PEOPLE OF MI V ALVIN C WALKER JR
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,
FOR PUBLICATION
March 24, 2005
9:00 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellee,
V
No. 250006
Oakland Circuit Court
LC No. 2002-187306-FH
ALVIN C. WALKER, JR.,
Defendant-Appellant.
Official Reported Version
Before: Neff, P.J., and Cooper and R.S. Gribbs*, JJ.
COOPER, J. (dissenting).
I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion of my colleagues. I would find that the
admission of the complainant's several statements to her neighbor and police officers violated
defendant's Sixth Amendment right to confront the witnesses against him. As the remaining
evidence against defendant was weak at best, I would vacate defendant's convictions and
sentences.
I cannot agree with the majority's conclusion that the trial court properly admitted
testimony regarding the complainant's statements as excited utterances under MRE 803(2).
These statements are testimonial hearsay and defendant had no opportunity to cross-examine the
complainant.
Accordingly, the statements are inadmissible, pursuant to Crawford v
Washington.1 In Crawford, the United States Supreme Court found that testimonial hearsay
statements of witnesses against the accused who are unavailable to testify at trial are
inadmissible when there was no prior opportunity for cross-examination.2 "The Crawford Court
intentionally '[left] for another day any effort to spell out a comprehensive definition of
1
Crawford v Washington, 541 US 36; 124 S Ct 1354; 158 L Ed 2d 177 (2004). I do not agree
with the majority that we must treat this challenge as unpreserved. Crawford had yet to be
determined at the time of defendant's trial and, therefore, could not be raised below.
2
Id. at 61-62, 68-69.
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"testimonial."'"3 However, the Court did provide guidance in determining whether a statement is
testimonial:
The text of the Confrontation Clause . . . applies to "witnesses" against the
accused—in other words, those who "bear testimony." 1 N. Webster, An
American Dictionary of the English Language (1828). "Testimony," in turn, is
typically "[a] solemn declaration or affirmation made for the purpose of
establishing or proving some fact." Ibid. An accuser who makes a formal
statement to government officers bears testimony in a sense that a person who
makes a casual remark to an acquaintance does not. The constitutional text, like
the history underlying the common-law right of confrontation, thus reflects an
especially acute concern with a specific type of out-of-court statement.
Various formulations of this core class of "testimonial" statements exist:
"ex parte in-court testimony or its functional equivalent—that is, material such as
affidavits, custodial examinations, prior testimony that the defendant was unable
to cross-examine, or similar pretrial statements that declarants would reasonably
expect to be used prosecutorially," Brief for Petitioner 23; "extrajudicial
statements . . . contained in formalized testimonial materials, such as affidavits,
depositions, prior testimony, or confessions," White v. Illinois, 502 U.S. 346, 365,
112 S.Ct. 736, 116 L.Ed.2d 848 (1992) (Thomas, J., joined by Scalia, J.,
concurring in part and concurring in judgment); "statements that were made under
circumstances which would lead an objective witness reasonably to believe that
the statement would be available for use at a later trial," Brief for National
Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers et al. as Amici Curiae 3. These
formulations all share a common nucleus and then define the Clause's coverage at
various levels of abstraction around it. Regardless of the precise articulation,
some statements qualify under any definition—for example, ex parte testimony at
a preliminary hearing.[4]
The majority reasons that the complainant's statements were nontestimonial as they were
"spontaneous." They assert that, as the complainant was agitated, she did not intend to bear
testimony against defendant. However, this is an improper analysis to determine whether the
complainant's statements were testimonial in nature; it is merely a reliability analysis in disguise.
Determining whether a statement is testimonial in nature based on the declarant's state of mind is
as amorphous as the reliability test of Ohio v Roberts,5 which was partially abrogated by the
3
People v Shepherd, 263 Mich App 665, 674; 689 NW2d 721 (2004), quoting Crawford, supra
at 68.
4
Crawford, supra at 51-52.
5
Ohio v Roberts, 448 US 56; 100 S Ct 2531; 65 L Ed 2d 597 (1980).
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Crawford Court.6 Furthermore, the majority's specific determination that a "spontaneous"
statement is rendered nontestimonial was rejected in Crawford.7
The majority ignores Crawford by allowing a hearsay exception to trump a defendant's
constitutional right of confrontation. The Crawford Court clearly intended that the Sixth
Amendment right of confrontation would take precedence over hearsay exceptions where
testimonial statements are involved. The Crawford Court noted that, historically, "there is scant
evidence that exceptions were invoked to admit testimonial statements against the accused in a
criminal case."8 The one hearsay exception under which testimonial statements could possibly
be admitted is the dying declaration.9 The hearsay exceptions allowing for the admission of
nontestimonial statements do not extend to testimonial statements. The "[i]nvolvement of
government officers in the production of testimony with an eye toward trial presents unique
potential for prosecutorial abuse . . . . This consideration does not evaporate when testimony
happens to fall within some broad, modern hearsay exception, even if that exception might be
justifiable in other circumstances."10 The intent of the United States Supreme Court is plain—
evidentiary rules cannot be used to violate a defendant's constitutional right to confront the
witnesses against him.11 However, this is exactly what the majority opinion allows.
The complainant's statements to the police officers and her written statement dictated to
her neighbor are clearly inadmissible testimonial hearsay under Crawford. Regardless of the
complainant's state of mind, it would be evident to any reasonable person that her written and
verbal statements to police officers accusing defendant of abuse would be used to prosecute
defendant. The complainant not only recounted her story to the police officers, both verbally and
in writing, but she also allowed pictures to be taken of her injuries and took the officers to her
home to inspect the alleged crime scene. Her statements were clearly taken by the officers as
part of their investigatory function, a fact which would have been obvious to the complainant.
Therefore, the statements were clearly inadmissible testimonial hearsay.12
6
Crawford, supra at 68-69.
7
See id. at 58 n 8 (criticizing a prior opinion regarding the exception for spontaneous
declarations as "[i]t is questionable whether testimonial statements would ever have been
admissible on that ground in 1791 . . .").
8
Id. at 56 (emphasis in original).
9
Id. at 56 n 6.
10
Id. at 56 n 7 (emphasis added).
11
The Crawford Court made this strong assertion with regard to the federal rules of evidence.
The federal rules are a congressional act and, therefore, have more force than the Michigan rules
of evidence. Our mere court rules are promulgated by four justices of the Michigan Supreme
Court, not by the elected legislative body. See People v Stevens, 461 Mich 655, 666 n 10; 610
NW2d 881 (2000).
12
Crawford, supra at 53.
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I would also find that the complainant's statements to her neighbor are inadmissible
testimonial hearsay. In United States v Cromer,13 the Sixth Circuit provided a more
comprehensive definition of "testimonial."14 In Cromer, the Sixth Circuit adopted the definition
of "testimonial" proposed by Professor Richard Friedman of the University of Michigan Law
School:
Professor Friedman . . . urges a broader definition of "testimonial" that
would include any statement "made in circumstances in which a reasonable
person would realize that it likely would be used in investigation or prosecution of
a crime." . . . Based on his proposed definition, Friedman offers five rules of
thumb:
"A statement made knowingly to the authorities that describes criminal
activity is almost always testimonial. A statement made by a person claiming to
be the victim of a crime and describing the crime is usually testimonial, whether
made to the authorities or not. If, in the case of a crime committed over a short
period of time, a statement is made before the crime is committed, it almost
certainly is not testimonial. A statement made by one participant in a criminal
enterprise to another, intended to further the enterprise, is not testimonial. And
neither is a statement made in the course of going about one's ordinary business,
made before the criminal act has occurred or with no recognition that it relates to
criminal activity."
* * *
We find the definition of "testimonial" proposed by Professor Friedman to
be both well-reasoned and wholly consistent with the purpose behind the
Confrontation Clause. . . .
. . . As explained by Professor Friedman, . . . the broader definition "is
necessary to ensure that the adjudicative system does not effectively invite
witnesses to testify in informal ways that avoid confrontation."[15]
13
United States v Cromer, 389 F3d 662 (CA 6, 2004).
14
Although decisions of lower federal courts are not binding on this Court, they are persuasive.
Abela v Gen Motors Corp, 469 Mich 603, 606-607; 677 NW2d 325 (2004). An opinion of the
Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals is especially persuasive where, as here, it interprets a federal
constitutional right for which the Supreme Court has provided minimal guidance. See, e.g.,
Abdur-Ra'oof v Dep't of Corrections (On Remand), 221 Mich App 585, 588-589; 562 NW2d 251
(1997).
15
Cromer, supra at 673-674, quoting Friedman & McCormack, Dial-in testimony, 150 U Pa L R
1171, 1240-1241 (2002), and Friedman, Confrontation: The search for basic principles, 86 Geo
L J 1011, 1042-1043 (1998). In formulating its limited definition of "testimonial" in Crawford,
(continued…)
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Based upon the guidance provided in Crawford and the definition of "testimonial"
adopted in Cromer, I would find that the complainant's statements describing the previous
evening's events to her neighbor are inadmissible testimonial hearsay. The complainant told her
neighbor about the alleged assault after securing her neighbor's cooperation in contacting the
police. It is clear that the complainant intended to "bear testimony against the accused" when she
made these statements as "a reasonable person in the declarant's position would anticipate [her]
statement being used against the accused in investigating and prosecuting the crime."16 Certainly
the officers responding to the scene would ask the homeowner to give her version of the events,
which would include the narrative given by the complainant. Accordingly, I would find that the
trial court abused its discretion in admitting these statements.
The majority rejects this reasoning, which is based upon case law of the Sixth Circuit
Court of Appeals. The majority correctly notes that decisions of lower federal courts are not
binding on this Court, but then proceeds to pick and choose among case law of the various
circuits to reach its desired result. The majority first relies on the Third Circuit's decision in
United States v Hendricks17 for the sole purpose of noting the "struggle" of defining
"testimonial." However, the court in Hendricks did not limit itself to a narrow definition of
"testimonial." It analyzed each challenged statement under even the broadest definition
suggested in Crawford and affirmed the defendant's convictions on a factual distinction.18 The
majority's reliance on Leavitt v Arave19 and Mungo v Duncan20 is also misplaced. In Leavitt, the
Ninth Circuit considered the reliability of the challenged statements before considering whether
they were testimonial in nature.21 Crawford requires a court to consider a defendant's
constitutional right of confrontation before reliability. Although the court in Leavitt did adopt
the narrowest definition of "testimonial" provided in Crawford, it did so without any analysis or
discussion. The court's limited treatment of a major constitutional issue was relegated to a
footnote.22 Similarly, the Second Circuit in Mungo declined to even apply Crawford to the
challenged statements, finding that Crawford did not have retroactive effect.23 The court's
discussion, which was specifically referred to as dicta, was again relegated to a footnote.24 If we
are to look to these federal cases for their persuasive value, reliance on Cromer is certainly more
appropriate. Unlike Cromer, these other cases give a perfunctory review of the issue before
(…continued)
the United States Supreme Court relied on Professor Friedman's amicus curiae brief and
academic works regarding the Confrontation Clause. See Crawford, supra at 61.
16
Cromer, supra at 675.
17
United States v Hendricks, 395 F3d 173 (CA 3, 2005).
18
Id. at 182-183 & n 9.
19
Leavitt v Arave, 383 F3d 809 (CA 9, 2004).
20
Mungo v Duncan, 393 F3d 327 (CA 2, 2004).
21
Leavitt, supra at 830.
22
Id. at 830 n 22.
23
Mungo, supra at 335-336.
24
Id. at 336 n 9.
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defining "testimonial," and give the reliability of statements precedence over the constitutional
rights of the accused in violation of Crawford.
Absent the complainant's statements regarding the alleged assault, there is insufficient
evidence to sustain defendant's convictions. The police officers and neighbor observed bruising
on the complainant's buttocks, the back of her neck, and her right eye. The complainant had
difficulty standing upright and descending to sit in a chair, and was walking "gingerly." Without
the complainant's statements, however, it is impossible to ascertain whether these injuries
resulted from the alleged assault, her alleged jump from a second-story window, or any other
factual scenario. Inside defendant's master bedroom, police officers recovered a handgun near
the headboard and three white sticks from the bed. Again, without the complainant's statements,
there is no evidence tying these objects to any assault.25 As the complainant's statements are
necessary evidence to support defendant's convictions, I would find that his convictions and
sentences must be vacated.
/s/ Jessica R. Cooper
25
I would further note that the complainant left her young son in the home when she claimed to
have escaped to her neighbor's house. When defendant was arrested in his vehicle near the
home, the complainant's son was with him.
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