Richardson v. US Department of Labor et al, No. 2:2020cv00923 - Document 67 (W.D. Wash. 2023)
Court Description: ORDER granting Defendants' 60 Motion to Dismiss. The Court grants the motion to dismiss without further leave to amend. Signed by Judge Lauren King. (SS) (cc: Plaintiff via USPS)
Download PDF
<![CDATA[
Richardson v. US Department of Labor et al Doc. 67 Case 2:20-cv-00923-LK Document 67 Filed 09/29/23 Page 1 of 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT SEATTLE 8 9 10 11 FREDERICK W. RICHARDSON, Plaintiff, 12 13 14 17 18 19 20 21 22 ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS SECOND AMENDED COMPLAINT v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR et al., Defendants. 15 16 CASE NO. 2:20-cv-0923-LK This matter comes before the Court on Defendants’ motion to dismiss Mr. Richardson’s second amended complaint. Dkt. No. 60. For the reasons set forth below, the Court grants the motion. I. BACKGROUND Mr. Richardson, a former custodian with the United States Postal Service, injured his knee on the job in 1991. Dkt. No. 61 at 1. He filed a claim with the Office of Workers’ Compensation Programs (“OWCP”) for benefits under the Federal Employees Compensation Act (“FECA”), 5 23 24 ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS SECOND AMENDED COMPLAINT - 1 Dockets.Justia.com Case 2:20-cv-00923-LK Document 67 Filed 09/29/23 Page 2 of 11 1 U.S.C. § 8101, et seq. Dkt. No. 61 at 1.1 OWCP granted his claim, and Mr. Richardson “has been 2 receiving temporary total disability payments on the periodic rolls since February 1, 2010. OWCP 3 has also been paying medical expenses for all accepted medical conditions since the date of injury.” 4 Dkt. No. 61 at 2. Over the years, Mr. Richardson has sought to expand his claim to add other 5 conditions and related medical expenses. Dkt. No. 45 at 2–3. 6 Unsatisfied by OWCP’s delay in adjudicating his requests, Mr. Richardson filed this action 7 in 2020 alleging that OWCP and its employees “negligently handled his FECA claim for benefits 8 in a way that violated his due process rights and caused physical and mental injuries.” Dkt. No. 17 9 at 1. Defendants moved to dismiss the complaint. Dkt. No. 8. Noting that FECA prohibits judicial 10 review of OWCP benefits adjudications unless a complaint alleges a constitutional violation that 11 is not “insubstantial,” the Court found that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction because Mr. 12 Richardson’s “due process challenges to OWCP’s conduct are insubstantial as presently alleged.” 13 Dkt. No. 17 at 6–7. The Court granted leave to amend, and Mr. Richardson filed an amended 14 complaint. Id.; see Dkt. No. 23. 15 Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint. Dkt. No. 36. United States 16 Magistrate Judge J. Richard Creatura issued a Report and Recommendation (“R&R”) 17 recommending that the Court deny the motion to dismiss because Mr. Richardson alleges a years- 18 long delay in the processing of his benefits claim, and “an unreasonably and egregiously lengthy 19 administrative process” can state a “substantial violation of procedural due process[.]” Dkt. No. 20 45 at 9. 21 22 23 24 1 FECA provides that “[t]he United States shall pay compensation . . . for the disability or death of an employee resulting from personal injury sustained while in the performance of his duty[.]” 5 U.S.C. § 8102(a). OWCP is responsible for administering FECA. See 20 C.F.R. § 10.1. ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS SECOND AMENDED COMPLAINT - 2 Case 2:20-cv-00923-LK Document 67 Filed 09/29/23 Page 3 of 11 1 The Court adopted the background facts and procedural history in the R&R. Dkt. No. 48 2 at 2. However, the Court found that Mr. Richardson’s amended complaint did not identify what 3 relief he seeks in this action despite Rule 8(a)’s requirement to include “a demand for the relief 4 sought[.]” Id. at 2 (internal quotation marks omitted). The Court explained that “[t]he absence of 5 a demand for relief is more than just a pleading deficiency” because “[w]ithout knowing what 6 remedy Mr. Richardson seeks, the Court cannot evaluate whether it has jurisdiction to grant it or 7 whether—as Defendants contend, Dkt. No. 46 at 1, 4—he has received all of the relief he seeks or 8 could obtain in this lawsuit.” Id. The Court also noted that the amended complaint named several 9 individuals as Defendants, but failed to “specify the nature or basis of th[e] claims” against those 10 Defendants. Id. Therefore, the Court could not determine whether the claims against the 11 individuals were cognizable. Id. 12 Mr. Richardson filed a second amended complaint—the current operative complaint— 13 naming as Defendants the OWCP, several of its employees, and two “Doe” defendants. Dkt. No. 14 49 at 1–4. Mr. Richardson notes that in January 2016, he submitted a letter to OWCP requesting 15 to add post-operative atrial fibrillation (“Afib”) and “associated heart issue(s)” to his claim for 16 benefits. Id. at 7. In 2018, he requested that his “left shoulder associated conditions [be] added to 17 he claim.” Id. at 18. In 2019, he sought an atrial fibrillation ablation procedure and “Watchman 18 device” related to his cardiac condition, but “OWCP did not make a decision on [his] 1/15/2016 19 response/request letter until March 21, 2022[,] over 7 years later.” Id. OWCP does not dispute 20 those facts. It states that Mr. Richardson’s January 2016 letter was misfiled in its system due to a 21 clerical error; the letter requested to add Afib to his claim; he requested that OWCP update his 22 claim to include a “left shoulder and neck injury”; he sought authorization for an atrial fibrillation 23 ablation procedure and a Watchman device related to his post-op Afib claim in July 2019; and on 24 March 21, 2022, “OWCP issued a decision denying Plaintiff’s claim for post-op Afib, and related ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS SECOND AMENDED COMPLAINT - 3 Case 2:20-cv-00923-LK Document 67 Filed 09/29/23 Page 4 of 11 1 requests for [an] atrial fibrillation ablation procedure and a Watchmen device.” Dkt. No. 61 at 3– 2 5, 8. 3 Mr. Richardson’s second amended complaint avers that “OWCP violated [his] due process, 4 and Constitutional Rights repeatedly for approximately 7 years, ignoring many requests related to 5 [his] claim” and denied him “proper and timely treatment/duty of care that aggravated and caused 6 physical and mental injuries.” Dkt. No. 49 at 5. As relief, Mr. Richardson seeks $855,000; an 7 “[i]nvestigation into how the [FECA] law and its provisions for injured workers were deviated 8 from for years by those entrusted to administer it”; “Recertification/Training for the responsible 9 parties”; and “such other relief as the Court deems proper.” Id. at 6. Defendants moved to dismiss 10 all claims. Dkt. No. 60. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 II. DISCUSSION Defendants seek dismissal of all claims in Mr. Richardson’s second amended complaint for the following reasons: (1) [T]his Court lacks jurisdiction to hear a challenge to the OWCP’s denial of Plaintiff’s claims; (2) the OWCP has responded to and adjudicated all of Plaintiff’s claims; (3) Plaintiff has been given all the due process he is entitled to and any due process claim is moot; (4) even if Plaintiff could state a live due process claim, the Court cannot grant him the relief he requests; and (5) Plaintiff has failed to identify a cognizable legal claim against the individual defendants and he cannot bring a Bivens claim against federal government employees for alleged violations of constitutional rights in adjudicating a claim for FECA benefits. 18 Dkt. No. 60 at 2. As explained below, the Court agrees that it lacks jurisdiction to hear a challenge 19 to OWCP’s benefits decision. Although the Court does have jurisdiction over constitutional claims 20 that are not “insubstantial” and “appear to be more than mere allegations included in the complaint 21 to create jurisdiction where none would exist otherwise,” Rodrigues v. Donovan, 769 F.2d 1344, 22 1348 (9th Cir. 1985), even assuming that Mr. Richardson has stated such a claim, his claim is 23 moot, and the Court cannot afford him the relief he seeks. Finally, to the extent Mr. Richardson 24 ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS SECOND AMENDED COMPLAINT - 4 Case 2:20-cv-00923-LK Document 67 Filed 09/29/23 Page 5 of 11 1 intends to bring a claim against the individual Defendants in their personal capacities, he has not 2 stated a claim against them. 3 A. The Court Lacks Jurisdiction to Review the Decision Denying Benefits 4 Defendants raise a factual challenge to jurisdiction and argue that the Court lacks 5 jurisdiction to hear a challenge to OWCP’s denial of Mr. Richardson’s requests to expand his 6 claim. Dkt. No. 60 at 3–4. In reviewing a factual challenge, the court may consider materials 7 beyond the complaint, Savage v. Glendale Union High Sch., 343 F.3d 1036, 1039 n.2 (9th Cir. 8 2003), “weigh the evidence[,] and satisfy itself as to the existence of its power to hear the case,” 9 Mortensen v. First Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 549 F.2d 884, 891 (3d Cir. 1977). The Court may look 10 to “extra-pleading material” to decide whether it has jurisdiction “even if it becomes necessary to 11 resolve factual disputes.” St. Clair v. City of Chico, 880 F.2d 199, 201 (9th Cir. 1989). The Court 12 has considered the Declaration of Jennifer Valdivieso, Dkt. No. 61, for background purposes, but 13 there are no factual disputes to resolve because, as set forth above, the parties agree on the relevant 14 facts. 15 Mr. Richardson alleges that OWCP denied him “proper and timely treatment/duty of care 16 that aggravated and caused physical and mental injuries,” and that “[b]oth of [his] shoulders are 17 still in need of surgery due to associated injuries of [his] right knee accepted condition.” Dkt. No. 18 49 at 5 (emphasis omitted). But as the Court has already held, “FECA prohibits judicial review of 19 OWCP benefit determinations.” Dkt. No. 17 at 5; see 5 U.S.C. § 8128(b) (“The action of the 20 Secretary or his designee in allowing or denying a payment . . . is . . . final and conclusive for all 21 purposes with respect to all questions of law and fact; and . . . [is] not subject to review by . . . a 22 court by mandamus or otherwise.”). Mr. Richardson concedes this point and notes that “he cites 23 the ultimate decision on his requests [for benefits] only as background information.” Dkt. No. 64 24 at 25. To the extent that Mr. Richardson asserts a claim premised on the denial of his request to ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS SECOND AMENDED COMPLAINT - 5 Case 2:20-cv-00923-LK Document 67 Filed 09/29/23 Page 6 of 11 1 expand his benefits, the Court lacks jurisdiction to hear it. See, e.g., Markham v. United States, 2 434 F.3d 1185, 1187 (9th Cir. 2006) (“Section 8128(b) explicitly provides that the courts do not 3 have jurisdiction to review FECA claims challenging the merits of benefit determinations[.]”); 4 Czerkies v. U.S. Dep’t of Labor, 73 F.3d 1435, 1441 (7th Cir. 1996) (“When all that a claimant is 5 seeking is benefits on the basis of an error of fact or law by the administering agency, judicial 6 review is barred altogether.”). Therefore, the Court has no jurisdiction to review OWCP’s decision 7 or to grant additional benefits. 2 8 B. This Case Is Now Moot 9 Despite the statutory prohibition on reviewing the validity of coverage determinations, 10 courts have jurisdiction to consider substantial due process challenges arising out of the processing 11 of FECA claims. Rodrigues, 769 F.2d at 1348. Mr. Richardson contends that Defendants denied 12 him due process by ignoring his requests to update his FECA claim “for over 7 years[.]” Dkt. No. 13 49 at 5. The parties contest whether that protracted delay rises to the level of a due process 14 deprivation. Defendants argue that despite the delay, Mr. Richardson has received all the process 15 he was due because OWCP adjudicated his claim and issued a decision with appeal rights. Dkt. 16 No. 60 at 11–15. Mr. Richardson responds that “even if a claim is ultimately denied, procedural 17 due process requires that the agency not unreasonably delay its determination.” Dkt. No. 64 at 22. 18 The Court need not decide whether Mr. Richardson has stated a substantial claim for 19 violation of his due process rights because even if he has, his claim is now moot. Article III of the 20 Constitution restricts federal courts to deciding only “actual, ongoing controversies.” Honig v. 21 22 23 24 2 Mr. Richardson also complains about Defendants’ allegedly “negligent” claims processing that violated the “duty of care,” Dkt. No. 49 at 7, 13, but the Court previously dismissed his claim under the Federal Tort Claims Act, Dkt. No. 17 at 1, 7. His second amended complaint asserts only a due process claim, Dkt. No. 49 at 5, so the allegations of “negligence” therein appear to be made in support of the due process claim rather than an attempt to resurrect the negligence claim. ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS SECOND AMENDED COMPLAINT - 6 Case 2:20-cv-00923-LK Document 67 Filed 09/29/23 Page 7 of 11 1 Doe, 484 U.S. 305, 317 (1988); Church of Scientology v. United States, 506 U.S. 9, 12 (1992) 2 (explaining that if a claim becomes moot, the Court lacks jurisdiction because there is no longer a 3 live case or controversy as required by Article III of the U.S. Constitution). “Even where litigation 4 poses a live controversy when filed . . . a federal court [must] refrain from deciding it ‘if events 5 have so transpired that the decision will neither presently affect the parties’ rights nor have a more- 6 than-speculative chance of affecting them in the future.’” Clarke v. United States, 915 F.2d 699, 7 701 (D.C. Cir. 1990) (quoting Transwestern Pipeline Co. v. F.E.R.C., 897 F.2d 570, 575 (D.C. 8 Cir. 1990)). In other words, “[t]he requisite personal interest that must exist at the commencement 9 of litigation (standing) must continue throughout its existence[.]’” Hernandez v. Cnty. of Monterey, 10 70 F. Supp. 3d 963, 970–71 (N.D. Cal. 2014) (quoting U.S. Parole Comm’n v. Geraghty, 445 U.S. 11 388, 397 (1980)); Vasquez v. Los Angeles Cnty., 487 F.3d 1246, 1253 (9th Cir. 2007) (“[A] live 12 controversy must exist at all stages of the litigation, not simply at the time plaintiff filed the 13 complaint.”). As the party invoking the Court’s subject matter jurisdiction, the plaintiff bears the 14 burden of establishing that the Court has the power to grant the relief requested. See Kokkonen v. 15 Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). 16 Here, the action has become moot—and the Court consequently lacks jurisdiction— 17 because even if the Court were to rule in Mr. Richardson’s favor, “there is no further relief the 18 Court can provide.” Gill v. Mayorkas, C20-939-MJP, 2022 WL 425343, at *2 (W.D. Wash. Feb. 19 11, 2022); see also Rodrigues, 769 F.2d at 1349 (stating that “[i]f reinstatement of benefits pending 20 a hearing is the only relief that Rodrigues seeks and a hearing has been held, it may be that this 21 case is now moot.”); Magassa v. Mayorkas, 52 F.4th 1156, 1167 (9th Cir. 2022) (noting that the 22 doctrine of standing requires plaintiffs to show that that their injury “is likely to be redressed by a 23 favorable decision” (internal quotation marks omitted)). Although OWCP has not provided all the 24 benefits Mr. Richardson seeks, the Court cannot provide the relief he requests. Mr. Richardson ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS SECOND AMENDED COMPLAINT - 7 Case 2:20-cv-00923-LK Document 67 Filed 09/29/23 Page 8 of 11 1 seeks $855,000, Dkt. No. 49 at 6, but the United States has not waived its sovereign immunity for 2 a claim for monetary damages for procedural due process violations. Czerkies, 73 F.3d at 1438 3 (“If [the plaintiff] is seeking damages or other monetary relief he is barred by sovereign 4 immunity[.]”). And “[a] violation of procedural rights requires only a procedural correction, not 5 the reinstatement of a substantive right to which the claimant may not be entitled on the merits.” 6 Raditch v. United States, 929 F 2d. 478, 481 (9th Cir. 1991); Miranda v. City of Casa Grande, 15 7 F.4th 1219, 1227 (9th Cir. 2021) (same); see also Czerkies, 73 F.3d at 1442 (explaining that “a 8 conclusion that the claimant had been denied due process of law [would not] entitle him to benefits. 9 It would entitle him only to a fair procedure for adjudicating his claim to benefits.”). 3 The Court 10 in Czerkies explained that a “decision as to whether the statute administered by the agency in 11 question entitled [the plaintiff] to benefits would remain that of the agency—and not subject to 12 judicial review.” 73 F.3d at 1442. Following those principles, even if Mr. Richardson could 13 establish a due process violation, the Court could only grant him a procedural remedy, not 14 additional benefits or damages. But OWCP has already adjudicated Mr. Richardson’s claim, and 15 he is not seeking a procedural remedy. Dkt. No. 49 at 6 (listing relief requested). 16 Mr. Richardson also seeks injunctive relief, but he is not entitled to that either. Specifically, 17 Mr. Richardson seeks an investigation into how FECA’s provisions “were deviated from” in his 18 case and recertification and training “for the responsible parties.” Id. The plaintiff “bears the 19 burden of showing that he has standing for each type of relief sought,” including an injunction. 20 Summers v. Earth Island Inst., 555 U.S. 488, 493 (2009). When plaintiffs seek injunctive relief, 21 they must allege some likelihood of future injury. See City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 US. 95, 22 3 23 24 Although nominal damages are available to redress some due process violations, Carey v. Piphus, 435 U.S. 247, 266 (1978), the United States has not waived its sovereign immunity for claims for monetary damages—including nominal damages—arising from alleged due process violations. See, e.g., Magassa v. Wolf, 487 F. Supp. 3d 994, 1007–08 (W.D. Wash. 2020). ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS SECOND AMENDED COMPLAINT - 8 Case 2:20-cv-00923-LK Document 67 Filed 09/29/23 Page 9 of 11 1 105–06 (1983). But Mr. Richardson has not alleged any likelihood of future injury. His second 2 amended complaint does not state that he is filing additional FECA claims, that if he did so he 3 would again encounter protracted delays, or allege any other basis to suggest a likelihood of future 4 injury. Mr. Richardson has thus failed to show an entitlement to injunctive relief. See, e.g., 5 Guerrero-Smith v. Solis, 10 F. Supp. 3d 154, 156–57 (D.D.C. 2014) (denying the plaintiff’s request 6 to compel OWCP to “[p]rocess any future payment paperwork in a timely fashion” because she 7 failed to present any evidence that the agency “may not respond to hypothetical future workers’ 8 compensation claims in a timely manner.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). Because the Court 9 cannot award further relief and there is no live controversy, this case is moot. 10 Mr. Richardson does not argue that any of the exceptions to the mootness doctrine apply, 11 nor does it appear that any exceptions apply here. Although “a defendant’s voluntary cessation of 12 a challenged practice does not deprive a federal court of its power to determine the legality of the 13 practice,” Ctr. For Biological Diversity v. Lohn, 511 F.3d 960, 965 (9th Cir. 2007) (internal 14 quotation marks omitted) (quoting City of Mesquite v. Aladdin’s Castle, Inc., 455 U.S. 283, 289 15 (1982)), a case is still moot “if subsequent events ma[k]e it absolutely clear that the allegedly 16 wrongful behavior could not reasonably be expected to recur,” Native Vill. of Nuiqsut v. Bureau 17 of Land Mgmt., 9 F.4th 1201, 1215 (9th Cir. 2021) (cleaned up). Here, OWCP has issued a decision 18 and Mr. Richardson does not allege that he has filed additional claims, and there is no indication 19 that the allegedly wrongful behavior will recur. For the same reasons, the mootness exception for 20 “wrongs capable of repetition yet evading review” is inapplicable. Ctr. for Biological Diversity, 21 511 F.3d at 965 (holding that “there must be a reasonable expectation that the same complaining 22 party will be subject to the same injury again” (cleaned up)). A third exception exists where a 23 plaintiff “would suffer collateral legal consequences if the actions being appealed were allowed to 24 stand,” Pub. Utils. Comm’n v. F.E.R.C., 100 F.3d 1451, 1460 (9th Cir. 2007), but as set forth ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS SECOND AMENDED COMPLAINT - 9 Case 2:20-cv-00923-LK Document 67 Filed 09/29/23 Page 10 of 11 1 above, the Court is unable to alter OWCP’s benefits decision even if it were to find a due process 2 violation. 3 4 Therefore, the case must be dismissed as moot. C. Mr. Richardson Has Not Stated a Claim Against the Individual Defendants 5 Defendants move to dismiss the claims against the individual Defendants because Mr. 6 Richardson has failed to state a claim against them. Dkt. No. 60 at 16. Dismissal under Rule 7 12(b)(6) may be based on either the lack of a cognizable legal theory or the absence of sufficient 8 facts alleged under a cognizable legal theory. Shroyer v. New Cingular Wireless Servs., Inc., 622 9 F.3d 1035, 1041 (9th Cir. 2010). The Court accepts as true all factual allegations in the complaint 10 and construes them in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Skilstaf, Inc. v. CVS 11 Caremark Corp., 669 F.3d 1005, 1014 (9th Cir. 2012). 12 The Court’s prior Order noted that Mr. Richardson’s amended complaint did not specify 13 the nature or basis of any claims against the individual Defendants. Dkt. No. 48 at 2. Mr. 14 Richardson’s second amended complaint does not cure that deficiency. See generally Dkt. No. 49. 15 The second amended complaint does not specify whether Mr. Richardson is suing the 16 individual Defendants in their personal or official capacities, but either way, he fails to state a 17 claim. If Mr. Richardson is suing the individual Defendants in their official capacities, that claim 18 duplicates the claim against OWCP and fails for the same reasons. This is because the Court treats 19 official capacity claims as claims against the entity that employs the official—here, OWCP. See 20 Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 166 (1985) (explaining that “an official-capacity suit is, in all 21 respects other than name, to be treated as a suit against the entity,” and “the real party in interest 22 is the entity”); Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 690 n.55 (1978) (“[O]fficial-capacity 23 suits generally represent only another way of pleading an action against an entity of which an 24 officer is an agent[.]”). And an individual capacity claim is untenable because the Ninth Circuit ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS SECOND AMENDED COMPLAINT - 10 Case 2:20-cv-00923-LK Document 67 Filed 09/29/23 Page 11 of 11 1 has declined to recognize a Bivens claim against federal government employees for alleged 2 violations of constitutional rights in adjudicating a claim for FECA benefits. Ponce v. U.S. Gov’t, 3 667 F. App’x 921, 923 (9th Cir. 2016). 4 Finally, Mr. Richardson has not requested, and the Court will not grant, further leave to 5 amend the complaint. District courts may dismiss a complaint without leave to amend if “the 6 allegation of other facts consistent with the challenged pleading could not possibly cure the 7 deficiency.” Schreiber Distrib. Co. v. Serv-Well Furniture Co., 806 F.2d 1393, 1401 (9th Cir. 8 1986)); Chappel v. Lab. Corp. of Am., 232 F.3d 719, 725–26 (9th Cir. 2000) (explaining that a 9 district court may deny leave to amend when amendment would be futile). Here, the allegations of 10 additional facts will not save Mr. Richardson’s claims. In addition, Mr. Richardson has been 11 granted leave to amend twice before, Dkt. Nos. 17, 48, but the amendments have not remedied his 12 claims’ shortcomings. Leave to amend may be denied due to “repeated failure to cure deficiencies 13 by amendments previously allowed[.]” Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962). Accordingly, 14 the Court grants the motion to dismiss without further leave to amend. 15 III. CONCLUSION 16 Although the Court sympathizes with Mr. Richardson, the Court is without authority to 17 grant him the relief he seeks. For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion 18 to dismiss. Dkt. No. 60. 19 Dated this 29th day of September, 2023. 20 A 21 Lauren King United States District Judge 22 23 24 ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS SECOND AMENDED COMPLAINT - 11
]]>
Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You
should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google
Privacy Policy and
Terms of Service apply.
