CAROLE LEE VYLETEL-RIVARD V GREGORY T RIVARD
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
CAROLE LEE VYLETEL-RIVARD,
FOR PUBLICATION
October 15, 2009
9:05 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v
No. 285210
Wayne Circuit Court
Family Division
LC No. 05-534743-DM
GREGORY T. RIVARD,
Defendant-Appellant.
Advance Sheets Version
Before: SAWYER, P.J., and CAVANAGH and HOEKSTRA, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Defendant appeals as of right with regard to a judgment of divorce. Specifically,
defendant challenges the trial court’s April 4, 2008, order denying his motion to vacate the
arbitration award as to tort damages. Because we conclude that defendant’s motion to vacate
was not timely filed, we affirm.
I. Relevant Facts and Procedural History
The parties, married in 1988 and the parents of two minor children, separated in
November 2005. Plaintiff filed a complaint for divorce the following month. Pursuant to the
domestic relations arbitration act (DRAA), MCL 600.5070 et seq., the parties entered into a
domestic relations arbitration agreement, whereby they submitted the issues of property and debt
division, child support, parenting time, spousal support, costs and fees, and “[o]ther contested
domestic relations matters” to arbitration. Plaintiff claimed that defendant, by drinking
excessively, engaging in numerous affairs, and infecting her with the human papillomavirus
(HPV), caused the breakdown of the marriage. In addition to requesting an award of permanent
or long-term spousal support, plaintiff asked for an award of alimony in gross for her contraction
of HPV.
The arbitrator issued his award on November 13, 2007. Pertinent to the present appeal,
plaintiff was awarded spousal support in the amount of $3,200 a month for seven years. She was
also awarded $210,000 as alimony in gross for her “personal injury claim” of contracting HPV.
Defendant was to pay the $210,000 in monthly installments of $2,500 over seven years.
On November 22, 2007, plaintiff filed a request for clarifications. Likewise, on
November 27, 2007, defendant filed a motion to correct errors or omissions. Defendant argued,
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in part, that the arbitrator exceeded the scope of his authority when he awarded plaintiff
$210,000 for her tort claim because, although the parties had agreed to allow the arbitrator to
decide “[o]ther contested domestic relations matters,” plaintiff had not pleaded a tort claim nor
had she requested personal injury damages in her complaint. On December 7, 2007, the
arbitrator responded by letter to plaintiff’s clarification requests and defendant’s motion to
correct errors or omissions. The arbitrator clarified portions of the arbitration award,
acknowledged certain errors, and revised the award.1 The arbitrator also rejected defendant’s
claim that he exceeded his authority by awarding $210,000 to plaintiff for her contraction of
HPV, finding that defendant had notice of plaintiff’s personal injury claim and that the parties
tried the claim without objection.
On December 18, 2007, defendant filed a motion to correct errors or omissions in the
award dated December 7, 2007. Defendant complained that the arbitrator, in finding that he had
notice of plaintiff’s personal injury claim, ignored significant aspects of the case’s history, such
as the fact that plaintiff, during her testimony, acknowledged that she chose not to pursue a tort
action against defendant and the fact that plaintiff did not make a specific request for tort
damages until after the close of proofs. In her response, plaintiff claimed that, pursuant to the
DRAA, defendant did not have any authority to file his second motion to correct errors or
omissions.
Written correspondence continued between the parties and the arbitrator until the end of
March 2008. From a review of the correspondence, it does not appear that the arbitrator
addressed defendant’s argument that he had ignored significant aspects of the case when he
found that defendant had notice of plaintiff’s personal injury claim. Nor does it appear that the
arbitrator ever directly addressed plaintiff’s claim that defendant did not have any authority to
file his second motion to correct errors or omissions. Two other issues had become the focus of
the parties and the arbitrator. The first issue, raised in defendant’s second motion to correct
errors or omissions, was whether defendant’s interest in Detroit Name Plate Etching (DNPE)
should be reduced by $80,000, the amount defendant borrowed to cover the deficiency that
resulted from the sale of the marital home.2 The second issue was whether defendant could be
required to purchase life insurance to secure his spousal and child support obligations.3 The
1
For example, according to the arbitration award issued November 13, 2007, defendant was to
pay plaintiff one-half of the value of his interest in Detroit Name Plate Etching (DNPE) in four
yearly installments, the first payment due on December 31, 2007, and the balance would earn
interest at the rate of two points above prime. In the December 7, 2007, letter, the arbitrator
conceded that an interest rate two points above prime could be usurious, and he capped the
interest rate at seven percent.
2
In the arbitration award, plaintiff received 50 percent of defendant’s interest in DNPE, and the
parties had stipulated that any deficiency from the sale of the marital home would be paid by
defendant and “adjusted by way of a subtraction from [plaintiff’s] share of the division of
[DNPE].”
3
In the arbitration award, defendant was ordered to maintain the parties’ children and plaintiff as
beneficiaries of a life insurance policy in the declining balances of child and spousal support
owed. In his November 27, 2007, motion to correct errors or omissions, defendant claimed that
(continued…)
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arbitrator issued his last dispositive ruling on these two issues on March 24, 2008, when he
ordered plaintiff to revise the proposed judgment of divorce that she had filed in the trial court
and had moved the trial court to enter. Three days later, on March 27, 2008, plaintiff submitted
to defendant a revised proposed judgment of divorce.
On March 28, 2008, defendant, pursuant to MCL 600.5081(2)(c), filed a motion to vacate
“the arbitration awards” of November 13, 2007, and December 7, 2007, as to tort damages.
Defendant argued that the arbitrator exceeded his powers when he awarded plaintiff $210,000 for
her contraction of HPV because the parties’ arbitration agreement did not authorize the arbitrator
to decide a personal injury claim, nor could the personal injury claim be categorized as a
“contested domestic relations matter []” because the claim was not pleaded in the complaint. In
response, plaintiff argued that defendant’s motion to vacate should be denied as untimely
because, contrary to the applicable court rule, it was not filed within 21 days of the December 7,
2007, award. In the alternative, plaintiff argued that defendant consented to the arbitration of her
personal injury claim when he presented evidence regarding the contraction of HPV and asserted
the defenses of “contribution [sic] negligence, and causation.” Plaintiff claimed that because
defendant expressly consented to the arbitration of the claim, defendant could not argue that
plaintiff failed to adequately plead the claim or that the arbitrator exceeded his authority in
deciding the claim. Defendant asserted that his motion to vacate was timely because it was filed
within 21 days of the arbitrator’s final modification of the arbitration award. He argued that an
arbitration award is not final until the arbitrator has addressed all issues, and there is no authority
to suggest that a party to arbitration is required to file piecemeal motions to vacate.
The trial court denied defendant’s motion to vacate because it concluded that the motion
was not timely filed. It stated that the applicable court rule, MCR 3.602(J), provides that a
motion to vacate must be filed within 21 days after the date of the arbitration award, and because
the court rule did not refer to the “final award,” it reasoned that for purposes of MCR 3.602(J),
the date of the arbitration award was December 7, 2007. The trial court also addressed the
substantive merits of the motion to vacate. It concluded that defendant impliedly consented to
the arbitration of the personal injury claim because the claim was tried and briefed at arbitration
and defendant made no objection until after the award was issued. A judgment of divorce was
entered.
II. Analysis
On appeal, defendant argues that the trial court erred when it concluded that his motion to
vacate was not timely filed. Defendant also asserts that, because plaintiff did not plead a tort
claim in the complaint and because he did not impliedly consent to the arbitration of a tort claim,
the arbitrator exceeded his authority when he awarded plaintiff $210,000 for her contraction of
HPV.
(…continued)
he could not be compelled to purchase life insurance to secure his support obligations. The
arbitrator, in his December 7, 2007, letter, affirmed the directive that defendant secure his
support obligations with a life insurance policy. Defendant did not raise the issue in his
December 18, 2007, motion to correct errors or omissions. On January 8, 2008, plaintiff
submitted a memorandum of law regarding the arbitrator’s authority to order security for support
obligations. It is unclear from the record why plaintiff submitted the memorandum.
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A. Standards of Review
We review de novo a trial court’s ruling on a motion to vacate or modify an arbitration
award. Washington v Washington, 283 Mich App 667, 671; 770 NW2d 908 (2009). We also
review de novo the interpretation of court rules and statutes. Tinman v Blue Cross & Blue Shield
of Michigan, 264 Mich App 546, 555; 692 NW2d 58 (2004).
B. Motion to Vacate
We first address defendant’s argument that the trial court erred by concluding that his
motion to vacate was not timely filed. Defendant moved to vacate the arbitration award pursuant
to MCL 600.5081(2)(c). MCL 600.5081(2) provides:
If a party applies under this section, the court shall vacate an award under
any of the following circumstances:
(a) The award was procured by corruption, fraud, or other undue means.
(b) There was evident partiality by an arbitrator appointed as a neutral,
corruption of an arbitrator, or misconduct prejudicing a party’s rights.
(c) The arbitrator exceeded his or her powers.
(d) The arbitrator refused to postpone the hearing on a showing of
sufficient cause, refused to hear evidence material to the controversy, or otherwise
conducted the hearing to prejudice substantially a party’s rights.
MCL 600.5081 does not contain a time requirement for when a motion to vacate on the basis that
the arbitrator exceeded his or her powers must be filed.4
MCR 3.602(J)(3) currently provides that “[a] motion to vacate an [arbitration] award
must be filed within 91 days after the date of the award. . . . A motion to vacate an award in a
domestic relations case must be filed within 21 days after the date of the award.” The current
subsection (J)(3) was added to MCR 3.602 in October 2007, effective January 1, 2008. See 480
Mich cxlv-cxlvi (2007). Before the October 2007 amendment, MCR 3.602(J)(2) provided that
“[a]n application to vacate an award must be made within 21 days after delivery of a copy of the
award to the applicant . . . .” There was no reference in MCR 3.602 to domestic relations
arbitration cases, and the court rule expressly applied to “statutory arbitration under MCL
600.5001-600.5035,” MCR 3.602(A). Nonetheless, in Valentine v Valentine, 277 Mich App 37,
39 n 1; 742 NW2d 627 (2007), this Court held that because of the directive of MCL 600.5081(6),
that “[o]ther standards and procedures relating to review of arbitration awards described in
4
The statute does contain a time requirement for when a motion to vacate on the basis of
corruption, fraud, or undue means must be filed. Pursuant to MCL 600.5081(4), such a motion
must be made within 21 days after the grounds are known or should have been known.
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subsection (1) are governed by court rule,” MCR 3.602 applies to domestic relations arbitration
cases. Consequently, on appeal, defendant does not dispute that, for his motion to vacate to have
been timely, it must have been filed within 21 days after delivery of the award.
Defendant claims that his motion to vacate was timely filed because it was filed within 21
days after the arbitrator, on March 24, 2008, issued his final ruling on the issues raised by the
parties. He contends that the term “award” as used in MCR 3.602(J)(2) refers to the “final”
arbitration award. Plaintiff argues that because MCR 3.602(J)(2) contains no language
modifying the term “award,” the term refers to the initial award issued by the arbitrator.
The rules governing statutory construction apply to the interpretation of court rules. Reed
v Breton, 279 Mich App 239, 242; 756 NW2d 89 (2008). Court rules are to be interpreted to
give effect to the intent of the Supreme Court, the drafter of the rules. Fleet Business Credit,
LLC v Krapohl Ford Lincoln Mercury Co, 274 Mich App 584, 591; 735 NW2d 644 (2007). The
starting point is the language of the court rule. Wilcoxon v Wayne Co Neighborhood Legal
Services, 252 Mich App 549, 553; 652 NW2d 851 (2002). If the language of the rule is clear and
unambiguous, then no further judicial interpretation is required or allowed. Id. Only when the
language is ambiguous is judicial construction appropriate. Id. “[A] provision of the law is
ambiguous only if it ‘irreconcilably conflict[s]’ with another provision or when it is equally
susceptible to more than a single meaning.” Lansing Mayor v Pub Service Comm, 470 Mich
154, 166; 680 NW2d 840 (2004) (citation omitted; emphasis in original). If judicial construction
is required, this Court must adopt a construction that best accomplishes the purpose of the court
rule. See Adams Outdoor Advertising, Inc v Canton Charter Twp, 269 Mich App 365, 371; 711
NW2d 391 (2006). While the Court may consider a variety of factors, it should always use
common sense. Id.
MCR 3.602(J)(2), on its face, appears to state an unambiguous time requirement: a
motion to vacate an arbitration award must be filed within 21 days after delivery of a copy of the
award to the party. However, the date the 21-day period begins is ambiguous, to the extent that
MCR 3.602(J)(2) applies to the DRAA, when MCL 600.5078 is considered.5 In relevant part,
MCL 600.5078 provides:
(1) Unless otherwise agreed by the parties and arbitrator in writing or on
the record, the arbitrator shall issue the written award on each issue within 60
days after either the end of the hearing or, if requested by the arbitrator, after
receipt of proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law.
***
(3) An arbitrator under this chapter retains jurisdiction to correct errors or
omissions in an award until the court confirms the award. Within 14 days after
the award is issued, a party to the arbitration may file a motion to correct errors or
5
A provision similar to MCL 600.5078(3) is not contained in the provisions of statutory
arbitration.
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omissions. The other party to the arbitration may respond to such a motion within
14 days after the motion is filed. The arbitrator shall issue a decision on the
motion within 14 days after receipt of a response to the motion or, if a response is
not filed, within 14 days after expiration of the response period.
By allowing a party, upon receiving the written award, to file a motion to correct errors or
omissions, the statute clearly contemplates that the written award issued by the arbitrator may be
modified. Thus, MCL 600.5078 implicitly contemplates two awards: (1) the initial written
award, and (2) the initial award as modified by any decision on a motion to correct errors or
omissions. The term “award” in MCR 3.602(J)(2) could refer, with equal susceptibility, to either
of the two awards contemplated by MCL 600.5078. Consequently, it is ambiguous whether the
21-day period of MCR 3.602(J)(2) begins when the initial written award is delivered to the party
or when the decision on the motion to correct errors or omissions is delivered.
Guided by the fact that the Legislature has authorized a party to a domestic relations
arbitration to file a motion to correct errors or omissions, we hold that the date the 21-day period
of MCR 3.602(J)(2) begins is dependent on whether a motion to correct errors or omissions is
filed. If a motion to correct errors or omissions is not filed, then the 21-day period begins on the
date the initial written award is delivered. However, if a motion to correct errors or omissions is
filed, then the 21-day period begins on the date the arbitrator’s decision on the motion is
delivered. This construction of MCR 3.602(J)(2) recognizes that the initial written arbitration
award may be modified, and it does not require a party to move to vacate the arbitration award
until such modifications are, in fact, made or denied.
In this case, after the arbitrator issued the initial written arbitration award on November
13, 2007, plaintiff filed a request for clarifications and defendant filed a motion to correct errors
or omissions. The arbitrator issued his decision on the clarification requests and the motion to
correct errors or omissions on December 7, 2007. Thus, pursuant to MCR 3.602(J)(2) and our
above holding, defendant was required to file his motion to vacate within 21 days of delivery of a
copy of the December 7, 2007, decision.
Defendant did not move to vacate the arbitration award within 21 days after delivery of a
copy of the December 7, 2007, decision. Rather, defendant chose to file a second motion to
correct errors or omissions; this motion requested the correction of errors or omissions in the
December 7, 2007, decision. However, reviewing the language of MCL 600.5078(3), we
conclude that defendant did not have any legal authority to file the second motion to correct
errors or omissions. According to MCL 600.5078(3), a party may file a motion to correct errors
or omissions “[w]ithin 14 days after the award is issued” (emphasis added). “[T]he award”
clearly refers to the initial written award referenced in MCL 600.5078(1). Thus, the only
motions to correct errors or omissions that are authorized by MCL 600.5078(3) are the ones filed
within 14 days after the initial written award is issued. Defendant’s second motion to correct
errors or omissions was filed December 18, 2007, more than 14 days after the arbitrator issued
the initial written award on November 13, 2007, and, therefore, it was filed outside the period
permitted by statute.
As already stated, defendant did not file a motion to vacate within the 21-day period
permitted by MCR 3.602(J)(2). The motion to vacate was not filed until March 28, 2008, more
than 3 1/2 months after the arbitrator issued the December 7, 2007, decision. On appeal,
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defendant makes no argument that an untimely filing of a motion to vacate should not result in
the denial of the motion. Indeed, MCR 3.602(J)(2) states that a motion “to vacate an award must
be made within 21 days after delivery . . . .” (Emphasis added.) The term “must” indicates that
something is mandatory. Old Kent Bank v Kal Kustom Enterprises, 255 Mich App 524, 532533; 660 NW2d 384 (2003); Great Lakes Gas Transmission Ltd Partnership v Markel, 226 Mich
App 127, 130; 573 NW2d 61 (1997). Accordingly, because defendant’s motion to vacate was
not timely filed, we affirm the trial court’s order denying the motion to vacate.6
Affirmed.
/s/ David H. Sawyer
/s/ Mark J. Cavanagh
/s/ Joel P. Hoekstra
6
Because of our conclusion that defendant’s motion to vacate was not timely filed, we need not
address defendant’s argument that the arbitrator exceeded his authority when he awarded
plaintiff $210,000 for her contraction of HPV.
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