TOWNSHIP OF YANKEE SPRINGS V RICHARD FOX
Annotate this Case
Download PDF
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
TOWNSHIP OF YANKEE SPRINGS,
UNPUBLISHED
October 12, 2004
APPROVED FOR
PUBLICATION
December 21, 2004
9:00 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v
No. 249045
Barry Circuit Court
LC No. 02-000142-CZ
RICHARD FOX,
Defendant-Appellant,
and
ANTONIO VELOSO, NINA VELOSO, EDWIN
HARTMAN, MRS. EDWIN HARTMAN, TODD
GREENMAN, RACHEL GREENMAN, ROGER
G. TRUCKENMILLER, TRISHA J.
TRUCKENMILLER, JAMES S. SWANSON,
LINDA J. SWANSON, MIKE BEDFORD, RON
HEETHUIS, JOHN ROUGH and LINDA ROUGH,
Official Reported Version
Defendants.
Before: Fort Hood, P.J., and Donofrio and Borrello, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Defendant Richard Fox, as an owner of an undivided one-eighth interest in 2620 First
Street (the First Street lot), a riparian lot on Gun Lake previously owned by defendants John and
Linda Rough, appeals as of right from the trial court order permanently enjoining defendant and
several other First Street lot owners from using the First Street lot to access Gun Lake in
violation of the plaintiff Yankee Springs Township's antifunneling ordinance found within its
riparian-lot-use regulations. We affirm.
Defendant first argues that the plaintiff 's riparian ordinance does not apply to Gun Lake
because the lake is not wholly located within the plaintiff 's borders. We disagree. We review
the trial court's interpretation of the township zoning ordinance de novo. Brandon Charter Twp
v Tippett, 241 Mich App 417, 421; 616 NW2d 243 (2000).
-1-
In Hess v West Bloomfield Twp, 439 Mich 550, 562; 486 NW2d 628 (1992), our Supreme
Court held that riparian rights are derived from land. Thus, it is the location of the riparian land,
and not the location of the lake that abuts the land, that determines the plaintiff 's authority and
jurisdiction in this case. Further, the Township Zoning Act, MCL 125.271 et seq., "permits
townships to regulate riparian rights, such as dockage of boats, as part of their zoning power."
Hess, supra at 565-566. Therefore, because the riparian lot at issue is located within plaintiff 's
boundaries and because plaintiff is authorized by statute to regulate riparian rights, plaintiff has
the authority to regulate defendant's riparian rights in this case.
Defendant next contends that the riparian-lot-use regulations are void for vagueness
because the regulations do not provide fair notice of the conduct proscribed. We review the
constitutionality of this ordinance de novo. Jott, Inc v Clinton Charter Twp, 224 Mich App 513,
525; 569 NW2d 841 (1997).
A statute or ordinance may be void for vagueness if (1) it is overbroad and impinges on
First Amendment freedoms, (2) it does not provide fair notice of the conduct it regulates, or (3) it
gives the trier of fact unstructured and unlimited discretion in determining whether the statute
has been violated. Dep't of State v Michigan Ed Ass'n-NEA, 251 Mich App 110, 116; 650 NW2d
120 (2002). Because defendant's void-for-vagueness challenge is limited to the argument that
the ordinance does not provide fair notice of the conduct proscribed, we must examine the
constitutionality of the ordinance "'without concern for the hypothetical rights of others.'"
People v Knapp, 244 Mich App 361, 374 n 4; 624 NW2d 227 (2001), quoting People v Vronko,
228 Mich App 649, 652; 579 NW2d 138 (1998). Thus, "'[t]he proper inquiry is not whether the
[ordinance] may be susceptible to impermissible interpretations, but whether the [ordinance] is
vague as applied to the conduct allegedly proscribed in this case.'" Knapp, supra at 374 n 4,
quoting Vronko, supra at 652.
The relevant section of the plaintiff 's zoning ordinance concerning riparian-lot-use
regulations provides as follows:
In any zoning district where a parcel of land is contiguous to a lake or
pond, either natural or man-made, such parcel of land may be used as access
property or as common open space held in common by a subdivision, association
or any similar agency; or held in common by virtue of the terms of a plat of
record; or provided for common use under deed restrictions of record; or owned
by two or more dwelling units located away from the waterfront only if the
following conditions are met:
1. That said parcel of land shall contain at least 70 lineal feet of water
frontage and a lot depth of at least 100 feet for each dwelling unit or each singlefamily unit to which such privileges are extended or dedicated. . . . [Section
15.14.2.]
Defendant argues that, under one permissible interpretation, the various types of
ownership listed in the introductory paragraph of this section can be interpreted as modifying
both "access property" and "common open space." According to defendant, if such an
interpretation is adopted, the lot owners are not in violation of the ordinance because the First
Street lot does not constitute access property "owned by two or more dwelling units located away
-2-
from the waterfront." Defendant further contends that one can also interpret the types of
ownership listed in the introductory paragraph as modifying only "common open space." Under
the second interpretation, defendant would be in violation of the ordinance because the First
Street lot qualifies as access property.
Under the rules of grammar and statutory construction, which apply to ordinances, Gora
v City of Ferndale, 456 Mich 704, 711; 576 NW2d 141 (1998), if reasonable minds can differ
with respect to the meaning of a statute, judicial construction is appropriate. Adrian School Dist
v Michigan Pub School Employees' Retirement Sys, 458 Mich 326, 332; 582 NW2d 767 (1998).
However, we believe that reasonable minds could not disagree regarding the meaning of the
ordinance.
The disjunctive term "or" refers to a choice or alternative between two or more things.
Root v Ins Co of North America, 214 Mich App 106, 109; 542 NW2d 318 (1995). Accordingly,
applying basic grammar rules and rules of statutory construction, the introductory paragraph set
forth in § 15.14.2 of the zoning ordinance can only correctly be interpreted in one way.
Consequently, there can be no question that for a parcel of land to be used as access property, it
must comply with the conditions listed in § 15.14.2, including:
1. That said parcel of land shall contain at least 70 lineal feet of water
frontage and a lot depth of at least 100 feet for each dwelling unit or each singlefamily unit to which such privileges are extended or dedicated. Frontage shall be
measured by a straight line which intersects each side lot line at the water's edge.
At least eight families with nonwaterfront dwellings own one-eighth interests in the First
Street lot. Because the lot has only 103 feet of water frontage, the riparian-lot-use regulations
prohibit the use of the lot as access property. Thus, we find that the ordinance was not void for
vagueness.
Defendant next argues that the ordinance is unconstitutional because it denies him
substantive due process. We disagree.
As stated previously, we review the trial court's ruling on a constitutional challenge to a
zoning ordinance de novo. Jott, supra at 525. Judicial review of a challenge to an ordinance on
substantive due process grounds requires application of three rules:
(1) the ordinance is presumed valid; (2) the challenger has the burden of
proving that the ordinance is an arbitrary and unreasonable restriction upon the
owner's use of the property; that the provision in question is an arbitrary fiat, a
whimsical ipse dixit; and that there is not room for a legitimate difference of
opinion concerning its reasonableness; and (3) the reviewing court gives
considerable weight to the findings of the trial judge. [A & B Enterprises v
Madison Twp, 197 Mich App 160, 162; 494 NW2d 761 (1992).]
To establish that a zoning ordinance violates substantive due process protections, a party
must show (1) that there is no reasonable governmental interest advanced by the zoning
classification or (2) that the ordinance is unreasonable because it contains arbitrary, capricious
-3-
and unfounded exclusions of legitimate land use. Frericks v Highland Twp, 228 Mich App 575,
594; 579 NW2d 441 (1998).
The 1987 antifunneling ordinance in question explains the problems that led to its
adoption, including overcrowding and pollution of lakes and other waterways, as well as the
dangers to life and property posed by an increased risk of boating accidents. Likewise, the
expressed intent of the riparian-lot-use regulations is that the regulations are designed to prevent
funnel development and to protect and preserve lakes.
The protection of natural resources such as lakes is a reasonable governmental interest.
In Hess, our Supreme Court stated that the Legislature, in granting townships the authority to
promote public health, safety, and general welfare by enacting zoning ordinances, was
complying with its "constitutional mandate to protect the environment, including bodies of
water, from impairment or destruction." Hess, supra at 565. Protecting Gun Lake from
congestion and pollution and protecting the public from the risk of increased boating accidents
promotes public health, safety, and welfare. The goals of the ordinance are reasonable
governmental interests that state law expressly permits townships to regulate. Further, limiting
the number of dwelling units given access to riparian lots will curtail funneling, or lake access by
nonriparian lot owners. Thus, the ordinance is rationally related to its stated purpose.
Furthermore, the ordinance is not unreasonable as an arbitrary and capricious exclusion
of legitimate uses of land. We find a rational relationship between the ordinance and its
objective. Limiting the number of dwelling units with lake access to one for every seventy feet
of lakefront property would curtail lake congestion, pollution, and the risk of boating accidents
by cutting down on overuse. The fact that the ordinance does not seek to regulate public lake
access does not make it arbitrary or capricious. Likewise, the fact that the ordinance does not
regulate all types of access does not mean it is not rationally related to its goals of reducing lake
congestion, lowering the risk of accidents on the lake, and preserving the lake. On the contrary,
the riparian regulations at issue limit overuse by cutting down on the private use of the lakefront
by owners of nonwaterfront property. Thus, the regulations are neither arbitrary nor capricious.
Plaintiff 's failure to similarly regulate the use of state-licensed marinas or planned unit
developments or to coordinate its riparian ordinance with ordinances of other townships
surrounding the lake does not render the ordinance arbitrary and capricious. As our Supreme
Court has cautioned:
[I]t is the burden of the party attacking to prove affirmatively that the
ordinance is an arbitrary and unreasonable restriction upon the owner's use of his
property. . . . It must appear that the clause attacked is an arbitrary fiat, a
whimsical ipse dixit, and that there is no room for a legitimate difference of
opinion concerning its reasonableness. [Brae Burn, Inc v Bloomfield Hills, 350
Mich 425, 432; 86 NW2d 166 (1957).]
Here defendant has not shown that there is no room for a difference of opinion on the
reasonableness of the ordinance. Again, the mere fact that the ordinance does not regulate all
types of lakefront access, but only regulates lakefront access of residential riparian lots, does not
lead to the conclusion that the ordinance is an arbitrary one. The ordinance's riparian-lot-use
regulations apply uniformly to all residential riparian lots, and not just to defendant's lot. We
-4-
therefore conclude that the ordinance is not an arbitrary restriction on defendant's use of his
property.
Defendant finally argues that the trial court erred in finding that plaintiff 's claim was not
barred by the equitable affirmative defense of laches. We disagree. We review a trial court's
equitable decisions de novo. Webb v Smith (After Second Remand), 224 Mich App 203, 210;
568 NW2d 378 (1997). We review for clear error the findings of fact supporting the trial court's
equitable decision. Id.
The doctrine of laches is concerned with unreasonable delay that results in
"circumstances that would render inequitable any grant of relief to the dilatory plaintiff." In re
Contempt of United Stationers Supply Co, 239 Mich App 496, 503-504; 608 NW2d 105 (2000).
The application of the doctrine of laches requires the passage of time combined with a change in
condition that would make it inequitable to enforce the claim against the defendant. Gallagher v
Keefe, 232 Mich App 363, 369; 591 NW2d 297 (1998). Laches does not apply unless the delay
of one party has resulted in prejudice to the other party. City of Troy v Papadelis (On Remand),
226 Mich App 90, 97; 572 NW2d 246 (1997). "'It is the effect, rather than the fact, of the
passage of time that may trigger the defense of laches.'" Id., quoting Great Lakes Gas
Transmission Co v MacDonald, 193 Mich App 571, 578; 485 NW2d 129 (1992). The defendant
has the burden of proving that the plaintiff 's lack of due diligence resulted in some prejudice to
the defendant. Gallagher, supra at 369-370. Laches can be applied to bar an attempt to abate a
zoning ordinance violation. Independence Twp v Skibowski, 136 Mich App 178, 185; 355 NW2d
903 (1984).
Defendant presented testimony that plaintiff knew of John Rough's plan to sell undivided
one-eighth interests in his riparian lot to provide nonriparian lot owners with private lakefront
access as early as 1994, as evidenced by the fact that the plaintiff 's assessor and supervisor
warned Rough at that time that his actions violated the plaintiff 's antifunneling ordinance.
According to defendant, plaintiff, despite knowing of Rough's plan in 1994, failed to initiate its
action to enforce the antifunneling ordinance until March 2002 and, therefore, failed to exercise
due diligence in bringing its action against defendant.
On June 4, 1997, Rough filed an affidavit with the Barry County Register of Deeds
acknowledging that he was aware of the existence of an antifunneling ordinance before he
pursued his plan to convey undivided interests in the First Street lot for lakefront access. The
trial court, relying on the fact that Rough's affidavit was recorded in 1997, concluded that
defendant and the other First Street lot owners had constructive notice that plaintiff had an
antifunneling ordinance before they purchased their interests in the First Street lot. Therefore,
according to the trial court, defendant was not prejudiced by plaintiff 's delay in initiating its
action.
Defendant contends that constructive notice was insufficient to permit the conclusion that
defendant was not prejudiced by plaintiff 's dilatory tactics. In Larzelere v Starkweather, 38
Mich 96, 107 (1878), our Supreme Court stated:
There are cases which go very far in extending the doctrine of laches in
applying the rule of constructive notice. We think, however, the better and
certainly the safer rule to be that a mere want of caution is not sufficient,—not
-5-
that [a party] had incautiously neglected to make inquiries, but that he had
designedly abstained from making inquiry for the very purpose of avoiding
knowledge. In other words, that he acted in bad faith.
To the extent that this language can be interpreted as suggesting that constructive notice
is insufficient when applying the doctrine of laches, we conclude that it is inapplicable because it
speaks to a set of facts not present in this case.1 When Rough first informed plaintiff of his plan
to subdivide the First Street lot to provide lakefront access, plaintiff told him that such actions
were in violation of the plaintiff 's antifunneling ordinance. Thereafter, plaintiff sent Rough a
letter specifically informing him that his conveyances of one-eighth interests in the First Street
lot were not in compliance with the riparian-lot-use regulations of the plaintiff 's zoning
ordinance. The trial court correctly held that, following Rough's recording of the affidavit with
the register of deeds, plaintiff had every reason to believe that any potential buyers of a oneeighth interest in the First Street lot had, at the very least, constructive notice of the plaintiff 's
position regarding enforcement of its antifunneling ordinance relative to the First Street lot. At a
minimum, on the basis of the filing of the affidavit, defendant had constructive notice of the
existence of plaintiff 's antifunneling ordinance in 1997, before he purchased a one-eighth
interest in the First Street lot. Therefore, he was not prejudiced by plaintiff 's failure to initiate
this action until 2002. We hold that the trial court did not err in concluding that plaintiff 's claims
were not barred by laches.
Affirmed.
/s/ Karen M. Fort Hood
/s/ Pat M. Donofrio
/s/ Stephen L. Borrello
1
Moreover, we observe that in Larzelere, our Supreme Court recognized that, notwithstanding
the doctrine of stare decisis, a rule of law from a case that is factually distinguishable may not be
binding on a different set of facts:
In the preparation of an opinion, the facts of the case are in mind. It is
prepared with reference to such facts, and when considered in connection
therewith, will generally be found satisfactory. When, however, an attempt is
made to pick out particular parts or sentences, and apply them indiscriminately in
other cases, nothing but confusion and disaster will be likely to follow. In other
words, the opinion and decision of a court must be read and examined as a whole
in the light of the facts upon which it was based. [Larzelere, supra at 101.]
-6-
Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.