VINCENT HURT V MICHAEL'S FOOD CENTER
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
VINCENT HURT and DARRELL HICKS,
FOR PUBLICATION
February 8, 2002
9:10 a.m.
Plaintiffs-Appellees,
v
No. 232079
Wayne Circuit Court
LC No. 00-031105-AV
MICHAEL'S FOOD CENTER, d/b/a GREAT
AMERICAN FOODS,
Defendant-Appellant.
Updated Copy
May 10, 2002
Before: Owens, P.J., and Holbrook, Jr., and Gage, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Defendant Michael's Food Center appeals by leave granted from an order of the circuit
court denying its interlocutory application for leave to appeal and stay of proceedings. This
Court has stayed any further proceedings below pending the outcome of this appeal. We reverse
and remand to the circuit court.
This case has a long history that began when plaintiffs Vincent Hurt and Darrell Hicks
were detained by a security guard at defendant's store in February 1983 for allegedly shoplifting
a jar of peanut butter. No charges were brought against Hurt, and a misdemeanor charge of
larceny under $100 brought against Hicks was later dismissed. Eventually, Hurt brought suit in
the circuit court against defendant for false imprisonment and assault and battery. Hicks was
later added as a party, alleging false imprisonment and malicious prosecution. Pursuant to § 641
of the Revised Judicature Act (RJA), MCL 600.641, the case was removed to the district court,
and trial was held in December 1989. Following a verdict in plaintiffs' favor, the district court
entered judgments of $115,000 in favor of Hurt and $175,000 in favor of Hicks. On appeal, the
circuit court affirmed Hurt's judgment but reversed Hicks' judgment. This Court affirmed the
reversal of Hicks' judgment, reversed the affirmance of Hurt's judgment, and remanded the case
for further proceedings in the district court. Hurt v Michael's Food Ctr, Inc, 220 Mich App 169;
559 NW2d 660 (1996) (hereinafter Hurt I).
After our decision in Hurt I, § 641 of the RJA was repealed by the Legislature effective
January 1, 1997. 1996 PA 374, § 5. Under § 641, a circuit court could remove an action to the
appropriate district court without the consent of the parties if the circuit court concluded that the
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damages sustained were less than the statutorily established jurisdictional limitation of the
district court. MCL 600.641(1). Further, a judgment to the extent demanded could lawfully be
entered by the district court, even though the amount exceeded the court's jurisdictional
limitation. MCL 600.641(5).1 MCR 4.003,2 the court rule implementing the statute, was
repealed on May 8, 1997.
1
MCL 600.641 read in pertinent part:
(1) If it appears at the conclusion of a pretrial hearing on an action
commenced in the circuit court that the amount of damages sustained may be less
than the jurisdiction limitation as to the amount in controversy applicable to the
district court, the circuit judge may remove, without the consent of the parties, the
action to a district court within the county which would have had jurisdiction but
for the amount of damages demanded and in which venue would have been
proper. . . .
* * *
(5) If the action is removed, then the verdict or judgment shall be lawful to
the extent of the amount demanded, notwithstanding the jurisdiction limitation as
to the amount in controversy otherwise applicable to cases commenced in the
district court.
2
MCR 4.003 read in pertinent part:
(1) The circuit court may order an action removed to the district court
pursuant to MCL 600.641; MSA 27A.641 on its own initiative or on motion of a
party only if
(a) it appears that the damages sustained, without regard to questions of
liability, may be less that the jurisdictional limitation as to the amount in
controversy applicable to the district court, and
(b) removal will expedite the trial and disposition of the action.
The court's findings under this subrule must be stated on the record or
included in the order removing the action.
(2) An action may be removed only to a district in which venue would
have been proper. If venue would have been proper in more than one district
within the circuit, the removal order shall designate the district to which the action
is removed.
* * *
(continued…)
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In January 2000, defendant filed a motion in the district court to cap plaintiffs' damages
at the jurisdictional limit of $25,000.3 Defendant argued in its brief in support of the motion that
the repeal of § 641 meant that the district court no longer had the authority to enter a judgment in
excess of its jurisdictional limitation. In the alternative, defendant requested that the case be
transferred to the circuit court in which it was originally filed. Plaintiffs opposed the motion,
arguing that no vehicle to send the case to the circuit court existed, and in any event, the repeal
of § 641 should be given only prospective application because retrospective application would
violate due process in that it would deprive them of a vested right to litigate for the total damages
done. At a June 2000 hearing on the motion, the district court concluded that "after having the
remand, one jury trial with a verdict in excess of twenty-five thousand dollars, legally and
equitably speaking I don't think it would be appropriate" to cap the damages at $25,000. The
issue of transfer was not raised by the parties or addressed by the court at the hearing, nor was it
mentioned in the district court's order denying the motion.
The issue before us is whether the repeal of § 641 of the RJA should apply retroactively
to cases pending but not finalized at the time of its repeal. Resolving this question requires
application of the rules of statutory construction.
In general, when the Legislature repeals a statute, the right to proceed under the repealed
statute is terminated for all future cases. See Minty v Bd of State Auditors, 336 Mich 370; 58
NW2d 106 (1953); Cusick v Feldpausch, 259 Mich 349; 243 NW 226 (1932). However, the
repeal of a statute does not take away a vested right, which remains enforceable despite the
repealer. Cusick, supra at 351-352. Plaintiffs argue that they have a vested right to have a trial
in the 36th District Court. We disagree.
Courts have often struggled with the task of determining whether a right is vested or
inchoate. As our Supreme Court has observed, "A few courts have frankly recognized that
policy considerations, rather than definitions, are controlling, and have defined a vested right as a
right of which the individual could not be deprived without injustice." Wylie v Grand Rapids
City Comm, 293 Mich 571, 587; 292 NW 668 (1940).
"In its application, as a shield of protection, the term 'vested rights' is not
used in any narrow or technical sense, or as importing a power of legal control
merely, but rather as implying a vested interest which it is right and equitable that
the government should recognize and protect, and of which the individual could
not be deprived arbitrarily without injustice."
[Id., quoting 2 Cooley's
Constitutional Limitations (8th ed), p 745.]
(…continued)
(E) . . . An action removed to the district court under this rule may not be
transferred to the circuit court on the ground that the damages may exceed the
jurisdictional limitation of the district court.
3
MCL 600.8301(1).
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Pending causes of action that accrued while a statute was in force are also considered vested
rights and thus are not divested by a repeal of the statute. MCL 8.4a;4 Minty, supra at 389-391;
Cusick, supra at 351-353.5
Accordingly, plaintiffs do have a vested right to have their case heard. However, they do
not have a vested right to the forum in which this will occur. "No vested right can exist to keep
statutory procedural law unchanged and free from amendment," Hansen-Snyder Co v General
Motors Corp, 371 Mich 480, 485; 124 NW2d 286 (1963); "[s]o long as a substantial and
efficient remedy remains or is provided [,] due process of law is not denied by a legislative
change," Crane v Hahlo, 258 US 142, 147; 42 S Ct 214; 66 L Ed 514 (1922).6 Absent a saving
clause stating otherwise, a repealer that changes a mode of procedure by altering or terminating a
court's jurisdiction applies to all accrued, pending, and future actions as long as it does not affect
vested rights. Baltimore & P R Co v Grant, 98 US 398, 401; 25 L Ed 231 (1878) (observing
"that if a law conferring jurisdiction is repealed without any reservation as to pending cases, all
such cases fall with the law"); Etefia v Credit Technologies, Inc, 245 Mich App 466, 482; 628
NW2d 577 (2001) (stating that an amendment of a jurisdictional statute is excepted from the rule
that statutory amendments apply prospectively because a jurisdictional statute is procedural in
nature). 1996 PA 374 does not contain a saving clause for those cases removed to the district
4
The repeal of any statute or part thereof shall not have the effect to release or relinquish any
penalty, forfeiture, or liability incurred under such statute or any part thereof, unless the
repealing act shall so expressly provide, and such statute and part thereof shall be treated as still
remaining in force for the purpose of instituting or sustaining any proper action or prosecution
for the enforcement of such penalty, forfeiture or liability. [MCL 8.4a.]
5
In Bejger v Zawadski, 252 Mich 14, 18-20; 232 NW 746 (1930), our Supreme Court quoted
Sutherland Statutory Construction (2d ed), §§ 282 and 283 for the following propositions:
"The general rule is that when an act of the legislature is repealed without
a saving clause, it is considered, except as to transactions past and closed, as
though it never existed." [quoting Lewis' Sutherland Statutory Construction (2d
ed), § 282.]
* * *
"Rights dependent on a statute and still inchoate, not perfected by final
judgment or reduced to possession, are lost by repeal or expiration of the statute."
[quoting statutory Construction, supra, § 283.3.]
Bejger was decided before the enactment of MCL 8.4a. 1931 PA 25. Further, to the extent that
Bejger conflicts with Minty and Cusick, we conclude that these later cases overruled by
implication the Bejger Court's analysis.
6
However, when a case has been prosecuted to its conclusion, rights in the final judgment are
vested, and a subsequent repeal of the statute conferring jurisdiction on the court in which the
case was heard does not undermine the legitimacy of the judgment.
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court under § 641 and MCR 4.003. Plaintiffs' opportunity to have their case heard in the circuit
court remains, thus their vested right to the cause of action is unaffected and due process is
satisfied.
The repeal of § 641 means that the district court does not have jurisdiction over this case.
Because the case was originally filed in the circuit court, we remand to the circuit court for
further proceedings. We do not retain jurisdiction.
/s/ Donald S. Owens
/s/ Donald E. Holbrook, Jr.
/s/ Hilda R. Gage
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