PEOPLE OF MI V STEVEN DWAIN SMITH
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,
FOR PUBLICATION
February 12, 2002
9:10 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v
No. 209326
Washtenaw Circuit Court
LC No. 96-007188-FH
ON REMAND
Update Copy
May 10, 2002
STEVEN DWAIN SMITH,
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: Whitbeck, P.J., and Hoekstra and Owens, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
A jury found defendant Steven Dwain Smith guilty of first-degree criminal sexual
conduct,1 armed robbery,2 possession of a firearm by a felon,3 and possession of a firearm during
the commission of a felony4 for sexually assaulting a student at the University of Michigan at
gunpoint and stealing money from her wallet. Smith appealed his convictions as of right, and
this Court affirmed in People v Smith.5
Smith then appealed to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court, while retaining
jurisdiction, has remanded to this Court so that it may clarify its previous decision. Of concern
to the Supreme Court is the possibility that this Court articulated the correct legal standard for
determining whether a preserved constitutional error is harmless, but applied the lesser standard
that is relevant to preserved nonconstitutional error in order to find the error at issue harmless.
People v Anderson (After Remand)6 established that the party that benefits from an error,
constitutional in nature and preserved for appeal, must demonstrate on appeal that "there is no
'"reasonable possibility that the evidence complained of might have contributed to the
1
MCL 750.520b(1)(e).
2
MCL 750.529.
3
MCL 750.224f.
4
MCL 750.227b.
5
People v Smith, 243 Mich App 657; 625 NW2d 46 (2000).
6
People v Anderson (After Remand), 446 Mich 392; 521 NW2d 538 (1994).
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conviction."'"7 In contrast, People v Lukity8 holds that an error, nonconstitutional in nature and
preserved for appeal, is subject to reversal only when "'after an examination of the entire cause, it
shall affirmatively appear' that it is more probable than not that the error was outcome
determinative."9 Substantively, these two standards differ concerning which party bears the
burden of persuading the appellate court that the error was harmless and regarding the degree to
which the appellate court must be convinced that the error is harmless before it may affirm.
Without a doubt, Anderson articulates the more difficult standard to surpass, which is more
favorable to an appellant such as Smith. Thus, the Supreme Court is justifiably concerned any
time it suspects that a criminal defendant whose constitutional rights were impinged on at trial is
forced to satisfy the incorrect standard for reversal on appeal.
In this case, the published opinion demonstrates that this Court was aware of which
standard to apply to Smith's claim that admitting his wife's untrustworthy statements under MRE
804(b)(6) was error. In articulating the correct standard, this Court cited10 People v Carines,11
which draws directly from Anderson in announcing the harmless error standard for preserved
constitutional issues.12 The unintended confusion stems, we believe, from this Court's statement
in the Smith opinion that
[w]e would repeat ourselves unnecessarily to outline all the evidence the
prosecutor introduced that supported the convictions in this case that had
absolutely nothing to do with Wendy Smith's statements to the police or Crystal
Smith. For the reasons we found the trial court's decision to admit the evidence
concerning the Clarion Hotel robbery harmless, we also find this error
harmless.[13]
This Court did not intend to imply that it was applying the lower harmless error standard to
preserved nonconstitutional issues. Rather, it was referring to the fact that the harmless error
standards each set the minimum evidentiary threshold for determining that an error is harmless.
In other words, each standard determines the least amount of evidence necessary to convince an
appellate court that an error does not require reversal. Logically, every error deemed harmless
beyond a reasonable doubt will also satisfy the lower "more probable than not" standard. Of
course, this rule does not work in reverse; not every error that is deemed unlikely to be outcome
determinative will be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. However, critically, neither harmless
error standard establishes an evidentiary ceiling; that is, the maximum evidence necessary to
convince the reviewing court that the error was harmless. Thus, in some cases, the evidence
7
Id. at 406, quoting Chapman v California, 386 US 18, 23; 87 S Ct 824; 17 L Ed 2d 705 (1967),
in turn quoting Fahy v Connecticut, 375 US 85, 86-87; 84 S Ct 229; 11 L Ed 2d 171 (1963).
8
People v Lukity, 460 Mich 484; 596 NW2d 607 (1999).
9
Id. at 495-496, quoting MCL 769.26.
10
Smith, supra at 690.
11
People v Carines, 460 Mich 750; 597 NW2d 130 (1999).
12
Id. at 774.
13
Smith, supra at 690.
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necessary to surpass the "more probable than not" standard for preserved nonconstitutional issues
articulated in Lukity may be so very clear and so very convincing that it goes far beyond the
relevant minimum evidentiary threshold and also satisfies the "beyond a reasonable" doubt
standard for preserved constitutional issues defined in Anderson.
This case provides an apt example of the evidence surpassing the Lukity harmless error
standard for preserved nonconstitutional issues to such an extent that it also satisfied the
harmless error standard for preserved constitutional issues in Anderson. As the prosecutor points
out, not only did the complainant, whom we called Jane Doe, provide compelling testimony
regarding the circumstances of the crime, she also described the unique weapon her perpetrator
used. One police officer confirmed that the pistol was unlike any other he had seen in the
twenty-four years he had spent in law enforcement. The police found ammunition for this type
of pistol on Smith's dresser. Three Bursley Hall employees also saw a man skulking in the
vicinity of the crime immediately before the crime occurred in or near a battered white car. This
matched the properly admitted modus operandi evidence from the Slauson Middle School
robbery. One of these employees also identified Smith as that man. Each of these factors
supported our decision in this case that the error in admitting the evidence concerning the
Clarion Hotel robbery, which was nonconstitutional in nature, was not outcome determinative
under Lukity's "more probable than not" standard.14
In many ways, these factors outlined in the evidence are each more convincing than any
identification Doe could have given of her attacker. Much of this testimony related to relatively
objective and verifiable factors made without the stress, and therefore without the prospect for
misperception, inherent in a traumatic assault. Consequently, in our estimation, these pieces of
evidence, which were properly admitted at trial, were also so convincing that Smith's wife's
statements played such a minor role in the trial that they were harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt. This Court's reference to the analysis used for preserved nonconstitutional error when
discussing the preserved constitutional issue was not, we freely admit, the best choice of words.
The fact that this Court made that reference, however, does not reflect on the proper analysis this
Court selected and actually applied to the constitutional issue.
/s/ William C. Whitbeck
/s/ Joel P. Hoekstra
/s/ Donald S. Owens
14
Id. at 677.
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