Kennedy v. Carlton

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In 2012, Lewis Carlton made several telephone calls to neighbors of the foster mother of his three children. Representing himself as an employee with the Georgia Division of Family and Children Services (DFCS), Carlton questioned the neighbors regarding the foster mother's treatment of his children. Neighbors brought the foster mother over to listen in on a conversation with Carlton, at which point the foster mother identified the caller as Carlton and telephoned the police. Carlton was indicted on thirteen separate counts; however, orders of nolle prosequi were entered on ten as part of a negotiated plea agreement. The remaining three counts each charged Carlton with impersonating of public employee. Carlton then backed out of the plea deal and decided to take his case to trial. The next day, the parties had lengthy argument as to the constitutionality of the impersonation statute as applied to Carlton. Shortly thereafter, Carlton requested the same plea deal that previously had been offered. The parties then returned to superior court and Carlton entered an Alford plea to all three impersonation counts. At that hearing, Carlton repeatedly expressed to the superior court his concern and understanding that he would retain the right to attack the statute's legality, stating he would not waive a habeas corpus to challenge impersonation statute. Carlton then petitioned the superior court for a writ of habeas corpus, initially asserting ineffective assistance of counsel and violation of his due process right for being convicted of three counts of an indictment which failed to establish a crime. However, he amended his petition to leave only his due process argument and his challenge to the impersonation statute. The habeas court granted Carlton's petition, ruling that OCGA 16-10-23 failed to adequately hold itself out as applicable to public employees as opposed to public officers, and thus, the statute did not provide Carlton with appropriate notice that he could be criminally responsible for impersonating a DFCS employee. The warden appealed the superior court's grant of habeas relief. Upon review, the Supreme Court disagreed with the superior court's reasoning and reversed.

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In the Supreme Court of Georgia Decided: February 24, 2014 S13A1717. KENNEDY, WARDEN v. CARLTON. HINES, Presiding Justice. This is an appeal by the Warden from the superior court s grant of habeas corpus relief to criminal defendant Lewis Alan Carlton, based upon the court s determination that OCGA § 16-10-23, which criminalizes impersonating an individual serving in a public capacity, is constitutionally defective as vague and ambiguous. For the reasons which follow, we reverse. On April 5, 2012, Carlton made several telephone calls to neighbors of the foster mother of Carlton s three children. Representing himself as an employee with the Georgia Division of Family and Children Services ( DFCS ), Carlton questioned the neighbors regarding the foster mother s treatment of his children. Neighbors brought the foster mother over to listen in on a conversation with Carlton, at which point the foster mother identified the caller as Carlton and telephoned the police. Carlton was indicted on 13 separate counts; however, orders of nolle prosequi were entered on 10 of the counts as part of a negotiated plea agreement. The remaining three counts each charged Carlton with violation of OCGA § 16-10-23 by impersonation of public employee. On October 11, 2012, Carlton appeared in superior court, ostensibly ready to enter an Alford1 plea on the impersonation counts. However, Carlton then backed out of the plea deal and decided to take his case to trial. The next day, the parties had lengthy argument as to the constitutionality of the impersonation statute as applied to Carlton. Shortly thereafter, Carlton requested the same plea deal that previously had been offered. The parties then returned to superior court on October 15, 2012, and Carlton entered an Alford plea to all three impersonation counts. At the October 15th hearing, Carlton repeatedly expressed to the superior court his concern and understanding that he would retain the right to attack the statute s legality, stating, I want to be very clear that I m not waiving away my right to the habeas corpus to challenge the OCGA §16-10-23, impersonating a public officer. Carlton then petitioned the superior court in the county in which he was 1 North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25 (91 SCt. 160, 27 LE2d 162) (1970). 2 incarcerated for a writ of habeas corpus, initially asserting ineffective assistance of counsel and violation of his right to due process for being convicted of three counts of an indictment which failed to establish a crime. However, he amended his petition so that what remained for the habeas court s consideration was a due process argument and his challenge to OCGA § 16-10-23. In a June 11, 2013 order, the habeas court granted Carlton s petition for writ of habeas corpus, ruling that OCGA § 16-10-23 failed to adequately hold itself out as applicable to public employees as opposed to public officers, and thus, the statute did not provide [Carlton] with the appropriate notice that he could be criminally responsible for impersonating a Department of Family and Children Services Employee. 1. As a threshold matter, contrary to the contention of the Warden, Carlton has not waived his challenge to OCGA § 16-10-23. Carlton made the challenge prior to the entry of his pleas, and expressly attempted to reserve it following his pleas. Compare Kolokouris v. State, 271 Ga. 597 (523 SE2d 311) (1999). Moreover, the gravamen of Carlton s challenge is that inasmuch as OCGA § 16-10-23 failed to adequately give notice that his conduct was criminal, the statute is fatally flawed, and the counts in his indictment, to which 3 he pled, failed to charge him with any crime. A plea of guilty does not waive the defense that an indictment charges no crime. Smith v. Hardrick, 266 Ga. 54, 56 (3) (464 SE2d 198) (1995). 2. The gravamen of Carlton s challenge on habeas corpus was that the indictment did not charge him with a crime as it only criminalizes impersonating an officer, while he impersonated an employee. However, the Warden is correct that the habeas court erred in finding that OCGA § 16-10-23 is vague and ambiguous in this regard. OCGA § 16-10-23, which is captioned Impersonating a public officer or employee, consists of a single sentence: A person who falsely holds himself out as a peace officer or other public officer or employee with intent to mislead another into believing that he is actually such officer commits the offense of impersonating an officer and, upon conviction thereof, shall be punished by a fine of not more than $1,000.00 or by imprisonment for not less than one nor more than five years, or both. (Emphasis supplied.) Thus, the statute forthrightly and plainly states that it applies to public employees, as well as peace and other public officers. The fact that the remainder of the sentence does not expressly again recite employee does not negate the clear and express legislative mandate. Moreover, even assuming arguendo that the fact that the term employee is not 4 renamed in the close of the sentence renders the statute ambiguous in this regard, the fundamental rules of statutory construction compel the conclusion that the prohibition of the statute applies to impersonation of public employees. A statute, including one criminalizing conduct, is to be construed according to its terms, giving those terms their plain and ordinary meaning, and avoiding a statutory construction that will render some of the statutory language mere surplusage; in considering the appropriate construction, this Court must seek to effectuate the intent of the General Assembly. Doe v. State, 290 Ga. 667, 668 (725 SE2d 234) (2012). This statute explicitly states that it applies to impersonation of a public officer or employee. If the General Assembly did not intend that the reach of the statute extend to impersonation of public employees, then the express use of the word employee in the statute would constitute mere surplusage. Furthermore, the obvious intent and purpose of the General Assembly in enacting the statute is to protect the people of this State from intimidation and other potential abuses and dangers at the hands of an individual misrepresenting himself or herself as one cloaked with the authority and power which may attend public office or employment. The circumstances of this case, involving the 5 welfare of minor children, well illustrate the potential perils of permitting one to falsely represent employment by a governmental agency to further a personal agenda. A criminal statute is not unconstitutionally vague if its terms furnish those of common intelligence who come in contact with it a test with normal criteria which may be used with reasonable safety by a person to determine the statute s command; in this regard, due process requires only that the law give sufficient warning so that individuals are able to avoid the conduct which is forbidden. Dunn v. State, 286 Ga. 238, 241 (1) (686 SE2d 772) (2009). Indeed, if the phrase in a statute challenged as vague has a commonly understood meaning, it is sufficiently definite to satisfy due process concerns. Id. OCGA § 16-10-23 specifies that it is a crime for an individual to falsely hold himself or herself out as a public employee, with the intent to mislead another into believing that he or she is actually such person. It commands to a person of common intelligence that he or she refrain from such conduct. The statute provided Carlton with appropriate notice that his actions would constitute a violation of the law. Thus, the habeas court erred in determining that the statute failed to provide Carlton with sufficient notice that he could be 6 criminally responsible for impersonating a DFCS employee. Consequently, the judgment of the habeas court cannot stand. Judgment reversed. All the Justices concur. 7

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