AUTO CLUB GROUP INS V LORI ABRAMSON
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
AUTO CLUB GROUP INSURANCE COMPANY,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v
ROBERT PAUL BURCHELL, LORI ABRAMSON
and WANDA EASLEY,
Defendants-Appellees.
UNPUBLISHED
November 27, 2001
APPROVED FOR
PUBLICATION
January 29, 2002
9:25 a.m.
No. 222555
Washtenaw Circuit Court
LC No. 98-009871-CK
Updated Copy
April 12, 2002
Before: Hood, P.J., and Whitbeck and Meter, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
In this declaratory judgment action, plaintiff Auto Club Group Insurance Company
sought a ruling that it did not owe a duty to continue to defend or indemnify its insured, Robert
Burchell, in an underlying civil action brought against Robert Burchell to recover for injuries
sustained by third parties, defendants Lori Abramson and Wanda Easley, during a barroom
brawl. Auto Club appeals by leave granted the order denying its motion for summary
disposition. We reverse and remand.
I. Basic Facts And Procedural History
A. Overview
The issues in this case involve the intentional acts exclusion in Auto Club's homeowners'
insurance policy, as well as the policy definition of "occurrence." Also at issue is the "criminal
acts" exclusion within the policy. An understanding of the facts of the underlying action is thus
important in order to determine whether the actions of the insured, Robert Burchell, were
intentional or reasonably expected, whether an occurrence took place in order to trigger Auto
Club's duty to defend, and whether Robert Burchell's actions constituted criminal acts.
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These issues arise out of an escalating barroom brawl in DeRosso's Pub, located in Iron
County, Wisconsin, in mid-August of 1997. The parties' accounts of what happened at
DeRosso's that evening vary significantly. We summarize the deposition testimony of the main
participants below.
B. Wanda Easley
According to Easley's deposition testimony, she was working the night shift as a
bartender at DeRosso's, a topless bar, on the night of the incident. Around 2:15 a.m., Easley
turned the music down and called "last call." Easley served everyone their last drinks and began
doing the dishes. Ten minutes after Easley had served the last round, a patron, later identified as
Robert Burchell, began asking her for another drink. Easley refused and explained to him that it
was 2:25 a.m., that she was done, and that "[w]e have to go, you know."
Easley turned around to put some glasses down after washing them and looked into the
large mirror located behind the bar. She saw Robert Burchell reach over the bar, grab a bottle of
alcohol, and start "chugging off it." Easley was "shocked"; she turned around, grabbed the bottle
out of Robert Burchell's hand, and asked him "who he thought he was." Robert Burchell replied,
"F--- you, bitch," and Easley said, "I don't need this" and "you've got to go . . . you've got to go
now." Robert Burchell then "railed off and nailed" Easley in the face "full fisted."
Easley jumped over the bar, grabbed Robert Burchell by the back of the pants and led him
toward the front door. Robert Burchell then turned around, grabbed Easley, and "whipped" her
over "like a sack of potatoes," throwing her into chairs and tables. Easley was on the floor and
struggled to get up by kicking, punching, and pushing, while Robert Burchell hit her and "waled"
on her.
A group of people pulled Robert Burchell off Easley; as a group they were able to escort
Robert Burchell out the front door of the bar. At the same time, another man later identified as
Patrick Burchell, brother of Robert Burchell, started to hit Easley. Easley was able to block
Patrick Burchell from hitting her, but he then grabbed his beer mug and started to swing it at Lori
Abramson, a bar patron. Easley grabbed the mug out of Patrick Burchell's hand and started to go
behind the bar to call the police, but Patrick Burchell grabbed the beer mug and again attempted
to swing it at Abramson. Easley believed that he intended to break the mug and then use it to cut
Abramson. Patrick Burchell slammed the mug into the countertop of the bar, cracking the
shellac finish. Easley again grabbed the mug out of his hand, and the crowd pushed both of the
Burchells out the door just as the police were arriving. As the police arrived, Robert Burchell
turned around and hit Easley again in the face, right in front of a police officer. The officer
handcuffed Robert Burchell. Patrick Burchell then swung Abramson up against a utility pole,
and another officer handcuffed him. The police then took both Robert and Patrick Burchell
away. As a result of Robert Burchell's actions, Easley sustained bruises from head to toe, an
injured hip, and a contused toe and has developed a twitch in her left eye.
C. Lori Abramson
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According to Lori Abramson's deposition testimony, she was at DeRosso's Pub on the
night of the fight and was severely injured. She suffers from facial injuries, neck injuries, and
lower spine injuries and has nerve damage to both legs. Abramson was sitting at the end of the
bar, talking to a friend, and saw Easley escorting Robert Burchell out. Abramson did not know
the Burchells; she had noticed that they had come into the bar late in the night and overheard
them demanding another round of drinks. She also overheard Easley saying "sorry" and "last call
was 15 minutes ago" and that "everybody had to leave." Specifically, Abramson remembered
Easley turning down the music and yelling "last call for alcohol." Soon after, she noticed Easley
escorting Robert Burchell out. As Easley and Burchell approached the front door, one of the
Burchells—Abramson was not sure which one—picked Easley up and "body slammed" her onto
a table. It appeared to Abramson as though the man was "picking her [Easley] up and tossing her
out of the way." At that point, Abramson jumped off her bar stool and went to assist Easley.
"Immediately there following, the bar erupted into a big bar brawl." Abramson tried to pull
Easley out of the situation, but the next thing she knew, she was grabbed and pushed up against
the wall.
According to Abramson, someone struck her while she was inside the bar, although she
did not know who; there were "hands and fists flying everywhere." Abramson did see Patrick
Burchell shatter his beer mug on the bar, taking a "huge chunk of polyurethane" out of the bar
countertop, and then try to shove the broken mug into her face. The Burchell brothers and their
three or four friends were fighting Abramson, Easley, and the other customers. Finally,
everybody "pushed out the front door," and three police officers arrived. Patrick Burchell then
grabbed Abramson and spun her into a metal streetlight pole, although she could not remember
actually hitting the pole. Abramson hit the pole, striking her cheek, and then "dropped" and
rolled off to the side. Abramson then went home and slept for a few hours. When Abramson
awoke, she was covered in black bruises and her left leg was swollen almost to twice its normal
size. Abramson went to the emergency room, and a doctor later diagnosed her with internal
bleeding, the result of being slammed against the steel pole.
Abramson, a bartender by trade, testified that in her opinion the problem was that both the
Burchells had had too much alcohol, having been at a wedding rehearsal dinner before they
arrived at the bar, and that the brawl would have never happened if they had not been consuming
too much alcohol.
D. Robert Burchell
According to Robert Burchell's testimony, he was charged with assault and battery for the
brawl that occurred at DeRosso's Pub. Robert Burchell had been to a rehearsal dinner earlier that
evening because his sister was getting married. At the dinner, he drank scotch, wine, and an
after-dinner drink of some type. Later, Robert Burchell went to the Horse's Corral, drank beer
and played pool with his brother Patrick Burchell and his uncle Paul. The three then went to
Mac's Bar and had a beer. On the way to still another bar, the topless entertainment at DeRosso's
Pub "caught [their] eye," and they entered. Robert Burchell then had a beer at DeRosso's. It was
about 1:45 a.m. because they "weren't in DeRosso's very long before the bartender (Easley)
yelled "last call," and Robert Burchell thought she yelled that at about 2:15 a.m. After the
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bartender called "last call," Robert Burchell, his brother Patrick Burchell, and his uncle Paul then
"stood up from" their table. Paul and Patrick Burchell wanted to leave, but Robert Burchell
wanted them to stay and have one more beer. Finally, the trio decided that Paul and Patrick
Burchell would go get the car, Robert Burchell could have one more beer, and they would pick
him up. Robert Burchell stood at the bar waiting for Easley to finish telling a story to other
customers. Easley was having a "big time" with the other customers, and despite the fact that
Robert Burchell was standing there "patiently" waiting for her to look at him, she did not.
Meanwhile, Patrick Burchell reentered the bar and stood by the door. Patrick Burchell motioned
to Robert Burchell and said, "Come on. Let's go." At that point, Robert Burchell grabbed an
empty bottle from the bar by the neck, held it upside down, pointed to the label and motioned his
brother to "just have one beer with" him because he "just wanted to spend more time with him."
Robert Burchell was "trying hard to encourage everybody to stay a little longer." By Robert
Burchell's own estimation, he was not actually "stumbling" drunk at that point, but he would not
have driven a car.
As Robert Burchell lifted the empty bottle to show his brother, Easley suddenly swung
around, grabbed it out of his hand, and "ripped [him] up and down with her comments."
According to Robert Burchell, Easley was "foulmouthed right from the beginning," the
"obscenities and the language that came out of her was—it was curdling," and she was "rabid."
Robert Burchell simply ignored Easley until she started "cursing" him, at which point he cursed
back. According to Robert Burchell he did "lay into her because she was—she was rude" so he
"ripped her a little bit and turned to walk out the door." On his way to the door, Robert Burchell
was grabbed from behind. Easley dived over the bar on top of him, three people grabbed him,
and he was on his face in front of the bar counter. Robert Burchell "curled up on the floor" on
his knees and waited for what he thought was going to be "a kind of frenzy." It seemed like "an
eternity" that he was on the floor being kicked and hit. Then, the panic "set in" and he "took
everything [he] had" and sprinted as hard as he could for the door with his elbows out away from
his body in a rocking motion, just like running with a football—"[i]n fact, it felt just like
football." As he ran, Robert Burchell "pulled people with [him] as [he] went." Robert Burchell
did not know what his brother Patrick Burchell was doing at the time and denied pushing,
choking, hitting, dragging, or pulling either Easley or Abramson. In fact, according to Robert
Burchell, he did not even touch either woman.
After the fight, police officers escorted Robert Burchell to the car and handcuffed him.
As a result of the fight, Robert Burchell was bruised on both arms "from the guys that grabbed"
him, although he never saw who they were. Robert Burchell also suffered a bruised eye and was
hit in the chin and the head.
E. The Complaints
The original complaint filed by Abramson and Easley alleged that Patrick and Robert
Burchell "proceeded to assault and batter" them, "did intentionally assault and batter the
Plaintiffs by pushing, choking, hitting, holding, dragging, pulling, striking, and otherwise
offensively touching the Plaintiffs," that "the above was done with willful, wanton, and malicious
intention to severely harm and maim the Plaintiffs," and that, as a direct and proximate result of
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the Burchells' actions, they suffered several severe injuries. The original complaint also alleged
negligence in count II, which incorporated by reference all previous paragraphs and wording,
alleged intentional infliction of emotional distress in count III, and sought punitive damages in
count IV. Additionally, the complaint alleged that the Burchells "acted maliciously toward the
Plaintiffs and with an intentional disregard to [sic] their rights with full knowledge that Plaintiffs'
rights were being disregarded."
After Auto Club sought declaratory relief on the ground that it had no duty to defend or
indemnify because of an intentional acts exclusion and a criminal acts exclusion, Abramson and
Easley filed a second amended complaint to name Auto Club as a party to the action. Abramson
and Easley then filed a third amended complaint that was significantly different from the first. In
that complaint, Abramson and Easley alleged only negligence and did away with the assault and
battery claims and any language about "intentional" actions on the part of the Burchells. The
third amended complaint alleged only that the Burchells had "proceeded to touch" Abramson and
Easley and that they "did touch the Plaintiffs by offensively touching the Plaintiffs." However,
the third amended complaint still alleged the identical severe injuries that were alleged in the first
complaint.
F. The Trial Court's Opinion
In its opinion and order denying declaratory relief, the trial court reasoned that the duty of
an insurance company to defend an insured extends to allegations that "'even arguably come
within the policy,'" quoting Allstate Ins Co v Freeman.1 The trial court relied on the rule that a
court should look beyond the nomenclature of the underlying claim to the basis of the injury to
determine whether coverage exists, citing Freeman.2 The trial court also reasoned that the
burden is on the insurer to show that an exclusion applies, citing Michigan Mut Liability Co v
Ferguson.3 Notably, the trial court stated that under an exclusionary provision such as the one
found in this policy, "'the actual injury—and not merely the act which caused the injury—must
have been caused intentionally in order for the exclusion to be operative,'" quoting State Farm
Fire & Casualty Co v Groshek.4 The trial court then found that an "accident" had occurred
within the meaning of the policy, held that "it is possible that Mr. Burchell's actions were
unintentional, simply negligent, or that he acted in self-defense," and held, therefore, that there
was a "possibility that the injuries alleged would be covered by Auto Club's policy and that the
intentional acts exclusion would not apply." The trial court therefore denied declaratory relief to
Auto Club.
1
Allstate Ins Co v Freeman, 432 Mich 656, 662; 443 NW2d 734 (1989).
2
Id. at 662-663.
3
Michigan Mut Liability Co v Ferguson, 15 Mich App 298; 166 NW2d 525 (1968).
4
State Farm Fire & Casualty Co v Groshek, 161 Mich App 703, 707; 411 NW2d 480 (1987).
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II. Standard Of Review
Review of a motion for summary disposition is de novo.5 A motion under MCR
2.116(C)(10) tests the factual basis underlying the plaintiff 's claim. This Court's task is to
review the record evidence and all reasonable inferences drawn from it and decide whether a
genuine issue regarding any material fact exists to warrant a trial.6
III. Liability Under The Policy
A. The Parties' Theories
Auto Club argues that the injuries resulting from the fight do not constitute an
"occurrence" within the meaning of the policy and, as a matter of law, coverage is not triggered.
Additionally, Auto Club argues that the policy's exclusion of coverage for injuries resulting from
the insured's intentional acts, or those injuries that could have been reasonably expected, bars
recovery. Thus, Auto Club asserts that, because of one or both of these policy provisions, it has
no duty to continue to defend its insured, Robert Burchell, in the underlying action and the trial
court should have granted summary disposition.
Robert Burchell denies having touched Abramson or Easley. Alternatively, he argues that
if he inadvertently touched them, he was merely trying to defend himself. Robert Burchell
argues that because the underlying complaint alleged negligence, Auto Club had a duty to defend.
B. The Duty To Defend
It is well established that an insurer has a duty to defend an insured and that such duty "is
not limited to meritorious suits and may even extend to actions which are groundless, false, or
fraudulent, so long as the allegations against the insured even arguably come within the policy
coverage."7 Further, "[a]n insurer has a duty to defend, despite theories of liability asserted
against any insured which are not covered under the policy, if there are any theories of recovery
that fall within the policy."8 The trial court relied on these principles to deny Auto Club
declaratory relief.
5
Baker v Arbor Drugs, Inc, 215 Mich App 198, 202; 544 NW2d 727 (1996), citing Babula v
Robertson, 212 Mich App 45, 48; 536 NW2d 834 (1995).
6
Baker, supra at 202, citing Skinner v Square D Co, 445 Mich 153, 161; 516 NW2d 475 (1994).
7
Detroit Edison Co v Michigan Mut Ins Co, 102 Mich App 136, 142; 301 NW2d 832 (1980)
(emphasis in the original).
8
Id., citing Dochod v Central Mut Ins Co, 81 Mich App 63; 264 NW2d 122 (1978).
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We believe, however, that the trial court missed the point of the correlative rule: if no
theories of recovery fall within the policy, an insurer does not have a duty to defend.9 Here,
when we examine the substance of the underlying tort complaint and the basis for the injuries,
rather than simply the nomenclature in the complaint, it is clear that no insurance coverage
exists.10
C. The Policy Provisions
(1) The "Occurrence" Prerequisite
The policy covers damages and claims for bodily injury resulting from an "occurrence."
The policy defines an "occurrence" as an "accident":
We will pay damages for which an insured person is legally liable because
of bodily injury . . . caused by an occurrence covered by this Policy. An
occurrence means an accident . . . which results . . . in bodily injury.
We will defend any suit . . . for these damages . . . . We will not defend . .
. any suit unless it arises from an occurrence covered by this Policy.
Although the policy itself does not define "accident," the Michigan Supreme Court defined the
term "accident" in Frankenmuth Mut Ins Co v Masters11 as "'an undesigned contingency, a
casualty, a happening by chance, something out of the usual course of things, unusual, fortuitous,
not anticipated, and not naturally to be expected.'" The Court reiterated that same definition in
Nabozny v Burkhardt.12
(2) The "Intended Or Expected" Exclusion
Additionally, the policy contains the following "intended or reasonably expected injury"
exclusion:
[W]e will not cover: . . . .
9
See American Bumper & Mfg Co v Hartford Fire Ins Co, 452 Mich 440, 450; 550 NW2d 475
(1996), citing Protective Nat'l Ins Co of Omaha v City of Woodhaven, 438 Mich 154, 159; 476
NW2d 374 (1991).
10
See State Farm Fire & Casualty Co v Johnson, 187 Mich App 264, 268; 466 NW2d 287
(1990), State Mut Ins Co v Russell, 185 Mich App 521, 528; 462 NW2d 785 (1990), and Tobin v
Aetna Casualty & Surety Co, 174 Mich App 516, 517-518; 436 NW2d 402 (1988).
11
Frankenmuth Mutual Ins Co v Masters, 460 Mich 105, 114; 595 NW2d 832 (1999), quoting
Arco Industries Corp v American Motorists Ins Co, 448 Mich 395, 404-405; 531 NW2d 168
(1995).
12
Nabozny v Burkhardt, 461 Mich 471, 476-477; 606 NW2d 639 (2000).
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5. bodily injury . . . resulting from an act or omission by an insured person
which is intended or could reasonably be expected to cause bodily injury . . . This
exclusion applies even if the bodily injury . . . is different from, or greater than,
that which is expected or intended . . . .
In order for an injury to be "expected," it must be the "'natural, foreseeable, expected, and
anticipated result of an intentional act by the insured'" and the "intended or expected" language
"bars coverage for injuries caused by an insured who acted intentionally despite his awareness
that harm was likely to follow from his conduct."13 That same language bars recovery for
damages that "'reasonably should have been expected because of the direct risk of harm
intentionally created by the insured's actions'" under Masters.14
Additionally, "'when an insured's intentional actions create a direct risk of harm, there can
be no liability coverage for any resulting damage or injury, despite the lack of an actual intent to
damage or injure.'"15 Under Nabozny the pertinent determination that must be made is "'whether
the consequences of the insured's intentional act "either were intended by the insured or
reasonably should have been expected because of the direct risk of harm intentionally created by
the insured's actions."'"16
D. Applying The Policy Provisions
Abramson and Easley cannot avoid the implications of these rules regarding "intentional"
conduct merely by pointing to language in the complaint that—somewhat disingenuously—
characterized Burchell's participation in the fight as negligent touching.17 For this reason, the
trial court's holding that the policy's bodily injury exclusion requires both an intentional act and
an intentional injury was simply incorrect; the policy broadly excludes coverage for bodily injury
that was "expected or intended."18
Regardless of whose version of events is believed, we conclude that there is no coverage
under Auto Club's policy. If Abramson and Easley's version of events, described in detail during
depositions and never modified or recanted, is to be believed, Burchell either intended to cause
13
See Auto-Owners Ins Co v Harrington, 455 Mich 377, 383-384; 565 NW2d 839 (1997).
14
Masters, supra at 115, quoting Auto Club Group Ins Co v Marzonie, 447 Mich 624, 648-649;
527 NW2d 760 (1994) (Griffin, J.).
15
Masters, supra at 116, quoting Marzonie, supra at 649 (emphasis in original). See also
Allstate Ins Co v Miller (After Remand), 226 Mich App 574, 583; 575 NW2d 11 (1997).
16
Nabozny, supra at 480, quoting Masters, supra at 115, quoting Marzonie, supra at 648-649.
17
See Tobin, supra at 518-519 ("There is no duty to defend or provide coverage where a
complaint is merely an attempt to trigger insurance coverage by characterizing allegations of
tortious conduct as 'negligent' activity. . . . The duty to defend is not limited by the precise
language of the pleadings.").
18
See Groshek, supra at 707 (policy excluded coverage for injury caused intentionally).
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injuries or such injuries could have reasonably been expected. Despite Abramson and Easley's
obvious attempt in the third amended complaint to disguise their assault and battery claims as
"negligent touching," the nature of the substance of their claims, and the severity of the injuries
alleged, remains unchanged.
If Robert Burchell's version of events is to be believed, he never touched either Abramson
or Easley and, accordingly, he did not injure them. Although on appeal Robert Burchell does not
explain his version of events other than pointing out that he denied the charges brought against
him in the related criminal case, the trial court record demonstrates his alternative positions. At
his deposition, Robert Burchell testified that he did not touch Abramson or Easley, let alone
injure them. However, in response to Auto Club's motion for summary disposition, Robert
Burchell "vigorously denie[d]" injuring Abramson and Easley, but then characterized his actions
as "simply an attempt to get out of the bar and avoid taking a beating" and argued that
[i]f he inadvertently came into [contact] with either Ms. Abramson or Ms. Easley
while elbowing his way out of the bar, that contact could not be described as
either an assault or a battery since both are intent crimes and the inadvertent
contact and injury could be determined by a jury to be violation of a duty of
reasonable care.
Robert Burchell argued that Auto Club had a duty to defend in case the jury found "a self-defense
verdict," a "negligence verdict" or "no cause." The trial court agreed with Robert Burchell,
basing its order in part on the possibility that a jury could find that he acted in self-defense.
Under either of Robert Burchell's theories—that he was not the one who inflicted the
injuries or, if he did, he did so only in self-defense—there is no coverage under Auto Club's
policy. In Smorch v Auto Club Group Ins Co,19 the plaintiff alleged that her boyfriend, the
insured, "negligently" assaulted and battered her. This Court rejected the plaintiff 's "transparent
attempt" to disguise her claim in terms of negligence in order to avoid the insurance policy's
intentional acts exclusion.20 The insured denied any involvement in the incident, just as Burchell
denies ever touching Abramson and Easley in this case. In Smorch, this Court held that Auto
Club had no duty to defend, despite the insured's denial of involvement in the incident. The
Court reasoned that under any version of events, there could be no coverage:
There is no duty to defend or provide coverage where the complaint is a
transparent attempt to trigger insurance coverage by characterizing allegations of
tortious conduct under the guise of "negligent" activities. Aetna Casualty &
Surety Co v Sprague, 163 Mich App 650, 654; 415 NW2d 230 (1987); Linebaugh
[v Berdish, 144 Mich App 750, 763; 376 NW2d 400 (1985)]. Assault and battery
19
Smorch v Auto Club Group Ins Co, 179 Mich App 125, 127; 445 NW2d 192 (1989).
20
Id. at 129.
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are intentional acts. People v Bryant, 80 Mich App 428, 433; 264 NW2d 13
(1978).
We conclude that the complaint filed against plaintiff was a transparent
attempt to characterize tortious conduct as negligence. Plaintiff 's girl friend is
suing for injuries sustained in an alleged assault and battery. These injuries are
not covered by Auto Club's homeowner's insurance policy because they did not
result from an accident but were, as a matter of law, either intended or expected
by the insured.
Plaintiff claims that his girl friend's injuries were the result of a beating at
someone else's hands. He argues that because he denies the incident occurred, he
is entitled to insurance defense. This argument is without merit.
In a case where an insured is sued for tortious conduct and argues selfdefense, there is no duty to defend. Century Mutual Ins Co v Paddock, 168 Mich
App 747, 753; 425 NW2d 214 (1988). The rationale behind this is that, regardless
of the jury's finding on the self-defense issue, the insurer would be under no duty
to pay on behalf of the insured. Where the jury accepted the insured's version of
self-defense, there would be no liability on the part of the insured. If the jury
rejected the insured's version of self-defense, the insured would have committed
an intentional act not covered by the policy. Id. Where neither outcome leads to a
duty of the insurer to pay on behalf of the insured, we will refuse to impose on the
insurer a duty to defend. Id., pp 753-754.
Likewise, in the instant case, should the jury believe plaintiff 's version
that the incident did not occur, neither plaintiff nor Auto Club would be liable for
damages. Should the jury reject plaintiff 's version, he would have committed an
intentional act not covered by the policy. In either case, Auto Club is not liable
and, thus, has no duty to defend.[21]
Further, the opinion of the Michigan Supreme Court in Harrington provided that "[t]o
except injurious action taken in self-defense from the intentional-acts exclusion would
impermissibly disregard the clear language of the exclusion in the contract between insurer and
insured."22 The Court also made the following pointed observation: "Indeed, while the
Harringtons argue that acts taken in self-defense are not 'intentional' because they are reactionary
and a justifiable response to unwarranted aggression, this reasoning fails because the exclusion
does not qualify the injuries excluded from coverage with terms such as 'wrongful' or
21
Id. at 128-130; see also Russell, supra at 527-528 (allegations of negligence contained in the
amended complaint were nothing more than a transparent attempt by the defendant to trigger
insurance coverage by characterizing intentionally tortious conduct as negligent activity; thus, the
plaintiff had no duty to defend or indemnify against them).
22
Harrington, supra at 385.
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'unjustified.'"[23] Similarly, no such qualifying language exists in the policy at issue in this case,
and no exception to the exclusion should be made for self-defense where the plain language
provides no exception. Simply put, Burchell cannot have it both ways. Either he did not act
intentionally and did not intend or expect the consequences of his actions, or he did act
intentionally, in self-defense, and should have intended or expected the consequences of his
actions. This incompatibility is best explained in Century Mut Ins Co v Paddock,24 where the
insureds sought coverage after causing injuries during their participation in a bar fight. The
policy in effect covered bodily injury or property damage caused by an "occurrence," which was
defined as an "accident," and excluded from coverage "'liability . . . caused intentionally by or at
the direction of any insured.'"25 Like Robert Burchell in this case, the insureds in Century Mut
asserted that they acted in self-defense and that therefore their actions could not be considered
voluntary and the exclusion did not apply. This Court disagreed:
Even giving the Paddocks the benefit of the doubt as to the necessity of
kicking the Imbrunones in self-defense, we find that the policy exclusion bars
coverage. In Frankenmuth Mutual Ins Co [v Beyer, 153 Mich App 118; 395
NW2d 36 (1986)], this Court held that exclusionary language identical to that in
the Century Mutual policy did not obligate the insurer to defend an insured who
committed a battery in alleged self-defense. This Court reasoned that regardless
of the jury's finding on the self-defense issue, the insurer was under no duty to pay
on behalf of the insured. Where the jury accepted the insured's version of the
incident, there would be no liability on the part of the insured. If the jury rejected
the insured's defense, the insured would have committed an intentional act not
covered by the policy. Where neither outcome led to a duty of the insurer to pay
on behalf of the insured, this Court refused to impose on the insurer a duty to
defend. In the instant case, Century Mutual's situation is identical to that of the
insurer in Frankenmuth Mutual Ins Co. Regardless of whether a trier of fact
accepts the Paddocks' contention that they entered the fight in self-defense,
Century Mutual will have no obligation to pay damages on their behalf.
Accordingly, we can impose on Century Mutual no duty to defend.[26]
Additionally, this Court noted in Century Mut that "[r]equiring Century Mutual to provide
insurance coverage in the instant case would encourage barroom brawlers everywhere to cry 'He
hit me first!' and run for insurance cover to defray the expenses of their actions," adding that
"[t]his is surely not in the interest of public policy in a world where it is rarely clear who threw
23
Id.
24
Century Mut Ins Co v Paddock, 168 Mich App 747, 753-754; 425 NW2d 214 (1988).
25
Id. at 750.
26
Id. at 753-754.
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the first punch."27 In this case, where the exclusion broadly encompasses injuries "intended" or
"reasonably expected," it is even clearer that coverage would not be provided.28
Because we find that the trial court should have granted summary disposition to Auto
Club on the basis of either the "occurrence" prerequisite or the "intended or expected" exclusion
of the policy, we need not address Auto Club's argument that the policy's criminal acts exclusion
also operates to bar coverage.
Reversed and remanded for entry of summary disposition in favor of Auto Club. We do
not retain jurisdiction.
/s/ Harold Hood
/s/ William C. Whitbeck
/s/ Patrick M. Meter
27
Id. at 754.
28
See Yother v McCrimmon, 147 Mich App 130, 134; 383 NW2d 126 (1985) (insurance policy
excluded injuries that were either expected or intended, thus the insured's conduct was outside
the scope of coverage and summary disposition was appropriate notwithstanding the insured's
claim that he acted in self-defense).
-12-
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