CITY OF SOUTH HAVEN V VAN BUREN COUNTY BD OF COMM
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
CITY OF SOUTH HAVEN,
FOR PUBLICATION
March 14, 2006
9:00 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v
VAN BUREN COUNTY BOARD OF
COMMISSIONERS, VAN BUREN COUNTY
BOARD OF COUNTY ROAD
COMMISSIONERS, and VAN BUREN
COUNTY TREASURER,
Defendant-Appellees.
No. 264269
Van Buren Circuit Court
LC No. 04-052643-CZ
Official Reported Version
Before: Bandstra, P.J., and White and Hood, JJ.
BANDSTRA, P.J.
This case raises a number of questions under § 20b of chapter 4 of the general highway
law, MCL 224.20b. We conclude that the Tax Tribunal does not have exclusive jurisdiction over
claims regarding the proper distribution of funds raised under that section. We also conclude
that a county road commission, which is merely the recipient of funds raised under that section,
is not properly a defendant to claims challenging the distribution. Further, we conclude that the
section's formula for distributing funds raised pursuant to a road tax millage must be followed,
even with respect to millages for specific road projects, unless there is an agreement otherwise
by the affected cities and villages.
Background Facts
This case arose out of a dispute over the distribution of revenues raised from the Van
Buren County road millage, which was first approved by the voters in 1978 and which has been
renewed regularly in succeeding elections. The purpose for the road millage, as presented to the
electorate, was the construction, maintenance, and repair of county roads (local and primary);
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funds raised have been allocated exclusively to the county road commission for that purpose.
Plaintiff city of South Haven alleged that it was entitled to a portion of the road millage proceeds
under MCL 224.20b(2). Specifically, plaintiff alleged that the county defendants1 breached their
statutory fiduciary duty to properly distribute the road millage; requested a writ of mandamus to
have defendants remit plaintiff 's portion of the millage; sought restitution, interest, and costs;
requested that the trial court issue a declaratory judgment that plaintiff was entitled to road
millage distributions; and alleged that defendants converted plaintiff 's portion of the road
millage for their own use and benefit.
The trial court denied plaintiff 's motion for summary disposition under MCR
2.116(C)(10). The trial court granted summary disposition in favor of defendants under MCR
2.116(C)(4) on the grounds that the case was within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Michigan
Tax Tribunal.2 In the alternative, the trial court granted summary disposition in favor of the
county road commission under MCR 2.116(C)(8) on the grounds that plaintiff failed to state a
claim on which relief could be granted. Specifically, the trial court determined that the county
road commission was not a proper party to the action because, contrary to plaintiff 's assertion,
the county road commission did not have a duty to enter into a distribution agreement. Rather,
the county road commission only had a duty to spend funds in accordance with the purpose for
which those funds were distributed to it. Additionally, the trial court disagreed with plaintiff 's
reading of MCL 224.20b and found that the monies were distributed in accordance with the
statute.
Tax Tribunal Jurisdiction
Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in granting summary disposition in favor of
defendants on jurisdictional grounds. We agree. We review de novo a trial court's grant or
denial of a motion for summary disposition. Kroon-Harris v Michigan, 267 Mich App 353, 357;
704 NW2d 740 (2005). "Jurisdictional questions under MCR 2.116(C)(4) are questions of law
that are also reviewed de novo." Travelers Ins Co v Detroit Edison Co, 465 Mich 185, 205; 631
NW2d 733 (2001). When reviewing a motion under MCR 2.116(C)(4), we must determine
1
Helen Makay was named a defendant in her official capacity as the Van Buren County
Treasurer. Her legal interests are identical to those of the board of commissioners on this appeal,
and we will not refer to her separately.
2
The board of commissioners and the treasurer responded to plaintiff 's motion for summary
disposition, but did not join the county road commission in its motion for summary disposition.
However, in its order granting summary disposition to the county road commission pursuant to
MCR 2.116(C)(4), the trial court implied that its decision applied to these parties as well. The
trial court stated, in pertinent part, that "this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over the
claims raised in Plaintiff 's Complaint" and that "[t]his Order disposes of all of Plaintiff 's claims
as well as the last pending claim and closes the case." We believe that the trial court's decision
applied to all defendants in the present case.
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whether the pleadings demonstrate that the defendant was entitled to judgment as a matter of law
or whether the affidavits and other proofs show there was no genuine issue of material fact.
Bock v Gen Motors Corp, 247 Mich App 705, 710; 637 NW2d 825 (2001).
MCL 600.605 provides that "[c]ircuit courts have original jurisdiction to hear and
determine all civil claims and remedies, except where exclusive jurisdiction is given in the
constitution or by statute to some other court or where the circuit courts are denied jurisdiction
by the constitution or statutes of this state." MCL 205.731 provides:
The [tax] tribunal's exclusive and original jurisdiction shall be:
(a) A proceeding for direct review of a final decision, finding, ruling,
determination, or order of an agency relating to assessment, valuation, rates,
special assessments, allocation, or equalization, under property tax laws.
(b) A proceeding for refund or redetermination of a tax under the property
tax laws.
As used in the Tax Tribunal Act, "'[a]gency' means a board, official, or administrative agency
who is empowered to make a decision, finding, ruling, assessment, determination, or order that is
subject to review under the jurisdiction of the tribunal or who has collected a tax for which
refund is claimed." MCL 205.703(a).
In Highland-Howell Dev Co, LLC v Marion Twp, 469 Mich 673; 677 NW2d 810 (2004),
our Supreme Court discussed at length two seminal cases addressing the scope of the Tax
Tribunal's jurisdiction: Wikman v City of Novi, 413 Mich 617; 322 NW2d 103 (1982), and
Romulus City Treasurer v Wayne Co Drain Comm'r, 413 Mich 728; 322 NW2d 152 (1982).
In Wikman, the plaintiffs sought injunctive relief in the circuit court,
alleging that the special assessments imposed on them had been determined in an
arbitrary and capricious manner. This Court ruled, inter alia, that the challenge to
the special assessments was within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Tax Tribunal
because the action was one "seeking direct review of the governmental unit's
decision concerning a special assessment for a public improvement." Wikman at
626.
Unlike the direct challenge to the special assessment in Wikman, the
plaintiffs in Romulus City Treasurer filed a constructive fraud claim in the circuit
court, challenging the drain commissioner's use of funds collected through special
assessments. This Court held that the circuit court had jurisdiction to hear the
case because the question was whether the drain commissioner could pay
administrative costs with special assessment funds and, therefore, this question
was outside the exclusive jurisdiction of the Tax Tribunal.
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In reaching the decision in Romulus City Treasurer, this Court noted that
MCL 205.721 designates the Tax Tribunal as a "'quasi-judicial agency'"
comprised of seven members; only two must be attorneys with experience either
in property tax matters or in the discharge of a judicial or quasi-judicial office.
Romulus City Treasurer at 737. In addition,
"[o]ne member must be a certified assessor; one, an experienced professional real
estate appraiser; and one, a certified public accountant with experience in statelocal tax matters. Not more than three of the seven members are to be members
of any one professional discipline and persons who are not members of any of the
enumerated disciplines are required to have experience in state or local tax
matters.
"The expertise of the tribunal members can be seen to relate primarily to
questions concerning the factual underpinnings of taxes. [Id.]"
This Court also noted that the Tax Tribunal's membership is qualified to resolve
disputes concerning assessments, valuations, rates, allocation, and equalization, as
well as to determine whether special assessments are levied according to the
benefits received. Id. [Highland-Howell, supra at 677-678.]
After discussing these differences between the cases, the Court stated:
While the Tax Tribunal's membership is particularly competent to resolve
disputes related to the basis for and amounts of taxes, its membership is not
qualified to resolve common-law tort or contract claims. Clearly, this supports
our conclusion that the Legislature did not intend the Tax Tribunal's exclusive
jurisdiction to encompass matters outside the realm of those tax matters specified
in the statute. [Id. at 678.]
In Romulus City Treasurer, supra at 736, the plaintiffs alleged that the defendant drain
commissioner collected monies through special assessment procedures and used it to pay his
administrative expenses rather than placing it in the revolving drain fund, that administrative
expenses were not an enumerated use of the funds, and that funds currently held in escrow were
earmarked for future administrative expenses. The plaintiffs alleged that these actions
constituted a constructive fraud. Id. Our Supreme Court distinguished these claims from those
of the plaintiffs in Wikman, who challenged the validity of a special assessment, stating:
The focus of the present claim concerns not the factual underpinnings of
the pertinent assessments, but rather how funds collected pursuant to the special
assessment laws may be spent. . . .
* * *
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. . . Although the tribunal, in making its determinations, will make
conclusions of law, MCL 205.751; MSA 7.650(51), the matters within its
jurisdiction under MCL 205.731; MSA 7.650(31) most clearly relate to the basis
for a tax, and much less clearly to the proper uses which may be made of the
funds once collected. Questions concerning how the funds collected may be
expended do not appear to be implicated in disputes related to assessments,
valuations, rates, allocation and equalization. . . .
. . . Because questions as to the lawful expenditure of funds do not arise
within the other matters within the tribunal's jurisdiction, and because the
tribunal's expertise relates much more directly to other questions concerning the
lawfulness of challenged special assessments, we cannot assume that the
Legislature intended to divest the circuit court of its equitable jurisdiction to grant
declaratory and injunctive relief in matters involving the appropriate use of funds
collected under the guise of special assessment laws. [Id. at 736-739.]
The present case falls in line with Romulus City Treasurer. Plaintiff is not challenging
the validity of the road millage levy. Plaintiff 's allegation is that the county misallocated the
funds generated from the road millage. Plaintiff 's contention is that the board of county
commissioners and the treasurer improperly gave the funds resulting from the millage vote to the
county road commission, contrary to what plaintiff contends are the dictates of MCL 224.20b.
Plaintiff does not challenge the "factual underpinnings" of the road millage levied.
Therefore, we conclude that whether defendants were required to allocate the road
millage funds according to the formula in MCL 224.20b(2) is not a question "relating to
assessment, valuation, rates, special assessments, allocation, or equalization," or involving the
"refund or redetermination of a tax," under the property tax laws, within the meaning of by MCL
205.731. The trial court erred in concluding that the Tax Tribunal has exclusive jurisdiction over
this case.
County Road Commission as a Party
Plaintiff next argues that the trial court erred in granting summary disposition in favor of
the county road commission under MCR 2.116(C)(8) on the grounds that the county road
commission was not a proper party to this action.3 We disagree. We review de novo a trial
court's grant or denial of a motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8). JohnsonMcIntosh v Detroit, 266 Mich App 318, 322; 701 NW2d 179 (2005). MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the
legal sufficiency of the pleadings standing alone, and the motion must be granted if no factual
development could justify the plaintiff 's claim for relief. Johnson-McIntosh, supra at 322.
3
Although the trial court found that it did not have jurisdiction, as discussed above, it
nonetheless articulated conclusions on the other issues now before us on appeal.
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Plaintiff maintains that the county road commission is a proper party to the present case
because it owed plaintiff a duty under MCL 224.20b. Plaintiff contends that, because the county
road commission's exclusive authority to spend the road millage revenues arises under MCL
224.20b, it had a duty to ensure that it spent those revenues in compliance with the statute.
However, plaintiff 's claims are based on its allegation that the road millage revenues were
misallocated to the road commission. As quoted below, MCL 224.20b(1) authorizes the "board
of commissioners of any county by proper resolution" to submit to the county's electorate the
question of a tax levy for highway, road, and street purposes. MCL 224.20b(2) requires that the
revenues derived from the tax levy be allocated and distributed by the county treasurer.
Although the county road commission received the revenues, it had no authority to allocate and
distribute them and, thus, no obligation to ensure that the statutory formula was followed.
Plaintiff concedes that "MCL 224.20b plainly states that it is the role of the County and its
treasurer to make the distribution in the manner provided." Because the county road commission
had no duty to distribute the road millage, it is not a proper party to this lawsuit and the trial
court properly granted summary disposition in favor of the county road commission on that
basis.
MCL 224.20b
Plaintiff next argues that the trial court erred in ruling that it was not entitled to a return
of proceeds from the road millage levied by the county under MCL 224.20b as a matter of law.
We agree. We review de novo a trial court's decision on a motion for summary disposition under
MCR 2.116(C)(10). Dressel v Ameribank, 468 Mich 557, 561; 664 NW2d 151 (2003). Further,
the decision at issue here is strictly one of statutory interpretation, which we also review de novo.
Echelon Homes, LLC v Carter Lumber Co, 472 Mich 192, 196; 694 NW2d 544 (2005). In
reviewing questions of statutory construction, our purpose is to discern and give effect to the
intent of the Legislature. We begin by examining the plain language of the statute, affording the
words their plain and ordinary meaning. If that language is unambiguous, we presume that the
Legislature intended the meaning clearly expressed and no further judicial construction is
required or permitted—the statute must be enforced as written. Id.
MCL 224.20b provides:
(1) Notwithstanding any other provision of this act, the board of
commissioners of any county by proper resolution may submit to the electorate of
the county at any general or special election the question of a tax levy for
highway, road and street purposes or for 1 or more specific highway, road or
street purposes, including but not limited to bridges, as may be specified by the
board.
(2) Unless otherwise agreed by the governing bodies of the cities and
villages and the board of county road commissioners the revenues derived from
the tax levy authorized by this section shall be allocated and distributed by the
county treasurer as follows:
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(a) To the county road fund:
(i) A percentage of the total revenues equal to the proportion that the state
equalized valuation of the unincorporated area of the county bears to the total
state equalized value of the county.
(ii) A percentage of the remainder of the revenues equal to the proportion
that the county primary road mileage within cities and villages bears to the total of
the city and village major street mileage in the county plus the county primary
road mileage within cities and villages in the county. The mileages to be used are
the most recent mileages as certified by the state highway commission.
(b) The remaining revenues shall be distributed to the cities and villages in
the proportion that the state equalized valuation of each bears to the total state
equalized valuation of the incorporated areas of the county.
(3) The revenues allocated to the cities and villages shall be expended
exclusively for highway, road and street purposes. The revenues allocated to the
county road fund shall be expended by the board of county road commissioners
exclusively for highway, road and street purposes.
(4) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 22 of this chapter, section 7
of Act No. 156 of the Public Acts of 1851, as amended, being section 46.7 of the
Compiled Laws of 1948, or section 1 of Act No. 28 of the Public Acts of 1911,
being section 141.71 of the Compiled Laws of 1948, a board of county
commissioners shall not submit to the electorate of the county the question of a
tax levy for any highway, road or street purpose, including but not limited to
bridges, nor submit the question of borrowing money for any such purpose, to be
voted upon at any election held on or after September 1, 1971 unless the revenues
or proceeds are allocated and distributed in the same manner as the revenues
derived from a tax levy authorized by this section.
Plaintiff argues that under subsection 2, it is entitled to a portion of the road millage
levied by the county and distributed to the county road commission from 1978 to the present.
Defendants argue that, under plaintiff 's interpretation of the statute, the county would be
prevented from proposing a levy for "specific highway, road or street purposes," even though
such a levy is specifically authorized by subsection 1. They contend that requiring a levy such as
the one in this case, approved specifically for primary county roads and local county roads, to be
distributed to cities and villages that contain no such roads would violate the statute's implicit
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directive4 that the proceeds of a levy approved by the voters must be spent in the manner
approved by the voters. They argue that plaintiff 's interpretation of the statute renders
subsection 1 nugatory, in contravention of well-established principles. Bageris v Brandon Twp,
264 Mich App 156, 162; 691 NW2d 459 (2004).
However, defendants' interpretation of the statute certainly renders nugatory the mandate
of subsection 2 regarding how "revenues derived from the tax levy authorized by this section
shall be allocated and distributed . . . ." We construe an act as a whole to harmonize its
provisions and carry out the purpose of the Legislature. In other words, we must resolve the
apparent conflict between the two subsections at issue here in a manner that will give effect to
both.5 Macomb Co Prosecutor v Murphy, 464 Mich 149, 159; 627 NW2d 247 (2001). We
conclude that this can easily be accomplished because subsection 2 itself provides the manner by
which its mandatory allocation and distribution formula can be avoided. That is specifically
allowed if "agreed by the governing bodies of the cities and villages and the board of county road
commissioners . . . ." MCL 224.20b(2). Thus, pursuant to subsection 1, a county board of
commissioners may submit a specific highway tax levy to the voters for approval and, if
approved, spend the proceeds of the levy for that specific purpose without making the allocations
and distributions otherwise required by subsection 2 if the board of commissioners has
previously secured an agreement to that effect from the governing boards of the cities and
villages within the county.
We recognize defendants' argument that this is a cumbersome and difficult procedure for
raising and spending money on specific road projects. Nonetheless, we conclude that it is the
only approach authorized by the statute, giving all of its subsections effect.6 We cannot rewrite
the statute in light of defendants' policy arguments. Maier v Gen Tel Co of Michigan, 247 Mich
App 655, 664-665; 637 NW2d 263 (2001).
4
We do not disagree with defendants' argument that using revenues approved by the voters for a
specific purpose for some other purpose would be unlawful.
5
The opening provision of subsection 1, specifying that it applies "[n]otwithstanding any other
provision of this act," does nothing to resolve the apparent conflict. Subsection 1 does not
address the proper allocation and distribution of revenues raised by a tax levy; it only authorizes
the submission of a tax levy question to the voters for approval. Subsection 2 does nothing to
diminish the authority granted by subsection 1; it only specifies how levied revenues are to be
allocated and distributed without addressing in any manner the submission of a tax levy question
for voter approval. The "notwithstanding" provision of subsection 1 apparently refers to other
sections of the general highway law that might otherwise prevent submission of a tax levy
question to the voters. See, e.g., MCL 224.20 and 224.20a.
6
We note that this conclusion is consistent with subsection 4 of the statute, which reiterates that
a tax levy question shall not be submitted to the electorate unless the revenues raised as a result
are allocated and distributed as authorized by the section. MCL 224.20b(4).
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We reverse the trial court's denial of plaintiff 's motion for summary disposition on the
issue whether defendants violated the statute. As previously discussed, we also reverse the trial
court's determination that the Tax Tribunal has exclusive jurisdiction over this case, and we
affirm the determination that the county road commission is not properly a defendant in this
action. Although the parties make passing reference to other defenses defendants may have
against plaintiff 's claim, including waiver, laches, and estoppel, those matters were not
addressed by the trial court and are not properly presented for review on appeal. We remand for
further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction. No costs shall be
assessed, public questions having been presented.
/s/ Richard A. Bandstra
/s/ Helene N. White
/s/ Karen M. Fort Hood
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