People v. Rideout
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,
FOR PUBLICATION
October 26, 2006
9:10 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v
No. 261233
Kent Circuit Court
LC No. 04-005331-FH
KEVIN JOHN RIDEOUT,
Defendant-Appellant.
Official Reported Version
Before: Sawyer, P.J., and Fitzgerald and O'Connell, JJ.
SAWYER, P.J.
Defendant was convicted, following a jury trial, of operating a motor vehicle while
intoxicated (OWI) or while visibly impaired (OWVI) and thereby causing death.1 He was
sentenced to serve 3 to 15 years in prison. He now appeals and we reverse and remand.
At 2:00 a.m. on November 23, 2003, defendant was driving his sport utility vehicle
(SUV) east on 17 Mile Road in northern Kent County. He attempted to turn north onto Edgerton
Avenue and drove into the path of an oncoming car driven by Jason Reichelt. Reichelt's car hit
defendant's SUV and spun 180 degrees, coming to rest on the centerline of 17 Mile Road. The
SUV came to rest on the side of the road. It was later determined that defendant had a blood
alcohol concentration of 0.16, which is twice the legal limit.2
Reichelt and his passenger, Jonathan Keiser, were not seriously injured, but Reichelt's car
was severely damaged and the headlights stopped working. Both men left the car and walked to
the SUV to determine if anyone was injured. After speaking briefly with defendant, the two men
walked back to Reichelt's car. Reichelt indicated that he was aware that oncoming cars could hit
his darkened car and that he wanted to determine if he could turn on the flashers. As Reichelt
and Keiser stood by the car, an oncoming car driven by Tonya Welch hit Keiser, killing him.
At the center of this appeal is the issue of causation. Defendant argues that not only did
the trial court improperly instruct the jury on causation, there was also insufficient evidence of
1
MCL 257.625(4).
2
See MCL 257.625(1)(b).
-1-
causation to establish defendant's guilt. Because the two issues are intertwined with the question
of what must be proven to establish causation in such a case, we shall analyze both issues
together beginning with a determination of what the prosecutor must show to establish causation.
As the Supreme Court discussed in People v Schaefer,3 causation consists of two
components:
In criminal jurisprudence, the causation element of an offense is generally
comprised of two components: factual cause and proximate cause. The concept
of factual causation is relatively straightforward. In determining whether a
defendant's conduct is a factual cause of the result, one must ask, "but for" the
defendant's conduct, would the result have occurred? If the result would not have
occurred absent the defendant's conduct, then factual causation exists.
The existence of factual causation alone, however, will not support the
imposition of criminal liability. Proximate causation must also be established.
As we noted in [People v] Tims[, 449 Mich 83, 96; 534 NW2d 675 (1995)],
proximate causation is a "legal colloquialism." It is a legal construct designed to
prevent criminal liability from attaching when the result of the defendant's
conduct is viewed as too remote or unnatural. Thus, a proximate cause is simply
a factual cause "of which the law will take cognizance."[4]
We initially note that there is no dispute at this point that defendant was intoxicated and
that his driving was the cause of the initial accident.5 Furthermore, there is no argument that
defendant's driving was the factual or "but-for" cause of the second accident. This analysis is
relatively straightforward: but for defendant causing the initial accident, the subsequent accident
would not have occurred.
Of course, factual causation is relatively easy to establish. As the court in Welch v State
observed, "[m]ankind might still be in Eden, but for Adam's biting an apple."6 But the question
whether defendant is the proximate cause of the subsequent accident, and thus of the victim's
death, is not so easily resolved. Schaefer discussed this requirement in further detail:
For a defendant's conduct to be regarded as a proximate cause, the victim's
injury must be a "direct and natural result" of the defendant's actions. In making
this determination, it is necessary to examine whether there was an intervening
3
473 Mich 418; 703 NW2d 774 (2005).
4
Schaefer, supra at 435-436, quoting 1 Torcia, Wharton's Criminal Law (15th ed), § 26, pp. 147148.
5
Schaefer, supra at 434-435, clarified that, under MCL 257.625(4), it must be shown that
defendant was driving while intoxicated and that his driving caused the death, but the prosecutor
does not have to show that it was defendant's intoxicated driving that caused the death.
6
45 Ala App 657; 235 So 2d 906, 907 (1970).
-2-
cause that superseded the defendant's conduct such that the causal link between
the defendant's conduct and the victim's injury was broken. If an intervening
cause did indeed supersede the defendant's act as a legally significant causal
factor, then the defendant's conduct will not be deemed a proximate cause of the
victim's injury.
The standard by which to gauge whether an intervening cause supersedes,
and thus severs the causal link, is generally one of reasonable foreseeability. For
example, suppose that a defendant stabs a victim and the victim is then taken to a
nearby hospital for treatment. If the physician is negligent in providing medical
care to the victim and the victim later dies, the defendant is still considered to
have proximately caused the victim's death because it is reasonably foreseeable
that negligent medical care might be provided. At the same time, gross
negligence or intentional misconduct by a treating physician is not reasonably
foreseeable, and would thus break the causal chain between the defendant and the
victim.
The linchpin in the superseding cause analysis, therefore, is whether the
intervening cause was foreseeable based on an objective standard of
reasonableness. If it was reasonably foreseeable, then the defendant's conduct
will be considered a proximate cause. If, however, the intervening act by the
victim or a third party was not reasonably foreseeable—e.g., gross negligence or
intentional misconduct—then generally the causal link is severed and the
defendant's conduct is not regarded as a proximate cause of the victim's injury or
death.[7]
With these basic principles in mind, we conclude that the trial court improperly instructed
the jury on the issue of proximate cause. We review claims of instructional error de novo.8 The
trial court is required to instruct jurors on "all elements of the crime charged and must not
exclude consideration of material issues, defenses, and theories for which there is supporting
evidence."9 Instructions are to be read as a whole and not piecemeal to determine if error
requiring reversal occurred.10 "It is error for the trial court to give an erroneous or misleading
jury instruction on an essential element of the offense."11
The trial court gave detailed and extensive instructions on factual causation, including
reinforcement of the concept that defendant had to be "a" cause of the accident, but not
necessarily "the" cause of the accident. But the trial court's instructions on proximate cause and
7
Schafer, supra at 436-437, quoting People v Barnes, 182 Mich 179, 198; 148 NW 400 (1914).
8
People v Kurr, 253 Mich App 317, 327; 654 NW2d 651 (2002).
9
Id.
10
Id.
11
People v Petrella, 424 Mich 221, 277; 380 NW2d 11 (1985).
-3-
superseding intervening causes were virtually nonexistent. The trial court did implicitly touch
on the issue of proximate cause when it instructed the jury that one of several causes "is a
substantial factor in causing a death if, but for that cause's contribution, the death would not have
occurred, unless the death was an utterly unnatural result of whatever happened." But the
instructions also told the jury that another cause could be a superseding cause only if it was the
sole cause:
Now it also necessarily follows that somebody else's conduct, for
example, by Mr. Keiser, or by some third party, even if that other conduct was
wrong or itself negligent, does not cut off criminal liability unless the other cause
was the only cause. Obviously, if somebody else's conduct was the only reason
Mr. Keiser died, then it can't possibly be something to which Mr. Rideout
contributed.
This is not a correct statement of the law. A superseding intervening cause does not need to be
the only cause. Indeed, as the Court noted in Schaefer, while the defendant's conduct in that
cause was a factual cause of the accident, the victim's conduct may also have been a cause and,
more to the point, potentially a superseding cause.12 The effect of the trial court's instructions
was that the jury could convict defendant if they found him to be a factual cause of the accident
and that the jury could find the existence of a superseding intervening cause only if that
superseding intervening cause was the only cause of the second accident. The jury was not
adequately instructed on the issues of proximate and intervening causes.13
This conclusion is enough to set aside defendant's conviction, with directions to the trial
court to properly instruct the jury on the causation issue. But we agree with defendant that the
problem in this case goes even deeper, because there was insufficient evidence to establish
proximate cause at all. We review a claim of insufficient evidence in a criminal trial de novo.14
We view the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution to determine if a rational trier
of fact could find beyond a reasonable doubt that the essential elements of the crime were
established.15
The troubling aspect of this case is that the second accident only occurred after Keiser
had reached a position of safety (the side of the road) and then chose to reenter the roadway with
Reichelt to check on the car. While foreseeability is the "linchpin" of the superseding causation
analysis,16 and it is at least arguably foreseeable that a person involved in an accident would
check on his or her vehicle even if it remains on the road, the analysis does not end there. As
12
Schafer, supra at 445.
13
The fact that the jurors struggled with the issue of causation is reflected by the fact that they
sent questions on the issue to the trial court during deliberations.
14
People v Lueth, 253 Mich App 670, 680; 660 NW2d 322 (2002).
15
People v Tombs, 472 Mich 446, 459; 697 NW2d 494 (2005).
16
Schaefer, supra at 437.
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Professor Dressler discusses in Understanding Criminal Law (3d ed),17 there is no universal test
for determining if an intervening cause is also a superseding cause:
One early twentieth century scholar observed that all efforts to set down
universal tests that explain the law of causation are "demonstrably erroneous."
[Jeremiah Smith, Legal Cause in Actions of Tort, 25 Harv L R 223, 317 (1912).]
There are no hard-and-fast rules for determining when an intervening cause
supersedes the defendant's conduct. However, there are various factors that assist
the factfinder in the evaluative process.
Indeed, Dressler18 points out that to say that foreseeability is the "linchpin" is "a slight
overstatement," though it is of great significance. Rather, Dressler19 discusses six factors to be
considered in determining if an intervening cause is a superseding cause.
Of the six factors discussed by Dressler, three are not relevant here. They are the (1) de
minimis contribution to social harm factor, (2) the intended-consequences doctrine, and (3) the
omissions factor.20 The foreseeability factor is relevant here, but its application is less than
clear. As Dressler points out, a responsive intervening cause will establish proximate cause,
while a coincidental intervening cause will not unless it was foreseeable.21 In discussing
responsive intervening causes, Dressler points to the examples of a passenger in a capsized boat
drowning while attempting to swim to shore and a wounded victim being negligently treated and
dying. That is, the harm results from actions taken in response to the defendant's conduct. A
coincidental intervening cause would exist, for example, where the defendant's conduct put the
victim in the "wrong place at the wrong time," such as an assault victim who is attacked by a
"knife-wielding maniac" while waiting in the emergency room for treatment of the initial
wounds.22
Whether the intervening cause is responsive or coincidental in the case at bar is arguable
at best. On the one hand, the victim reentering the roadway to check on the vehicle was in direct
response to the accident, though not in direct response to defendant's having driven. On the
other hand, Welch's driving down the road when she did was entirely coincidental.
In our view, Keiser's decision to reenter the roadway renders the foreseeability factor of
little value to the analysis. Rather, that decision directly involves the two remaining factors
identified by Dressler that are present here. Those two factors, we believe, compel the
conclusion that the intervening cause of the second accident was also a superseding cause.
17
Section 14.03[C][1], p 189.
18
Dressler, supra, § 14.03[C][3][a], p 189.
19
Id. at § 14.03[C], pp 189-194.
20
Id.
21
Id. at § 14.03[C][3][b-c], pp 190-191.
22
Id.
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First, there is the apparent-safety doctrine, which Dressler describes as follows:
One scholar has observed that when a "defendant's active force has come
to rest in a position of apparent safety, the court will follow it no longer." [Joseph
H. Beale, The Proximate Consequences of an Act, 33 Harv L R 633, 651 (1920).]
For example, consider a somewhat simplified version of the facts in State v
Preslar [48 NC 421 (1856)]: D threatened the life of V, his spouse. As a
consequence, V was forced to leave the house on a freezing night in order to
protect herself. V walked to within 200 yards of her father's home, where she
would have been welcome, but she chose to spend the night in the extreme cold,
rather than bother her father by entering the house. V froze to death during the
night. Clearly, D was an actual cause of V's death: but for D's threatening
conduct, V would not have gone out into the cold. But, V's decision to sleep
outside was also a but-for cause of her own death. Is D the proximate cause of V's
death? The court in Preslar answered this question in the negative.
The result may be explained in terms of the apparent-safety doctrine. D
did not follow V from their home. When V reached the vicinity of her father's
house, she knew that she could enter and be free from immediate harm.
Therefore, her decision to sleep outside constituted a superseding intervening
cause.[23]
Similarly, in the case at bar, Keiser had reached a position of apparent safety: he had gotten out
of the vehicle and was alongside the road, off the pavement. Had the second accident occurred
before Keiser could extricate himself from the Reichelt vehicle and get to the side of the road,
then the causal chain would have been intact. But he was able to get out of harm's way and to a
relatively safe position at the side of the road. He then made the choice to return to the roadway
and place himself in a more dangerous position. Like the victim in Preslar, Keiser made a
decision regarding his actions after the immediate danger was over. And that decision, like the
decision in Preslar, ended the initial causal chain and started a new one, one for which defendant
was not responsible.
The point of a person making a decision brings us to the remaining factor discussed in
Dressler, that of voluntary human intervention:
A defendant is far more apt to be relieved of criminal responsibility in the
case of a "free, deliberate, and informed" [Hart & Honore, Causation in the Law
(2d ed 1985), p 326]—a voluntary, knowing, and intelligent—human agent than
in the case of an intervention of a natural force or the actions of a person whose
conduct is not fully free. The result in the Preslar case, described [above], can be
explained in terms of this factor. V chose to sleep in the cold rather than to enter
her father's home. Her decision was free, deliberate, and with full knowledge of
the fact that it was exceedingly cold outside. Under these circumstances, the
23
Id. at § 14.03[C][5], pp 192-193.
-6-
responsibility for her death is shifted from D to V. This outcome is consistent
with the retributive principle that accords special significance to the free-will
actions of human agents.[24]
Similarly, in the case at bar, Keiser made the voluntary decision to return to the vehicle on the
roadway, despite the danger that it posed. He could have chosen to remain on the side of the
road. He chose instead to reenter the roadway, with the danger of standing in the roadway next
to an unlit vehicle in the middle of the night being readily apparent.
In sum, we conclude that the prosecution failed to present sufficient evidence to establish
that defendant's actions were a proximate cause of Keiser's death. Therefore, we vacate
defendant's conviction for OWI/OWVI causing death.
There remains the problem of the remedy. Under People v Randolph,25 while defendant
cannot be retried on the charge for which we found insufficient evidence, we can direct the entry
of a conviction for a necessarily included lesser offense on which the jury was instructed. In this
case, the jury was instructed on two lesser offenses: operating a motor vehicle while under the
influence of intoxicating liquor26 and operating a motor vehicle while visibly impaired
(OWVI).27 A charge of OWI/OWVI causing death may be based on the commission of either of
those offenses. MCL 257.625(4). Therefore, in convicting defendant of OWI/OWVI causing
death, the jury of necessity had to find that defendant was either operating while intoxicated or
operating while visibly impaired. But the nature of the verdict form renders it impossible to
determine which of the two the jury found to be the case. Accordingly, we believe that the
appropriate remedy is to direct the trial court to enter a conviction for the lesser offense, OWVI,
and to sentence defendant for that offense. If the prosecutor believes that a conviction on the
greater offense of OWI28 would better serve the interests of justice, he may, at any time before
sentencing, inform the trial court that he wishes to try defendant on a charge of OWI instead of a
conviction being entered under MCL 257.625(3).
In light of our resolution of the above issues, we need not decide defendant's remaining
issue.
Reversed and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not
retain jurisdiction.
/s/ David H. Sawyer
24
Id. at § 14.03[C][6], p 193.
25
466 Mich 532, 552-553; 648 NW2d 164 (2002).
26
Before the offense date in this case, the Legislature had replaced the crime of operating under
the influence of intoxicating liquor with operating while intoxicated. The older terminology was
used in the jury verdict form, although the judge's instructions employed the newer terminology.
27
MCL 257.625(3).
28
MCL 257.625(1).
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/s/ E. Thomas Fitzgerald
/s/ Peter D. O'Connell
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