, 152 n 19; 95 S Ct 1504; 44 L Ed 2d 29 (1975),
the Supreme Court noted that there is not always a bright line between predecisional documents
and postdecisional documents because a document may include both an explanation of a
“decision just made,” which is postdecisional, and guidelines for future analogous decisions,
which is predecisional. Id.
Because the privilege is qualified rather than absolute, it can be overcome by a sufficient
showing of need. Ostoin, 189 Mich App at 338. “This need determination is to be made flexibly
on a case-by-case, ad hoc basis.” In re Sealed Case, 121 F3d at 737. The court must balance the
evidentiary need against the harm that could result from disclosure, taking into account such
factors as the relevance of the evidence, the availability of other evidence, the seriousness of the
case, the role of the government, and the chilling effect on future government action. Id. at 737738.
The trial court determined that the WCPO’s final report of the investigation was subject
to the deliberative-process privilege, but that defendants had overcome the privilege by the
showing of need. The trial court declined to review the final report in camera before making its
ruling and it is unclear from the record on appeal whether the final report contained deliberative,
predecisional information. NLRB, 421 US at 152 n 19. However, if defendants wished to
contest the trial court’s failure to review the final report and the conclusion that it fell within the
deliberative-process privilege, defendants should have filed a cross appeal with this Court.
Although an appellee need not file a cross-appeal to argue an alternative basis for affirming the
trial court’s decision, an appellee cannot obtain a decision more favorable than the decision
rendered by the trial court. Middlebrooks v Wayne Co, 446 Mich 151, 166 n 41; 521 NW2d 774
(1994); Turcheck v Amerifund Fin, Inc, 272 Mich App 341, 350-351; 725 NW2d 684 (2006).
3
Decisions from lower federal courts are not binding but may be considered persuasive. Walters
v Nadell, 481 Mich 377, 390 n 32; 751 NW2d 431 (2008).
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Therefore, we shall limit our review to the WCPO’s claim on appeal that the trial court abused its
discretion when it found that defendants demonstrated a sufficient showing of need to compel
production of the final report.
Defendants contend that they need the final report to discover why the WCPO
determined “that there is no credible evidence of any illegal activities by members of [the]
department,” which may have resulted from a finding that “Plaintiff’s report was false and
whether the Plaintiff knew that it was false.” Defendants further contend that the final report
may contain information relevant to plaintiff’s credibility about the Falls Sports Lounge incident.
As plaintiff counters, however, defendants have misapprehended the nature of the claim against
them.
The WPA provides:
An employer shall not discharge, threaten, or otherwise discriminate against an
employee regarding the employee’s compensation, terms, conditions, location, or
privileges of employment because the employee, or a person acting on behalf of
the employee, reports or is about to report, verbally or in writing, a violation or a
suspected violation of a law or regulation or rule promulgated pursuant to law of
this state, a political subdivision of this state, or the United States to a public
body, unless the employee knows that the report is false, or because an employee
is requested by a public body to participate in an investigation, hearing, or inquiry
held by that public body, or a court action. [MCL 15.362.]
The elements of a cause of action under the WPA are (1) the plaintiff was engaged in a protected
activity as defined by the act, (2) the plaintiff was discharged or discriminated against, and (3) a
causal connection exists between the protected activity and the discharge or adverse employment
action. West v Gen Motors Corp, 469 Mich 177, 183-184; 665 NW2d 468 (2003). There are
three types of protected activity: “(1) reporting to a public body a violation of a law, regulation,
or rule, (2) being about to report such a violation to a public body, or (3) being asked by a public
body to participate in an investigation.” Ernsting v Ave Maria College, 274 Mich App 506, 510;
736 NW2d 574 (2007). The first two types of activity are protected, “unless the employee
knows that the report is false.” MCL 15.362. In other words, reporting or being about to report
violations or suspected violations is protected if the report is or is about to be made in good faith.
Truth or falsity is not an element of the third type of protected activity because the employee
does not report or anticipate reporting violations or suspected violations but is sought as a source
of information by a public body that is investigating violations or suspected violations. Id.
The crux of plaintiff’s complaint is that he was involved in the third type of protected
activity—defendants allegedly discriminated against plaintiff in retaliation for “comply[ing] with
the requests of the Mayor of Dearborn, the Michigan State Police and [WCPO] to participate in
their respective investigations into the Falls Sports Lounge incident and subsequent cover-up by
Defendants.” The mere act of participating in the investigations is itself protected activity. Shaw
v Ecorse, 283 Mich App 1, 11-12; 770 NW2d 31 (2009). Whatever plaintiff may have reported
pursuant to the investigation and any evaluation of the truth and credibility of that testimony by
the WCPO is irrelevant to a determination whether defendants harassed plaintiff, denied him
promotions, and accused him of misconduct because he participated in a public body’s
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investigation. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court erred in finding that defendants
demonstrated a sufficient showing of need for the final report to overcome the deliberativeprocess privilege and consequently, the trial court abused its discretion by granting defendants’
motion to compel the WCPO to produce the report.
We reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not
retain jurisdiction.
/s/ Kurtis T. Wilder
/s/ Mark J. Cavanagh
/s/ Peter D. O’Connell
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