PEOPLE OF MI V EARL LOWERY JR
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,
FOR PUBLICATION
August 21, 2003
9:00 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v
No. 240001
Wayne Circuit Court
LC No. 01-005765
EARL LOWERY, JR,
Defendant-Appellant.
Updated Copy
October 10, 2003
Before: Donofrio, P.J., and Bandstra and O'Connell, JJ.
O'CONNELL, J.
Defendant Earl Lowery, Jr., appeals as of right his jury trial convictions of felonious
assault, MCL 750.82;1 and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, MCL
750.227b. Defendant was sentenced to eighteen months to four years' imprisonment for the
felonious assault conviction, which was an upward departure from the sentencing guidelines, and
two years' imprisonment for the felony-firearm conviction. We affirm.
Defendant first argues that the sentencing court did not provide a substantial and
compelling reason to depart from the statutory sentencing guidelines range.2 We disagree.
This Court reviews the sentencing court's determination of the existence or nonexistence
of a particular factor for clear error. See People v Babcock, 469 Mich 247; 666 NW2d 231
(2003), and the accompanying appendix,3 quoting People v Babcock, 244 Mich App 64, 75-76;
1
Defendant was originally charged with assault with intent to commit murder, MCL 750.83.
2
Because the offense was committed after January 1, 1999, the statutory sentencing guidelines
apply. See MCL 769.34(2); People v Reynolds, 240 Mich App 250, 254; 611 NW2d 316 (2000).
3
Justices Markman, Kelly, and Taylor signed the lead opinion in Babcock, 469 Mich 247. Chief
Justice Corrigan wrote separately concurring in part and dissenting in part, and Justice Young
signed that opinion. Justice Cavanagh wrote separately concurring in part and dissenting in part,
and Justice Weaver wrote separately dissenting in part and concurring in part. Because a
majority of the justices writing separately concurred with most of the lead opinion except one or
two parts specifically stated in those separate opinions, we conclude that a majority of justices
(continued…)
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624 NW2d 479 (2000) (Babcock I).4 This Court reviews whether the particular factor is
objective and verifiable as a matter of law. Id. A lower court's determination that the objective
and verifiable factors present in the particular case constitute a substantial and compelling reason
to depart from the guidelines range is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Id. at ___.5
The trial court must impose a minimum sentence within the guidelines range unless a
departure from the guidelines is otherwise permitted. MCL 769.34(2); Babcock, supra at ____,
see also ___ n 13, ___ (Cavanagh, J., concurring). A court may depart from the appropriate
sentence range if it has substantial and compelling reasons for that departure and states those
reasons on the record. MCL 769.34(3); see also People v Hegwood, 465 Mich 432; 636 NW2d
127 (2001). Substantial and compelling reasons only exist in exceptional circumstances, and the
reasons justifying departure should keenly or irresistibly grab the court's attention and be
recognized as having considerable worth in determining the length of a sentence. Babcock,
supra at ___ (quotation omitted).
"The court may depart from the guidelines for
nondiscriminatory reasons where there are legitimate factors not considered by the guidelines or
where factors considered by the guidelines have been given inadequate or disproportionate
weight." People v Armstrong, 247 Mich App 423, 425; 636 NW2d 785 (2001), citing MCL
769.34(3)(a), (b).
In this case, the sentencing information report recommended a minimum sentence range
of zero to nine months. The trial court sentenced defendant to a minimum of eighteen months,
reasoning that defendant, by obtaining a gun and shooting someone, deserved a greater sentence.
The trial court also mentioned that its discretion cannot be taken away and that the guidelines
were not appropriate as drafted.
The trial court expressed its reasoning for the departure by implying that the
characteristics were given inadequate weight. See MCL 769.34(3)(b). Further, the trial court
explained why it was making its particular departure by criticizing the recommendation and
mentioning that zero to nine months was not appropriate. See Babcock, supra at ___. The trial
court also stated that, "what they're saying is the man who was shot, his life isn't worth
anything," that this "is a grave offense," and that the court "believes there is substantial and
compelling reasons not to follow the guidelines." See generally Babcock, supra at ____;
Armstrong, supra at 425.
(…continued)
concurred with the appendix. Thus, the appendix is binding law. See, e.g., People v Carines,
460 Mich 750; 597 NW2d 130 (1999), and its accompanying appendix, 773-774.
4
Our Supreme Court's recent decision in Babcock, supra at ____ (Corrigan, C.J, and Cavanagh,
J., concurring) reversed and remanded People v Babcock, 250 Mich App 463; 648 NW2d 221
(2002) (Babcock II).
5
Defendant questions the "abuse of discretion" standard for sentencing departures and cites
Babcock II in support of de novo review. As we noted, our Supreme Court recently reversed
Babcock II and clearly articulated the three standards of review applicable to sentencing
decisions. Babcock, supra, at ___.
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We concur with the trial court that the fact that the victim was shot is a substantial and
compelling reason to depart from the guidelines. Although offense variable (OV) 1 considers
whether a firearm was discharged at or toward a human being and OV 3 considers whether a
victim suffered bodily injury that required medical treatment, see MCL 777.31(1)(a), 777.33(d),
neither variable considers someone actually being shot. Injury to a victim as a result of being
shot is in fact a substantial and compelling reason to depart from the guidelines, and constituted a
substantial and compelling reason for the trial court's particular departure in this case, see
Babcock, supra at ___, regardless of whether the gun contained ordinary bullets.6 The degree of
the injury and the nature of the shooting are significant factors. Cf. People v Abbett, 443 Mich
863, 863-864; 503 NW2d 656 (1993) (Cavanagh, C.J., and Levin, J., concurring; upward
departure under judicial sentencing guidelines was warranted where the defendant shot the
victim although she thought the gun was empty), reversing People v Abbett, 199 Mich App 334;
501 NW2d 177 (1993) (trial court violated the principle of proportionality in issuing a lesser
sentence where the defendant did not think the gun she fired contained any bullets). Therefore,
the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it departed from the sentencing guidelines.
Moreover, we hold that the sentence is proportionate. If there is a substantial and
compelling reason for the departure, the extent of the departure is reviewed for an abuse of
discretion. Babcock, supra at ___. A given sentence constitutes an abuse of discretion if that
sentence violates the principle of proportionality, which requires that the sentence be
proportional to the seriousness of the circumstances surrounding the offense and offender.
People v Milbourn, 435 Mich 630, 636; 461 NW2d 1 (1990); see also Babcock, supra at ___
(Corrigan, C.J., and Cavanagh, J., concurring). For the reasons already stated, we hold that
shooting and injuring someone substantiates an upward departure from the sentencing guidelines
and satisfies the principle of proportionality, i.e., a substantial and compelling reason for the trial
court's particular departure. See Babcock, supra at ___; see also Abbett, supra at 863.
Defendant next argues that the trial court erred in refusing to instruct the jury regarding
the lesser included offenses of intentionally aiming a firearm without malice, MCL 750.233;
discharge of a firearm aimed intentionally but without malice, MCL 750.234; and reckless
discharge of a firearm causing injury, MCL 752.861. We disagree.
Because defendant made a timely objection to the court's refusal to instruct the jury on
reckless discharge of a firearm as a lesser offense, that argument is preserved. To warrant
reversal of his convictions, defendant must show that it is more probable than not that the failure
to give the requested instruction undermined the reliability of the verdict. People v Cornell, 466
Mich 335, 365; 646 NW2d 127 (2002). However, defendant waived his right to appeal the other
two instructions by informing the trial court that he had "no additional objections." People v
Carter, 462 Mich 206, 219; 612 NW2d 144 (2000).
A claim of instructional error is reviewed de novo. People v Hubbard (After Remand),
217 Mich App 459, 487; 552 NW2d 493 (1996). Whether a jury instruction on a lesser offense
6
Defendant shot the victim with a shotgun loaded with pellets, and the victim suffered injuries to
his side, legs, and hands, which required overnight hospitalization.
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is warranted depends on how the lesser offense is characterized. Instructions on cognate lesser
offenses are not permitted, while instructions on necessarily included offenses are proper if the
charged greater offense requires the jury to find a disputed factual element that is not part of the
lesser included offense and a rational view of the evidence would support it. Cornell, supra at
359. A cognate lesser offense is one that shares some common elements with, and is of the same
nature as, the greater offense, but also has elements not found in the charged offense. Id. at 351,
355. On the other hand, all elements of a necessarily included lesser offense are contained
within those of the greater offense. Id. at 357. Thus, with a necessarily included offense, "it is
impossible to commit the greater without first having committed the lesser." Id. at 345
(quotation omitted).
Defendant requested a jury instruction on reckless discharge of a firearm causing injury,
MCL 752.861, which is not a necessarily included offense of assault with intent to murder, MCL
750.83. A person can commit assault with intent to murder without committing the offense of
reckless discharge of a firearm. People v Flinnon, 78 Mich App 380, 390; 260 NW2d 106
(1977). MCL 752.861 requires that a firearm be carelessly, recklessly, or negligently discharged
causing death or injury; neither the use of a firearm nor death or injury is an element of MCL
750.83. Therefore, the offense at issue is a cognate lesser offense of assault with intent to
murder, and would not be included in the jury instructions. Cornell, supra at 359.
Affirmed.
/s/ Peter D. O'Connell
/s/ Pat M. Donofrio
/s/ Richard A. Bandstra
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