CATHERINE RUTH REEVES V CARSON CITY HOSPITAL
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
CATHERINE RUTH REEVES and ANTHONY
LYNN REEVES,
FOR PUBLICATION
March 8, 2007
9:05 a.m.
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v
No. 266469
Ingham Circuit Court
LC No. 03-001557-NH
CARSON CITY HOSPITAL and LYNN
SQUANDA, D.O.,
ON REMAND
Defendants-Appellees.
Official Reported Version
Before: Neff, P.J., and Saad and Bandstra, JJ.
SAAD, J.
Catherine R. and Anthony L. Reeves filed this medical malpractice action against several
defendants, including Lynn Squanda, D.O., who is board-certified in family medicine, but was
working in the emergency room at the time of the alleged malpractice. The Reeveses claimed
that Dr. Squanda and others were negligent in failing to timely diagnose and treat Catherine
Reeves's ectopic pregnancy. The Reeveses filed an affidavit of merit signed by Eric Davis,
M.D., who is board-certified in emergency medicine, but not board-certified in family medicine.
Following discovery, defendants moved to strike Dr. Davis as an expert witness and
argued that he was not qualified to testify against Dr. Squanda under MCL 600.2169 because he
was not board-certified in family medicine.1 Defendants relied on Halloran v Bhan, 470 Mich
572, 577; 683 NW2d 129 (2004), in which our Supreme Court held that an expert in a medical
malpractice case must have the same board certification in a specialty as the party against whom
1
Dr. Davis signed the affidavit of merit attached to Reeveses' complaint. Defendants did not
challenge the affidavit of merit pursuant to MCL 600.2912d. That statute provides that an
affidavit is valid if, among other things, counsel reasonably believes that the health professional
is qualified under MCL 600.2169 to address the standard of care. As noted, after discovery,
defendants moved to strike Dr. Davis on the ground that he was not qualified to provide
testimony about the applicable standard of care.
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or on whose behalf the expert's testimony is offered. The Reeveses' primary argument is that,
because Dr. Squanda was practicing emergency medicine at the time the alleged malpractice
occurred, her board certification in family medicine is irrelevant. The trial court agreed with
defendants and ruled that Dr. Davis was not qualified to testify as an expert against Dr.
Squanda.2 We vacate the trial court's order and remand for further proceedings consistent with
this opinion.
The qualifications of an expert concerning the standard of care in a medical malpractice
action are governed by MCL 600.2169, which provides, in relevant part:
(1) In an action alleging medical malpractice, a person shall not give
expert testimony on the appropriate standard of practice or care unless the person
is licensed as a health professional in this state or another state and meets the
following criteria:
(a) If the party against whom or on whose behalf the testimony is offered
is a specialist, specializes at the time of the occurrence that is the basis for the
action in the same specialty as the party against whom or on whose behalf the
testimony is offered. However, if the party against whom or on whose behalf the
testimony is offered is a specialist who is board certified, the expert witness must
be a specialist who is board certified in that specialty.
(b) Subject to subdivision (c) [dealing with general practitioners], during
the year immediately preceding the date of the occurrence that is the basis for the
claim or action, devoted a majority of his or her professional time to either or both
of the following:
(i) The active clinical practice of the same health profession in which the
party against whom or on whose behalf the testimony is offered is licensed and, if
that party is a specialist, the active clinical practice of that specialty.
(ii) The instruction of students in an accredited health professional school
or accredited residency or clinical research program in the same health profession
in which the party against whom or on whose behalf the testimony is offered is
licensed and, if that party is a specialist, an accredited health professional school
or accredited residency or clinical research program in the same specialty.
2
We affirmed the trial court's ruling on the basis of Halloran in Reeves v Carson City Hosp,
unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued April 6, 2006 (Docket No.
266469). However, our Supreme Court vacated our judgment in Reeves and remanded the case
for reconsideration in light of Woodard v Custer, 476 Mich 545; 719 NW2d 842 (2006). 477
Mich 934 (2006).
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This case is controlled by the Supreme Court's opinion in Woodard v Custer, 476 Mich
545; 719 NW2d 842 (2006). In Woodard, the defendant physician was board-certified in
pediatrics and had certificates of special qualifications in pediatric critical care medicine and
neonatal-perinatal medicine. Id. at 554. The alleged malpractice occurred while the plaintiffs'
infant son was hospitalized in the pediatric intensive care unit. Id. The plaintiffs' proposed
expert witness, who signed the affidavit of merit, was board-certified in pediatrics, but did not
have any certificates of special qualifications. Id. at 554-555.
In Hamilton v Kuligowski, the companion case to Woodard, the defendant physician who
allegedly failed to properly diagnose and treat prestroke symptoms, was board-certified in
general internal medicine and was practicing general internal medicine at the time of the alleged
malpractice. Id. at 556. The plaintiff 's proposed expert was board-certified in general internal
medicine, but devoted a majority of his time to treating infectious diseases and, therefore, did not
devote a majority of his time to practicing or teaching general internal medicine. Id.
In Woodard and Hamilton, at least one of the board certifications of the defendant
physicians matched a board certification of the proposed experts. In this context, the Supreme
Court held:
Although specialties and board certificates must match, not all specialties
and board certificates must match. Rather, [MCL 600.2169(1)] states that "a
person shall not give expert testimony on the appropriate standard of practice or
care unless. . . ." (Emphasis added.) That is, [MCL 600.2169(1)] addresses the
necessary qualifications of an expert witness to testify regarding the "appropriate
standard of practice or care," not regarding an inappropriate or irrelevant standard
of medical practice or care. Because an expert witness is not required to testify
regarding an inappropriate or irrelevant standard of medical practice or care,
[MCL 600.2169(1)] should not be understood to require such witness to specialize
in specialties and possess board certificates that are not relevant to the standard of
medical practice or care about which the witness is to testify. [Id. at 558-559.]
The Court went on to hold that MCL 600.2169(1) requires only that a single specialty and board
certification match, not that multiple specialties and certifications match. Id. at 559-560.
Quoting Tate v Detroit Receiving Hosp, 249 Mich App 212, 218; 642 NW2d 346 (2002), the
Court opined "'that the specialty requirement is tied to the occurrence of the alleged malpractice
and not unrelated specialties that a defendant physician may hold.'" Woodard, supra at 559.
Further, the Court recognized that, under MCL 600.2169(1), the expert must have devoted the
majority of his or her professional time during the previous year to either the "'active clinical
practice' or the 'instruction of students' in 'the same specialty' as the defendant physician." Id. at
559-560. The Court concluded that MCL 600.2169(1)
only requires the plaintiff 's expert to match one of the defendant physician's
specialties. Because the plaintiff 's expert will be providing expert testimony on
the appropriate or relevant standard of practice or care, not an inappropriate or
irrelevant standard of practice or care, it follows that the plaintiff 's expert witness
must match the one most relevant standard of practice or care—the specialty
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engaged in by the defendant physician during the course of the alleged
malpractice, and, if the defendant physician is board certified in that specialty, the
plaintiff 's expert must also be board certified in that specialty. [Id. at 560.]
In Woodard, the Court determined that the most relevant specialty in which the defendant
physician was engaged at the time of the alleged malpractice was pediatric critical care. The
infant was critically ill and was in the pediatric intensive care unit. Because the defendant had a
certificate of special qualifications in pediatric critical care medicine, the statute required that the
proposed expert also have this certificate of special qualifications. That the proposed expert was
board-certified in pediatrics was not sufficient, and that the defendant also had a certificate of
neonatal-perinatal medicine was irrelevant because this was not the specialty the defendant
physician was practicing when the malpractice occurred. Because the proposed expert did not
have a certificate of special qualifications in pediatric critical care medicine, he did not satisfy
the same-specialty requirement. See id. at 575-577.
In Hamilton, the defendant and the proposed expert shared the same board certification in
general internal medicine. Moreover, general internal medicine was the specialty the defendant
physician was practicing at the time of the alleged malpractice. However, because the proposed
expert had not devoted the majority of his professional time in the previous year to general
internal medicine, he did not satisfy the practice/instruction requirement. See id. at 577-578.
Neither case addressed a situation in which, as here, the defendant was practicing outside
his or her board certification. Again, Dr. Squanda is board-certified in family practice, but was
practicing in the emergency room. Because "the specialty engaged in by the defendant physician
during the course of the alleged malpractice" was emergency medicine, it is the "one most
relevant standard of practice or care[.]" Id. at 560. If Dr. Squanda can be regarded as a
"specialist" in emergency medicine, MCL 600.2169(1) would require only that the expert
"specialize[] at the time of the occurrence that is the basis for the action in the same specialty . . .
." In Woodard, the Court stated:
Both the dictionary definition of "specialist" and the plain language of
[MCL 600.2169(1)(a)] make it clear that a physician can be a specialist who is not
board certified. They also make it clear that a "specialist" is somebody who can
potentially become board certified. Therefore, a "specialty" is a particular branch
of medicine or surgery in which one can potentially become board certified.
Accordingly, if the defendant physician practices a particular branch of medicine
or surgery in which one can potentially become board certified, the plaintiff 's
expert must practice or teach the same particular branch of medicine or surgery.
[Id. at 561-562 (Emphasis added).]
A physician may obtain a board certification in emergency medicine, and, though Dr. Squanda is
not board-certified in emergency medicine, she could "potentially" become board-certified under
the reasoning of Woodard. The briefs do not suggest that the record established what is required
for board certification in emergency medicine, but presumably a physician can undertake an
additional residency and pass whatever boards are required for certification. Nonetheless,
because Dr. Squanda was practicing emergency medicine and one could potentially become
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certified in emergency medicine, the plaintiff 's expert would be required to practice or teach
emergency medicine. It is not a prerequisite that the expert be board-certified in emergency
medicine, but nothing in the statute requires that the expert be a "specialist" only, as opposed to a
board-certified specialist. In other words, if the defendant is board-certified, the expert must be
board-certified, but if the defendant is merely a "specialist," the expert must be at least a
specialist.
However, even if the expert is a specialist who can provide testimony on the appropriate
standard of practice or care, the expert must also satisfy the practice/instruction requirement. As
the Woodard Court noted:
MCL 600.2169(1)(b) provides that if the defendant physician is a
specialist, the expert witness must have "during the year immediately preceding
the date of the occurrence that is the basis for the claim or action, devoted a
majority of his or her professional time to either . . . the active clinical practice of
that specialty [or] [t]he instruction of students in an . . . accredited health
professional school or accredited residency or clinical research program in the
same specialty." [Id. 565.]
The curriculum vitae of plaintiffs' expert, Dr. Davis, indicates that he has taught emergency
medicine at the University of Rochester Medical School from 1995 to the present, and has been
the medical director of emergency medical services for the Monroe Livingston Region from
1995 to the present. Dr. Davis was also a member, board member, advisor, consultant, and
representative for various entities. There is no indication whether Dr. Davis spent the majority
of his professional time in the active clinical practice of emergency medicine or the instruction of
students, or whether a majority of his time was spent on these other pursuits. Thus, we conclude
that the trial court must make a determination on this issue.
In sum, because Dr. Squanda was practicing emergency medicine at the time of the
alleged malpractice and potentially could obtain a board certification in emergency medicine, she
was a "specialist" in emergency medicine under the holding in Woodard. Thus, plaintiffs would
need a specialist in emergency medicine to satisfy MCL 600.2169; Dr. Davis, as a boardcertified emergency medicine physician, would satisfy this requirement. However, the specialist
must have also devoted the majority of his professional time during the preceding year to the
active clinical practice of emergency medicine or the instruction of students. Because there is no
information in the record regarding what comprised the majority of the expert's professional
time, a remand for a determination on this issue is necessary.
Vacated and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not
retain jurisdiction.
/s/ Henry William Saad
/s/ Janet T. Neff
/s/ Richard A. Bandstra
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