Garfink v. Cloisters

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No. 79, September Term, 2005 Headnote: The Maryland Real Property Article provides that each unit of a condominium has all of the incidents of real property, therefore, traditional easement law applies to condominiums. Md. Code (1996 Repl. Vol., 2003 Repl. Vol.), § 11-106(a) of the Real Property Article. When interpreting easements we look to the intention of the parties at the time of the grant and then to what is reasonable and necessary for the proper enjoyment of the easement. Circuit Co urt for Baltim ore Cou nty Case # 03-C-03-007185 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF MARYLAND No. 79 September Term, 2005 Danetta Garfink v. The Cloisters at Charles, Inc. Bell, C. J. Wilner Cathell Harrell Battaglia Greene Eldridge, John C. (Retired, Specially Assigned), JJ. Opinion by Cathell, J. Wilner, Harrell, and Battaglia, JJ., Dissent Filed: April 13, 2006 This case arises from a dispute concerning the installation of a dryer exhaust vent by Danetta Garfink ( Petitioner ) on the exterior of her condominium unit. Petitioner s condominium unit is located in Baltimore County at the condominium regime known as The Cloister s at Charles Condominium ( Condominium ). The Cloisters at Charles, Inc. ( Respondent or Council ) is a duly organized corporation, serving as the Condominium s council of owners. Petitioner asserts that the Condominium s Declaration gives her the right via an express grant of easement to install the exterior vent. In opposition to that argument, respondent contends that such installation of an exterior vent is a violation of the Condominium s Bylaws prohibition against alteration of the exterior facade of the condominium units. On July 1, 2003, respondent filed a Complaint for Permanent Injunction in the Circuit Court for Baltimore County against petitioner, seeking a court order for removal of the exterior dryer exhaust vent in question. On June 28, 2004, petitioner filed a Motion for Summary Judgment, which was denied. The Circuit Court found in favor of respondent and on August 18, 2004, issued a Memorandum Decision and Order entering a declaratory judgment and a mandatory injunction compelling petitioner to remove the aforementioned exhaust vent. On September 8, 2004, petitioner filed a Notice of Appeal to the Court of Special Appeals. In response, on September 9, 2004, the Circuit Court stayed the injunction pending resolution of the appeal. The Court of Special Appeals, in an unreported opinion, affirmed the judgment of the Circuit Court. Petitioner filed a petition for writ of certiorari, which we granted. Garfink v. The Cloisters at Charles, Inc., 389 Md. 398, 885 A.2d 823 (2005). We are presented three questions: 1. Did the Court of Special Appeals err when it ruled that traditional easement law does not app ly to easements granted in condominium documents? 2. Did the Court of Spe cial Appeals err when it affirmed the Trial Court s judgment that the easement contained in the condom inium s dec laration did not allow Petitio ner, withou t the prior approval of Re spondent, to repair a defect in her dryer vent system by relocating the vent to the exterior of her house? 3. Did the Court o f Special A ppeals err w hen it affirmed the Trial C ourt s judgment that the by-laws of the condominium required Petitioner to obtain the prior approval of Re spondent before she could repair a defect in her dryer vent system by relocating the vent to the exterior of her house? We find that traditional easement law applies to easements granted in condominium docume nts and, therefore, the Cou rt of Special Appeals erred in its holding that the easement did not apply. In addition, under the particular factual circumstances extant in this case and due to our resolution in regards to the easement, we find that petitioner was within the bounds of the exp ress grant of the easem ent to install the exterior dryer exhaust vent without the prior approval of respondent and, under the limited circumstances here present, was not subject to the prior approval provision contained within the Condominium s Bylaws and, in any event, because it came under an exception contained in the Bylaws, petitioner s actions did not violate the Bylaws provisions. I. Facts We quote from the unreported opinion of the Court of Special Appeals: -2- [Petitioner] is the owner of a condominium unit at the regime known as The Cloisters at Charles Condominiums, in Baltimore County. [Respondent] is the duly organized corporation which serves as the council of condominium unit owners. As such, [respondent] is obligated to provide maintenance and to enforce the declaration, rules, and regulations of the regime. In 1991, [petitioner] purchased her condominium unit [one of the model units] at The Cloisters during the development and construction phase of the project. The original construction included installed household appliances in each unit, a clothes dryer among them. As originally installed, the clothes dryer was connected and vented into the furnace room, rather than to the outside of the building, contrary to the terms of the construction contract, and in violation of prevailing building codes and regulations. [1] The venting system ran from the clothes dryer through the kitchen floor and into the basement furnace room. During the normal operation of the clothes dryer, the vent system would carry and discharge the dryer s exhaust, heat, lint, and moisture into the furnace room. The furnace room contained two furnaces and a hot water heater, each of which were fired by gas burners. This potentially hazardous mixture of elements was extant for approximately nine years. In 2000, the clothes dryer fell ill and [petitioner], in response, purchased a replacement from Sears, Roebuck & Co. After viewing the existing vent system, however, Sears refused to install the replacement because a fire hazzard [sic] was identified. With the discovery that the vent system posed a fire hazard, and upon refusal of Sears to install the new dryer to that system, [petitioner] took it upon herself to [have] the venting system [re-routed]. The new system was routed from the dryer through the wall of the laundry room into the adjoining garage, then through the garage and through the exterior wall. A standard vent appliance, which discharged the dryer exhaust and lint to the outside, was installed into the exterior of the garage wall. [Petitioner] concedes that she neither sought nor obtained permission of the [respondent] to install the 1 As stated by the Court of Special Appeals in their footnote 2: The parties do not dispute that the original installation was contrary to the local building code, or that the re-venting must be to the exterior to comply with the existing code. Therefore, we need not discuss the code requirements in detail. -3- exterior vent. In short time, the new venting system created novel problems for [petitioner] and her immediate neighbor, Dr. Oscar Kantt. The new vent was within 17 feet of the front door of Dr. Kantt s residence. Objecting on various grounds to the placement of the vent, Dr. Kantt complained to the [respondent] about the discharge. [Petitioner], Dr. Kantt, and the [respondent] were unable to resolve the matter amicably; consequently, this litigation ensued. By virtue of her purchase of the condominium unit, [petitioner] agreed, as did all other purchasers, to the terms of the Condominium Declaration and By-Laws. [2] [Footnote omitted.] On July 1, 2003, respondent filed a complaint in the Circuit Court for Baltimore 2 Article 9 of the Condominium s Declaration states: Each owner shall comply with the provisions of this Declaration, the By-Laws and the decisions and resolutions of the Council or its representative, as lawfully amended from time to time and uniformly enforced, and failure to comply with any such provision, decision or resolution, shall be grounds for an action by the Council for damages, foreclosure and/or injunctive relief or any combination thereof, or any other action or relief available at law or in equity. In addition, Article 12 of the Condominium s Declaration states: All present and future owners, tenants and occupants of units shall be subject to and shall comply with, the provisions of this Declaration, the ByLaws and the Rules and Regulations, as they be amended from time to time. The acceptance of a deed of Conveyance or the entering into of a lease . . . or the entering into occupancy of any unit shall constitute an agreement between such owner, tenant or occupant and the Council that the provisions of this Declaration, the By-Laws, and the Rules and Regulations as they may be amended from time to time, are accepted and ratified by such owner, tenant or occupant and all of such provisions shall be deemed and taken to be covenants running [with] the land and shall bind any person having at any time any interest or estate in such unit, as though such provisions were recited and stipulated at length in each and every deed or conveyance or lease thereof. -4- County requesting a permanent injunction in which petitioner would be required to immediately remove the exterior dryer exhaust vent and then make an application to respondent for permission to install an exterior dryer exhaust vent. The absence of an exhaust vent for the dryer resulted from an inherently defective installation of the appliance. The builder apparently simply forgot to install the vent. The parties conceded that the Baltimore County Building Code3 requires the venting of clothes dryer exhaust outside of a building and that, if application were made, respondent would have to authorize the installation of an exterior dryer exhaust vent in some shape or form. The trial court first stayed the proceedings in order to afford an opportunity to the parties to negotiate a resolution. The parties apparently could not agree on the placement of the vent. Some of the suggestions of the respondent would have further violated the building code. On July 28, 2004, after negotiations had failed in reaching an independent resolution, the Circuit Court conducted a one-day trial. As stated, the Circuit Court found in favor of respondent and issued a Memorandum Decision and Order on August 18, 2004. 3 The Baltimore County Building Code has adopted the standards of the International Building Code, 2000, of which section 1202.4.2 Contaminants exhausted states: Contaminant sources in naturally ventilated spaces shall be removed in accordance with the International Mechanical Code and the International Fire Code. The International Mechanical Code, 2000, section 504 Clothes Dryer Exhaust states in pertinent part: 504.1 Installation. Clothes dryers shall be exhausted in accordance with the manufacturer s instructions. Dryer exhaust systems shall be independent of all other systems and shall convey the moisture and any products of combustion to the outside of the building. -5- The order stated: ORDERED that the [respondent s] Motion for Injunctive Relief is GRANTED, to take effect sixty (60) days from the date of this Order and furthermore, until the effective date of said Injunction, [petitioner] may, in compliance with the rules and Bylaws of the condominium, seek approval from [respondent] in order to find a reasonable resolution to the location of the dryer vent. The Circuit Court based its decision upon an analysis of the Condominium s Declaration and Bylaws and, in the accompanying memorandum decision, discussed its reasoning, stating in pertinent part: Viewed as a whole, including the pertinent sections of the Declaration and the Bylaws, they are not in conflict but rather compliment each other. Neither the Declaration nor the Bylaws authorize a unit owner to make any changes to the exterior of the unit such as those made by the [petitioner]. The Court does not interpret the easement contained in section 15.2 of the Declaration to grant a unit owner the right to independently alter the exterior of her unit, especially when the easement is considered along with the prohibition on unapproved exterior alterations expressly identified in the Bylaws. After reviewing the relevant portions of the condominium documents, the Court finds that it was the intention of the Unit Owners to permit individual unit owners to maintain the services to their units in a manner that does not alter the exterior appearance of their unit. In the event that some alterations are necessary, the unit owners must adhere to the proper procedures as outlined in the Bylaws. [Footnote omitted.] ... [Petitioner] neither notified nor obtained consent from the [respondent] concerning her plans to install a dryer vent on the outside wall of her condominium unit. Upon learning of the unauthorized installation, the [respondent] notified [petitioner] that it did not approve of the vent because of its location and proximity to the front entrance of a neighboring unit. The [respondent] made numerous written demands on the [petitioner] to remove the vent and restore the common elements of the condominium to their original condition. The [petitioner] acted in direct contravention of these demands as well as of the express terms of the Bylaws. -6- The [petitioner] suggested that county codes and/or regulations require certain types of dryers to be vented outside. She argues that in order to comply with those regulations she was permitted to install the vent outside. Even if outside ventilation was required, there were other alternatives to the location chosen by the [petitioner]. Even the [petitioner s] experts agreed that the current location of the vent is not the only place where the dryer could be vented. Had the [petitioner] properly sought permission to install the vent and been unreasonably denied, that would have been another issue entirely. However, the [petitioner] never provided the [respondent] with an opportunity to suggest a reasonable solution or alternative to the placement of the vent prior to its installation. Instead, she chose to ignore the procedures governing pre-approval of structural modification and took the risk that the [respondent] might [] object to her unilateral decision. On September 8, 2004, petitioner timely noted an appeal to the Court of Special Appeals and on September 9, 2004, the Circuit Court stayed the injunction pending resolution of that appeal. The Court of Special Appeals heard arguments and, on July 22, 2005, filed an unreported opinion affirming the Circuit Court decision. II. Standard of Review The case sub judice was tried in the Circuit Court for Baltimore County. Pursuant to Maryland Rule 8-131(c), we review the case on both the law and the evidence. We give due regard to the trial court s judgment of the witnesses credibility and will not set aside the judgment of the Circuit Court based upon the evidence unless we find it to be clearly erroneous. Md. Rule 8-131(c). As we recently stated in Gray v. State, 388 Md. 366, 879 A.2d 1064 (2005): The clearly erroneous standard does not apply to legal conclusions . Nesbit v. GEIC O, 382 Md. 65, 72, 854 A.2d 879, 883 (200 4). W hen the tr ial co urt's order involves an interpretation and application of Maryland statutory and case law, our Court must determine whether the lower court's conclusions are -7- legally correct under a de novo standard of review. Nesbit, 382 Md. at 72, 854 A.2d at 883 (quoting Walter v. Gunter, 367 Md. 386, 392, 788 A.2d 609, 612 (2002)). Gray, 388 Md at 374-75, 854 A.2d at 1068. In addition, discussing Maryland Rule 886, predecessor to Rule 8-131(c), the Court found that it is equally obvious that the clearly erroneous portion of [the] Rule [] does not apply to a trial court s determinations of legal questions or conclusions of law based upon findings of fact. Davis v. Davis, 280 Md. 119, 124, 372 A.2d 231, 233 (1977) (citing Clemson v. Butler Aviation, 266 Md. 666, 671, 296 A.2d 419, 422 (1972)). The issue of whether traditional easement law applies to condominiums is a question of law, and thus, we review it de novo. III. Discussion In addressing the questions before the Court it is first necessary to review some of the law relative to the condominium form of ownership. The Court in Ridgely Condominium Association, Inc. v. Smyrnioudis, 343 Md. 357, 681 A.2d 494 (1996), succinctly described the structure of condominiums: A condom inium is a communal form of estate in property consisting of individually owned units which are suppo rted by collective ly held facilities and areas. Andrew s v. City of G reenbelt, 293 Md. 69, 71, 441 A.2d 1064 (1982 ). The term condominium may be defined generally as a system for providing separate ownersh ip of individual units in multip le-unit developments. In addition to the interest acquired in a particular apartmen t, each unit o wner also is a tenant in common in the underlying fee and in the spaces a nd building parts used in common by all the unit owners. 4B Richard R . Powe ll, Powell o n Real P roperty ¶ 632.1 [4] (19 96). A condominium owner, therefore, holds a hybrid property interest consisting of -8- an exclusive ownership of a particular unit or apartment and a tenancy in common with the other co-owners in the common elements. [4] Andrews, supra, 4 The Maryland Condominium Act defines common elements as all of the condominium except for the units. Limited common elements are those which are reserved for the exclusive use of one or more but less than all of the unit owners. General common elements are those which are not limited. Maryland Code (1996 Repl. Vol.) § 11101 of the Real Property Article. Ridgely, 343 Md. at 359 n.1, 681 A.2d at 495 n.1. The 1996 definition of common elements, limited common elements, and general common elements was unchanged throughout the course of the underlying action. See Md. Code. (1974, 2003 Repl. Vol.), § 11-101(c) of the Real Property Article. The Maryland Condominium Act specifies that a Unit means a three-dimensional space identified as such in the declaration and on the condominium plat and shall include all improvements contained within the space except those excluded in the declaration, the boundaries of which are established in accordance with § 11-103(a)(3) of this title. § 11101(p). Section 11-103(a) provides the particulars that a declaration must express. Subsection (a)(3) states in pertinent part: (3) A general description of each unit, including its perimeters, location, and any other data sufficient to identify it with reasonable certainty. As to condominiums created on or after July 1, 1981, except as provided by the declaration or the plat: ... (ii) If any chute, flue, duct, wire, conduit, or any other fixture lies partially within and partially outside the designated boundaries of a unit, any portion thereof serving only that unit is a part of that unit, and any portion thereof serving more than one unit or any portion of the common elements is a part of the common elements. § 11-103(a)(3)(ii). The Declaration in the case sub judice provides a description of The Cloisters units in Article 4.1 through 4.4. Article 4.3, pertinent to the case at hand, states: Except as otherwise herein provided, each unit shall include the space bounded by and contained within the unit from the division line between that unit and any adjoining unit, as shown on the Condominium Plats, the division line between that unit and any interior common element, as shown on the Condominium plats, and the upper surface of the unfinished structural floor of a unit and the underside of the roof structure above the unit, if such is the (continued...) -9- 293 Md. at 73 -74, 441 A .2d 1064 ; see also Starfish Condo. v. Yorkridge Serv., 295 Md. 693, 703, 458 A.2d 80 5 (1983); Black's Law Dictionary 295 (6th ed. 1990). In exchange for the benefits of owning property in common, condominium owners agree to be bound by rules[5] governing the administration, maintenance, and us e of the proper ty. Andrews, supra, 293 Md. a t 73, 441 A.2d 1 064. Ridgely, 343 Md. at 358-59, 681 A.2d at 495. The Maryland Condominium Act is codified in Maryland Code (1974, 2003 Repl. 4 (...continued) case, or the upper unit division line therefore, if any, as shown on the Condominium plats. . . . Each unit shall include all of the heating, ventilating and air conditioning machinery, equipment, plumbing and electrical service lines and structural supports, located within or without, but serving exclusively said unit, and all of its controls and control wiring, and all supply, return and rain pipes to the point of their connection with their respective common risers. . . . Unless specifically excluded by the terms of this Article, each unit shall include all improvements, fixtures and installations of every kind and nature whatsoever located within the boundaries of said unit as set forth herein, as well as the improvements, fixtures and installations specifically included by the terms hereof, whether or not said improvements, fixtures and installations are located within said boundaries . . . . [Emphasis added.] The record before the Court does not contain a copy of the Condominium s plat. Accordingly, we have no way of determining with any degree of exactness where the boundary line of this specific unit is in respect to the wall at issue. It appears that the subject wall does not actually abut any structural aspect of the adjoining (and complaining) unit. Other than supporting petitioner s space above the garage, it does not appear that the wall, at the location of the vent, bears any load of other units. Thus, it is possible that the entirety of the wall may be part of petitioner s unit although without the Condominium s plat we cannot ascertain the situation. Under the specific circumstances here presented, we address the issues as if the wall is a common element. 5 The term rule is used . . . in its generic sense to encompass any regulation in any form enacted by a condominium board of directors or council of unit owners, or contained in the condominium's original documents. Ridgely, 343 Md. at 359 n.2, 681 A.2d at 495 n.2. -10- Vol.), §§ 11-101 et seq. of the Real Property Article.6 In order to establish a condominium regime, a declaration , bylaws, and c ondom inium plat tha t are in compliance with Maryland Condominium Act requirements, must be recorded among the land record s of the cou nty in which the condominium is to be established. § 11-102 (a). It is evident that condominiums are treated like real property, as [e]ach unit in a condominium has all of the incidents of real property. § 11-106(a). Condominiums shall be governed by a council of unit owners comprised of all unit owners in the condominium. § 11-109(a). In regards to improvements, alterations or additions by the unit owner: Subject to the provisions of the declaration or bylaws and other provisions of law, a unit owner: (1) May make any improvements or alterations to his unit that do not impair the structural integrity or mechanical systems or lessen the support of any portion of the condominium; (2) May not alter, make additions to, or change the appearance of the common elements, or the exterior appearance of a unit or any other portion of the condominium, without permission of the council of unit owners . . . . § 11-115 (emphasis added). Section 11-124 provides guidance towards the harmonization of the various condominium instruments. Subsection (c) states that: The declaration, bylaws, and condominium plat shall be construed together and shall be deemed to incorporate one another to the extent that any requirement of this title as to the content of 6 Hereinafter, except where otherwise indicated, all statutory references are to Md. Code (1974, 2003 Repl. Vol.), §§ 11-101 et seq. of the Real Property Article, also known as the Maryland Condominium Act. For a discussion of the legislative history involving the enactment of the Maryland Condominium Act see Ridgely, 343 Md. at 360, 681 A.2d at 495-96. -11- one shall be deemed satisfied if the deficiency can be cured by reference to any of the others. § 11-124(c). Subsection (e) provides the hierarchy of the condominium instruments should conflict arise, stating: If there is any conflict among the provisions of this title, the declaration, condominium plat, bylaws, or rules adopted pursuant to § 11-111 of this title, the provisions of each shall control in the succession listed hereinbefore commencing with title . § 11-124(e). It is against this backdrop of the Maryland Condominium Act that the questions presented in the case sub judice must be addressed. A. Traditional Easement Law Applies to Condominiums The Condominium s Declaration states in Article 15.2: In addition to any easement established by law, each unit shall have, appurtenant thereto, an easement in the common elements for the purposes of providing maintenance, support, repair or service for such unit to and for the ducts, pipes, conduits, vents, plumbing, wiring and other utility services to the unit. [Emphasis added.] The Court of Special Appeals, in its unreported opinion, discussed this language, finding that: Conversely, however, each such condominium unit must also shoulder the burden associated with that interest, thereby becoming both the servient and the dominant estate. This scenario is distinguishable from the traditional concept of easement, whereby one party obtains an easement for his or her benefit and another party must shoulder the obligations associated with that benefit.[7] 7 This definition does not acknowledge the long standing law of implied negative (continued...) -12- We believe [petitioner s] interpretation to be strained, and that the mutual obligations and benefits of condominium ownership do not call for the application of traditional easement law. Petitioner contends that the Court of Special Appeals erred in its decision finding that traditional easement law does not apply to condominiums. We agree. The Court of Special Appeals reasoning in regards to the treatment of the easement is flawed. The traditional law of easements applies to condominiums. See § 11-106(a) ( Each unit in a condominium has all of the incidents of real property. (Emphasis added.)); Ridgely, 343 Md. at 370, 681 A.2d at 501. Furthermore, the Condominium s Declaration specifically provides in Article 6.1 that [e]ach unit in the Condominium has all the incidents of real property and the owner of a unit shall have such estate therein as may be acquired in real property . . . . [Emphasis added]. An easement is the nonp ossessory interest in the real property of another and arises through express grant or implication. Stansb ury v. M DR, 390 Md. 476, 486, 889 A.2d 403, 409 (2006) (citing Boucher v. Boyer, 301 Md. 679, 688, 484 A.2d 63 0, 635 (19 84)); Calvert Joint Venture # 140 v. Snider, 373 Md. 18 , 39, 816 A .2d 854, 86 6 (2003). A s we stated in Miller v. Kirkpatrick, 377 Md. 335 , 833 A.2d 536 (2003): In general, the terms easement and right-of-way are regarded as synonymous. Chevy Chase Land Co. v. United States, 355 Md. 110, 126, 733 A.2d 1055, 10 63 (1999). An express ea sement b y reservation arises when a property owner 7 (...continued) reciprocal covenants (easements). -13- conveys part of his property to another, but includes language in the conveyance reserving the right to use some part of the transferred land as a right-of-wa y. Knotts v. Summit Park Co., 146 Md. 234, 239, 126 A. 280, 281 8 2 (1924). In every instance of a private easement that is, an easement not enjoyed by the public there exists the characteristic feature of two distinct tenements one dominant and the other servient. Bd. of County Comm rs of Garrett County v. Bell Atlantic-Md., Inc., 346 Md. 160, 175, 695 A.2d 171, 179 (1997). Where a right of way is established by reservation, the land remains the property of the own er of the serv ient estate, and he is entitled to use it for any purpose that does not interfer e with th e easem ent. Greenwalt v. McCa rdell, 178 Md. 132, 136, 12 A.2d 522, 524 (1940) (citation omitted). The generally accepted rule for an expres s easemen t is that [because] an easement is a restriction up on the rights of the servient property owner, no alteration can be made by the owner of the dominant estate which would increase such restriction except by m utual conse nt of both parties. Reid v. Washington Gas Light Co., 232 Md. 545, 548-49, 194 A.2d 636, 638 (1963) (citation omitted). Miller, 377 Md. at 349, 833 A.2d at 544. There are, however, in contrast to the Court of Special Appeals opinion, instances in which a dominant and serv ient e state may both benefit and shoulder the burden of a particular covenant or easement. This can occur in the situation of an implied negative reciprocal easement. As we discussed in McKenrick v. Savings Bank, 174 Md. 11 8, 197 A. 580 (1 938): That one owning a tract of land, in g ranting a pa rt thereof, m ay validly impose upon the part granted restrictions up on the use thereof fo r the benef it of the part retaine d, and upo n the part reta ined for the benefit of the part granted, or upon both for the benefit of both; that, whe re the covenants in the conveyance are not expressly for or on behalf of the grantor, his heirs and assigns, they are personal an d will not run with the land, but that, if in such a case it appears that it was the intention of the grantors that the restrictions were part of a uniform general scheme or plan of de velopme nt and use which sh ould affect the land gra nted and th e land retaine d alike, they ma y be enforce d in equity; that covenants creating restrictions are to be construed strictly in favor of the freedom of th e land, and against the pers on in whose favo r they are made; and that the burden is upon one seeking to enforce such restrictions, where they are not specifica lly expressed in a deed, to show by clear and -14- satisfactory proof that the common grantor intended that they should affect the land reta ined as a part of a unifo rm gen eral sch eme o f deve lopme nt. Id. at 128, 197 A. at 584-8 5; but see Schovee v. Mikolasko, 356 Md. 93, 107, 737 A.2d 578, 586 (1999) ( In McKenrick and in all of th e cases before and since, the assertion of an implied reciprocal restriction arising from a general plan of development was premised not on a recorded Declaration defining the land subject to the restrictions or from a recorded plat noting the imp osition o f restrictio ns on th e lots sho wn in th e plat, but either from the inclusion by a comm on granto r of unifor m restrictions in individual d eeds to specific lots or from oral comm itments ma de to purch asers of lots s ubject to restrictions that subsequent conveyances of retained land would be subject to the same restrictions. ). In any case, while not explicitly stated in Maryland case law, we find that reciprocity of benefit and burden can exist between dominant and servient estates. In the case sub judice the langua ge in Article 15.2 of the Con dominium s Declaration creates an expres s easemen t. An easement is granted to the dom inant estate, ap purtenant to the individual condominium units (in this case petitioner s unit), in the com mon e lemen ts, i.e., the exterior of the unit, by the servient estate, the Condominium, for the purpose of providing maintenance, support, repair or service for such unit and to and for the ducts, pipes, condu its, vents, plumbing, wiring and other utility services to the unit. [E mphasis added]. This easement was properly established when the Declaration was filed along with the Bylaw s and C ondom inium p lat, estab lishing th e Con domin ium. The Court of Special Appeals contends that there is an inherent conflict created by -15- such a grant of an easement in the context of a condominium. The court argues that because the individual condominium unit owner is also a member of the Condominium unit owners as a whole, sh e has an inte rest in both th e servient and dominant estate[s]. In other words, petitioner is granted an easement over or through the common elements as the dominant estate represented by her condominium unit, but as a member of the Condominium she also has an interest in the servient estate by virtue of her interest in the common elements. 8 The Court of Special Appeals finds this scenario to be distinguishable from the traditional concept of easement, whereby one party obtains an easement for his or her benefit and another party must shoulder the obligations associated with that benefit. We find no conflict in this situation. While petitioner can be said to have a tenancy in common in the general common elements with all of the other Condominium unit owners, petitioner owns her individual condo minium unit in fe e simple . Jurgense n v. New Phoenix Atl. Cond o. Counc il of Unit Owners, 380 M d. 106, 115 , 843 A.2d 865, 870 (2004). Th ese are two wholly different types of estates. T here is no conflict extant between the two types o f owne rship in regards to th e existence of the exp ress easem ent. As such, we reiterate th at traditional ea sement law applies to ea sements g ranted in 8 Pursuant to the Maryland Condominium Act, § 11-107(a), petitioner owns an undivided percentage interest in the common elements of the Condominium and can be said to have a tenancy in common in the general common elements, i.e., the exterior of her condominium unit, with all of the other Condominium unit owners. See Jurgensen v. New Phoenix Atl. Condo. Council of Unit Owners, 380 Md. 106, 115, 843 A .2d 865, 870 (200 4); supra Ridgely, 343 Md. at 359, 681 A.2d at 495. -16- condominium documents, in particular, to the easement granted by the Condominium Declaration in the case sub judice.9 B. Interpretation of the Express Easement Our job now is to interpret what exactly the easement provides for. In doing this we look to standard constructs of contract interpretation. The establishment of an easement in a condominium declaration is analogous to the establishment of an easement by deed.10 We stated in Miller: In construing the language of a deed, the basic principles of contract interpretation app ly. The grant of an easement by deed is strictly construed. Buckler v. Davis Sand and Gravel Corp., 221 Md. 532, 538, 158 A.2d 319, 323 (1960). The extent of an easement created by an express grant depends upon a proper co nstruction o f the conv eyance by wh ich the easement was created. Id. The primary rule for the construction of contracts generally and the rule is applica ble to the construction of a g rant of an e asement is that a court should asc ertain and g ive effect to the intention of the parties at the time 9 We have not examined, nor will we do so in this case, the application of general easement law to cooperative form of ownership as opposed to condominium form of ownership. 10 Article 12 of the Condominium s Declaration supports this analogy, stating in pertinent part: The acceptance of a deed of Conveyance or the entering into of a lease . . . or the entering into occupancy of any unit shall constitute an agreement between such owner, tenant or occupant and the Council that the provisions of this Declaration, the By-Laws, and the Rules and Regulations as they may be amended from time to time, are accepted and ratified by such owner, tenant or occupant and all of such provisions shall be deemed and taken to be covenants running [with] the land and shall bind any person having at any time any interest or estate in such unit, as though such provisions were recited and stipulated at length in each and every deed or conveyance or lease thereof. [Emphasis added.] -17- the contract was m ade, if that be possible. Id. 377 Md. at 351, 833 A.2d at 54 5. We fu rther expou nded up on contrac t interpretation in Tomran v. Passano, 391 Md. 1, 891 A.2d 336 (20 06): Maryland follows the objective law of contract interpretation and construction. Owens-Illinois, Inc. v. Cook, 386 Md. 468, 496, 872 A.2d 969, 985 (2005); Taylor v. NationsBank, N.A., 365 Md. 166, 178-79, 776 A.2d 645, 653 (2001); Wells v. Chevy Chase Bank, F.S.B., 363 Md. 232, 251, 768 A.2d 620, 630 (2001). We have explained: A court construing an agreement under this test must first determine from the language of the agreement itself what a reasonable person in the position of the parties would h ave mea nt at the time it was effectuated. In addition, w hen the language of the contract is plain and unambiguous there is no room for construc tion, and a court must presume that the parties meant what they expressed. In these circumstances, the true test of what is meant is not what the parties to the contract intended it to mean , but what a reasonab le person in the position of the parties would have thought it meant. Consequently, the clear and unambiguous language of an agreement will not give [way] to what the parties thought that the agreement meant or intended it to mean. General Motors A cceptanc e Corp. v. D aniels, 303 Md. 254, 261, 492 A.2d 1306, 1310 (1985) (citations omitted). The cardinal rule of contract interpretation is to give effect to the pa rties inte ntions. Owen -Illinois, 386 Md. a t 497, 87 2 A.2d at 985. 391 M d. at 13- 14, 891 A.2d a t 344. The pertinent language of the easement g ranted by Article 15.2 of the C ondominium s Declaration is, as stated supra: . . . each unit shall have, appurtenant thereto, an easement in the common elements for the purposes of providing maintenance, support, repair or -18- service for such unit to and for the ducts, pipes, conduits, vents, plumbing, wiring and other utility services to the unit. [Emphasis added]. From this la nguage it is e vident that condominium unit owners were to be provided with the ability to perform maintenance, support, repair or service on those items (ducts, pipes, conduits, vents, plumbing, wiring and other utility services) which pierced the shell of th e unit, passing through th e exterior w alls or common element spaces. This type of easement is a logical extension of certain rights of individual unit own ers. Otherw ise, anytime something untoward occurred to one of the above-listed items the unit owner would be required to receive permission from respondent in orde r to rem edy the situ ation. The problem that arises in the case of petitioner s exercise o f this easem ent, is that her particular exterior dryer installation was defective because the exhaust had not been properly vented at the time the unit was con structed and at the time of purchase in 1991, nor in fact did it exist when the Declaration establishing the easement was filed. Had a vent existed at the time the Declaration was filed, petitioner would clearly have an easement to pierce the common element in order to perform maintenance, support, repair or service on a preexisting vent. In fact, every other condominium unit in the Condominium has such an exterior dryer exhaust vent and each unit s respective owner has an easement to service those vents as provided by Article 15.2 of the Declaration without the necessity of seeking the permission of the Board. The inten t of the ease ment prov ision of the D eclaration w as to provide all unit own ers with the ability to maintain the essential ducts and vents which run -19- through, or were in tended to ru n through , the comm on eleme nts that surrou nd their condominium units. It can be assumed that when the Declaration was drafted and the grant of easement made, the drafters believed that the condominium units would be, or had been, built to code and that all ducts, pipes, conduits, vents , plumbing, w iring and oth er utility services would b e, or had be en, properly constructed . There ap pears to be n o dispute tha t a vent was contemplated for the respective unit, but failed to be installed during the construction phase otherwise building codes and probably fire codes would have been violated. The fact that petitioner s unit was improperly constructed by the developer of The Cloisters does not negate this aspect of the easement. The unit requires an exterior dryer exhaust vent in order to com ply with Baltim ore Cou nty Buildin g Cod e, supra, as the Court of Special Appeals recognized, stating that if application is made, the Council must author ize the in stallation of an e xterior v ent. It was reasonable for petitioner to remedy the hazard created by the improper original construction of the dryer ex haust system. In order to reasonably enjoy the grant of the easemen t, petitioner was entitled to install an exterior dryer exh aust ve nt. In support of this, we look to some cases involving right-of-ways.11 It is well established that [n]othing passes as incident to such a grant, but that which is necessary for its reasonable and proper enjoyment. Baker v. Frick, 45 Md. 337, 340 11 As we stated supra, [i]n general, the terms easem ent and right-of-way are regarded as synonymous. Miller, 377 Md. at 349, 833 A.2d at 544 (citing Chevy Chase Land Co. v. United States, 355 M d. 110, 1 26, 733 A.2d 1 055, 10 63 (19 99)). -20- (1876) (quoting 3 Kent 419, 420 ); Simon Distributing Corp. v. Ba y Ridge Civic Ass n , 207 Md. 472, 479 , 114 A.2d 829, 832 -33 (1955 ); Everdell v. C arroll, 25 Md. App. 458, 463-64, 336 A.2d 145, 149-50 (1975). In addition, the Baker Court stated: What is necessary for such reasonable and proper enjoyment of the way granted, and the limitations thereby imposed on the use of the land by the proprietor, depends upon the terms of the gran t, the purposes for which it was made, the nature and situation of the property subject to the easement, and the mann er in wh ich it has been u sed and occup ied. 45 Md. a t 340 (e mpha sis adde d). While Baker dealt with the issue of a right-of-way across a servient estate and that servient estate s right to place gates upon the road, the language above is relevant to the case sub judice.12 We look to the intention s of the par ties in interpreting the language of the easement and to what is reasonable and necessary for the proper enjoyment of such easement. It was the intention of the parties that existed at the time the Condominium was constructed and the Declaration placed on record that the condominium units be built to fire and building code specifications and therefore, a proper dryer exhaust system was required for the unit at inception at which point no permission 12 See also Lyman v. Arnold, 15 F. Cas 1143, 1144 (Story, Circuit Justice, C.C.D. R.I. 1828) (No. 8,626) (Justice Story, when riding the circuit, wrote for the circuit court, stating: In the construction of grants, that is doubtless to be adopted, which gives entire and liberal effect to the intention of the parties. When the object is distinctly seen, the ordinary means, by which it is to be attained, are presumed to be within the purview of the parties. If the use of a thing is granted, whatever is necessary for the enjoyment of such use, or for the attainment of such use, is, by implication, granted also. But if it be not necessary, but may be a convenience only, it is not granted. So, too, grants are to be construed according to the subject matter, and the natural presumptions arising from their terms, and thus to render them expositions of rational intentions. (citations omitted)). -21- would have been necess ary nor wou ld there hav e been an y responden t in existence. T his intention is evidence d by the fact that every other one of the forty-seven additional condominium units has such an exterior dryer exhaust vent the repair of which do not require the permission of the Bo ard. The in stallation of an exterior dryer ex haust ven t is reasonab le and necessary, and was fully contemplated, for the proper, and more importantly, safe, operation o f the dryer and its presence a nd mainte nance w as fully contem plated by Artic le 15.2 of the Declaration.13 13 Tiffany s The Law of Real Property states: The grant of an easement includes, by implication and as an incident thereto, the right to perform such acts as are reasonably necessary to make the grant effective. Accordingly, the owner of the easement may enter on the servient tenement and make such changes therein as are necessary for the proper exercise of the easement. Thus, one having a right of way may prepare the land for its exercise, according to the nature of the way, that is, according as it may be a footway, a horseway, or a way for all teams and carriages. He may construct and repair the way, break up and level the soil, fill up depressions, blast rocks, remove impediments and supply deficiencies. So, too, he may change the grade of an easement of way to make it usable and convenient for the purposes for which it was granted, or, where a grantor excepts a spring on the land conveyed and the right of bringing water therefrom to the premises retained, he has the right to do whatever is reasonably necessary to make the right to take the water available. And he may subsequently make alterations in the servient tenement in so far as this may be necessitated by a change of conditions for which he is not responsible. He cannot, however, make alterations in the servient tenement, which are not necessary for the exercise of the easement, even though they conduce to the convenience of its exercise, if such alterations will injuriously affect the servient tenement, nor may he so change the surface of the land as to injure seriously or possibly destroy the usefulness of the servient estate. Moreover, it has been stated generally that, while immaterial changes in an easement may (continued...) -22- Respondent concedes that the easement grants unit owners control over certain systems which run through the common elements of the Condominium, but asserts that the easement does not serve to grant a unit owner the unfettered right to install a completely new system in an area in which it has previously not been installed. In support of this, respondent contends that such a holding would open and let loose a virtual Pandora s box of monstrosities on the Condominium, stating: then any unit owner could install a new gas heating system to replace the old electric heating system and run his new gas lines for same, in, through and around the exterior facade of the unit without seeking the approval of the Respondent. Moreover, any of the forty-seven (47) unit owners could punch holes in the exterior of their condominium unit whenever, wherever, and however they pleased; replace a window with an exhaust fan; install a new heat pump on her parking pad; attach solar panels to the garage door; or attach a satellite dish to her front steps, all without any prior consent of the Respondent. Respondent s concerns are not valid in this case. The installation of the exterior dryer exhaust vent by petitioner is not something that is new or in addition to the original construction of the other forty-seven condominium units. Every other condominium unit in The Cloisters already has such an exterior dryer exhaust vent system and the owners are 13 (...continued) be made in a proper case, it may not be substantially enlarged or materially changed so that it will be an increased burden on the servient estate. 3 Herbert T. Tiffany, The Law of Real Property, § 810 (3d ed. 1939, 2006 Supp.) (emphasis added) (footnotes omitted). The installation of the exterior vent by petitioner was necessary for the proper exercise of the easement and does not injure or place an undue burden upon the servient estate of the respondent. -23- able to maintain those systems without the approval of the Board because of the easement granted by Article 15.2 of the Declaration. That venting system is equally essential in order for petitioner s condominium unit to comply with Baltimore County Building Code and is, thus, reasonable and necessary. Our holding does not allow unit owners the unfettered ability to make changes to the exterior of their condominium unit without prior approval by respondent. Rather, it reasonably allows only the petitioner, where an obvious construction defect exists relating to safety, to install the exterior vent in reliance on the rights granted by the express easement (and for that matter in exercise of the rights inherent in an exception contained in the Bylaws). It is obvious that the intention of the drafters of the easement was that in the circumstances described in the easement, the unit owners would have the automatic right to maintain necessary and required venting and ducts without the permission of the Board. We believe that in the unusual circumstances of this case, the situation is the functional equivalent of maintenance necessary for the reasonable and safe operation of the dryer. Our holding is limited, however, to the particular situation here extant. Respondent also argues that the easement language in Artic le 15.2 of the Declaration must be h armonize d with the la nguage in the Article IX of the Bylaws: Architectural Standards 1.Architectural Standards Committee. a. Except for the original construction of the Condominium Units situate within the property by the Developer and any improvements to any Condominium Unit or to the General or Limited Common Elements accomplished concurrently with said original construction, and except for -24- purposes of proper maintenance and repair,[14] or as otherwise in these ByLaws provided, it shall be prohibited to install, erect, attach, apply, paste, hinge, screw, nail, build, alter, remove or construct any light, screens, awnings, patio covers, decorations, fences, aerials, antennas, dishes, radio or television broadcasting or receiving devices, slabs, sidewalks, patios, terraces, balconies, platforms, porches, walls or to make any change or otherwise alter, including any alteration in color, in any manner whatsoever, to the exterior of any Condominium Unit or upon any of the General or Limited Common Elements until the complete plans and specifications prepared at the expense of the Condominium Unit Owner proposing the change, showing the location, nature, shape, height, material, color, type of construction and/or other proposed form of change, including, without limitation, any other information specified by the Board (or its designated Committee), shall have been submitted to, and approved or approved with conditions, in writing by the Board, or by an Architectural Standards Committee designated by such Board. b. In the event the Board, or its designated Committee, fails to approve, or disapprove, such design and location within sixty (60) days after said plans and specifications have been submitted to it, approval will not be required and this Article will be deemed to have been fully complied with. If plans and specifications are not submitted, any and all alterations and/or changes shall be deemed violations of this Article. Respondent asserts that, pursuant to the Maryland Condominium Act, the Declaration and Bylaws should be con strued to gether. See § 11-124(c) ( The declaration, bylaws, and condominium plat shall be construed together and shall be deemed to incorporate one another to the extent that any requirement of this title as to the content of one shall be deemed satisfied if the deficiency can be cured by reference to any of the others. ). In support of this contention, respondent cites to a Court of Special Appeals opinion, 14 Petitioner argues extensively in her brief that there is an exception within the Bylaws to the general prohibition against any alteration of a condominium unit s exterior facade. It is petitioner s contention that the language except for purposes of proper maintenance and repair provided in Article IX creates such an exception. -25- Dulaney Towers Maintenance Corp. v. O Brey, 46 Md. Ap p. 464, 418 A.2d 1233 (1980), which states: When a controversy arises as to a resident s right as a unit owner in a condominium, the courts m ust examin e the condominium s enabling statutes for relevant provisions, consider th e master deed or declara tion, study the bylaw s, and attem pt to reconcile the three. Id. at 465, 418 A.2d at 1235 (citing Sterling Village Condo., Inc. v. Breitenbach, 251 So.2d 685 (Fla. 1 971)). Res ponden t is correct in its assertion that the Court should attempt to reconcile or harmonize the provisions of the Declaration and Bylaw s. Both the Declaration and the Bylaws, under the limited circumstances of the present case, provide for the repair of an inherent defect relating to safety without Board approval, even to the point of providing for venting to the exterior. If, however, they are not so compatible and there is a conflict between the Declaration and the Bylaws that cannot be cured by construing the two pe rtinent provis ions togethe r, then the D eclaration w ould prev ail. The Maryland C ondom inium A ct provides a resolution in the case of such con flict. See § 11-124(e) ( If there is any conflict among the provisions of this title, the declaration, condominium plat, bylaws, or ru les adopted pursuant to § 11-111 of this title, the provisions of each shall control in the succession listed hereinbefore com mencing w ith title . ).15 In 15 In addition, the Bylaws provide in Article XVI 2: Conflict. These By-Laws are subordinate and subject to all provisions of the Declaration and to the provisions of the Act. All of the terms hereof, except where clearly repugnant to the context, shall have the same meaning as in the Declaration or the Act. In the event of any conflict between these By-Laws (continued...) -26- this case, the eas ement gra nted in Ar ticle 15.2 of the Con dominium D eclaration, if there were to be a conflict, would control over the language in Article IX of the Bylaws. Respondent further contends that § 11-11 5(2) of the Real Prop erty Article provides a Title section which controls over the Declaration. This is an erroneous argument. Section 11-115 states: Subject to the provisions of the declaration or bylaws and other provisions of law, a unit own er: ... (2) May not alter, make additions to, or change the appearance of the common elements, or the exterior appearan ce of a un it or any other portion of the condo minium , withou t permis sion of the cou ncil of u nit own ers . . . . (Emp hasis ad ded.) Though, pursuant to § 11-124 (e), title provision s control ov er the declara tion provisio ns in this case, § 11-115 specifically states that it is [s]ubject to the provisions of the declaration . . . . See also Sea Watch Stores Limited Liability Co. v. Council of Unit Owners of Sea Watch Condo., 115 Md. App. 5, 43, 691 A.2d 750, 768 (1997) (discussing § 11-115(3) and holding that if the co ndomin ium docu ments conflict with the provisions of [the section], the condominium docume nts control, bec ause the statu te is made su bject to the condominium documents ). Therefore, if a conflict existed, the Declaration would control in this instance. The easement is valid and applies to the Condominium and is in harmon y, under these limited circumstances, with the Bylaw provision that permits breach of the exterior walls for 15 (...continued) and the Declaration, the provision of the Declaration shall control; in the event of any conflict between the By-Laws and the applicable Sections of the Act, the provisions of the Act control. -27- repair a nd ma intenan ce with out prio r appro val of th e Boa rd. C. The Easement (and the Bylaws Provision), Separately and Together, Allow Petitioner to Install the Dryer Exhaust Vent on the Exterior of her Condominium Unit Without Prior Approv al of Respo ndent W here the D efect They R epaired is a n Inheren t Initial Defect, Relating to P ublic Safety, in the Cons truction of a U nit We have consolidated and modified petitioner s second and third questions presented due to their overlap in subject matter. Petitioner contends that the Co urt of Spe cial Appe als erred in finding th at (1) the ease ment did not allow petitioner to repair the defect in her dryer exhaust system by installing the exterior vent without prior approval by respondent and (2), in concert, that the Condominium s Bylaws specifically require petitioner to obtain such prior approva l. We find that the installation of the exterior dryer exhaust vent was necessary to correct an initial construction defect and further, it was necessary for reasonable, proper, and safe use of the unit and therefore petitioner was empowered by the Declaration and Bylaws with the oppor tunity to repair the inherent defect by installing the venting system without the prior approval of respondent. This repair was of an initial construction defect and, pursuant to the intent of the easement provisions of the Declaration and the express exception in the Bylaws themse lves, prio r appro val of th e Boa rd was not nec essary. Our holding is limited to instances where the inherent problem results from an initial construction defect and where the Condominium Declaration contains an express easement and there is a Bylaw exception permitting the repair without prior approval. Furthermore, as our decision relates only to the issue of whether prior approval of the Board was nece ssary, it does not affect other individual unit owners rights of recourse if their individual -28- rights are adversely affected.16 But, the Condo minium s Bylaws un der the partic ular facts and circumstances of this case did not require petitioner to obtain prior approval for the installation from the respondent because of the ease ment granted by the Co ndominium s Declaration, as well as the Bylaws exception, as discussed supra. D. Location of the Exterior Dryer Exhaust Vent The Circuit Court and the Court of Special Appeals, along w ith respond ent, state that there were several alternate locations that the exterior vent could have been placed in order that it not interfe re with Dr. Kantt s enjoyment of his property. The record, how ever, does not reflect this. Respondent identifies four alterna te locations. T he first alterna tive is running a new dryer exhaust system up though the main furnace duct, which would vent out through a chimney in the roof of the house . This prop osal is unac ceptable, as it w ould violate section 504.4 of the International Mechanical Code, 2000, which states that the [c]lothes dryer exhaust ducts shall not be connected to a vent connector, vent or chimney. The second and third alter natives invo lved mov ing the exte rior vent from its installed position either a couple of inches or a couple of feet or twelve to sixteen inches. Neither of which is substantially diff erent from where it was originally installed and would not serve to provide a remedy for Dr. K antt s complaint. The final alternative was given when respondent s counsel q uestioned petitioner s expert witness at trial, as outlined in the 16 Traditional actions of nuisance and the like may be available to other individual unit owners, if appropriate. -29- follo win g colloquy: [Coun sel:] . . . In response to my question whether or not the alternatives that were discussed here were the only alternatives, your response was depends on how much money you want to spend? [Witness:] Yes. [Coun sel:] Other alte rnatives exist? [Witness:] Based on your financial expenditures, yes. [Coun sel:] Right. And now, that directly contradicts what you testified to earlier, that othe r alternatives d idn t exist? [Witness:] That is true. [Coun sel:] Okay. So now what I ne ed to be ab le to let the judge know is that some alternatives do exist besides the current placemen t of the ven t. That is what I m hearing from you? [Witness :] Yeah. I believe my testimony was that we could move it six to twelve inches. And you asked me, if I heard you right, two things: Number 1, you said I said some thing out in the hallway that you didn t relate to and then you turn around and said to me that could it be moved and I said if you want to spend a lot of money. It is simple, we tear all the dry wall out of the garage, we tear out and drop the ceiling down and we can move the dryer to the second floor and shorte n it up. We can move the dryer anyplace around that there is, move the gara ge out. I f you w ant to sp end the mone y, pal, give it to me. It is not a viable alternative to, ef fectively, comple tely remodel petitioner s condominium unit by tearing down walls and dropping ceilings in order to be able to provide exterior ventilation for the cloth es dryer in a different location. The exhaust system was imp roperly installed by the developer in the first instance when they had the opportunity to locate the exterior vent wh erever w ould have been most preferable. Petitioner had the vent installed -30- in the most logical place, as evidenced by the Court of Special Appeals recitation of the facts of the case: The new system was routed from the dryer through the wall of the laundry room into the adjoining garage, then through the garage and through the exterior wall. Thus, we find the location of petitioner s original installation of the exterior dryer exhaust vent to be the most reasonable option under the facts presented in the case sub judice. IV. Conclusion Article 15.2 of the Condominium s Declaration provides for an express easement and Article IX of the Bylaws provides an exclusion from the requirement of obtaining prior Board approval under the specific circumstances here present. The specific provisions of both documents allow this individual condominium unit owner to repair the inherent construction defect that relates to the safe use of her premises without prior approval. For the aforementioned reasons we reverse the judgment of the Court of Special Appeals. JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS REVERSED. CASE REMANDED TO THAT COURT WITH INSTRUCTIONS TO REVERSE THE JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR BALTIMORE COUNTY AND TO REMAND THE CASE TO THAT COURT FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS CONSISTENT WITH THIS OPINION. COSTS IN THIS COURT AND IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS TO BE PAID BY THE RESPONDENT. -31- In the Circu it Court for B altimore C ounty Case No. 03-C-03-007185 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF MARYLAND No. 79 September Term, 2005 ______________________________________ DANETTA GARFINK v. THE CLOISTERS AT CHARLES, INC. ______________________________________ Bell, C.J. Wilner Cathell Harrell Battaglia Greene Eldridge, Jo hn C. (Re tired, Specially Assigned), JJ. ______________________________________ Dissen ting Op inion b y Wilner, J ., which H arrell and B attaglia, JJ., join ______________________________________ Filed: April 13, 2006 It is often said that hard cases make bad law. Occasionally, a court is faced with a situation in which the normal application of legal principles that are either well-established on their own or that would naturally flow from the objective interpretation of broader common law or statutory mandates will produce a result that the judges of the court fe el is unduly harsh, or even unfair, to a litigant. The temptation arises not to apply those principles as the law w ould ordin arily require, and the judges, instead, look for some way to create a little bubble, or exception, to avoid the perceived harsh or un fair result. What often happens when th ey do that, of co urse, is that the law, itself, becomes less certain, less reliable, and, in the en d, less jus t. That is what the C ourt is proposing to do here. The Court believes that Ms. Garfink should be able to dry her clothes without violating the county Fire Code, as indeed she should. To allow her to achieve that objective, however, the Court stretches the scope of an easement well beyond what the plain language of the easement would allow and gives less even than lip service to a clear and critical element of the condominium regime control over th e com mon e lemen ts and b uilding exterior by the co uncil of unit ow ners. There are three problems w ith the Court s approach, apart from ignoring the wisdom of the adage that hard ca ses make bad law. T he first is that, despite its valiant effo rt to circumscribe its ru ling just to this cas e, the rulin g can not b e so n eatly cabined. The scope articulated by the Court is ambiguou s and, as it attacks critical elements of nearly every residential condom inium proje ct and mo st other dev elopmen ts that are subject to reciprocal restrictive covenan ts, it will create co nsiderable uncertainty and will likely generate a good bit of litigation in an area that should rem ain absolute ly clear and certa in. Second , even if the Court could make the contours of its self-created bubble cle ar, so that its ruling really is unique to this one situation, the ruling would then be wholly inconsistent with the long and consistent view of th is Court that certiorari is not to be granted except to consider an issue of public importance, one that is beyond the interest of just the litigants. It is hardly consistent with that notion for this Court to establish a rule applicable only to one unique situation such as this, that has no interest to anyone beyond Ms. Garfink and the council of unit owners of The Cloisters at Charles, Inc. Finally, and perhaps most important, it is unnecessary in this case. One does not have to go through the legal gyrations and gymnastics the unwarranted stretching of some legal principles and the sharp contraction of others in orde r to perm it Ms. G arfink t o dry her c lothes w ithout v iolating the cou nty Fire C ode. As the Court notes, Ms. Garfink purchased her unit in 1991. It had been used by the developer as a model unit and apparently ha d a clothes d ryer in it that was included with the sale. Where the dryer was located in the unit is not clear. 1 In the absence of evidence to the contrary, it is a fair inference that the dryer was not intended to be used while the unit served only as a model. Wh ether for that or some othe r reason, the dryer was vented into the furnace room and not to the outside. Whether that was a Code violation prior to the sale to 1 At oral argument, counsel were asked by the Court whether the record contained floor plans, architectural drawings, or condominium documents indicating where the dryer was in Ms. Garfink s unit and any other units in the development that had dryers similarly situated, as well as how and where those other units dryers were vented when originally constructed. We were advised that such documents were not in evidence. -2- Ms. Garfink, it certainly became one when she purchased the u nit and began to use the dryer. Use it she did, however, luckily without incident, for about nine years. It was only when the dryer died, the service technician refused to install the new one because of the unlawful venting, and Ms. Garfink decided to deal with the matter by punching a hole in the exterior wall without seeking permission from the council of unit owners did the controversy before us surface. The Court correctly identifies the relevant statutory, property, and contractual provisions that apply. Maryland Code, § 11-115 of the Real Property Article, which is part of the Maryland Condominium Act, provides that, [s]ubject to the provisions of the declaration or bylaws and other provisions of law, a unit own er may mak e improve ments or alterations to h is or her unit th at do not impair the structural integrity or mechanical systems or lessen the support of any portion of the condo minium, b ut may not alter, make additions to, or change the appearance of the common elements, or the exterior appearance of a unit . . . without pe rmission o f the counc il of unit owners. (Emphasis added). Section 11-124(c) requires that the declaration, bylaws, and condominium plat be construed together and be dee med to incorp orate on e anoth er, i.e., to be read in harmony and not in a manner that would c reate conf lict. Thus, unless the declaration, bylaws, or plat, construed together, dictate otherwise, the law requires a u nit owner to get perm ission from the counc il of unit owners before making any alteration or addition that changes the appearance of a common element o r the exterior a ppearanc e of a unit. -3- The pertinent provision in the condominium declaration is § 15.2, which grants an easement to each unit in the common elements for the purposes of providing maintenance, support, repair or service for such u nit to and for the ducts, pipes, conduits, vents, plumbing, wiring and other utility services to the unit. (Emphasis supplied). If there are ducts, pipes, conduits, vents, plumbing, wiring, or other utility services serving the unit that intrude upon the common elements, the unit owner may, pursuant to that easement, enter the common elements for the limited purpose of maintaining, supporting, repairing, or servicing those ducts, pipes, conduits, or vents, etc.. I see nothing in that easem ent, howe ver, that perm its a unit owner, without approval of th e council o f unity own ers to install new ducts, pipes, conduits, vents, plumbing, wiring, or other utility services in the common elem ents where none pre viously existed. T he Cou rt apparently do es but just f or this one c ase; I do no t. Finally, there is Art. IX of the bylaws which, except for original construction of the units, improvements accomplished concurrently therewith, and proper maintenance and repair, prohibit unit owners from altering in any manner whatsoever the exterior of any condominium unit or any common element without approval of the council of unit owners. That clear, unambiguous provision in the bylaws can be read, and should be read, harmon iously with the easement contained in § 15.2 of the declaration and §11-115 of the Real Property Article. If a unit owner wants to install a new duct or vent in the common element or exterior of the building, other than for the repair or maintenance of an existing one, he or she n eeds to get app roval fr om the counc il. -4- There is nothing h arsh, strange , or oppressiv e about A rt. IX. It is a requirement that is not only common but probably universal in residential condominium regimes, and it has an obv iously ben eficial p urpose . As no ted, the law itself imposes that requirement. On the supposition that, unless the requirement of council approval provided for by both the statute and Art. IX of the bylaw s is someho w rende red inapplic able Ms . Garfink w ill not be able to dry her clothes, the Court holds that the requirement is, indeed, inapplicable. To achieve that objective , the Court tac itly construes the e xception in Art. IX for repair 2 as extending to punching holes in the exterior wall for new pipes, ducts, conduits, vents, and the like. That is a rather dramatic extension, for which the Court cites no authority, and creates a loophole that could w ell emascula te the require ment of c ouncil app roval. Indeed, such a cavalier extension c ould we ll inject conside rable conf usion and uncertainty into the law of ea sements generall y. Perhaps wary of the implications of such a tortuous ruling, the Court declares it applicable only to the particular situation here extant (Slip Opinion at 24) or to instances where the inherent problem results from an initial construction defect and where the Cond ominium Declaratio n contains a n express e asement and there is a Bylaw exception permitting th e repair with out prior ap proval (S lip Opinio n at 28) . That continues 2 It is not entirely clear whether the majority favors Ms. Garfink s position because of its construction of repair. For example, the majority states, at slip op. 24, that [w]e believe that in the unusual circumstances of this case, the situation is the functional equivalent of maintenance necessary for the reasonable and safe operation of the dryer. (Emphasis supplied). The majority relies elsewhere on maintenance also (see Maj. slip op. at 22), but confusingly alludes to repair as equally justifying its conclusion. See Maj. slip op. at 26 and 31. -5- to presume, however, tha t the exception in Art. IX for repair includes the installation of new invasions of the common elements and exterior walls, and thus is not so limiting as the Court perhaps intends. Upon this analysis, it is not at all clear just how small the bubble is that the Court has created. What is the particular situation here extant? What is a construction defect? Suppose the contract required an exhaust fan over the stove or in the bathroom and the developer forgot to ins tall it or installed it imp roperly? W ould Ms. Garfink, nin e years later, be able to punch new holes in the exterior wall or roof, at a lo cation of h er choosin g, to accomm odate the belated addition of a range hood or bathroom exhaust fan on the theory that she was corre cting a con struction def ect? The bubble req uires that the c ondom inium con tain an express easement. What kind of easement will suffice; does it matter how the easement is worded? Must the easement be precisely in the language of this one in order for the new special rule to apply and, if not, how much of a deviation will be allowed? Does the Court really intend to hold that the words maintenance or repair, as used in the statute, the easemen t, and the bylaw , encomp asses new invasions o f the exterior walls and other common elements for the installation of new pipes, ducts, and vents? If so, the ruling in th is case will affect virtually every condominium in the State, not to mention rights-of-way and other forms of easem ents. It will not b e limited at all. That is the first problem with the Court s analysis; the contour of the bubble created for Ms. G arfink is no t at all clear. Eve n if it could properly be construed as limited to Ms. -6- Garfink s peculiar situation, how is such a ruling consistent with the long-standing principles governing the exercise of our discretion in granting certiorari? How is this case, as molded by the Court, of any importance to anyone other than Ms. Garfink and the coun cil of unit owners of The Cloisters at Charles, Inc.? Is there another Ms. Garfink out there somewhere? Finally, on this record, the Court s disregard for the plain meaning of each of the provisions it acknowledges as relevant is w holly unnece ssary. There is a far easier w ay to allow Ms. Garfink to connect her dryer to the outside world and a far more important principle to confirm. Although Ms. Garfink did not seek approval from the council before installing her vent hence the action for injunctive relief to require her to remove the vent the Circuit Court stayed its ruling in favor of the counc il so that the pa rties could ne gotiate a sensible solution . Unfortu nately, it appears that egos got in the way of comm on sense. It seems clear from the record th at the coun cil did consider her proposed solution and rejected it in favor of alternatives that were either equally violative of the Fire C ode or un reasonab ly expen sive an d that, as a result, w ere rejec ted by M s. Garf ink. When, either as part o f a condo minium re gime or as a result of restrictive c ovenants in a deed, an owner is required to seek and obtain approval from a council, board, or association created by or through the property documents before undertaking some improvement or alteration to th e exterior of the owner s property, the body with approval authority must act reasonably and in good faith. It may not reject an app lication arbitrarily or capricio usly. See Kirkle y v. Seipelt, 212 Md. 127, 133, 128 A.2d 430, 434 (1957) (refusal -7- would have to be a reasonable determination made in good faith, and not high-handed, whimsical or captious in manner ); Carroll County v. Buckw orth, 234 Md. 547, 553, 200 A.2d 145, 147 (1964) ( approval or disapproval must be reasonable and . . . the power must be exercised in good faith ); Harbor View Imp. Ass n v. Downey, 270 Md. 365, 373, 311 A.2d 422, 426 (1973); Colandrea v. Wilde Lake, 361 Md. 371 , 761 A.2d 899 (2000). In Marke y v. Wolf, 92 Md. App. 137, 163, 164, 607 A.2d 82 , 95 (1992), the Court of Special Appea ls (Cathell, J.) cor rectly noted that a pprovals and disappro vals are n ot tre ated equally, and that, because a disapproval may constitute a restraint on the free use and alienability of land, a d isappro val sh ould be very close ly scrutiniz ed. Ms. Ga rfink is entitled to have, and use, a clothes dryer in her home, and it must be vented to the outside in order to conform to the Fire Code. On this record, it is unclear where the most appropriate place f or the vent is, comparable to w here other dryer vents in the condo minium are loca ted. See n.1, supra. The only sign ificance tha t this case, with its peculiar fac ts, really has is in confirming once again the p rinciple that ap proval bo dies must a ct reasonab ly. That does have public importance; that is a cert-w orthy issu e. Resolution of that issue as I propose it will allow Ms. Garfink to dry her clothes lawfully. It will achieve the Justice sought by the Court without torturing basic legal principles and making bad law. I too would reverse the judgment of the Court o f Special A ppeals, but I w ould rema nd the case to that court w ith instructions to reverse the judgment of the Circuit Court and remand to that court for the -8- parties to introduce into evidence the docum ents reflecting where dryers are vented (and/or were vented at the time of original construction of the condominium units) in all units similar to the one Ms. Garfink occupies. With that basis in place, a reasonable resolution of this dispute should be clear. Shou ld the parties n ot reach an amicable solution, the Circuit Court may assess the reasonableness of the parties competing positions. I would continue the stay until a final resolution is achieved. Judges H arrell and B attaglia autho rize me to sta te that they join in th is dissent. -9-

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