PEOPLE OF MI V REGINALD LENOIR LEWIS
Annotate this Case
Download PDF
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,
UNPUBLISHED
January 12, 2010
APPROVED FOR
PUBLICATION
March 4, 2010
9:00 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v
No. 274508
Wayne Circuit Court
LC No. 06-006502-01
REGINALD LENOIR LEWIS,
Defendant-Appellant.
Advance Sheets Version
ON REMAND
Before: METER, P.J., and SAWYER and WILDER, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
In People v Lewis, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued April
15, 2008 (Docket No. 274508), we affirmed defendant’s conviction of first-degree premeditated
murder, MCL 750.316. Following the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Melendez-Diaz
v Massachusetts, ___ US ___; 129 S Ct 2527; 174 L Ed 2d 314 (2009), and in lieu of granting
leave to appeal, the Michigan Supreme Court vacated our opinion in part and remanded “for
reconsideration of . . . defendant’s Confrontation Clause, sufficiency of the evidence, and
ineffective assistance issues in light of Melendez-Diaz.” People v Lewis, 485 Mich 878 (2009).
We again affirm.
As we stated in our previous opinion:
Defendant’s conviction[] ar[o]se from the death of his longtime girlfriend,
Tomeka Cook. After a dispute with defendant over money, Cook was found dead
with multiple stab wounds. [Lewis, unpub op at 1.]
An autopsy was performed on Cook’s body and the trial court admitted into evidence the autopsy
report prepared by two nontestifying medical examiners through the testimony of a third medical
examiner from the same laboratory, Dr. Carl Schmidt. In his first claim on remand, defendant
argues that the admission of the autopsy report violated his constitutional right to confront
witnesses against him. We disagree. This issue is unpreserved because defendant failed to
object to the admission of the autopsy report and Dr. Schmidt’s testimony on Sixth Amendment
-1-
grounds. Therefore, we review defendant’s claim for plain error that affected his substantial
rights. People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 764; 597 NW2d 130 (1999); People v Bauder, 269
Mich App 174, 180; 712 NW2d 506 (2005).
We will reverse only if we determine that, although defendant was
actually innocent, the plain error caused him to be convicted, or if the error
“seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial
proceedings,” regardless of his innocence. [People v Thomas, 260 Mich App 450,
454; 678 NW2d 631 (2004) (citation omitted).]
The Confrontation Clause provides: “[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall
enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses against him . . . .” US Const, Am VI.
Our state constitution also guarantees the same right. Const 1963, art 1, § 20. To preserve this
right, testimonial hearsay is inadmissible against a criminal defendant unless the declarant was
unavailable at trial and there was a prior opportunity for cross-examination of the declarant.
Crawford v Washington, 541 US 36, 50-51, 53-54; 124 S Ct 1354; 158 L Ed 2d 177 (2004);
People v Shepherd, 472 Mich 343, 347; 697 NW2d 144 (2005).1 Statements are testimonial
where the “primary purpose” of the statements or the questioning that elicits them “is to establish
or prove past events potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution.” Davis v Washington, 547
US 813, 822; 126 S Ct 2266; 165 L Ed 2d 224 (2006).
In our previous opinion, we thoroughly discussed this Court’s applications of Crawford
in People v Jambor (On Remand), 273 Mich App 477; 729 NW2d 569 (2007), and People v
Lonsby, 268 Mich App 375; 707 NW2d 610 (2005). On the basis of these decisions, we
concluded that the autopsy report was nontestimonial because it “was ‘not prepared in
anticipation of litigation against defendant,’ but pursuant to a ‘duty imposed by law,’ MRE
803(8).” Lewis, unpub op at 4 (citation omitted), citing Jambor. We also noted that a medical
examiner is required by statute to investigate the cause and manner of death of an individual
under certain circumstances, including death by violence, MCL 52.202(1)(a), and thus further
concluded that the admission of the autopsy report through Dr. Schmidt’s testimony did not
violate defendant’s Sixth Amendment rights under Crawford and Davis.2
1
The Confrontation Clause does not restrict state law in the determination whether hearsay is
admissible when it is nontestimonial, however. Crawford, 541 US at 68.
2
We previously observed “the autopsy report contained enough ‘objective’ information and
statements upon which Dr. Schmidt could form an independent opinion about which he could be
cross-examined.” Lewis, unpub op at 5. We stated:
Dr. Schmidt testified that the autopsy report showed that Tomeka had
sustained several stab wounds, and six wounds on the backs of her hands, which
the report described as “defensive wounds.” He testified that the one of the
medical examiners who performed the autopsy had concluded that the cause of
death was multiple stab wounds and the manner of death was homicide. After
reviewing the report and sketch upon which the nontestifying medical examiner
-2-
Our Supreme Court has instructed this Court to reconsider defendant’s Confrontation
Clause argument in light of Melendez-Diaz. That case involved the use of affidavits by forensic
analysts to support the defendant’s convictions of distributing and trafficking in cocaine. ___ US
at ___; 129 S Ct at 2530-2531; 174 L Ed 2d at 319-321. At trial, over the defendant’s objection,
the court admitted three notarized “certificates of analysis” from nontestifying laboratory
analysts who, at the request of the police, tested the substance in bags seized by the police. Id.
The certificates stated that chemical testing identified the substance in the bags as cocaine. Id.
Massachusetts’ law permitted the certificates to serve as ‘“prima facie evidence of the
composition, quality, and the net weight”’ of the narcotic analyzed, and the trial court held that
the authors of the certificates were not subject to confrontation. ___ US at ___; 129 S Ct at
2532; 174 L Ed 2d at 321.
On appeal, the defendant in Melendez-Diaz, ___ US at ___; 129 S Ct at 2531; 174 L Ed
2d at 320, challenged the admission of the certificates and claimed that the analysts were
required to testify in person. The United States Supreme Court reversed the defendant’s
convictions, holding that the admission of the documents violated the Confrontation Clause. The
Supreme Court’s decision reaffirmed the principles set forth in Crawford. Justice Scalia, writing
for the Court, reiterated Crawford’s description of “the class of testimonial statements covered
by the Confrontation Clause,” that is,
“material such as affidavits, custodial examinations, prior testimony that the
defendant was unable to cross-examine, or similar pretrial statements that
declarants would reasonably expect to be used prosecutorially; extrajudicial
statements . . . contained in formalized testimonial materials, such as affidavits,
depositions, prior testimony, or confessions; statements that were made under
circumstances which would lead an objective witness reasonably to believe that
the statement would be available for use at a later trial.” [___ US at ___; 129 S Ct
at 2531; 174 L Ed 2d at 321, quoting Crawford, 541 US at 51-52 (quotation
marks and citations omitted.]
The Supreme Court concluded in Melendez-Diaz that the “certificates of analysis” were
affidavits, and that they were statements offered against the defendant to prove a contested fact.
___ US at ___; 129 S Ct at 2532; 174 L Ed 2d at 321. As such, the certificates were testimonial
in nature and subject to the Confrontation Clause. Id. The fact that the “sole purpose” of the
certificates was to serve as prima facie evidence at trial further supported the Court’s conclusion
that they were testimonial. Id. The Supreme Court summarized its conclusion:
In short, under our decision in Crawford the analysts’ affidavits were
testimonial statements, and the analysts were “witnesses” for purposes of the
Sixth Amendment. Absent a showing that the analysts were unavailable to testify
based her opinion, Dr. Schmidt agreed with her conclusions about cause and
manner of death, and with her description of the wounds on the backs of the hands
as defensive. Dr. Schmidt testified that, in his opinion, Tomeka could have been
killed on February 2, 2003, or February 3, 2003, but not on February 4, 2003,
because that is when the body was found and rigor mortis was waning. [Id.]
-3-
at trial and that petitioner had a prior opportunity to cross-examine them,
petitioner was entitled to “‘be confronted with’” the analysts at trial. Crawford,
supra, at 54, 124 S Ct 1354, 158 L Ed 2d 177. [Id. (emphasis in original).]
Applying Melendez-Diaz to the instant case, we again conclude that defendant has failed
to establish plain error in the admission of the report. The Supreme Court’s determination that
the forensic analysts’ certificates in Melendez-Diaz were testimonial was based on characteristics
that are not present here. Unlike the certificates, which were prepared for the “sole purpose” of
providing “prima facie evidence” against the defendant at trial, Melendez-Diaz, ___ US at ___;
129 S Ct at 2532; 174 L Ed 2d at 321, the autopsy report was prepared pursuant to a duty
imposed by statute. Lewis, unpub op at 4-5; MRE 803(8); MCL 52.202(1)(a). As we stated in
our previous opinion:
[W]hile it was conceivable that the autopsy report would become part of
[a] criminal prosecution, investigations by medical examiners are required by
Michigan statute under certain circumstances regardless of whether criminal
prosecution is contemplated. [Lewis, unpub op at 4.]
Furthermore, unlike the way the certificates in Melendez-Diaz were used, Dr. Schmidt formed
independent opinions based on objective information in the autopsy report and his opinions were
subject to cross-examination. See Lewis, unpub op at 5; cf., Jambor, 273 Mich App at 488, and
Lonsby, 268 Mich App at 392. Because the autopsy report was not prepared primarily for use in
a later criminal prosecution and defendant cross-examined Dr. Schmidt regarding his
independent opinions based on the autopsy report, the report is not testimonial evidence and
defendant was not denied the right to be confronted by the two nontestifying medical examiners
who prepared it. Davis, 547 US at 822; Lonsby, 268 Mich App at 392.
In addition, as we previously concluded, the admission of the report through the
testimony of Dr. Schmidt was not outcome determinative: “There is no dispute that a crime was
committed, and the autopsy did not aid in establishing the identity of the perpetrator, which was
the central issue in this case.” Lewis, unpub op at 6.3
In defendant’s second claim on remand, he argues that his attorney was ineffective for
failing to object to the admission of the autopsy report on Sixth Amendment grounds. We
disagree. The determination whether a defendant has been deprived of the effective assistance of
counsel presents a mixed question of fact and constitutional law. People v Grant, 470 Mich 477,
484; 684 NW2d 686 (2004). The trial court must first find the facts, and then decide whether
those facts constitute a violation of the defendant’s constitutional right to counsel. Id. The trial
court’s factual findings are reviewed for clear error, while its constitutional determinations are
reviewed de novo. Id. at 484-485.
3
The Melendez-Diaz Court noted that “[t]he right to confrontation may, of course, be waived,
including by failure to object to the offending evidence; and States may adopt procedural rules
governing the exercise of such objections.” Melendez-Diaz, ___ US ___ n 3; 129 S Ct at 2534 n
3; 174 L Ed 2d at 323 n 3.
-4-
Effective assistance is strongly presumed. People v Toma, 462 Mich 281, 302; 613
NW2d 694 (2000). To demonstrate ineffective assistance, a defendant must show: (1) that the
defendant’s attorney’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, and (2)
that this performance so prejudiced the defendant that the defendant was deprived of a fair trial.
Grant, 470 Mich at 485-486. Prejudice exists if a defendant shows a reasonable probability that
the outcome would have been different but for the attorney’s errors. Id. at 486.
Because the admission of the autopsy report did not violate defendant’s right of
confrontation, his attorney’s failure to object to the admission of the report did not fall below an
objective standard of reasonableness. Moreover, defendant cannot demonstrate that, but for the
attorney’s alleged error, the outcome of the trial would have been different. Id. at 485-486. As
we note later in this opinion, there was sufficient evidence to support defendant’s first-degree
murder conviction absent the report.
In defendant’s last two claims on remand, he first argues that the prosecutor failed to
present sufficient evidence identifying him as the perpetrator to support his conviction, and he
second challenges the trial court’s denial of his motion for a directed verdict, reiterating his
argument that there was insufficient evidence identifying him as the perpetrator and arguing that
the evidence of premeditation was “scarce and circumstantial.” We disagree. “A claim of
insufficient evidence is reviewed de novo, in a light most favorable to the prosecution, to
determine whether the evidence would justify a rational jury’s finding that the defendant was
guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” People v McGhee, 268 Mich App 600, 622; 709 NW2d 595
(2005). Circumstantial evidence and reasonable inferences may be satisfactory proof of the
elements of a crime. People v Lee, 243 Mich App 163, 167-168; 622 NW2d 71 (2000). A
challenge to the trial court’s decision on a motion for a directed verdict has the same standard of
review as a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence. People v Aldrich, 246 Mich App 101,
122-123; 631 NW2d 67 (2001).
“[I]dentity is an element of every offense.” People v Yost, 278 Mich App 341, 356; 749
NW2d 753 (2008). “The elements of premeditated murder are (1) an intentional killing of a
human being (2) with premeditation and deliberation.” People v Gayheart, 285 Mich App 202,
210; 776 NW2d 330 (2009). ‘“[P]remeditation and deliberation may be inferred from
circumstances,”’ and “[m]inimal circumstantial evidence is sufficient to prove an actor’s state of
mind.” People v Ortiz, 249 Mich App 297, 301; 642 NW2d 417 (2002) (citation omitted).
Again, the autopsy report did not aid in establishing the identity element of the crime.
Lewis, unpub op at 5. Accordingly, even if the autopsy report had constituted testimonial
evidence and defendant was denied his Sixth Amendment rights, the admission of the report
would not have been outcome determinative to the issue of identity. Consistent with our
previous opinion, we conclude that the evidence was sufficient for a rational trier of fact to find
that defendant was Cook’s killer because his blood was recovered from the back door of Cook’s
home, where she was found dead with defensive wounds. Lewis, unpub op at 10-11. For this
same reason, the trial court did not err by denying defendant’s motion for a directed verdict
based on his identity argument.
Furthermore, as we stated in our previous opinion, the autopsy report detailing the
numerous stab wounds that Cook sustained provided evidence of intent and premeditation.
Lewis, unpub op at 11-12. However, even without the report, the prosecution presented
-5-
sufficient evidence for a rational trier of fact to find intent and premeditation. Defendant and
Cook had a contentious relationship. The autopsy photographs demonstrated that Cook
sustained numerous stab wounds. Dr. Schmidt independently opined that some of Cook’s
wounds were defensive, indicating a struggle, which can be evidence of premeditation. See id. at
12, citing People v Johnson, 460 Mich 720, 730, 733; 597 NW2d 73 (1999). A rational trier of
fact could also find premeditation from evidence of defendant’s acts after the homicide. See id.
at 11, citing People v Gonzalez, 178 Mich App 526, 533; 444 NW2d 228 (1989) (a defendant's
conduct after the homicide may establish premeditation). As we thoroughly discussed in our
previous opinion, it could be inferred that defendant attempted to construct an alibi by spending
time with friends, that he acted secretively with telephone calls, and that, several months after
Cook’s death, he evaded conversation about Cook. Because the prosecution presented sufficient
evidence for a rational trier of fact to find both intent and premeditation, the trial court did not err
by denying defendant’s motion for a directed verdict on the basis of his premeditation argument.
Affirmed.
/s/ Patrick M. Meter
/s/ David H. Sawyer
/s/ Kurtis T. Wilder
-6-
Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.