Gotay v. Creen
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Two minor sisters suffered severe harm while in the custody of the Department of Children and Families (DCF). In August 2015, the older sister, then twenty-two months old, manipulated a thermostat dial from her crib, causing the bedroom to overheat. This incident led to her permanent impairment and the death of another foster child. A lawsuit was filed in the Superior Court against several defendants, including four DCF employees, alleging that their failure to fulfill their duties caused the children's harm.
The Superior Court denied the employees' motion for summary judgment, which argued they were entitled to qualified immunity. The employees appealed under the doctrine of present execution, and the Supreme Judicial Court transferred the case on its own motion.
The Supreme Judicial Court concluded that the DCF employees did not violate the children's substantive due process rights, as their conduct was not the proximate cause of the harm suffered. The court held that the employees' omissions, such as failing to conduct more frequent home visits or investigate the presence of a potentially dangerous individual in the foster home, did not foreseeably lead to the children's injuries. Therefore, the employees were entitled to qualified immunity, and the Superior Court's denial of summary judgment was reversed.
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NOTICE: All slip opinions and orders are subject to formal revision and are superseded by the advance sheets and bound volumes of the Official Reports. If you find a typographical error or other formal error, please notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Judicial Court, John Adams Courthouse, 1 Pemberton Square, Suite 2500, Boston, MA, 02108-1750; (617) 5571030; SJCReporter@sjc.state.ma.us SJC-13666 JAKLIN SUZETH GOTAY1 & others2 Worcester. Present: vs. JULIANN CREEN & others.3 December 4, 2024. - March 21, 2025. Budd, C.J., Gaziano, Kafker, Wendlandt, Georges, & Wolohojian, JJ. Department of Children & Families. Social Worker. Due Process of Law, Substantive rights. Immunity from Suit. Civil Rights, Immunity of public official, Supervisory liability. Federal Civil Rights Act. Practice, Civil, Civil rights, Summary judgment. Proximate Cause. Civil action commenced in the Superior Court Department on July 20, 2018. The case was heard by Valerie A. Yarashus, J., on a motion for summary judgment. The Supreme Judicial Court on its own initiative transferred the case from the Appeals Court. As parent and next friend of Samara Kristine Gotay, formerly known as Samara Sepulveda. 1 Matthew P. Moran, as guardian ad litem of Alessa Sepulveda; Kerri Flanagan Sepulveda; and Juan Sepulveda. 2 Roxanna Johnson-Cruz, Breanne Peterson, and Catherine Varian. 3 2 Katherine B. Dirks, Assistant Attorney General (Deborah Frisch, Assistant Attorney General, also present) for the defendants. David A. Russcol (Timothy P. Wickstrom, Charles M. Giacoppe, & Deborah Gresco-Blackburn also present) for the plaintiffs. Ann Balmelli O'Connor, Alexis Williams Torrey, & Lauren E. Russell, for Committee for Public Counsel Services & another, amici curiae, submitted a brief. Jean Strout, of California, & Katherine E. Burdick, for Juvenile Law Center & others, amici curiae, submitted a brief. GEORGES, J. At issue are the substantive due process claims of two minor sisters who suffered severe harm while in the custody of the Department of Children and Families (department). One night in August 2015, the older sister, then twenty-two months old, reached from her crib and manipulated a thermostat dial, causing the bedroom to overheat. Tragically this led to the child's permanent impairment and the death of a third foster child, who is not involved in this action. A lawsuit was brought in the Superior Court against several defendants, including four department employees. Relevant to this appeal, the older sister's adoptive parent and the younger sister's guardian ad litem asserted claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (§ 1983), alleging that the department employees' failure to fulfill their duties caused the children's harm. The employees moved for summary judgment, arguing they were entitled to qualified immunity. A Superior Court judge denied the 3 motion, and the employees appealed under the doctrine of present execution.4 This court transferred the matter on its own motion. For the following reasons, we conclude that the employees did not violate the children's substantive due process rights, as their conduct was not the proximate cause of the harm suffered. Accordingly, we reverse the Superior Court's denial of summary judgment.5 Background. 1. Facts. We recite the material, undisputed facts from the summary judgment record in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party -- in this case, the plaintiffs. Hill-Junious v. UTP Realty, LLC, 492 Mass. 667, 668 (2023). a. The foster parent application process. In August 2013, Kimberly Malpass applied for licensure as a foster parent through the department. Defendant Juliann Creen, a department Although a denial of a motion for summary judgment is interlocutory and not appealable as of right, the doctrine of present execution applies here because "the question of immunity is collateral to the merits of the case and because immunity from suit entitles a party to avoid not only liability but also the burden of the litigation." Maxwell v. AIG Dom. Claims, Inc., 460 Mass. 91, 98 (2011). 4 We acknowledge the amicus briefs submitted by the Committee for Public Counsel Services and the Children's Law Center of Massachusetts in support of neither party; and the Juvenile Law Center, the National Center for Youth Law, and Children's Rights in support of the plaintiffs. 5 4 family resource worker who worked as the primary department contact for prospective foster and preadoptive families, was assigned to conduct a license study to assess Malpass's suitability to provide foster care. Malpass, a single mother of three, had a prior history with the department, including two reports pursuant to G. L. c. 119, § 51A (51A reports), alleging child neglect –- one from 2008 and another from 2012. The 2008 report was "screened in"6 for further investigation, but the allegations were ultimately deemed unsupported. The 2012 report, conversely, was "screened out," after it was determined that the allegations were retaliation by someone in conflict with Malpass. After evaluating Malpass, Creen concluded that she met the requirements for foster parent licensure and submitted a waiver request to approve her application despite her prior department history. The waiver pertained to Malpass's nondisqualifying departmental records that warranted review, such as a screenedout 51A report. In her request, Creen referenced the 2008 51A The department "screens" 51A reports -- i.e., gathers information -- to identify children at risk of abuse or neglect by a caregiver." 110 Code Mass. Regs. § 4.21 (2023). If a report does not meet the criteria for suspected abuse or neglect and no response is required, it is "screened out." 110 Code Mass. Regs. § 4.24(3) (2023). Conversely, if a report is "screened in," it proceeds to further investigation pursuant to G. L. c. 119, § 51B. 110 Code Mass. Regs. § 4.21. 6 5 report but omitted the 2012 51A report. Her supervisor, defendant Roxanna Johnson-Cruz, agreed with the waiver request, which was ultimately approved with conditions. Among the conditions of the approval, Creen was required to verify Malpass's prescribed medications and that all utilities for Malpass's home were in an adult's name, given allegations in the 2008 51A report that Malpass had taken out credit cards in her children's names. to do so. Following the approval, however, Creen failed Malpass was subsequently granted a six-month probationary license in March 2014. b. Placement of the children. Two infants in the department's custody, Samara Gotay and Alessa Sepulveda, were placed with Malpass in June 2014 and February 2015, respectively. Samara was eight months old at the time of placement, while Alessa was placed shortly after her birth. Defendant Breanne Peterson served as the ongoing clinical social worker for both children, under the supervision of defendant Catherine Varian. As the assigned social worker, Peterson was responsible for overseeing the children's welfare in the foster home and ensuring that their needs were met. Alessa's placement was expressly "contingent on" weekly home visits "coordinated between the [ongoing] and family resource social workers" -- i.e., Peterson and Creen, respectively. Additionally, two other children relevant to this 6 incident, Robin and Dana,7 were placed with Malpass in September and November 2014, respectively. Robin was just over one year old at the time of placement, while Dana was over three years old. c. March 2015 51A report. In March 2015, Dana's social worker filed a 51A report against Malpass, alleging neglect by Malpass and her boyfriend, Anthony Mallett. According to Dana's mother, Mallett -- who had been charged with armed robbery -was living in the foster home and had struck Dana on the head. The department's policy no. 2006-01 (family resource policy) states that a foster home must not include "any household member, alternative caretaker or frequent visitor" who, in the department's judgment, poses "a threat of abuse or neglect to children placed in the home." Additionally, policy no. 86-014 (background records check policy) identifies categories of criminal offender record information (CORI) that may presumptively or discretionarily disqualify an individual from serving as a foster parent. Notably, the policy mandates CORI checks for all "frequent visitors" in licensed foster homes, which may result in the foster parent's disqualification. The background records check policy defines a "frequent visitor" as, in part, "[a]ny individual who does not live in but spends 7 We refer to these two children by pseudonyms. 7 substantial time in the home, regardless of the reason or purpose of their visitation." Per the policy, "non-custodial parent(s); relatives; significant others; baby-sitters; caregivers; and other individuals who perform a caregiving role for any child in the home" qualify as "frequent visitors." On March 5, 2015, eleven department employees, including all four defendants, convened to discuss the 51A report's allegations. The group discussed evidence of Mallett's presence in the foster home, including Malpass's admission that she had posted Mallett's bail for his robbery charge and social media posts suggesting a romantic relationship. Safety concerns were noted not only for Dana, but also for Malpass herself, as Dana's biological mother had previously threatened her. The group decided to "screen in" the report and remove Dana from Malpass's home pending further investigation. However, the decision was made to allow the other foster children to remain, as their social workers raised no immediate safety concerns. Following the meeting, Creen did not investigate the frequency of Mallett's visits to the Malpass home. To assess the allegations in the March 2015 51A report, a department investigator interviewed Creen, Peterson, Malpass, Mallett, Dana's mother, and Dana that same month. Malpass stated that Mallett visited her home "maybe [two to three] times a month" and had never been left home alone with the foster 8 children, and that she understood the requirement to notify the department if a new individual moved in or visited "on a frequent basis." The investigator obtained Mallett's CORI records, which revealed an open armed robbery charge, three assault and battery charges, and multiple restraining orders. This information was included in the investigator's report, pursuant to G. L. c. 115, § 51B (51B report), completed later that month. The investigator concluded that the allegations made in the March 2015 51A report were unsupported, but noted that Mallett was present in Malpass's home "more often than was reported." Though the investigator did not opine in his report whether this made Mallett a "frequent visitor" under department policy, he later testified in a deposition that he believed Mallett to be a "frequent visitor." Following the investigator's findings, the responsibility fell on Creen, as the family resource worker, to ensure Malpass's compliance with the family resource policy's frequent visitor requirements and the background records check policy. To that end, Creen and Johnson-Cruz, or another social worker, planned to conduct weekly visits to Malpass's home, but these visits never occurred. Instead, after the 51B report's release in March 2015, Creen visited Malpass's home only three times over several months. During each visit, including the final 9 visit on August 12, 2015, Creen noted neither Mallett's presence nor any other concerns. Creen also had one conversation with Malpass in which she instructed that Mallett was not permitted in the foster home. Beyond these three visits and the single instruction to Malpass, no defendant appears to have followed up on Mallett's continued presence around the children. On this point, the department later concluded that "there was no increased oversight of the [Malpass] home" following the investigation and 51B report. d. August 2015 incident. Two days after Creen's final visit, on the evening of August 14, 2015, Malpass left her home to meet friends, leaving Mallett responsible for the foster children. After feeding them, Mallett put Alessa, Samara, and Robin to bed. Alessa slept in Malpass's bedroom, which had an air conditioning unit, while Samara and Robin slept in the children's room, which did not. Later that night, Malpass returned home intoxicated and vomiting. Frustrated at having been left to care for multiple children while Malpass socialized, Mallett took two Xanax tablets and went to bed. At one point, he awoke to the sound of the children crying, but fell back asleep without checking on them. The following morning, he awoke to Malpass screaming after she discovered Samara and Robin unresponsive. 10 An investigation later determined that during the night, Samara had adjusted the thermostat on an electric heater, which was on the wall above the crib, causing the children's room to overheat.8 injuries. As a result, Robin died and Samara suffered severe After Malpass called 911, the children were transported to UMass Memorial Medical Center, where Robin was pronounced dead. Samara was found to be in critical condition, suffering from respiratory failure, seizures, hyperthermia (a high temperature), and hypotension (low blood pressure). In December 2021, Samara was legally adopted by plaintiff Jaklin Suzeth Gotay, and her care and protection proceeding in the Juvenile Court was closed. She continues to suffer from injuries that impair her mobility and verbal communication. In March 2022, Alessa began living with her father, plaintiff Juan Sepulveda, though the department retains her legal custody. Although Alessa was not sleeping in the overheated room and was therefore not physically harmed, due to her separation from her older sister, she experiences mood swings, sleep disturbances, Forensic scientists from the State police collected a swab from the thermostat. A State police crime analyst examined the sample and concluded that Samara's deoxyribonucleic acid profile "is consistent with the major profile from the [thermostat] swab." Additionally, a State police heat study determined that the temperature in Samara and Robin's bedroom was eighty-eight degrees Fahrenheit at 8:01 P.M. on the night of the incident, rising to 109 degrees Fahrenheit by midnight. 8 11 eating difficulties, and behavioral challenges at school, and requires counseling due to her separation from Samara. During an investigation by the department of the August 2015 incident, Mallett admitted that he had lived in the foster home for approximately eighteen months and had previously lied about his residency during the March 2015 51A investigation. He further disclosed that Malpass instructed her children to conceal his presence and that he regularly assisted in caring for all the children, including the foster children. Following the investigation, the department revoked Malpass's foster parent license. She was later indicted on several criminal charges, including two counts of reckless endangerment of a child. 2. Procedural history. Alessa and Samara's guardian ad litem, along with their biological parents, commenced an action in the Superior Court against Malpass, the department, its commissioner, and four department employees. Although the guardian ad litem initially sued on behalf of both children, the complaint was later amended to substitute Samara's adoptive mother as her representative. Relevant to this interlocutory appeal, the plaintiffs asserted § 1983 claims against the department employees, alleging violations of Alessa and Samara's substantive due process rights. After an unsuccessful motion to dismiss, the 12 department employees answered the complaint and moved for judgment on the pleadings, citing qualified immunity. The motion was denied as premature. Subsequently, the department employees filed a motion for summary judgment, Mass. R. Civ. P. 56 (b), 365 Mass. 824 (1974), again asserting qualified immunity. Court judge denied the motion. After a hearing, a Superior In doing so, the motion judge reviewed Federal case law and assumed, without deciding, that Samara and Alessa had a clearly established substantive due process right to a safe foster home. See, e.g., Connor B. ex rel. Vigurs v. Patrick, 774 F.3d 45, 53 (1st Cir. 2014) (assuming without deciding that "special relationship" between foster child and State entails duty to provide safe living environment). The motion judge acknowledged ambiguity regarding the applicable legal standard in the foster care context: whether the "professional judgment" standard from Youngberg v. Romero, 457 U.S. 307, 323 (1982), or the "deliberate indifference" standard from County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 846, 851-852 (1998), should apply. Nonetheless, the judge concluded that, when viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs, the summary judgment record demonstrated that the department employees' conduct met both standards, thereby defeating their qualified immunity defense under § 1983. 13 The department employees appealed from the denial of summary judgment. On appeal, we transferred the case to this court on our own motion to determine whether they are entitled to qualified immunity with respect to the plaintiffs' § 1983 claims. Discussion. 1. Standard of review. summary judgment decision is de novo. Inc., 492 Mass. 676, 680 (2023). Our review of a Metcalf v. BSC Group, "Summary judgment is appropriate where there is no material issue of fact in dispute and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law" (citation omitted). Adams v. Schneider Elec. USA, 492 Mass. 271, 280 (2023). 2. Qualified immunity. Government officials are entitled to qualified immunity from § 1983 claims for damages if "their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known" (citation omitted). Littles v. Commissioner of Correction, 444 Mass. 871, 875 (2005). The determination of qualified immunity follows a two-part test: "The first prong asks whether the facts alleged or shown by the plaintiff make out a violation of a constitutional right; the second prong asks whether that right was clearly established at the time of the defendant's alleged violation. [T]he second step, in turn, has two aspects. One aspect of the analysis focuses on the clarity of the law . . . . The other aspect focuses more concretely on the facts of the particular case and whether a reasonable defendant would have understood that his conduct violated 14 the plaintiffs' constitutional rights" (quotations and citation omitted). Penate v. Sullivan, 73 F.4th 10, 17–18 (1st Cir. 2023). Under the first prong, "'substantive due process' prevents the government from engaging in conduct that 'shocks the conscience'" (citation omitted). U.S. 739, 746 (1987). United States v. Salerno, 481 In the foster care context, courts apply one of two standards to determine whether government conduct is conscience-shocking. The first, articulated in Lewis, 523 U.S. at 851-852, is the "deliberate indifference" standard. See, e.g., Doe v. New York City Dep't of Social Servs., 649 F.2d 134, 141-147 (2d Cir. 1981) (applying deliberate indifference standard to agency supervision of foster home). Under this standard, a plaintiff must show that a government actor "exhibited deliberate indifference to a known injury, a known risk, or a specific duty." Id. at 145. Alternatively, under the second standard, outlined in Youngberg, 457 U.S. at 323, a plaintiff must show that a State actor's professional decision constitutes such a "substantial departure from accepted professional judgment, practice, or standards" that the decision was not actually based on such judgment. See, e.g., Yvonne L. v. New Mexico Dep't of Human Servs., 959 F.2d 883, 894 (10th Cir. 1992) (applying "professional judgment" standard in foster care context). 15 Under either standard, mere negligence is insufficient. See, e.g., Hopper v. Callahan, 408 Mass. 621, 627 (1990) (Youngberg formulation requires more than ordinary negligence); Schwartz v. Booker, 702 F.3d 573, 585–586 (10th Cir. 2012) (failure to exercise professional judgment "requires more than mere negligence"); J.R. v. Gloria, 593 F.3d 73, 80 (1st Cir. 2010) (noting that negligence alone does not satisfy Lewis standard). Since negligence alone is insufficient, and despite potential variations between the two standards, courts have emphasized the stringent requirements of both. For example, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit has observed that "deliberately indifferent behavior does not per se shock the conscience." J.R., 593 F.3d at 80. Rather, under the Lewis test, "[t]he burden to show that [deliberately indifferent behavior] 'shocks the conscience' is extremely high, requiring 'stunning' evidence of 'arbitrariness and caprice' that extends beyond '[m]ere violations of state law, even violations resulting from bad faith' to 'something more egregious and more extreme.'" Id., quoting DePoutot v. Raffaelly, 424 F.3d 112, 119 (1st Cir. 2005).9 Under Youngberg, a mere departure from accepted The decision in J.R. illustrates how courts have stringently applied the "deliberate indifference" standard. In J.R., 593 F.3d at 76, 79, the mother of twin boys in foster care brought a substantive due process claim against a social worker and her supervisor, alleging deliberate indifference to the risk 9 16 professional judgment is insufficient; instead, "the official must have abdicated her professional duty sufficient to shock the conscience." Schwartz, 702 F.3d at 585-586. Conduct reaches this threshold "when the degree of outrageousness and . . . magnitude of potential or actual harm . . . is truly conscience shocking" (quotation and citation omitted). Id. at 586. Importantly, whether applying the "deliberate indifference" or the "professional judgment" standard, a plaintiff must establish that the constitutional violation caused the plaintiff's injury. See Yvonne L., 959 F.2d at 890 (holding under "professional judgment" standard that "an affirmative link" must exist between defendants' failure to exercise professional judgment and plaintiff's injuries); Doe, 649 F.2d of sexual abuse. She contended that the defendants failed to report two men living in the foster home, conduct background checks, or maintain regular contact with the children. The First Circuit affirmed the lower court's grant of judgment as a matter of law, holding that the plaintiffs failed to establish a substantive due process violation because the evidence did not demonstrate deliberate indifference rising to the level of conscience-shocking conduct. Id. at 80. The court reasoned that no rational fact finder could conclude the defendants were aware of an actual risk to the twins, particularly given that prior abuse allegations had been investigated and deemed not credible. Id. at 80-81. Moreover, while some omissions, such as the failure to conduct background checks, may have violated State law, the court emphasized that such failures did not constitute "inherently egregious conduct." Id. at 81. 17 at 145 (holding under "deliberate indifference" standard that defendants' "failure to perform the duty or act to ameliorate the risk or injury [must be] a proximate cause of plaintiff's deprivation of rights under the Constitution"). See Springer v. Seaman, 821 F.2d 871, 877-880 (1st Cir. 1987) (applying traditional tort rules concerning proximate causation to § 1983 claims). See also Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 344 n.7 (1986) (§ 1983 "should be read against the background of tort liability that makes a man responsible for the natural consequences of his actions" [citation omitted]). 3. Right to reasonably safe placement. The United States Supreme Court has recognized that when a State "takes a person into its custody and holds him there against his will, the Constitution imposes upon it a corresponding duty to assume some responsibility for his safety and general well-being." DeShaney v. Winnebago County Dep't of Social Servs., 489 U.S. 189, 199– 200 (1989), citing Youngberg, 457 U.S. at 317. Courts interpreting DeShaney have held that "when the state places a child in state-regulated foster care, the state has entered into a special relationship with that child which imposes upon it certain affirmative duties," and that failing to perform such duties "under sufficiently culpable circumstances" may give rise to liability under § 1983. Nicini v. Morra, 212 F.3d 798, 807, 808 (3d Cir. 2000) ("foster children have a substantive due 18 process right to be free from harm at the hands of stateregulated foster parents"). Indeed, the Court in DeShaney expressly noted that if a State "remove[s] [a child] from free society and place[s] him in a foster home operated by its agents, we might have a situation sufficient[] . . . to give rise to an affirmative duty to protect." DeShaney, supra at 201 n.9. We recognize that such circumstances are sufficient to establish a special relationship and hold, as other jurisdictions have, that "[o]nce the state assumes wardship of a child, the state owes the child, as part of that person's protected liberty interest, reasonable safety and minimally adequate care and treatment appropriate to the age and circumstances of the child" (citation omitted). Tamas v. Department of Social & Health Servs., 630 F.3d 833, 846-847 (9th Cir. 2010) (collecting cases of other jurisdictions discussing this principle). Under G. L. c. 119, § 23, the department assumes responsibility, including financial responsibility, for providing foster care. This duty persists even after placement, as foster parents derive their rights and status from the department. Adoption of a Minor, 386 Mass. 741, 747 (1982). minor in the foster care system cannot leave voluntarily until he or she reaches adulthood or until the department deems the child's commitment or court order fulfilled. G. L. c. 119, A 19 § 26. Further, the department retains authority over key aspects of a foster child's life, including the child's "place of abode, medical care and education." G. L. c. 119, § 21. The court may also order that certain conditions or limitations concerning the "care and custody of the child" be fulfilled. G. L. c. 119, § 26 (b). Given the nature of the State's custody of children, we conclude that a "special relationship" exists between foster children and the State, imposing upon the State an affirmative duty to ensure a reasonably safe foster home environment. 4. Application. Having recognized a right to a reasonably safe foster home, we now assess whether the plaintiffs have demonstrated a substantive due process violation of that right. The department employees argue that the "deliberate indifference" standard set forth in Lewis, 523 U.S. at 851-852, governs in the foster care context.10 The plaintiffs, however, reject this approach, contending the Youngberg "professional judgment" standard should apply. We need not resolve any Additionally, the department employees argue that because Alessa was not physically harmed in the August 2015 incident, she did not suffer a cognizable deprivation of life, liberty, or property by a State actor. However, a foster child's substantive due process rights may be violated when the State's failure to ensure safety in its custody causes significant harm to the child's mental well-being. See K.H. v. Morgan, 914 F.2d 846, 848 (7th Cir. 1990) ("The extension to the case in which the [foster child's] mental health is seriously impaired by deliberate and unjustified state action is straightforward"). 10 20 tension between these standards or determine which is more appropriate here; under either framework, the department employees' conduct did not proximately cause the children's harms. Turning to the conduct of the defendants, we recognize that § 1983 claims require an individualized assessment of each defendant's conduct. Hubbard v. Oklahoma ex rel. Okla. Dep't of Human Servs., 759 Fed. Appx. 693, 706 (10th Cir. 2018) (noting that § 1983 claims "must stand or fall based on the conduct of each defendant individually"). Having individually assessed each defendant, we nonetheless group Creen and Peterson together in our analysis given the substantial overlap in their omissions. Specifically, both Creen and Peterson, individually, failed to (1) conduct more frequent home visits after the March 2015 51A report, (2) further investigate Mallett's presence in the Malpass home given his criminal record, and (3) recommend the children's removal in light of the Mallett allegations and the risk posed due to his criminal history. Additionally, Creen neither disclosed the screened-out 2012 51A report in her waiver request nor verified Malpass's medications and utilities during the licensing process. We first evaluate Creen and Peterson's omissions under the "deliberate indifference" test, i.e. whether they "exhibited deliberate indifference to a known injury, a known risk, or a 21 specific duty." Doe, 649 F.2d at 145. The principal risk at issue was Mallett's presence in the home given his criminal history. Even assuming both Creen and Peterson recognized or should have recognized the risk Mallett posed to the children, their "failure to . . . act to ameliorate the risk" was not the proximate cause of the children's harm. Id. See Leavitt v. Brockton Hosp., Inc., 454 Mass. 37, 45 (2009) ("Liability for conduct obtains only [both] where the conduct is . . . a cause in fact of the injury and where the resulting injury is within the scope of the foreseeable risk . . ."); Vázquez-Filippetti v. Banco Popular de Puerto Rico, 504 F.3d 43, 49 n.6 (1st Cir. 2007) ("A defendant's actions may only be the proximate cause of a plaintiff's injuries if they in fact caused the injuries and the defendant could have reasonably foreseen that the injuries [or related harms] would result from his actions"). Put differently, Creen and Peterson could not have reasonably foreseen that their omissions would lead to the children's injuries. The risk posed by the crib's placement near the thermostat fell outside the scope of the risk associated with Mallett's presence.11 Thus, the claims against Creen and Peterson fail. Compare Aguirre v. Adams, 15 Kan. App. 2d 470, 473-475 (1991) (holding landlord's failure to supply hot water to bathroom was not proximate cause of child's burns, where mother brought hot water from kitchen sink to bathtub and child fell 11 22 The "professional judgment" standard articulated in Youngberg similarly provides no basis for relief. Under that standard, the defendants' decisions must constitute "such a substantial departure from accepted professional judgment, practice, or standards as to demonstrate that the person responsible actually did not base the decision on such a judgment." Youngberg, 457 U.S. at 323. Here, the record includes an expert affidavit asserting that Creen and Peterson failed to comply with "established policies, standards, regulations and best case practices."12 Even if these alleged into tub after being left unsupervised in bathroom), with McKeon v. Goldstein, 53 Del. 24, 25-26, 28–29 (1960) (leaving for trier of fact whether landlord proximately caused infant's burn after mother had placed infant in bed located near heating system steam pipe, given that landlord knew about dangerous condition, which landlord promised to remove, and was aware of child's presence). The summary judgment record includes an expert affidavit from Paula Wisnewski, a licensed independent clinical social worker, who asserts that department employees acted recklessly and were "deliberately indifferent to following their own policies" in approving Malpass and her home for foster children. Citing multiple policy and regulatory violations, Wisnewski contends that Creen's failure to address "[p]ast 51A/B activity" in the family resource assessment violated 110 Code Mass. Regs. § 7.103(3)(i) (2009). She further avers that department employees, in reckless disregard, failed to adhere to department regulations, policies, and best practices in handling Mallett, who "showed a significant potential danger to the home . . . that should have not been ignored." For example, citing 110 Code Mass. Regs. § 18.08(2)(d) (2008), Wisnewski opines that, following the March 2015 51B report, department employees were required to rerun Mallett's CORI and conduct a background record check on him. 12 23 failures amounted to an abdication of their professional duties, there is no "affirmative link" between those failures and the children's injuries. Yvonne L., 959 F.2d at 890. None of the policies, standards, regulations, or best practices cited by the expert and the plaintiffs pertains to the danger posed by the thermostat. While greater adherence to professional practices, such as more frequent home visits, might have led to (i) the discovery of Mallett's presence, (ii) the revocation of Malpass's license, and (iii) the incidental prevention of the children's harm, the harm suffered by the children fell outside the scope of the reasonably foreseeable risk. See Vázquez- Filippetti, 504 F.3d at 49 n.6 (defendant's actions constitute proximate cause when harm is reasonably foreseeable). In sum, whether Creen and Peterson were deliberately indifferent to the risk posed by Mallett, or whether their failures to conduct more frequent home visits, investigate Mallett's presence, or recommend the children's removal constituted a departure from professional standards or practice, the risk here was not reasonably foreseeable. That is likewise true even if Creen departed from professional standards by failing to disclose the screened-out 2012 51A report in her waiver request or by failing to verify Malpass's medications and utilities. Accordingly, the defendants' conduct does not satisfy the proximate causation requirements for liability. 24 We next consider the conduct of the supervisory defendants, Johnson-Cruz and Varian. A supervisor may be held liable under § 1983 for a subordinate's conduct only if that conduct resulted in a constitutional violation and the supervisor's actions or omissions were affirmatively linked to it, whether through "encouragement, condonation or acquiescence or gross negligence amounting to deliberate indifference" (citation omitted). Saldivar v. Racine, 818 F.3d 14, 18 (1st Cir. 2016). Here, because we have already determined that Creen and Peterson's actions did not constitute a constitutional violation, Johnson-Cruz and Varian cannot be held liable as their supervisors, even assuming an affirmative link could be established. Moreover, to the extent the plaintiffs allege that Johnson-Cruz and Varian personally violated the children's constitutional rights independently of their subordinates' conduct, the record lacks sufficient evidence to support such claims. For instance, beyond Varian's attendance at the March 2015 meeting, the record offers little else, even when viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs. See Hubbard, 759 Fed. Appx. at 713 (holding that mere attendance at meeting regarding foster children, without allegations of responsibility for broader harmful policy, was insufficient to state substantive due process claim under § 1983). 25 Conclusion. The department employees' conduct does not rise to the level of a substantive due process violation. Accordingly, they are entitled to qualified immunity. We therefore reverse the Superior Court's order denying summary judgment in their favor.13 So ordered. Accordingly, the plaintiffs' request for costs and attorney's fees under 42 U.S.C. § 1988 is denied. See LaChance v. Commissioner of Correction, 475 Mass. 757, 763 (2016) (holding that party must prevail to be eligible for fee award under § 1988). 13
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