KIC LLC v. Zhejiang Dicastal Hongxin Technology Co Ltd, No. 3:2019cv05660 - Document 130 (W.D. Wash. 2021)

Court Description: ORDER granting in part and denying in part 87 88 & 89 Motion for Summary Judgment; granting in part and denying in part 92 Motion for Partial Summary Judgment; striking 112 Motion in Limine, Pretrial Conference and trial date. Signed by Judge Robert J. Bryan. (JL)

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KIC LLC v. Zhejiang Dicastal Hongxin Technology Co Ltd Doc. 130 Case 3:19-cv-05660-RJB Document 130 Filed 08/30/21 Page 1 of 23 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT TACOMA 8 9 10 11 KIC, LLC, a Delaware Limited Liability Company, 12 13 14 15 Plaintiff, v. ZHEJIANG DICASTAL HONGXIN TECHNOLOGY Co., LTD., a Chinese Corporation, ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART KIC’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART HONGXIN’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT Defendant. 16 17 CASE NO. 3:19-cv-05660-RJB This matter comes before the Court on KIC, LLC’s (“KIC”) Motion for Summary 18 Judgment (Dkt. 87-sealed; Dkt. 88-same, sealed; and Dkt. 89-unsealed, redacted) and Zhejiang 19 Dicastal Hongxin Technology Co., Ltd.’s (“Hongxin”) Motion for Partial Summary Judgment 20 (Dkt. 92). The Court has considered the pleadings filed in support of and in opposition to the 21 motions and the file herein. The Parties request oral argument, but that is unnecessary to fairly 22 decide these motions. 23 24 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART KIC’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART HONGXIN’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT -1 Dockets.Justia.com Case 3:19-cv-05660-RJB Document 130 Filed 08/30/21 Page 2 of 23 1 In March 2013, Plaintiff KIC, a commercial truck part designer and distributor, entered 2 into a contractual relationship with Defendant and Counterclaimant Hongxin, a wheel 3 manufacturer, in which KIC would purchase aluminum wheels from Hongxin. The Parties 4 signed a distribution agreement (“Distribution Agreement”), which included both an exclusivity 5 provision and a provision regulating the price at which Hongxin could sell to customers in 6 Mexico, and a confidentiality agreement (“Confidentiality Agreement”). 7 KIC alleges that Hongxin breached both agreements by selling to customers prohibited 8 by the exclusivity provision and to customers in Mexico at a price below the contractual 9 minimum. Hongxin counterclaims for breach of contract for failure to pay for ten container 10 shipments of aluminum wheels and for failure to grant price adjustments required by the 11 Distribution Agreement. 12 13 14 For the following reasons, both motions should be granted in part and denied in part. I. RELEVANT FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY A. THE CONTRACTS 15 1. The Distribution Agreement 16 On March 13, 2013, KIC and Hongxin entered into the Distribution Agreement “for the 17 purpose of establishing a distribution relationship between Manufacturer [Hongxin] and 18 Distributor [KIC] of Aluminum wheels for north American market.” Dkt. 90-3 at 1. The 19 relevant provisions are listed below. 20 Section 2, the exclusivity provision, reads: 21 Exclusivity in North America 22 Distributor [KIC], its agents or assignees shall have the exclusive right to purchase the Products from Manufacturer [Hongxin] and sell the same to its already existing list of OEM and aftermarket customers, as listed in Appendix A, in exclusive territory defined as United States. Manufacturer’s customers, neither 23 24 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART KIC’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART HONGXIN’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT -2 Case 3:19-cv-05660-RJB Document 130 Filed 08/30/21 Page 3 of 23 1 2 3 4 5 Manufacturer nor any agent, subsidiary, or affiliate of Manufacturer, shall sell, supply, or otherwise provide the Products destined for shipment to exclusive territory to anyone other than Distributor. Manufacturer shall prohibit and prevent its employees, agents, subsidiaries or affiliates from manufacturing or selling Products to any third person. This agreement excludes customers that Manufacturer was already supplying aluminum wheels to in North America prior to the date of this agreement. A list of these customers is included in Appendix B in this agreement. The Products are to be branded with the Distributor’s name. Manufacturer agrees not to offer, to sell to or to accept orders from the customers listed in Appendix A or any other future KIC customers directly or indirectly. 6 Dkt. 91-3 at 1. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Appendix A is extensive and will not be listed here, except to note that it includes a company called FleetPride. Id. at 3; Dkt. 90-10. Appendix B is much shorter, and it reads, in full: “Appendix B – Hongxin’s Existing Customer List: USA PACCAR DRAGON” Dkt. 91-3 at 7. Section 4 regulates the price and includes two relevant provisions. First, it sets the price at which aluminum wheels shall be sold between the companies: Pricing will be subject to quarterly price adjustment mechanism governed by fluctuations in aluminum pricing and currency exchange rates. Pricing will be adjusted if the fluctuation in aluminum pricing combined with the exchange rate fluctuation exceeds 3% … Quarterly price adjustments will be reviewed and communicated 30 days prior to the beginning of the next quarter. Second, it sets the price at which Hongxin may sell wheels to companies in Mexico and Canada: [Hongxin] will grant Distributor a 10% price advantage over other customers in North American territory where exclusivity is currently not granted (Mexico and Canada). Pricing will be subject to a quarterly price adjustment mechanism governed by fluctuations in aluminum pricing and currency exchange rates. Dkt. 91-3 at 2. 23 24 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART KIC’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART HONGXIN’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT -3 Case 3:19-cv-05660-RJB Document 130 Filed 08/30/21 Page 4 of 23 1 Section 12 regulates payment between the Parties, and it reads: “Distributor shall make 2 payment to Manufacturer in a mutually agreed manner specified in the purchase order or other 3 documents submitted by the Distributor for each order of Products.” Dkt. 91-3 at 4. 4 Section 13 regulates KIC’s remedies in the event of Hongxin’s breach. It provides: 5 Owner’s Remedies 6 In the event of any breach of this Agreement by Manufacturer, then with respect to certain specific violations of this Agreement the remedies available to Distributor shall be as follows: (a) If Manufacturer violates Distributor’s exclusive rights to the Products by selling the Products to any person other than Distributor, then in addition to any other remedies Distributor shall be entitled to collect royalties at the rate of 15 percent of the sales price or any other form of proceeds received by Manufacturer, its agents, subsidiaries, or affiliates from the sale or other transfer of any products or product rights in violation of Distributor’s exclusive rights to the Products. 7 8 9 10 11 Dkt. 91-3 at 4. 12 Section 17, the incorporation provision, reads: 13 Entire Agreement 14 15 16 17 18 19 This Agreement, together with its exhibits and attachments, constitute the entire agreement between the parties and merges with and supersedes any prior understanding or agreement, whether written or oral. This Agreement may be amended only by a written document signed by both parties. If any of the terms of this Agreement conflict or are inconsistent with any of the attached exhibits and attachments or other documents delivered by one party to the other hereunder, the terms of this Agreement will control, except that if any of the purchase on any purchase order from Distributor, the terms of the purchase order will control. Id. at 5. 20 2. Emails about the Distribution Agreement 21 The following are relevant emails discussing the Distribution Agreement. 22 While internally discussing drafting the Distribution Agreement, a KIC representative 23 wrote, “[i]t does not work to have a ‘deal-by-deal’ agreement. We can carve out their current 24 customers but we need the rest of the market. Maybe they give us exclusivity (except for their ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART KIC’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART HONGXIN’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT -4 Case 3:19-cv-05660-RJB Document 130 Filed 08/30/21 Page 5 of 23 1 current customers) and then give us a trial period to see what we can generate for them.” Dkt. 2 95-8 at 2. 3 On March 5, 2013, the same KIC representative wrote: 4 The following is what I negotiated with Hongxin . . . Exclusivity for USA for KIC is for Navistar and the list of current KIC OEM and aftermarket customers excluding Hongxin’s already existing USA customers which are only two: Paccar and Dragon. Outside of the list and Navistar, they can sell direct. Please start writing the list of customers that we want to add to the exclusivity clause. We need to do this ASAP. 5 6 7 Dkt. 90-5 at 2. 8 On March 13, 2013, the day the Parties signed the Agreements, a representative from 9 KIC wrote the following to Hongxin: 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Please review the revised agreement and return a signed copy to us for our countersignature and records. We understand from your discussions with Dr. Omar that you are already working with KARL in Canada and two other customers in Mexico, so KIC is willing to forego exclusivity in those two locations at this point. We do, however, request that you protect KIC’s market position by selling to others in these two countries at a price at minimum 10% above your price to KIC. Dkt. 91-4 at 1. On March 5, 2015, two years into the agreement, the Parties emailed about Mid-America Truck Show, an upcoming trade show. A representative from KIC wrote: We are looking forward to meeting with you and your team during the upcoming Mid-America Truck Show to discuss new opportunities and the expansion of our partnership. In order to avoid confusion among customers, we would like to suggest that you display your own wheels only in your booth but do not include a KIC-branded wheel. KIC will in turn display the KIC-branded wheel in our booth. When you receive inquiries from North American customers at your booth, please direct them to KIC for follow-up. We believe this will best allow us to service our market without your support while honoring our agreement about KIC’s exclusivity in North America and your commitment to your existing customers. Dkt. 90-20 at 1–2. A representative from Hongxin responded: “Thanks for KIC nice understanding. ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART KIC’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART HONGXIN’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT -5 Case 3:19-cv-05660-RJB Document 130 Filed 08/30/21 Page 6 of 23 1 Sure we will not show any KIC brand in our booth, pls inform us your booth No. then we will 2 inform american customer that go to your booth as our distributor in USA. thanks.” Id. 3 3. The Confidentiality Agreement 4 On March 12, 2013, the Parties signed the Confidentiality Agreement. Dkt. 89 at 7. In it, 5 the Parties agreed not to “disclose, disseminate, publish or otherwise reveal any 6 CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION to anyone except on a strict need to know basis.” Dkt. 90-1 7 at 2. 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 The Confidentiality Agreement reads, in part, with pertinent provisions emphasized: 1. For the purposes of this Agreement, CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION shall mean any information, technical data or know-how relating to matters including, but not limited to, research, products, software, services, development, inventions, specifications, techniques, manuals, formulations, details of plant and processes, designs, drawings, engineering, operating methods and instructions, marketing strategies and analysis, projections, plans, financial information, reports, and the like, disclosed by the Disclosing Party, directly or indirectly or whether disclosed prior to or subsequent to the effective date of this Agreement to the Receiving Party. a) CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION shall also include all negotiations with respect to any contemplated transaction between the parties and the existence and terms of this Agreement. b) The Receiving Party shall have a duty to protect only CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION (i) which is disclosed by the Disclosing Party in writing and is marked as “CONFIDENTIAL” (or comparable legend) at the time of disclosure; or (ii) which is disclosed by the Disclosing Party in any other manner and is designated as confidential in a written memorandum delivered to the Receiving Party within ten (10) days of the disclosure. c) Any reproductions, notes, summaries or similar documents restating to CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION shall itself be CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION and as such shall become and remain the Disclosing Party’s property upon the creation and shall be conspicuously marked as “Confidential” (or comparable legend). d) Any customer or market information shall be CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION. e) Neither Party shall identify information as CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION unless it in good faith believes same to be confidential, privileged, a trade secret, or entitled to such proprietary claim. Id. at 1. 24 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART KIC’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART HONGXIN’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT -6 Case 3:19-cv-05660-RJB Document 130 Filed 08/30/21 Page 7 of 23 1 The agreement does not apply to any information “developed by the Receiving Party 2 independently of any CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION received from the Disclosing Party.” 3 Id. at 2. It lasts “[f]or a period of ten (10) years from the date of this Agreement,” which the 4 Parties executed on March 12, 2013. Id. 5 B. FACTS 6 Hongxin admits that it sold aluminum wheels to FleetPride, a company listed on 7 Appendix A but not on Appendix B, and 13 other companies that are not listed on either 8 Appendix. Dkt. 105. Ten companies that are based in the United States: American Pacific 9 Industries, Inc., American Racing Equipment, Inc., Bolong International Group, Inc., Factory 10 Transport, Inc., FleetPride, Love’s Trucking Solutions, LLC, Marco Wheel Group, LLP, TBC 11 Corporation, TWG, and W&T International, LLC; and four that are based in Mexico: 12 Transportes Orta S.A. DE C.V., Cromadora Hermanos Pulido, Comercializadora Nimmka, and 13 Pulcro Credito. Id. at 20. 14 Hongxin sold products to FleetPride in 2009, but there were no further sales until 2016. 15 See Dkts. 105 at 5; 115 at 6. In 2017, KIC discovered Hongxin was selling to FleetPride. Dkt. 16 89 at 13–14. In an email to Hongxin dated February 5, 2017, a representative from KIC wrote: 17 18 19 20 I am just checking back with you regarding the issue of sales to Fleetpride that we discussed over the phone. As we discussed, our agreement states that sales into KIC’s territory will exclusively be made by KIC (except for your existing accounts Paccar and Dragon). If sales are made without KIC’s involvement, a 15% payment based on sales price per piece is due to KIC. Id. at 15. 21 A representative from Hongxin responded, in relevant part: 22 Well received your mail! I think there is a big misunderstanding between KIC and HX, FP is HX’s customers from 2009, they have long business relationship with HX . . . It’s HX’s fault that we forgot to remind or mentioned this customer before KIC to distinguish the old customers as Hongxin’s customers. 23 24 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART KIC’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART HONGXIN’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT -7 Case 3:19-cv-05660-RJB Document 130 Filed 08/30/21 Page 8 of 23 1 Dkt. 90-23. 2 KIC continued to place orders with Hongxin: one in August 2018, another in October 3 2018, and finally in April 2019. See Dkts. 92 at 21; 20 at 11. KIC admits that it did not pay for 4 ten container shipments from those orders. 5 On July 18, 2019, Hongxin removed the state court action to this court. 6 C. PENDING MOTIONS 7 The first motion at issue is KIC’s motion for summary judgment on all claims. Dkt. 89. 8 KIC brings four claims: Breach of Contract – Exclusivity; Breach of Contract – Pricing; Breach 9 of Contract – Confidentiality; and Misappropriation of Trade Secrets. Dkt. 17. It argues that 10 there is no genuine dispute of material fact that Hongxin breached the Distribution Agreement 11 and the Confidentiality Agreement, that KIC is entitled to recover 15% of the sales price of those 12 breaching sales, and that KIC is entitled to recover actual attorney’s fees and costs under the 13 Distribution Agreement. Id. at 6. KIC also argues it is entitled to summary judgment on 14 Hongxin’s counterclaim for breach of contract. Id. 15 In response, Hongxin moves to strike KIC’s motion for failure to properly and timely 16 serve all motion documents by the dispositive motion deadline, June 17, 2021. Dkt. 105 at 1–2. 17 KIC filed its motion supporting documents in the electronic filing system (“ECF”) on June 17, 18 but filed some documents under seal. Hongxin claims it could not access those documents until 19 KIC sent unsealed copies around noon on June 18. 20 The second motion at issue is Hongxin’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment. Dkt. 21 92. Hongxin moves for summary judgment on various issues. First, Hongxin argues that it did 22 not breach the Distribution Agreement as a matter of law. Second, that Section 13 of the 23 Distribution Agreement is an unenforceable penalty. Third, that the doctrine of latches bars KIC 24 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART KIC’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART HONGXIN’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT -8 Case 3:19-cv-05660-RJB Document 130 Filed 08/30/21 Page 9 of 23 1 from seeking contract damages. Fourth, that KIC breached its duty to mitigate damages. Fifth, 2 that KIC failed to meet its burden of proof to seek damages for lost profits and loss of market 3 share. 4 Hongxin also moves for summary judgment on its counterclaims, arguing that there is no 5 genuine issue of material fact that KIC did not pay for ten container shipments of aluminum 6 wheels, and, therefore, it is entitled to full reimbursement. Finally, Hongxin argues that there is 7 no genuine issue of material fact that KIC breached its contractual obligation to grant price 8 adjustments. 9 10 D. ORGANIZATION OF OPINION The Court will first discuss Hongxin’s motion to strike, which should be denied, then the 11 motions for summary judgment. The Order will be organized by claim, first discussing KIC’s 12 claims against Hongxin, then Hongxin’s affirmative defenses to those claims, and finally 13 Hongxin’s counterclaims against KIC, because the issues largely overlap. 14 15 16 II. DISCUSSION A. MOTION TO STRIKE Hongxin’s motion to strike should be denied because KIC’s motion was timely filed in 17 the electronic filing system and Hongxin has not shown any prejudice from an approximately 12- 18 hour delay in receiving unsealed copies of the supporting documents at issue. 19 Local Civil Rule 1(a) lists the purpose of the local rules and states that they should be 20 interpreted “to promote the just efficient, speedy, and economical determination of every action 21 and proceeding.” Granting Hongxin’s motion to strike is not in the interest of justice, and it 22 should be denied. 23 24 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART KIC’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART HONGXIN’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT -9 Case 3:19-cv-05660-RJB Document 130 Filed 08/30/21 Page 10 of 23 1 2 B. SUMMARY JUDGMENT STANDARD Summary judgment is proper only if the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials 3 on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the 4 movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The moving party is 5 entitled to judgment as a matter of law when the nonmoving party fails to make a sufficient 6 showing on an essential element of a claim in the case on which the nonmoving party has the 7 burden of proof. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1985). There is no genuine issue 8 of fact for trial where the record, taken as a whole, could not lead a rational trier of fact to find 9 for the nonmoving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 10 (1986) (nonmoving party must present specific, significant probative evidence, not simply “some 11 metaphysical doubt.”). Conversely, a genuine dispute over a material fact exists if there is 12 sufficient evidence supporting the claimed factual dispute, requiring a judge or jury to resolve 13 the differing versions of the truth. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 253 (1986); 14 T.W. Elec. Serv. Inc. v. Pacific Elec. Contractors Ass’n, 809 F.2d 626, 630 (9th Cir. 1987). 15 The determination of the existence of a material fact is often a close question. The court 16 must consider the substantive evidentiary burden that the nonmoving party must meet at trial – 17 e.g., a preponderance of the evidence in most civil cases. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 254; T.W. Elect. 18 Serv. Inc., 809 F.2d at 630. The court must resolve any factual issues of controversy in favor of 19 the nonmoving party only when the facts specifically attested by that party contradict facts 20 specifically attested by the moving party. The nonmoving party may not merely state that it will 21 discredit the moving party’s evidence at trial, in the hope that evidence can be developed at trial 22 to support the claim. T.W. Elect. Serv. Inc., 809 F.2d at 630 (relying on Anderson, supra). 23 Conclusory, non-specific statements in affidavits are not sufficient, and “missing facts” will not 24 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART KIC’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART HONGXIN’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT - 10 Case 3:19-cv-05660-RJB Document 130 Filed 08/30/21 Page 11 of 23 1 be “presumed.” Lujan v. Nat’l Wildlife Fed., 497 U.S. 871, 888-89 (1990). 2 KIC’S CLAIMS 3 4 1. BREACH OF CONTRACT This is a diversity case and, therefore, Washington State substantive law applies. Davis 5 v. Liberty Mut. Grp., 814 F. Supp. 2d 1111, 1115 (W.D. Wash. 2011). “Under Washington State 6 law, the elements of a breach of contract claim are (1) a contract imposing a duty, (2) breach of 7 that duty, and (3) damages proximately caused by breach.” Seattle Pac. Indus., Inc. v. S3 8 Holding LLC, 831 Fed. Appx. 814, 817 (9th Cir. 2020). “If a contract is unambiguous, summary 9 judgment is proper even if the parties dispute the legal effect of a certain provision.” Mayer v. 10 Pierce Medical Bureau, 80 Wn. App. 416, 420 (1995). Furthermore, “[a]mbiguity will not be 11 read into a contract where it can reasonably be avoided.” Id. at 421. 12 The Parties do not dispute the existence of a valid contract; they dispute the duties 13 imposed by the contract. When determining duties imposed by a contract, words and phrases 14 should not be considered in isolation. Moeller v. Farmers Ins. Co. of Wash., 173 Wn.2d 264, 15 271 (2011). Instead, courts should consider the contract in its entirety and “attempt to give effect 16 to each provision.” Id. at 272 (internal quotation omitted). 17 To interpret written contracts, courts applying Washington substantive law use the 18 “context rule” instead of the common parol evidence rule. Berg v. Hudesman, 115 Wn.2d 657, 19 667 (1990). The context rule allows courts to consider extrinsic evidence to determine the 20 parties’ intent when drafting the contract, regardless of whether language is ambiguous. Id. 21 Under the parol evidence rule, in contrast, extrinsic evidence may only be considered if the terms 22 of the contract are ambiguous. Id. at 669. The purpose of allowing a court to consider context 23 even without ambiguity is to help understand what the specific parties intended terms to mean; 24 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART KIC’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART HONGXIN’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT - 11 Case 3:19-cv-05660-RJB Document 130 Filed 08/30/21 Page 12 of 23 1 not to add to, modify, or contradict the terms of the written contract. Id. at 668–69. In the end, 2 however, it is the written language, not the unexpressed or subjective intent of the parties, that is 3 binding. See Hearst Commc’n, Inc. v. Seattle Times Co., 154 Wn.2d 493, 503 (2005). 4 a. Breach of the Distribution Agreement – Sales to U.S. Companies Three provisions make up the crux of the exclusivity provision of the Distribution 5 6 Agreement. First, “[KIC], its agents or assignees shall have the exclusive right to purchase the 7 8 Products from [Hongxin] and sell the same to its already existing list of OEM and aftermarket 9 customers, as listed in Appendix A, in exclusive territory defined as United States.” Dkt. 91-3 at 10 1. 11 Second, “[Hongxin’s] customers, neither [Hongxin] nor any agent or subsidiary, or 12 affiliate of [Hongxin], shall sell, supply, or otherwise provide the Products destined for shipment 13 to exclusive territory to anyone other than [KIC].” Id. 14 Third, “This agreement excludes customers that [Hongxin] was already supplying 15 aluminum wheels to in North America prior to the date of this agreement. A list of these 16 customers is included in Appendix B in this agreement.” Id. 17 The plain language of the contract unambiguously prohibits Hongxin from selling to 18 customers in the United States other than its existing customers listed on Appendix B, Paccar and 19 Dragon. Hongxin admits that it sold to FleetPride and nine other companies based in the United 20 States other than Paccar and Dragon, and therefore undisputed evidence shows that Hongxin 21 breached the Distribution Agreement. 22 23 The Distribution Agreement unambiguously prohibited Hongxin from selling to FleetPride both because it was not included on Appendix B and because it was included on 24 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART KIC’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART HONGXIN’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT - 12 Case 3:19-cv-05660-RJB Document 130 Filed 08/30/21 Page 13 of 23 1 Appendix A, KIC’s exclusive customers. The phrase “a list of these customers is included on is 2 included in Appendix B” modifies the customers Hongxin “was already supplying aluminum 3 wheels to in North America prior to this agreement.” Hongxin argues that it did not breach the 4 Distribution Agreement because merely failed to notify KIC that FleetPride was an existing 5 customer and include it on Appendix B. Such a reading would contradict the terms of the written 6 contract. 7 The Distribution Agreement also prohibited Hongxin from selling to nine other 8 companies in the United States that Hongxin admits it sold to because they were not listed on 9 Appendix A. Hongxin relies heavily on the first sentence of the exclusivity provision, which 10 states that only KIC can sell to companies on Appendix A, and the context rule to argue that the 11 Distribution Agreement only prohibited Hongxin from selling to customers explicitly listed on 12 Appendix A. Though perhaps unartfully drafted, the second sentence, listed above, 13 unambiguously prohibits Hongxin from selling to anyone other than KIC. The third sentence 14 creates the only exception to that rule, and it permits Hongxin to sell to companies in the United 15 States that are listed on Appendix B. The first sentence, which states that only KIC may sell to 16 its existing customers listed on Appendix A, does not conflict with that rule; it merely expands 17 on it to specify who Hongxin cannot sell to. 18 Context does not change these unambiguous terms. Emails between the Parties at most 19 demonstrate ambiguity as to what they discussed or subjectively intended to include in the 20 contract. See e.g., Dkt. 90-5 at 2 (internal email from KIC discussing contract negotiations) 21 (“Exclusivity for USA for KIC is for Navistar and the list of current KIC OEM and aftermarket 22 customers excluding Hongxin’s already existing USA customers which are only two: Paccar and 23 Dragon. Outside of the list and Navistar, they can sell direct.”); Dkt. 91-4 at 1 (email from KIC 24 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART KIC’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART HONGXIN’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT - 13 Case 3:19-cv-05660-RJB Document 130 Filed 08/30/21 Page 14 of 23 1 to Hongxin) (“we are willing to forgo exclusivity in [Canada and Mexico] at this point.”). The 2 correspondences do not create ambiguity in the plain language of the Distribution Agreement, 3 and it cannot now be rewritten to accommodate either Party’s subjective intent. Issues of fact, 4 for example whether FleetPride can be considered an existing customer based on sales from 5 Hongxin to FleetPride from and before 2009, are irrelevant because they cannot alter these 6 findings as a matter of law. 7 Therefore, Hongxin breached the Distribution Agreement as a matter of law by selling to 8 customers in the United States beyond the two listed in Appendix B. Accordingly, KIC should 9 be granted summary judgment on this issue. Hongxin’s motion for summary judgment, which 10 more narrowly moved to find that the Distribution Agreement permitted it to sell to existing 11 customers, should be denied. 12 b. Breach of the Distribution Agreement – Improper Pricing to Mexican Companies 13 Hongxin does not dispute that it sold aluminum wheels to companies in Mexico at a price 14 below that required by Section 4 of the Distribution Agreement. See Dkt. 105. 15 Section 4 reads: “[Hongxin] will grant Distributor a 10% price advantage over other 16 customers in North American territory where exclusivity is currently not granted (Mexico and 17 Canada). Pricing will be subject to a quarterly price adjustment mechanism governed by 18 fluctuations in aluminum pricing and currency exchange rates.” Dkt. 91-3 at 2. Stated another 19 way, this provision required Hongxin to sell aluminum wheels to companies in Mexico at a price 20 at least 10% higher than the price paid by KIC. 21 Instead of disputing that prohibited sales took place, Hongxin argues that a violation of 22 Section 4 is not subject to the 15 percent damages provision listed in Section 13. Dkt. 105 at 20. 23 24 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART KIC’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART HONGXIN’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT - 14 Case 3:19-cv-05660-RJB Document 130 Filed 08/30/21 Page 15 of 23 1 Section 13 provides: 2 Owner’s Remedies 3 In the event of any breach of this Agreement by Manufacturer, then with respect to certain specific violations of this Agreement the remedies available to Distributor shall be as follows: (a) If Manufacturer violates Distributor’s exclusive rights to the Products by selling the Products to any person other than Distributor, then in addition to any other remedies Distributor shall be entitled to collect royalties at the rate of 15 percent of the sales price or any other form of proceeds received by Manufacturer, its agents, subsidiaries, or affiliates from the sale or other transfer of any products or product rights in violation of Distributor’s exclusive rights to the Products. (b) If manufacturer’s warranty is breached, Manufacturer will immediately replace the products at Manufacturer’s cost and deliver the same at its expense to the site of the failed Products . . . . (not relevant to this dispute) (c) If Manufacturer breaches any provision of this Agreement in any material way, in addition to the above remedies, Distributor shall also be entitled to all other remedies under the laws of China and under international treaties of which China is a signatory, including without limitations, damages of loss of customers and reputation, and other incidental and consequential damages. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Id. at 4 (emphasis added). Section 13(a), which provides the 15 percent remedy, is limited to a breach based on 15 “selling the Products to any person other than Distributor.” The Distribution Agreement 16 permitted Hongxin to sell to companies in Mexico, so those sales do not constitute a breach 17 based on “exclusive rights.” 18 Therefore, there is no genuine issue of material fact that Section 13(a) does not permit 19 recover of “royalties at the rate of 15 percent of the sales price” of sales to Mexican companies 20 that fell below the 10 percent price advantage given to KIC. Accordingly, KIC’s motion for 21 summary judgment on this issue should be denied. 22 23 24 c. Breach of the Confidentiality Agreement KIC argues that Hongxin breached the Confidentiality Agreement because the aluminum wheels themselves were confidential information protected by the Confidentiality Agreement ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART KIC’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART HONGXIN’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT - 15 Case 3:19-cv-05660-RJB Document 130 Filed 08/30/21 Page 16 of 23 1 because they were the product of a collaborative effort that included using KIC’s protected 2 information. Dkt. 89 at 26; Dkt. 115 at 9. The Parties raise questions of fact as to whether KIC 3 contributed information that led to the development of the aluminum wheel at issue. See Dkts. 4 89 and 92. These questions of fact, however, are not relevant because the Confidentiality 5 Agreement does not protect the product itself, only “information, technical data or know-how[.]” 6 Dkt. 90-1. 7 KIC vaguely alleges that Hongxin “used the Smithers laboratory testing results to 8 consummate sales into the U.S.” Dkt. 115 at 9. While testing results could be protected 9 information or technical data relating, this vague allegation does not establish a genuine issue of 10 material fact that Hongxin breached the Confidentiality Agreement because KIC does not submit 11 any evidence that Hongxin provided the results of those tests to other parties. See id. 12 Furthermore, KIC does not provide evidence that the results of those tests were designated as 13 KIC’s confidential information, as required by Section 1(b). Dkt. 90-1 at 1 (“The Receiving 14 Party shall have a duty to protect only CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION (i) which is . . . 15 marked as ‘CONFIDENTIAL’ (or comparable legend) at the time of disclosure; or (ii) which is . 16 . . identified as confidential at the time of disclosure and is also summarized and designated as 17 confidential in a written memorandum delivered to the Receiving Party within ten (10) days of 18 the disclosure.”). 19 There is no evidence on the record that Hongxin provided confidential information to 20 prohibited parties. Therefore, Hongxin did not breach the Confidentiality Agreement or 21 misappropriate trade secrets as a matter of law. 22 2. DAMAGES PROVISION 23 24 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART KIC’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART HONGXIN’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT - 16 Case 3:19-cv-05660-RJB Document 130 Filed 08/30/21 Page 17 of 23 1 2 3 Hongxin moves for summary judgment arguing that the damages provision contained in the Distribution Agreement is an unenforceable penalty. The damages provision, Section 13, reads: “If [Hongxin] violates [KIC’s] exclusive 4 rights to the Products by selling the Products to any person other than Distributor, then in 5 addition to any other remedies [KIC] shall be entitled to collect royalties at the rate of 15 percent 6 of the sales price. . . .” Dkt. 91-3 at 4. 7 The parties first dispute whether this section entitles KIC to “royalty,” which is how it is 8 labeled. The 15 percent provision is not technically a royalty. The “ordinary, everyday senses” 9 of the word royalty is “a share of the product or profit reserved by the grantor . . . a payment 10 made to an author or composer for each copy of his work sold or to an inventor for each article 11 sold under a patent.” Sierra Club Inc. v. C.I.R., 86 F.3d 1526, 1531 (9th Cir. 1996) (quoting 12 Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary 1028 (1984)). 13 A more comprehensive definition is: 14 Compensation for the use of property, usually copyrighted material or natural resources, expressed as a percentage of receipts from using the property or as an account per unit produced. A payment which is made to an author or composer by an assignee, licensee or copyright holder in respect for each copy of his work which is sold, or to an inventor in respect for each article sold under the patent. Royalty is share of product or profit reserved by owner for per permitting another to use the property. 15 16 17 18 19 Id. (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 1330–31 (6th Ed. 1979)). KIC does appear to have any ownership rights to the wheel or wheel design at issue that 20 would entitle it to a royalty payment. Section 13 is, however, an enforceable liquidated damages 21 provision. 22 Under Washington law, a liquidated damages provision is enforceable, but a penalty is 23 not. Watson v. Ingram, 124 Wn.2d 845, 850 (1994). Liquidated damages are acceptable, and 24 often favored, in part because courts recognized that calculating actual damages can be difficult ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART KIC’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART HONGXIN’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT - 17 Case 3:19-cv-05660-RJB Document 130 Filed 08/30/21 Page 18 of 23 1 and because parties have a general right to contract as they feel is reasonable. See id. at 852 2 (“we are loathe to interfere with the rights of parties to contract as they please between 3 themselves”); see also Walter Implement v. Focht, 107 Wn.2d 553, 560 (1987) (emphasizing that 4 damages for violation of a non-compete agreement are often difficult to ascertain); Perry v. 5 Moran, 111 Wn.2d 885, 887 (1989) (same). Therefore, a liquidated damages clause is 6 enforceable if (1) it is a reasonable forecast of just compensation for the harm caused by the 7 breach of contract, and (2) actual damages are difficult to calculate. Watson, 124 Wn.2d at 850. 8 In contrast, “a penalty is a sum inserted in a contract, not as the measure of compensation 9 for its breach, but rather as punishment for default.” Kettner v. Buchanan, 97 Wn. App. 370, 373 10 (1999) (internal quotation omitted). Generally, a penalty would allow the non-breaching party to 11 recover a sum clearly more than actual damages, either because the sum is unreasonably high or 12 because actual damages can be accounted for and the contract allows the non-breaching party to 13 recover actual damages plus an additional sum. See Walter Implement, 107 Wn.2d at 560; 14 Pheonix N.W. Constr. v. Gregerson Custom Homes, Inc., 131 Wn. App. 1016 (2006) (recovery 15 for actual construction costs plus a 15 percent markup is a penalty). 16 Actual damages caused by breach of the Distribution Agreement would be difficult to 17 calculate. Like a non-compete agreement, specifying the measure of actual damages created by 18 Hongxin’s breach would be difficult because determining what KIC’s sales would have been 19 without the breach is speculative. There is no evidence that recovery of 15 percent in addition to 20 the sale price would allow KIC to recover a sum clearly more than actual damages, and it would 21 certainly not allow recovery of actual damages plus an additional sum because actual damages 22 are speculative. 23 24 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART KIC’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART HONGXIN’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT - 18 Case 3:19-cv-05660-RJB Document 130 Filed 08/30/21 Page 19 of 23 1 Therefore, there is no question of fact that the 15 percent damages provision is reasonable 2 and enforceable. KIC’s motion for summary judgment on this issue should be granted, and 3 Hongxin’s motion on this issue should be denied. 4 C. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES 5 Hongxin argues that the doctrine of laches and the duty to mitigate damages bar or limit KIC 6 from recovering damages. For the following reasons, neither laches, nor the duty to mitigate 7 damages should apply. 8 9 1. LACHES Laches is an equitable defense that bars recovery for a past legal wrong based on 10 principles of estoppel. Newport Yacht Basin Ass’n Condo. Owners v. Supreme Nw., Inc., 168 11 Wn.App 56, 76 (2012). It requires the defendant to affirmatively establish that (1) the plaintiff 12 knew, or had a reasonable opportunity to discovery a potential cause of action against the 13 defendant; (2) the plaintiff unreasonably delayed commencing the action; and (3) the 14 unreasonable delay materially prejudiced the defendant. See id.; Buell v. City of Bremerton, 80 15 Wn.2d 518, 522 (1972). “However, laches is an extraordinary remedy that should not, under 16 ordinary circumstances, be employed to bar an action short of the applicable statute of 17 limitations.” Harmony at Madison Park Owners Ass’n v. Madison Harmony Dev., Inc., 143 18 Wn.App. 345, 362 (2008). 19 Hongxin does not demonstrate extraordinary circumstances to justify application of 20 laches. Although KIC may have known or reasonably should have known that Hongxin 21 breached the Distribution Agreement by February 2017, there is no evidence that KIC 22 unreasonably delayed filing a lawsuit. Communications suggest that, at least for a time, the 23 Parties attempted to resolve their issues out of court. Dkt. 92 at 7 (“In 2019, the parties did 24 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART KIC’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART HONGXIN’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT - 19 Case 3:19-cv-05660-RJB Document 130 Filed 08/30/21 Page 20 of 23 1 attempt to resolve their dispute . . . However, the parties were unable to settle the issue.”); Dkt. 2 93-1 at 3 (“I know it’s a little embarrass between HX and KIC team now due to the 2013 3 agreement issue. We believe that we will find the way to solve that issue soon in peaceful 4 way.”). Attempts to resolve issues outside of court are a reasonable cause for delay. 5 6 7 No reasonably jury could find that KIC unreasonably delayed filing its lawsuit, and Hongxin’s motion for summary judgment on this issue should be denied. 2. FAILURE TO MITIGATE 8 Similarly, Hongxin does not demonstrate that KIC failed to mitigate damages. 9 The duty to mitigate damages “prevents recovery for those damages the injured party 10 could have avoided by reasonable efforts taken after the wrong was committed.” Bernsen v. Big 11 Bend Elec. Coop., Inc., 68 Wn. App. 427, 433 (1993). 12 Hongxin does provide evidence of reasonable efforts KIC could have taken to mitigate 13 damages. KIC asked Hongxin to stop selling to FleetPride, but Hongxin claimed that those sales 14 did not breach of the Distribution Agreement. KIC’s duty to mitigate damages does not create a 15 duty to prevent Hongxin from breaching their agreement. 16 17 Hongxin’s motion for summary judgement on this issue should be denied. D. HONGXIN’S COUNTERCLAIM FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT 18 1. FAILURE TO PAY FOR SHIPMENTS 19 KIC’s failure to pay Hongxin for ten container shipments was acceptable under the terms 20 21 of the applicable purchase orders. The purchase orders that KIC did not pay for include a provision that reads “ Purchaser 22 [KIC] will be entitled to set off any amount owing from Seller [Hongxin] to Purchaser [KIC] or 23 its affiliates against any amount payable by Purchaser [KIC] under this order.” Dkt. 90-30 at 9. 24 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART KIC’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART HONGXIN’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT - 20 Case 3:19-cv-05660-RJB Document 130 Filed 08/30/21 Page 21 of 23 1 Though Section 17 of the Distribution Agreement makes clear that it is a fully integrated 2 agreement, under Section 12 “Distributor [KIC] shall make payment to Manufacturer [Hongxin] 3 in a mutually agreed manner specified in the purchase order. . . .” 4 In sum, the purchase order permits KIC’s payment to be offset by any amount owed to 5 KIC by Hongxin, and the Distribution Agreement permits the purchase order to set the means of 6 payment. Therefore, there is no genuine question of material fact that the purchase order 7 permitted KIC not to pay for purchase orders to offset money owed to it by Hongxin. 8 9 Hongxin argues in the alternative that KIC breached the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing by not paying for those purchase orders, but this argument also fails. “The 10 implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing cannot add or contradict express contract terms 11 and does not impose a free-floating obligation of good faith on the parties.” Rekhter v. State, 12 Dept. of Soc. and Health Serv., 180 Wn.2d 102 (2014). Nonpayment as an offset to money owed 13 is explicitly permitted by the purchase order. The covenant of good faith and fair dealing cannot 14 contradict that. 15 16 Therefore, KIC’s motion for summary judgment on this issue should be granted, and Hongxin’s motion should be denied. 17 2. FAILURE TO GRANT PRICE ADJUSTMENTS 18 KIC is, however, required to grant mandatory price adjustments. 19 Section 4 (Price) reads: “Pricing will be adjusted if the fluctuation in aluminum pricing 20 combined with the exchange rate fluctuation exceeds 3%.” Dkt. 91-3 at 2 (emphasis added). 21 The word “will” makes pricing adjustment mandatory. 22 23 24 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART KIC’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART HONGXIN’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT - 21 Case 3:19-cv-05660-RJB Document 130 Filed 08/30/21 Page 22 of 23 1 Though the terms of the purchase order entitle the Purchaser “to set off any amount 2 owing from Seller to Purchaser,” it does not permit the Purchaser, KIC, to deny the mandatory 3 price adjustments. 4 KIC does not dispute that there was a fluctuation in aluminum pricing and exchange rate 5 that exceeded 3 percent, or that Hongxin requested price adjustments. Dkt. 115 at 10. Instead, it 6 argues that the terms of the individual purchase order govern the price, and Hongxin accepted 7 KIC’s offered price despite the offer not including a price adjustment. Id. Though KIC can 8 offset payment for purchase orders out of the total amount Hongxin owes to it for breach, the 9 price of the purchase order must include an adjustment accounting for the fluctuation in the price 10 11 12 13 14 of aluminum combined with the exchange rate. Therefore, KIC should be denied and Hongxin should be granted summary judgment on this issue. E. CONCLUSION For the reasons listed above, Hongxin breached the Distribution Agreement as a matter of 15 law, and neither laches, nor the duty to mitigate damages apply. Hongxin did not violate the 16 Confidentiality Agreement. KIC was entitled to offset damages by not paying for purchase 17 orders, but it was required to grant price adjustments for the price of those orders when the 18 fluctuation in aluminum pricing combined with the exchange rate fluctuation exceeded 3 percent. 19 This Order, however, does not resolve the question of damages. 20 21 22 23 24 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART KIC’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART HONGXIN’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT - 22 Case 3:19-cv-05660-RJB Document 130 Filed 08/30/21 Page 23 of 23 1 2 3 III. Therefore, it is hereby ORDERED that: 4 5 Hongxin’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (Dkt. 92) IS GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART; 8 The Parties shall submit additional briefing on the issue of damages as follows: o Each Party shall submit a motion on damages consistent with this Order 9 by September 22, 2021; 10 o Each Party may respond to the opposing Party’s motion on damages by 11 September 29, 2021; 12 13 KIC’s Motion for Summary Judgment (Dkt. 87, 88, and 89) IS GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART; 6 7 ORDER o Neither Party may submit a reply unless otherwise ordered; The pending motions in limine (Dkt. 112), the pretrial conference, and the trial 14 date ARE STRICKEN to be renoted, if necessary, after considering the 15 briefing on damages. 16 17 18 19 20 21 The Clerk is directed to send uncertified copies of this Order to all counsel of record and to any party appearing pro se at said party’s last known address. Dated this 30th day of August, 2021. A ROBERT J. BRYAN United States District Judge 22 23 24 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART KIC’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART HONGXIN’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT - 23

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