MITCHELL WILLIAMS, INDIVIDUALLY ; MARY E . WILLIAMS, INDIVIDUALLY; AND MITCHELL WILLIAMS, ADMINISTRATOR OF THE ESTATE OF ANTHONY WAYNE WILLIAMS V KENTUCKY DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION ; BOARD OF CLAIMS ; AND COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY
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2000-SC-0342-DG
MITCHELL WILLIAMS, INDIVIDUALLY;
MARY E. WILLIAMS, INDIVIDUALLY;
AND MITCHELL WILLIAMS,
ADMINISTRATOR OF THE ESTATE OF
ANTHONY WAYNE WILLIAMS
V
APPELLANTS
ON REVIEW FROM COURT OF APPEALS
1999-CA-914
FLOYD CIRCUIT COURT NO . 91-CI-78
KENTUCKY DEPARTMENT OF
EDUCATION ; BOARD OF CLAIMS ; AND
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY
APPELLEES
OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE COOPER
AFFIRMING IN PART, REVERSING IN PART,
AND REMANDING
At approximately 10:15 a.m . on Friday, April 28, 1989, Anthony Wayne Williams
was killed in an automobile accident in Floyd County, Kentucky. At the time of his
death, Williams was sixteen years of age and a member of the junior class at Betsy
Layne High School . School was in session and Williams should have been at a schoolsponsored extracurricular activity, i.e. , decorating the school gymnasium in preparation
for the junior-senior prom . Instead, he was riding as a passenger in an automobile
operated by another student, Julie Hall. Both Hall and Williams had already consumed
an undetermined quantity of alcoholic beverages and were on their way to a
liquor store to purchase more . The accident occurred when Hall lost control of the
vehicle, causing it to leave the roadway and overturn . Williams, who was not wearing a
seat belt, was ejected from the vehicle and crushed to death when the vehicle rolled on
top of him . The administrator of Williams's estate brought this wrongful death action in
the Board of Claims alleging that negligent supervision of the extracurricular activity by
the high school faculty was a substantial factor in causing his death . His parents also
brought separate actions for loss of consortium . All three claims were asserted against
the Commonwealth of Kentucky's Department of Education (DOE).
After hearing the evidence, the Board of Claims dismissed all three claims,
holding that the duty to prevent harm by providing reasonable supervision is a
regulatory function, the negligent performance of which does not give rise to a cause of
action . On appeal, the Floyd Circuit Court affirmed, concluding that (1) the Board's
decision was supported by substantial evidence, CR 52.01 ; (2) the claims asserted by
Appellants were not claims for which relief could be granted, CR 12.02(f); and (3)
Appellants had not proven "the essential elements of negligence ." On further appeal,
the Court of Appeals concluded that the DOE is not vicariously liable for the negligence
of employees of a local board of education because "it is a separate entity from the local
board ." We affirm the dismissal of the claims for loss of consortium but reverse the
dismissal of the claim for wrongful death . Because the Board of Claims dismissed that
claim without reaching the issues of negligence, causation, apportionment, or damages,
we remand to the Board for further proceedings on those issues .
1. NEGLIGENT SUPERVISION .
It is well established in this jurisdiction that a school teacher can be held liable for
injuries caused by negligent supervision of his/her students . Yanero v. Davis , Ky., 65
S .W .3d 510, 529 (2001) ; Wesley v. Page, Ky., 514 S.W .2d 697, 699 (1974) ("The very
adventuresome nature of teenagers leads to experimentation and should place a
teacher on notice that he can look forward not only to the expected but also to the
unexpected ."). The basic premise for this duty is that a child is compelled to attend
school so that "the protective custody of teachers is mandatorily substituted for that of
the parent ." Yanero , supra , at 529 (quoting McLeod v. Grant County Sch . Dist. No. 128,
255 P .2d 360, 362 (Wash . 1953)) . The "special relationship" thus formed between a
school district and its students imposes an affirmative duty on the district, its faculty, and
its administrators to take all reasonable steps to prevent foreseeable harm to its
students . Leger v. Stockton Unified Sch. Dist. , 249 Cal . Rptr. 688, 693-94 (Cal. Ct. App .
1988) ; Doe Parents No. 1 v. State, Dept of Educ, 58 P.3d 545, 590-92 (Haw. 2002);
Eversole v . Wasson, 398 N .E.2d 1246, 1247 (III. App. Ct. 1980) ; McLeod , supra , at 36263 ; cf. Lane v. Commonwealth , Ky., 956 S.W.2d 874, 876-82 (1997) (Cooper, J.,
concurring) . See also Restatement (Second) of Torts § 314A(4) (1965) ("One who is
required by law to take or who voluntarily takes the custody of another under
circumstances such as to deprive the other of his normal opportunities for protection is
under a similar duty [to protect the other against unreasonable risk of physical harm]."),
cmt. d ("The duty to protect the other against unreasonable risk of harm extends to risks
Although Anthony Williams was sixteen years of age at the time of his death, he had
not complied with KRS 159.010(2), thus his attendance was mandatory under KRS
159 .010(1) .
arising out of the actor's own conduct ."), § 320, cmt. b ("The circumstances under which
the custody of another is taken and maintained may be such as to deprive him of . . .
the protection of someone who, if present, would be under a duty to protect him, or
though under no such duty would be likely to do so. . . . So, too, a child while in school
is deprived of the protection of his parents or guardian . Therefore, the actor who takes
custody of a . . . child is properly required to give him the protection which the custody
or the manner in which it is taken has deprived him .").
The "findings of fact" of the Board of Claims's administrative law judge (ALJ)
largely consists of a summary of the testimony of the various witnesses who appeared
at the hearing . The testimony was in many respects contradictory and the ALJ did not
specify which testimony he believed to be accurate and which he believed to be
inaccurate . Thus, for purposes of determining whether the evidence was sufficient to
have sustained findings of negligence and causation, we assume as accurate the facts
most favorable to Appellants.
The junior-senior prom was scheduled for Saturday night, April 29, 1989 . By
tradition, the junior class was charged with decorating the gymnasium for the prom on
the immediately preceding school day while the senior class enjoyed a "skip day," an
unauthorized but unpunished absence from school. Apparently, the seniors would
report to school so as to be recorded as in attendance then depart without authorization
to engage in less scholarly pursuits. In 1989, the junior class sponsors, Mr. Stratton,
Mrs . Fraley, and Mrs. Jones, determined that two days would be needed to complete
the prom decorations and that, to minimize classroom absences, those junior class
members with last names beginning with the letters A - M would decorate on Thursday,
April 27th, and those with last names beginning with the letters N - Z would decorate on
Friday, April 28th . Under this arrangement, there would be approximately 100 students
at the gymnasium each day.2
The gymnasium was located on the elementary school campus approximately
two miles from the high school . The original plan was for the decorators to travel from
the high school to the gymnasium in private vehicles owned and operated by students .
Each member of the junior class was given a "permission slip" to be signed by that
student's parent authorizing this proposed method of transportation . Neither of Anthony
Williams's parents signed the permission slip . Anthony was not permitted to drive his
own vehicle to school and did not do so on April 28, 1989 . On Wednesday afternoon,
April 26th, Mrs. Jones expressed concern about the possible danger posed by a large
number of students transporting themselves by private vehicles to and from an
extracurricular activity during school hours . The principal, Mr. Bentley, agreed that a
school bus should be used for transportation, thus eliminating the need for a
"permission slip ." On Thursday morning, Mr. Bentley made an announcement over the
school's intercom system that transportation to the gymnasium would be only by bus.
Mrs. Jones was designated to see that the students got on the bus . Although she made
a list of those who rode the bus and sent the list with a student to Mrs. Fraley at the
gymnasium, she was unable to recall how many students were actually on the bus
except that, "I can't say that it was full." There was substantial evidence that most of the
students traveled to the gymnasium in private vehicles . In fact, no one recalled seeing
a school bus on Friday, the day Anthony Williams was killed . Nor were the students
required to remain at the gymnasium after their arrival but came and went as they
2 Another consequence of this arrangement was that senior class members enjoyed
two "skip days ."
pleased . A teacher at the elementary school located adjacent to the gymnasium
testified that there were vehicles coming and going all the time and that he did not see
any teacher or principal attempting to stop the students from leaving the school
property . Many of those who came to the gymnasium on Friday were not authorized to
be there, including Julie Hall who was scheduled to decorate only on Thursday because
her last name did not begin with the letters N - Z.
Many of the students brought alcoholic beverages to the gymnasium in their
private vehicles and openly consumed those beverages while supposedly decorating
the gym . A former student testified that he consumed a "fifth" of whiskey on the
premises that day and that he carried whiskey around in an open container inside the
gym without question from Mr. Stratton or Mrs. Fraley . A student testified that there was
an odor of alcohol inside the gym and that she saw students huddled together, drinking
alcohol, in the parking lot. The elementary school teacher testified that the parking lot
was strewn with empty alcoholic beverage containers . As the morning wore on, only
ten to fifteen students actually remained inside the gymnasium. Mrs. Fraley, who had
brought her four-year-old daughter to the event, and Mr. Stratton, who explained that he
was working on a carousel and paying little attention to what was going on elsewhere,
both claimed not to have noticed the presence of alcoholic beverages or the absence of
the majority of their students .
On the same morning that Anthony Williams was killed, a member of the senior
class who had reported to school before "skipping," was arrested while consuming
alcoholic beverages at Jenny Wiley State Park . Instead of being taken to a juvenile
detention center, he was returned to the high school. He testified that upon arriving at
the school, he observed that only about 100 of the 800 students enrolled were actually
in attendance and that Mr. Bentley was having difficulty keeping those students in their
classrooms. Shortly thereafter, the former arrestee again "skipped," leaving school for
the second time that day.
From this evidence, an ALJ could conclude that the faculty and staff of Betsy
Layne High School should have been aware that their students were drinking and
driving while traveling to and from a school-sponsored and supervised extracurricular
activity occurring on school property during school hours. The obvious danger to the
students from that fact should have been foreseen (and probably was, in view of the
earlier decision to permit transportation only by bus), thus triggering the affirmative duty
to take all reasonable steps to prevent harm to the students . Those steps could have
included enforcement of the requirement that travel to the gymnasium be only by bus,
confiscation of alcoholic beverages, requiring those authorized to participate in the
decorating project to either participate or return to class, and enforcement of classroom
attendance by those not authorized to participate (including Julie Hall). An ALJ could
believe that the described pandemonium at Betsy Layne High School and at the
gymnasium on the morning of April 28, 1989, was the result of negligent supervision (or
no supervision), and that such was a substantial factor in causing the death of Anthony
Williams .
We disagree with the Board of Claims' conclusion that a teacher's duty to
supervise students is a "regulatory" (discretionary?) function. Promulgation of rules is a
discretionary function ; enforcement of those rules is a ministerial function. Yanero , 65
S.W .3d at 529. See also KRS 161 .180(1) :
Each teacher and administrator in the public schools shall in accordance
with the rules, regulations and bylaws of the board of education made and
adopted pursuant to KRS 160 .290 for the conduct of pupils, hold pupils to
strict account for their conduct on school premises, on the way to and from
school, and on school sponsored trips and activities .
Pursuant to KRS 160.290, the Floyd County Board of Education had adopted a
Code of Conduct that identified, inter alia , the following behavior violations that would
subject a student to disciplinary action : non-attendance of class ; leaving school
grounds without permission ; and use or possession of alcohol at any time "during the
entire school day, to and from school, on school buses, and all school sponsored
activities." Another section of the Code of Conduct charged teachers with the
responsibility to "enforce rules and regulations of the Board of Education." Compliance
with this directive was a ministerial, not a discretionary or regulatory, function .
Nor can the actions of Julie Hall and Anthony Williams be viewed as superseding
causes of Williams's death . "[I]f the resultant injury is reasonably foreseeable from the
view of the original actor, then the other factors causing to bring about the injury are not
a superseding cause ." NKC Hosps., Inc . v. Anthony , Ky. App., 849 S .W .2d 564, 568
(1993) (citing William L. Prosser, Law of Torts 272 (4th ed . 1978) and Deutsch v.
Schein, Ky., 597 S.W.2d 141, 144 (1980)) . The basic premise of a superseding cause
is that it is "extraordinary and unforeseeable ." House v. Kellerman , Ky., 519 S .W .2d
380, 383 (1974); see also Britton v. Wooten, Ky., 817 S.W.2d 443, 451 (1991) . In Watts
By and Through Watts v. K, S & H , Ky., 957 S .W.2d 233 (1997), we held that a dram
shop owner who sold alcoholic beverages to a minor passenger in an automobile
occupied by other minors should have reasonably foreseen that the purchaser would
share those beverages with other passengers, including the driver, and that
consumption of those beverages would result in an accident . Id, at 239 . Likewise, the
faculty members in charge of this school-sponsored event conducted during school
hours and on school premises should have foreseen that students who consumed
alcoholic beverages on the premises, then left the premises in their private vehicles
during the event, with or without permission, were likely to be involved in an accident
causing injury or death . Thus, the fact that an alcohol-related accident actually occurred
and caused the death of one of the students was neither "extraordinary" nor
"unforeseeable ." House v. Kellerman, supra, at 383.
11. VICARIOUS LIABILITY .
Under common law principles of agency, a principal is vicariously liable for
damages caused by torts of commission or omission of an agent or subagent, other
than an independent contractor, acting on behalf of and pursuant to the authority of the
principal . Wolford v. Scott Nickels Bus Co. , Ky., 257 S .W.2d 594, 595 (1953); Capurso
v. Johnson, Ky., 248 S.W.2d 908, 910 (1952) (subagent is an agent of the principal and
"is directly responsible to the principal for his conduct") ; Johnson v. Bryan, 40 Ky. (1
B.Mon .) 292, 293 (1841) ("The master or principal is liable for injuries occasioned by the
negligence or unskillfulness of his servant, agent, or sub-agent, whilst in the course of
his employ and in the discharge of his business , 'though the act may be obviously
tortuous :' 1st Chitty, 92-3 ; 1st Black. Com . 431 .") (emphasis in original)) ; Restatement
(Second) of Agency § 5 cmt. f (1958) ("subservant committing a tort in the scope of
employment subjects both his employer and the latter's master to liability"). And when
the principal is under a duty to provide protection for or to have care used to protect
others and confides the performance of that duty to a servant or other person who
causes harm to them by failing to perform that duty, vicarious liability attaches even if
the agent or subagent is not a servant, i.e. , is an independent contractor . Restatement
(Second) of Agency, supra , §§ 251(a), 255 ; etc . , Sharp v. W.H. Moore, Inc . , 796 P.2d
506, 512 (Idaho 1990) (owner of secured building vicariously liable to tenant injured by
rapist who was able to enter building because subagent of security service contractor
hired by owner failed to lock the door). There may be a series of subagents .
Restatement (Second) of Agency, supra , § 5 cmt. e.
The DOE claims and the Court of Appeals held that local boards of education are
not agents of the DOE but are separate and distinct agencies of the Commonwealth
assigned to perform separate and distinct functions, i.e. , they are co-agents; and, thus,
the DOE is not vicariously liable for the failures of employees of local boards to perform
their ministerial duties . See Restatement (Third) of Agency § 1 .01 cmt. c, illus . 14, §
1 .04(1), (10), cmts . a, i, j (Tentative Draft No . 2, 2001), and § 3.14 cmt . e (Tentative
Draft No . 3, 2002). This assertion acquires some support from the fact that both
agencies were created by the same principal, i .e. , the General Assembly. Restatement
(Third) of Agency, § 1 .04(1), supra . Of course, the relationship between the DOE and a
local board of education is not one of common-law agency created by the agreement
and consent of private persons or business entities but is a statutory relationship
devised by the General Assembly to ensure the accomplishment of its constitutional
duty to provide for an efficient system of common schools . Ky . Const. § 183. Thus, the
nature of that relationship depends on the legislative intent deducible from the statutory
scheme . Because the events giving rise to these claims occurred on April 28, 1989, our
analysis is confined to the statutory and regulatory scheme in effect on that date ; thus,
all references to and quotations from statutes and regulations are to and from the 1989
versions of those statutes and regulations . We note, however, that while substantial
changes have been made in the statutes and regulations pertaining to education upon
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and after the enactment of the Kentucky Education Reform Act (KERA), 1990 Ky. Acts,
ch . 476, those changes have not diminished the authority of the appropriate executive
branch agencies to control and direct the activities of local boards of education .
In Rose v. Council for Better Education . Inc. , Ky., 790 S .W .2d 186 (1989), we
identified "where the buck stops" 3 in the context of public education .
As we have previously emphasized, the sole responsibility for
providing the system of common schools lies with the General Assembly.
If they choose to delegate any of this duty to institutions such as the local
boards of education, the General Assembly must provide a mechanism to
assure that the ultimate control remains with the General Assembly, and
assure that those local school districts also exercise the delegated duties
in an efficient manner .
Id. a t 216 (emphasis in original) . This, of course, was not a novel notion . "[P]ublic
education has long been recognized as a function of State government," Bd . of Educ.
of Louisville v. Society of Alumni of Louisville Male High School, Inc . , Ky., 239 S .W .2d
931, 933 (1951), and "every common school in the state . . . is a state institution ." C
of Louisville v. Bd. of Educ. of City of Louisville , 154 Ky. 316, 157 S .W . 379, 380 (1913).
As of 1989, the General Assembly had delegated its supervisory responsibility
over the common schools to the Department of Education which, at that time, consisted
of "the superintendent of public instruction who shall be the chief executive officer of the
department, the organizational structure of the department as set forth in this section,
the state board for elementary and secondary education, and the state board for
vocational-technical, adult education and vocational rehabilitation services ." KRS
3 Harry S Truman, thirty-third president of the United States, kept a sign on his White
House office desk that read, "The Buck Stops Here," which was derived from the slang
expression "pass the buck" meaning to pass responsibility to someone else . _A
Dictionary of Americanisms on Historical Principles 198-99 (Mitford M. Mathews ed.,
Univ. of Chicago Press, 1951) .
156 .010(1) . The "management and control of the common schools and all programs
operated in such schools" was vested in the state board for elementary and secondary
education, an arm of the DOE. KRS 156 .070(1) . "The legislature could not have used
broader language in investing complete control over the common school system in the
State Board of Education." Bell v. Bd. of Educ. of Shelby County, 308 Ky., 848, 215
S .W.2d 1007, 1010 (1948). One function of the board of elementary and secondary
education was to adopt administrative regulations with respect to "planning,
coordinating, administering , supervising , operating and evaluating the educational
programs, services and activities" within the DOE. KRS 156 .031(6) (emphasis added) .
The General Assembly, itself, defined what misconduct would result in suspension or
expulsion of a student, including "willful disobedience" (interpreted by the Attorney
General to include unexcused absence from school, OAG 74-312) and "use or
possession of alcohol or drugs . . . on school property, as well as off school property at
school sponsored activities ." KRS 158.150. Another statute specifically charged the
DOE with developing statewide student discipline guidelines . KRS 158 .148(1) . Local
boards had the authority to make and adopt rules for the conduct of students, but only
insofar as "consistent with the general school laws of the state." KRS 160.290(2); cf.
Dorsey v. Bale , Ky., 521 S .W.2d 76, 78 (1975) (local school board was without authority
to adopt disciplinary rules other than as authorized by KRS 158.150) .
Local boards of education were required to operate their schools "consistent with
the rules and regulations of the state board for elementary and secondary education,"
KRS 160.290(1), and to "prepare and submit to the state board for elementary and
secondary education reports on all phases of its school service," KRS 160 .340(1),
including its policies relating to, inter alia , the transportation, discipline, and conduct of
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its pupils, KRS 160 .340(2)(a), (b). Contrary to its present assertion, the DOE, by and
through the board of elementary and secondary education, and as authorized by KRS
158.060 and 158 .070, substantially micromanaged the daily activities of local schools.
KRS 158 .060 established the six-hour instructional day and 702 KAR 7 :010(5) specified
how those six hours could be spent:
Section 5. (1) Each school day shall consist of at least six (6) hours
of actual organized and supervised instruction, exclusive of lunch periods
and recesses, except that kindergarten, readiness classes, first grade
classes, and classes for the handicapped may be a program of less than
six (6) hours per day under policies adopted by the local school board and
approved by the State Board of Education . Lack of compliance with
minimum school day requirements shall, pursuant to KRS 157 .350, result
in appropriate proportional reductions in Foundation Program allotments.
(2)
The following are the only approvable activities that may be
conducted during the six (6) hour school day:
(a)
Courses and activities included in the "Program of Studies
for Kentucky Schools, Grades K-12;"
(b)
Enrichment courses approved by the State Board of
Education ;
(c)
Experimental courses or programs approved by the State
Board of Education ;
(d)
Cocurricular activities, such as club meetings and
assemblies, as long as such are related directly to the instructional
program and are scheduled so as to minimize absences from classroom
instruction ; and
(e)
Homeroom in the morning and afternoon for checking
attendance . These periods shall not exceed ten (10) minutes per
homeroom or twenty (20) minutes daily .
(Emphasis added .) KRS 158.070 and 702 KAR 7 :020 enumerated those days on which
school could be closed, e.g . , four holidays "to be selected from those listed in KRS
2 .110, 18.350 and 158.070," two in-service days, two KEA meeting days, etc. There
was no authorization for "skip days" or "decorating days." Nor were these mentioned in
the student handbook published by the Floyd County Board of Education (presumably
because nonattendance in classes on days other than those authorized by the DOE by
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and through the state board of elementary and secondary education would have
reduced its Foundation Program allotments) .
From the language and structure of this statutory scheme, we conclude that the
legislative intent was to vest the overall management, operation, and control of the
common schools in the DOE, with the local boards of education functioning as agents of
the DOE created for the purpose of implementing the DOE's policies and directives at
the local level . If the local board failed to implement those policies and directives, or did
so in an insufficient or negligent manner, the DOE was still responsible (as was the
General Assembly where the "buck" ultimately stopped) . Thus viewed, the statutory
relationship between the DOE and the local board was more akin to that of principalagent than to that of co-agents. Of course, this analysis was rendered necessary only
because Appellants named the DOE, instead of the Commonwealth, as the only party
defendant . Obviously, the employees of the Floyd County Board of Education are
subagents of the General Assembly. We do not believe a different result obtains simply
because the actions were brought against the state agency created by the General
Assembly to act as its alter ego with respect to its constitutional responsibility to provide
an efficient system of common schools .
Appellants could have sued the DOE and/or the Floyd County Board of
Education alleging vicarious liability for the negligence of the faculty and staff of Betsy
Layne High School in the Floyd Circuit Court except for the fact that both are shielded
from liability by governmental immunity . Yanero, 65 S.W .3d at 519, 527 (state agency
entitled to immunity from tort liability to the extent that it is performing a governmental
function, local board of education is a state agency entitled to governmental immunity,
and state agency is not vicariously liable for negligence of state employees) . The "no
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vicarious liability" principle recognizes that an otherwise immune entity does not lose
that status merely because its agents or servants can be held liable for the negligent
performance of their ministerial duties. Otherwise, there could be no governmental
immunity because state agencies perform their governmental functions by and through
their agents, servants and employees .
However, this action was not brought in a judicial court but in the Board of
Claims. In enacting the Board of Claims Act, the General Assembly exercised its
authority under Sections 230 and 231 of our Constitution to partially waive immunities
enjoyed by otherwise immune entities . Yanero, supra , at 523-25 .
It is the intention of the General Assembly to provide the means to enable
a person negligently injured by the Commonwealth, any of its cabinets,
departments, bureaus or agencies, or any of its officers, agents or
employees while acting within the scope of their employment by the
Commonwealth or any of its cabinets, departments, bureaus or agencies
to be able to assert their just claims as herein provided .
KRS 44.072 . Does that include vicarious liability claims? KRS 44.073 provides, inter
alia:
(2)
The Board of Claims shall have primary and exclusive jurisdiction
over all negligence claims for the negligent performance of
ministerial acts against the Commonwealth, any of its cabinets,
departments , bureaus, or agencies , or any officers, agents, or
employees thereof while acting within the scope of their
employment by the Commonwealth or any of its cabinets,
departments, bureaus, or agencies .
(15)
Neither the Commonwealth nor any of its cabinets, departments,
bureaus, or agencies or any officers, agents, or employees thereof
shall be liable under a respondeat superior theory or any other
similar theory for the acts of independent contractors , contractors,
or subcontractors thereof or anyone else doing work or providing
services for the state on a volunteer basis or pursuant to a contract
therewith .
(Emphasis added .)
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The term "ministerial acts" applies only to the negligence of public officers or
employees who enjoy "official immunity" from liability for the "good faith," but negligent,
performance of discretionary acts, but not for the negligent performance of ministerial
acts . Yanero , supra , at 521-23 . Thus, subsection (2) cannot pertain to the negligent
acts of anyone other than a state official or employee . And subsection (2) cannot be
interpreted as waiving the immunity of public officers and employees for their own
ministerial acts because no such immunity exists . Id . at 522 . Thus, the only possible
meaning ascribable to subsection (2) is that it constitutes a waiver of the immunity of the
Commonwealth or any of its cabinets, departments, bureaus, or agencies, or
managerial officials and employees from vicarious liability for the negligent performance
of ministerial acts by other officers, agents, or employees while in the course and scope
of their employment. That conclusion is reinforced by subsection (15) which expressly
does not waive immunity from vicarious liability for the negligent acts of anybody else .
There would have been no need for subsection (15) if the General Assembly had not
intended subsection (2) as a waiver of vicarious liability.
Appellants could have brought an action in the Floyd Circuit Court against
appropriate members of the faculty and staff of Betsy Lane High School for the
negligent performance of their ministerial duties . Id. at 529 . In addition, they could
have brought an action in the Board of Claims against either the Floyd County Board of
Education4 and/or the DOE (or the Commonwealth) on a theory of vicarious liability.
4 The obiter dictum in Board of Education of Rockcastle County v. Kirby, Ky., 926
S .W .2d 455, 456-57 (1996), that an action cannot be brought in the Board of Claims
against a local board of education was abrogated by the recognition in Yanero, 65
S.W.3d at 527, that a local board of education is a state agency, thus falling squarely
within the language of KRS 44.072 and KRS 44.073(2).
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They chose to bring an action only against the DOE. Their failure to file a circuit court
action against any or all of the responsible teachers or to file a Board of Claims action
against the Floyd County Board is immaterial to their right to recover against the DOE.
Cohen v. Alliant Enterprises, Inc . , Ky., 60 S.W.3d 536, 539 (2001).
III . CLAIMS FOR LOSS OF CONSORTIUM .
The loss of consortium claims are premised on our holding in Department of
Education v. Blevins , Ky., 707 S .W.2d 782 (1986), that damages for loss of consortium
were recoverable under the Board of Claims Act because they were not specifically
excluded by KRS 44.070(1) . Id. a t 785. Blevins was rendered on April 10, 1986.
Effective July 15, 1986, the General Assembly amended KRS 44.070(1) to exclude
"collateral or dependent claims which are dependent on loss to another and not the
claimant ." 1986 Ky. Acts, ch . 499, § 3. That amendment abrogated the holding in
Blevins.
Accordingly, we affirm the dismissal of the parents' claims for loss of consortium,
reverse the dismissal of the administrator's wrongful death claim, and remand this
action to the Board of Claims for further proceedings consistent with this opinion .
All concur.
COUNSEL FOR APPELLANTS:
Lawrence R. Webster
P. O . Drawer 712
Pikeville, KY 41502
COUNSEL FOR APPELANTS :
A. B. Chandler, III
Attorney General
State Capitol
Frankfort, KY 40601
D . Brent Irvin
Assistant Attorney General
Civil & Environmental Law Division
Office of the Attorney General
P .O . Box 2000
Frankfort, KY 40602-2000
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