PETER L REICHER V SET ENTERPRISES INC
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PETER L. REICHER,
FOR PUBLICATION
May 12, 2009
9:10 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v
No. 278907
Wayne Circuit Court
LC No. 06611193-CZ
S.E.T. ENTERPRISES, INC.,
Defendant-Appellee.
Advance Sheets Version
Before: Davis, P.J., and Borrello and Wilder, JJ.
WILDER, J.
Plaintiff appeals as of right the circuit court’s order denying his motion for summary
disposition, and granting summary disposition to defendant, in this action seeking penalty
damages and attorney fees under the Michigan sales representatives’ commissions act (SRCA),
MCL 600.2961. We affirm.
In or around 1972, according to plaintiff, plaintiff and Jebco Manufacturing, Inc. (Jebco),
entered into an oral sales representation agreement. Under this agreement, plaintiff solicited
orders for automotive parts manufactured by Jebco. For the orders, Jebco promised to pay sales
commissions to plaintiff for the life of the parts. From 1972 through about August 1999,
according to plaintiff, plaintiff procured orders for Jebco parts, and Jebco paid plaintiff sales
commissions. Throughout that period, according to plaintiff, Jebco would pay the commissions
to plaintiff on the 10th or 12th day of each month for the shipments made during the preceding
month.
By letter dated August 27, 1999, Jebco informed plaintiff that the sales representation
agreement would be terminated, except for the commission obligations assumed by Noble Metal
Forming, Inc. (Noble) (an earlier name of defendant), to which Jebco was selling substantially all
its assets and business. The letter states: “As we have discussed, effective as of the close of
business August 31, 1999, Jebco will complete the sale of substantially all of its assets and
business to Noble Metal Forming, Inc., a Michigan corporation based in Detroit, Michigan.”
The letter further states that Jebco was terminating its sales representation agreement with
plaintiff: “Inasmuch as Jebco will no longer be in the automotive supply business after August
31, 1999, please accept this letter as Jebco’s notice that, effective as of the close of business on
August 31, 1999, the Sales Representation Agreement shall be terminated, except for the
obligations assumed by Noble as described” in the letter.
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According to the August 27, 1999, letter, Noble agreed to assume Jebco’s obligations
under the sales representation agreement for products sold before August 31, 1999, for which
payment had not been received by Jebco by the closing date. The letter states:
As part of the sale, Noble has agree[d] to the following:
• [To] Assume the obligations of Jebco arising under the Sales
Representation Agreement with respect to commissions due for products sold
prior to August 31, 1999 for which payment has not been received by the
Company from the ultimate customer as of the Closing Date.
Noble also agreed, according to Jebco’s letter, to assume certain other obligations of Jebco
arising under the sales representation agreement:
As part of the sale, Noble has agree[d] to the following:
***
• [To] Assume the obligations of Jebco arising under the Sales
Representation Agreement with respect to commissions relative to (i) products
sold after August 31, 1999 on contracts that existed on August 31, 1999 as
required by the “life of part” or other commission continuation provisions under
the Sales Representation Agreement, and (ii) business generated for the benefit of
Noble after August 31, 1999 as a result of the efforts of you prior to August 31,
1999 which can be reasonably evidenced by you (e.g., the DaimlerChrysler RS
2001 Program).
Effective August 31, 1999, Jebco sold substantially all its assets and its business to Noble.
According to plaintiff, in February 2000, Noble terminated the sales representation
relationship with him and indicated it did not intend to fulfill its obligation to pay life-of-the-part
sales commissions to him. As a result, in March 2000, plaintiff commenced an action in the
Macomb Circuit Court. In resolving that action, in February 2001, plaintiff and Noble entered
into a written settlement agreement. Noble agreed to pay commissions to plaintiff for parts listed
in an exhibit to the agreement, which payments would include not only the parts listed, but any
modifications or changes to the parts. Noble agreed to pay commissions for parts shipped
through June 1, 2000, at the rate of 3 percent, and 3 or 2 percent for parts shipped commencing
on June 1, 2000, through May 31, 2005, as listed in the agreement. Plaintiff agreed to dismiss
the action.
The settlement agreement also contained a mutual release:
3. Mutual Release of All Claims. For valuable consideration, receipt of
which is hereby acknowledged, both NOBLE and REICHER mutually hereby
agree to release, acquit, and forever discharge the other including all agents,
representatives, employees, insurers, attorneys, and indemnitors of and from any
and all claims which either may have against the other, except those arising out
of this Settlement Agreement and Mutual Release, which arose out of and/or
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during the course of the employment relationship between PETER L. REICHER
and JEBCO MANUFACTURING, INC. and the employment relationship, if any,
between PETER L. REICHER and NOBLE METAL FORMING, INC. as well as
any affiliated entity. This includes, without limitation, claims for commissions,
attorney fees, costs, expenses, additional damages under the Michigan Sales
Commission Act, and any other claims for commissions or compensation of any
kind. [Emphasis added.]
About May 2001, Noble changed its corporate name to S.E.T. Metal Forming, Inc. In
July 2001, S.E.T. Metal Forming, Inc., merged into S.E.T. Steel, Inc. In September 2001, S.E.T.
Steel, Inc., changed its name to S.E.T. Enterprises, Inc.
According to plaintiff, during these changes in defendant’s corporate entity and name,
defendant continued to pay sales commissions in accordance with the settlement agreement.
According to defendant’s response to plaintiff’s requests for admissions, sometime in February
2004, defendant began making its commission payments late, and from February 2004 through
August 2005, defendant made approximately 11 payments to plaintiff that were more than 45
days late when they were paid. Defendant argues that by August of 2005, it satisfied all
payments under the settlement agreement.
As a result of the late payments, plaintiff commenced this action, seeking penalty
damages and attorney fees under the SRCA. Plaintiff made a list of the late payments and
attached it to requests for admissions, and defendant admitted that the list was accurate.
Later, plaintiff filed a motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10), arguing
that defendant admitted that it failed to make commission payments within the time limits
prescribed by the SRCA and that defendant failed to produce any evidence that its failure to
make timely payments was a result of mistake or inadvertence. In its response to the motion,
defendant argued that plaintiff’s claim was barred by the release in the settlement agreement. In
his reply brief, plaintiff argued that the release only applied to claims arising before the
execution of the settlement agreement and that the release excluded claims arising under the
settlement agreement. Plaintiff also argued that, under the SRCA, any attempts to waive the
provisions of the SRCA are void. The circuit court agreed with defendant, denied plaintiff’s
motion, and granted summary disposition to defendant.
We first examine whether the SRCA provision prohibiting waiver of any right under the
SRCA voids the release involved herein. We hold that it does not.
Well-established principles guide this Court’s statutory construction efforts; we begin by
consulting the specific statutory language at issue. Provider Creditors Comm v United American
Health Care Corp, 275 Mich App 90, 95; 738 NW2d 770 (2007). “This Court gives effect to the
Legislature’s intent as expressed in the statute’s terms, giving the words of the statute their plain
and ordinary meaning.” McManamon v Redford Charter Twp, 273 Mich App 131, 135; 730
NW2d 757 (2006). “When the language poses no ambiguity, this Court need not look outside
the statute, nor construe the statute, but need only enforce the statute as written.” Id. at 136.
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The SRCA establishes due dates for the payment of commissions to terminated sales
representatives and imposes penalties on principals who intentionally fail to pay commissions by
the due dates. MCL 600.2961(4) provides: “All commissions that are due at the time of
termination of a contract between a sales representative and principal shall be paid within 45
days after the date of termination. Commissions that become due after the termination date shall
be paid within 45 days after the date on which the commission became due.” MCL 600.2961(2)
provides: “The terms of the contract between the principal and sales representative shall
determine when a commission becomes due.” MCL 600.2961(3) provides:
If the time when the commission is due cannot be determined by a
contract between the principal and sales representative, the past practices between
the parties shall control or, if there are no past practices, the custom and usage
prevalent in this state for the business that is the subject of the relationship
between the parties.
Under MCL600.2961(5), if a principal fails to pay commissions on time, it is liable to the
sales representative for (1) actual damages caused by the failure to pay on time, and (2) twice the
amount of the commissions due, or $100,000, whichever is less, if the principal is found to have
intentionally failed to pay the commissions when due. When a sales representative brings an
action under the SRCA, the court “shall award to the prevailing party reasonable attorney fees
and court costs.” MCL 600.2961(6). Finally, the SRCA provides that “[a] provision in a
contract between a principal and a sales representative purporting to waive any right under this
section is void.” MCL 600.2961(8).
By its plain language, this prohibition against waiving rights under the SRCA applies
only to a contract between a principal and a sales representative. We conclude, therefore, that by
its clear intent and import, the SRCA prohibition applies only to waivers contained in sales
representation contracts.
In the present case, the release or waiver is contained, not in a sales representation
contract, but rather in a settlement agreement. An agreement to settle a pending lawsuit is a
contract, governed by the legal rules applicable to the construction and interpretation of other
contracts. Kloian v Domino’s Pizza, LLC, 273 Mich App 449, 452; 733 NW2d 766 (2006).
Moreover, by definition, a settlement agreement is a compromise of a disputed claim. Hoffman v
Burkhammer, 373 Mich 187, 195; 128 NW2d 503 (1964) (“[T]he April 12 agreement was a
compromise settlement of a disputed claim, that is, it was an executory accord.”). Given the
discrete differences between a settlement agreement and a sales representation agreement, we
conclude that plaintiff’s settlement with Noble falls outside the scope of the SRCA
Since the SRCA does not as a matter of law void the waiver of a claim to penalty
damages and attorney fees pursuant to a settlement agreement resolving litigation, we next
examine whether the release at issue bars plaintiff’s claims under the SRCA. We conclude that it
does.
Summary dispositions are reviewed de novo. Willett v Waterford Charter Twp, 271 Mich
App 38, 45; 718 NW2d 386 (2006). A written contract’s interpretation is also reviewed de novo.
Coates v Bastian Bros, Inc, 276 Mich App 498, 503; 741 NW2d 539 (2007). The interpretation
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of a statute is a question of law that is reviewed de novo. The Healing Place at North Oakland
Med Ctr v Allstate Ins Co, 277 Mich App 51, 55; 744 NW2d 174 (2007).
Michigan courts enforce contracts. Coates, supra at 503-504. We enforce contracts
according to their terms, as a corollary to the parties liberty to enter into a contract. Rory v
Continental Ins Co, 473 Mich 457, 468; 703 NW2d 23 (2005). We examine contractual
language and give the words their plain and ordinary meanings. Wilkie v Auto-Owners Ins Co,
469 Mich 41, 47; 664 NW2d 776 (2003). An unambiguous contractual provision reflects the
parties intent as a matter of law, and “[i]f the language of the contract is unambiguous, we
construe and enforce the contract as written.” Quality Products & Concepts Co v Nagel
Precision, Inc, 469 Mich 362, 375; 666 NW2d 251 (2003). Courts may not create ambiguity
when contract language is clear. City of Grosse Pointe Park v Michigan Muni Liability & Prop
Pool, 473 Mich 188, 198; 702 NW2d 106 (2005). Rather, this Court must honor the parties’
contract, and not rewrite it. McDonald v Farm Bureau Ins Co, 480 Mich 191, 197; 747 NW2d
811 (2008); see also Coates, supra at 511 n 7.
Pursuant to the settlement agreement, plaintiff and Noble resolved by compromise the
claims and defenses asserted in the previous litigation. Noble agreed to make commission
payments for parts shipped up to May 31, 2005, in exchange for plaintiff’s agreement to forgo
any other potential claims, including penalty damages for late payments under the SRCA. We
conclude that, under the circumstances of this case, the SCRA does not prohibit the compromise
agreed to by the parties. Plaintiff could have continued the litigation and may have recovered a
judgment in full, but he also could have lost the prior litigation and recovered nothing, on the
basis that the shipment of parts at issue was not included within the liabilities that Noble
assumed when it succeeded Jebco. A settlement agreement is a binding contract. MacInnes v
MacInnes, 260 Mich App 280, 289; 677 NW2d 889 (2004) (judgments entered pursuant to the
agreement of the parties are in the nature of a contract rather than a judicial order entered against
one party; a settlement agreement is a contract and must be construed and applied as such).
Nothing in the settlement agreement provides any penalty for making late payments.
Accordingly, the release bars the claims under the SRCA.
Because we hold that the trial court correctly granted summary disposition to defendant,
plaintiff’s assertion that the trial court erred by denying his motion for summary disposition is
moot. In re Duane V Baldwin Trust, 274 Mich App 387, 404; 733 NW2d 419 (2007).
Defendant, being the prevailing party, may tax costs pursuant to MCR 7.219.
Affirmed.
/s/ Kurtis T. Wilder
/s/ Alton T. Davis
/s/ Stephen L. Borrello
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