LANCE E COREY V DAVENPORT COLLEGE OF BUSINESS
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
LANCE E. COREY,
FOR PUBLICATION
April 26, 2002
9:00 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellant,
No. 206185
Kent Circuit Court
LC No. 96-011352-NO
ON REMAND
Updated Copy
August 2, 2002
v
DAVENPORT COLLEGE OF BUSINESS,
Defendant-Appellee.
Before: Markey, P.J., and Neff1 and Saad, JJ.
MARKEY, P.J.
This case involves a slip and fall incident on snowy and icy steps located outside one of
defendant's dormitories. Plaintiff appealed by right the trial court's order granting summary
disposition in favor of defendant and dismissing plaintiff 's premises liability action against
defendant. In Corey v Davenport College of Business, unpublished opinion per curiam of the
Court of Appeals, issued July 6, 1999 (Docket No. 206185), we reversed and remanded for
further proceedings. In lieu of granting defendant's application for leave to appeal, our Supreme
Court remanded this matter to us for reconsideration in light of Lugo v Ameritech Corp, Inc, 464
Mich 512; 629 NW2d 384 (2001). Corey v Davenport College of Business, 465 Mich 885
(2001). Upon reconsideration, we vacate our previous opinion and affirm the trial court's grant
of summary disposition in favor of defendant.
In this case, we must decide whether the icy steps on which plaintiff fell were an open
and obvious condition and, if so, whether the condition of the steps was still unreasonably
dangerous despite being open and obvious.
In Lugo, supra at 514, the plaintiff sued the defendant after falling in a pothole in the
defendant's parking lot. The trial court granted the defendant summary disposition on the basis
of the open and obvious danger doctrine; however, this Court reversed on appeal. Id. The
Supreme Court granted leave, reversed the decision of this Court, and reinstated the trial court's
grant of summary disposition to the defendant. Id.
1
On remand, Judge Neff has been substituted for former Court of Appeals Judge Jeffrey Collins.
-1-
The Supreme Court in Lugo first reiterated the general rule that a landowner has a duty to
exercise reasonable care to protect an invitee from an unreasonable risk of harm caused by a
dangerous condition on the land. Id. at 516. However, the landowner's duty does not generally
include the removal of open and obvious dangers:
"[W]here the dangers are known to the invitee or are so obvious that the
invitee might reasonably be expected to discover them, an invitor owes no duty to
protect or warn the invitee unless he should anticipate the harm despite
knowledge of it on behalf of the invitee." [Id., quoting Riddle v McLouth Steel
Products Corp, 440 Mich 85, 96; 485 NW2d 676 (1992).]
The Lugo Court further explained that "the open and obvious doctrine should not be viewed as
some type of 'exception' to the duty generally owed invitees, but rather as an integral part of the
definition of that duty." Lugo, supra at 516. The Supreme Court held that the landowner is not
required to protect an invitee from an open and obvious danger unless "special aspects" of the
condition make it unreasonably dangerous. Id. at 517. Special aspects that serve to remove a
condition from the open and obvious danger doctrine are those that "give rise to a uniquely high
likelihood of harm or severity of harm if the risk is not avoided . . . ." Id. at 519. The
illustrations of special aspect conditions discussed in Lugo were (1) "an unguarded thirty foot
deep pit in the middle of a parking lot" resulting in a fall of an extended distance and (2) standing
water at the only exit of a commercial building resulting in the condition being unavoidable
because no alternative route is available. Id. at 518, 520. The Court stated that liability would
not be imposed "merely because a particular open and obvious condition has some potential for
severe harm." Id. at 518, n 2.
In Joyce v Rubin, 249 Mich App 231; 642 NW2d 360 (2002), this Court recently applied
the principles expressed in Lugo in a case similar to the instant case, i.e., one involving a slip and
fall incident on a snowy and icy sidewalk. In Joyce, supra at 235-237, this Court initially
addressed whether the open and obvious danger doctrine applies only to claims of failure to warn
and not to claims of failure to maintain premises. The Joyce Court specifically held that the open
and obvious doctrine "clearly applies to this case involving a common-law duty to maintain
premises and, therefore, the trial court correctly concluded that the doctrine applies here." Id. at
237. This conclusion also clearly applies to the present case.
The Court in Joyce next analyzed whether the ice and snow on the sidewalk was an open
and obvious condition. Id. at 237-238.
The test to determine if a danger is open and obvious is whether "an
average user with ordinary intelligence [would] have been able to discover the
danger and the risk presented upon casual inspection." Novotney v Burger King
Corp (On Remand), 198 Mich App 470, 475; 499 NW2d 379 (1993). Because the
test is objective, this Court "look[s] not to whether plaintiff should have known
that the [condition] was hazardous, but to whether a reasonable person in his
position would foresee the danger." Hughes v PMG Bldg, Inc, 227 Mich App 1,
11; 574 NW2d 691 (1997). [Joyce, supra at 238-239.]
-2-
The Court determined that the plaintiff was "undoubtedly aware" of the snowy and icy condition
of the sidewalk and the danger of slipping before she fell. Id. at 239-240. The Court concluded
that the trial court had properly determined that the condition was open and obvious. Id. The
analysis and conclusion in Joyce are applicable to instant plaintiff. Plaintiff is a reasonable
person who recognized the snowy and icy condition of the steps and the danger the condition
presented. Thus, we also conclude that the condition was open and obvious in the present case.
The Joyce Court next analyzed whether the slippery sidewalk nonetheless presented an
unreasonably dangerous risk, even though the danger was open and obvious, such that the
landowner had a duty to undertake reasonable precautions to protect the plaintiff. Id. at 240-243.
The Court relied on our Supreme Court's opinion in Lugo for guidance. The Joyce Court stated
that if a danger is deemed open and obvious, then
"the critical question is whether there is evidence that creates a genuine issue of
material fact regarding whether there are truly 'special aspects' of the open and
obvious condition that differentiate the risk from typical open and obvious risks
so as to create an unreasonable risk of harm, i.e., whether the 'special aspect' of
the condition should prevail in imposing liability upon the defendant or the
openness and obviousness of the condition should prevail in barring liability."
[Id. at 241, quoting Lugo, supra at 517-518.]
In Joyce, the plaintiff argued that the open and obvious condition of the snowy sidewalk was
"effectively unavoidable." Id. Nonetheless, the Joyce Court, in applying Lugo, determined that
although the plaintiff had indicated she had no choice but to use the slippery sidewalk to the
front door, she had in fact presented no evidence that the "condition and surrounding
circumstances would 'give rise to a uniquely high likelihood of harm' or that it was an
unavoidable risk." Id. at 242. The Joyce Court concluded that there was no evidence to suggest
that "the condition was so unreasonably dangerous that it would create a risk of death or severe
injury." Id. at 243.
In applying Lugo and Joyce to the present case, we conclude that the slippery steps at
issue here were not only an open and obvious condition but also there are no "special aspects" of
the steps that create a "uniquely high likelihood of harm or severity of harm" if the risk is not
avoided or serve to remove that condition from the open and obvious danger doctrine. Plaintiff
here testified that although he saw the steps and their condition and knew that there was an
alternate route into the building that was close by, he nonetheless attempted to use them.
Although the steps likely had "some potential for severe harm," Lugo, supra at 518, n 2, we have
no doubt that these circumstances are not the type of special aspects that Lugo contemplated. In
this case, the stairway on which plaintiff fell consisted of three steps and was elevated only a
couple of feet. Falling several feet to the ground is not the same as falling an extended distance
such as into a thirty-foot-deep pit. Id. at 518, 520. Falling thirty feet presents "such a substantial
risk of death or severe injury . . . that it would be unreasonably dangerous to maintain the
condition . . . ." Id. at 518 (emphasis added). "Unlike falling an extended distance, it cannot be
expected that a typical person [falling a distance of several feet] would suffer severe injury" or a
substantial risk of death. Id. at 518, 520.
-3-
Our conclusion that the open and obvious condition in this case did not constitute an
unreasonable risk of harm is not changed by our Supreme Court's decision in Quinlivan v Great
Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co, Inc, 395 Mich 244; 235 NW2d 732 (1975), a case involving a slip
and fall on a snowy, hazardous area similar to the areas in Joyce and the instant case. In
discussing an invitor's responsibility regarding snow and ice hazards that are visible to invitees,
the Quinlivan Court stated:
[W]e reject the prominently cited notion that ice and snow hazards are
obvious to all and therefore may not give rise to liability. While the invitor is not
an absolute insurer of the safety of the invitee, the invitor has a duty to exercise
reasonable care to diminish the hazards of ice and snow accumulation. . . . As
such duty pertains to ice and snow accumulations, it will require that reasonable
measures be taken within a reasonable time after an accumulation of ice and snow
to diminish the hazard of injury to the invitee. [Id. at 261.]
Thus, even if the dangers of ice and snow on driveways, steps, and parking lots are open and
obvious,
[c]ases finding that the risk of harm is unreasonable despite its obviousness or
despite the invitee's awareness of the condition are rare and typically involve
hazardous natural conditions such as accumulations of snow and ice or excessive
mud. The risk to the invitee in such conditions has been held to be somehow
more unavoidable than other conditions, thereby creating an exception to the open
and obvious defense. [Bertrand v Alan Ford, Inc, 449 Mich 606, 625-626; 537
NW2d 185 (1995) (Weaver, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).]
Although the above statements pertain to Justice Weaver's partial dissent in Bertrand, there is
some suggestion that ice and snowy conditions may constitute an "exception" to the open and
obvious danger doctrine. After analyzing both Lugo and Joyce, we conclude that these prior
analyses in Quinlivan and Bertrand on the interplay between the open and obvious danger
doctrine when it involves snow and ice and the newly refined definition of open and obvious in
Lugo can only mean that the snow and ice analysis in Quinlivan is now subsumed in the newly
articulated rule set forth in Lugo. Specifically, the analysis in Quinlivan will now be part of
whether there are special aspects of the condition that make it unreasonably dangerous even if
the condition is open and obvious. Again, in the instant case, and as in Joyce, although the
condition was open and obvious, we cannot conclude that there were any special aspects of the
icy and snowy steps that would render the condition effectively unavoidable and therefore
unreasonably dangerous. The steps in the present case were not very high, and there was an
alternate route readily available to plaintiff. Thus, because of our application of Lugo to the
instant facts, we are constrained to conclude that our original opinion in this matter must be
vacated and that the trial court's original grant of summary disposition in favor of defendant must
be affirmed.
-4-
We need not address any remaining issues because this case has been fully resolved by
our decision on the open and obvious danger issue.2
We affirm. Previous, unpublished opinion vacated.
/s/ Jane E. Markey
/s/ Henry William Saad
Neff, J. I concur in the result only.
/s/ Janet T. Neff
2
With regard to the building code violation allegation in this case, we note that the absence of a
handrail deals with proximate causation. Because a duty did not exist in this case because of the
open and obvious condition and the lack of a special aspect, we need not reach this issue.
-5-
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