Gwyn v. Booker et al, No. 7:2017cv00143 - Document 28 (W.D. Va. 2018)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Chief Judge Michael F. Urbanski on 5/7/2018. (slt)
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rLERKB OFFI U. . ST. CE S DI COUR: ATROANOKE, VA FI LED I THE UNI N TED STATES DI STRI COURT CT FO R TH E W E STER N D I STR I O F VI G I A CT R M R O A N O K E DI I O N V SI R O BER T W .G W YN ,JR . , Pl nt f , ai i f B. .BOO KER,e al, W t . De e f ndant . s ). ) ) ) ) ) ) MAt 23 2 1 28 JUL BY: C i lA c i N o. 7: c 001 . vi t on 17- v- 43 . DU p , L ERK LR M EM OM NDUM O PI ON NI By: H on. ihae F.Ur M c l bans ki ChifUnied't e Di t itJudge e t S at s s rc Robe t .Gwyn,J . aVigi ai a epr e ng pr r ,c rW r, r ni nm t oc edi o omm e d t saci n nce hi to plrua t 42U. 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VDOC OpeaigPr c d r (OP' 8 ., lgo sS r ie , o ensimae ' c e s rtn o e u e t ' 413 Rei iu e vc s g v r n ts a c s ( ) t r lg o g oup a tviiss h a c o ei i us r ci te uc s omm t lwor hi s r ce o sud g o .I ude as ma s p e vi s r t y r ups ncl d Atac e 3 t OP 841. i als oft r c ze r lgi t tm ay o r t wihoutf rhe t hm nt o 3 s it he e ogni d ei ons ha pe a e t ut r a o li VDOC f c lte whe ei a epa tcpai n, aclt r otr s a r lgi ppr va n a iiis r nm t ri i tö f iiy es lce , nd e i ous la rhi aea ia e.Howe r t OPr c ze t tS lho h e h gnmae ha t rg e des p r valbl ve ,he e ogni s ha ç t ug ac i tj s he iht a t worhi i t i c e mnnne ,lvesofi t pa tc pai a a ia lt off iiy o s p n her hos n r e l nma e rii ton nd val biiy aclt r olr esa r lgi l de sdo no pe mi s pa ae s r i esf e r pos i ef o es zc nd e i ous ea r t r t e r t e v c or ve y sbl onn f worhi a e r f iiy. Cons q nty,t OP r quiesfve i ae beç he sa r s p t ve y aclt ' ' e ue l he e r i nm t s l t nda d t mii m nl e t e tbih mah anl a dh l go ps r ie , r g a o me tn s' o nmu t r o sa ls , iti ; n o d r u ev c s p o rms r eig 'f r mb a r i i g o Howe , he OP doe no pr ve i or lr lgi dic sonsi l sle ny elg ous r up. ver t s t e nt nf ma e i ous s us i n eit r a ea s h a da oom sorr cr a i ya dsasl t ta eno dinz i r s uc s yr e e ton r ong ha r t s ptve. I a e r ques sf a ne r i o g oup ac i t f a a r ady- ppr nm t e t or w elgi us r tviy or n le a oved r lgi e i ous gr a efld a t f c lt tft r a ar t bes fc e ...nt r t t Fa lt Uni oup r ie t he a iiy.C he e ppe s o ufii nt i e es, he ciiy t l H e i c ula i w ih t f c lt Cha a n,s d c i rt r que ta pr de tm e ad, n ons t ton t he a iiy pl i houl ons de he e s nd ovi i a s e f t gr t m e tw ihi t r s r c i ns o t f c lt s c ziy l ve , i s o nd pac or he oup o e t n he e ti to f he a iiy e lrt e l m s i n, s ce tm e, val bl s r son,e c. Thef ciiy mus balnc i t 'r lgi usrg swih pa , i a ia e upe vii t ' ' a lt t a e nma es e i o i ht t i t m o m e ,r m c pa iy,sa fng c le sa i r m s pe v so atce ti s urt nma e ve nt oo a c t tfi hal nge nd n-oo u r ii n ran ec iy l ve s No r ogni d r lgi gr wih t m i mum ntmbe ofa r nt s ul bede e e l. ec ze e i ous oup t he ni t r dhe e s ho d nid a l s one s r i e a o s u s s i n pe w e k. t ea t e v c nd ne t dy e s o r e Pr es a s a e a r cog ze r lgi g oup a t i d t o r t i V DO C f iii s ot t nt r e ni d e i ous r u horze o pe a e n ac lt e . The Pr t s a r lgi gr p e m pa s st va i Pr e t ntChr s i n de i to o e t nt e i ous ou nco s e he r ous ot s a ita nom na i ns 2 i l i i e ai ,Se nt Da Adve it a Pe e os as ncud ng, ntr la ve h y nts s nd nt c t l.TheVDOC c i r Pl i i s onsde s antœ Aposolcf ih asat ofPe e osalf ih. t i at ype nt c t at Two s pa ae mulide i tona Pr e t ntwor li s l c sha bee he d a GRCC e rt t- nom na i l ot sa slp ewi e d n l t i o de t ac m moda et lr numbe ofPr esa i t s Efe tve M a c 11 201 , n r r o co t he a ge r ot t nt nma e . f c i rh , 7 GRCC a dded at r m ulide m i tona Pr e t ntworhi s r i ,ç icpl hi St ' hid t- no na i l ot sa s p e vce r s i es p udy,' whih m e t i t viiai n r m on Sam da e ni . Pr t sa i aesa GRCC m a now c e s n he stto oo t y ve ngs o e t nt nm t t y c hoos t a tnd o oft tle m uli de i to lPr e t ntw o s p s r ce i a ton t e o te ne he lr e t- nom na i na ot s a r hi e vi s n ddii o Bi e s udy. bl t B. Pl i i fa s rs f l e a ntf s e t otr num e a ed c a m s ç n lghto t D e e nt 'bl t ntvi a i r t li ç i i f he f nda s a a ol tons ' r t f ndant dic i i t d a i tPl i ipsAposolcf ih. 2 s s rm na e ga ns antf t i at of ... P 8 . ....' Fis ,De e O 41 3 Se nd, e nt r f e t pr des c tm e a sa ff a Aposolcgr meei co Def nda s e us d o ovi pa e, i , nd t f or n t i oup tng. Thid,De e n sne i nty a i d OP 8 3.Fourh,De e an s neg i ncewa t ac u r f nda t glge l pple 41. t f nd t ' lge s he t al o p o maec s o c nsi to a ij r Plitf rle s ll o hi v ro a miitai r r xi t a e f o tt in l nu y. an if eis oey n s aius d n srtve u r e e ts em di s o uppor t c a m s t he l i . On M a c 1 201 Pl i iffl d a i or lcompl i bec us Booke ha pr vi l r h 3, 6, antf ie n nf ma ant a e r d e ousy r us Pl i ifsr ques f rs ea tm ef rhi t pr c iehi f ih. Boo rr f s d t ef ed antf e t o pac nd i o m o a tc s at ke e u e he r ue tt da lt r ctng t lc ofs cea tm e eq s wo ys ae , ii he a k pa nd i . On M a c 16, r h 2016, antf fl d ar gul rgre nc ba e on t al ga i i t Pl i if ie e a iva e s d he le tons n he i or lc nf ma ompl i . Ba e a m e wih Pl i ifbu di no s tsa t iy r s vePl i ifs ant t m n t t antf t d t aif c orl e ol antf 2Plitf a k o e ge i hsrs n et temoinfrs mmayj d me th thi a'ini a o th ani c n wld s n i epo s o h to o u r u g n ta t s c o s b u te f t de alofagr Aposolcs r c ale y i vi ai oft Fis a Fouree h Am e e s Se Ca tov. ni oup t i e vie lgedl n olton he rt nd t nt ndm nt. e sr UntdSae , 4 U.. 7 , 8 (0 3 ( ai, .c n u rn )(Re h rceiaini u l çi rl o snzto , ie tts 5 0 S 3 5 3 6 2 0 ) Sc l J, o c rig s c aatrzto s ni l a c n t cin' a s ke be i t i r quiesac tdelbe ael t ove det nr 1 lia tsc oieo p o e u a v hcefrhicam.) n hatt e r our i r t y o ni he o q ig n ' h c f r c d r l e il o s li '; t ' W elrv De to So . rs, 01F.d3 7 3 (t Ci.1 9 )CTh Sp ca jdca s lctd ' t whiha le . p' f c Sev .9 2 8 , 91 4h r 9 0 e se ilu iil oiiu e wih c dsrc c t's o l ve sc pr s c mplit d e n trn fnnt c u tnoa a v c t.) $A1c u t e d itit out h ud iw u h o e o ans o s o ta so he o r it n d o ae'. $ o r n e ' ( - onl addr sapr .. ltga ' e s ntalgre ea i a i ofgene a l lprnci esnee no deourt. y es o i.ii nts s e i ivanc nd nvoc ton ç r l ega i pl d t t he dititcou tfom r s vi t twhiht ltga thi el ha s src r r e ol ng ha c he ii n ms f s hown t behi r alco nu' Bea t v.Ciyof o s e nce ' ude t t Ha tn 7 F.d 1 4,1 7 (t Ci.1 8 )( tra q tto mak o te ) mpo , 75 2 27 2 8 4h r 9 5 i en l uoain r s mitd . n 3 gre nc a on Aprl4, 6, vi de medt gre nceunf iva e, nd i 201 Da s e he i va ounde Da snot d t t d. vi e ha Baema ha i or e Pli ift tPr esa ts r ce a em ulide t n d nf m d antf ha ot t n e vi s r t- nomi tona a t tGRCC na i l nd ha di notha s c t di deoutt va i usPr e t nts l c souti vi ual Elm lp uphel d ve pa e o vi he ro ot sa ewi e ndi d ly. a a d D a s de s on on a i sr tve r vi w . vi ' cii dm ni t a i e e On M ay26, 6,Pl i ifs itd ar que tf m t t GRCC Cha an a ki 201 antf ubm te e s or o he pl i s ng whe he t viiai r t r he st ton oom wa a ia eon Saur y o Sunda e ni .Pl i ifno e he s va lbl t da r y ke ngs antf t d wa e t ha s ea tm er s r d f a Aposo i Chrsin Fat Gr up t C c abl nt d o ve pac nd i e e ve or n t lc ita ih o o t e y pea a s mbl .'The Cha an r pondedt ts m eda notng hebele d no meei t kepl c i s e e' pl i es ha a y, i ive tngs a ae n t vi ia i r he stton oom o Saur y orSl y e ni . n t da mda ve ngs On A ugus 1 2016 Pl ntf s it d a r ue tf r ptr ua t OP 8 3 f a t, , ai i f ubm te eq s o m ts nt o 41. or n Aposolc g o s r c a sudy s s i n pe we k.Booke de e t r que twihout t i r up e vie nd t e so r e r ni d he e s t e a a i on Augus 4,201 l bor ton t 6. Pl n ifla edt ta he VDOC Pr esa -Pe e osalgr aitf e m ha not r ot t nt nt c t oup,t Se n Da he ve y A dve i t ,we e a l e t m e ta a s pa a e gr a t nts s r low d o e s e r t oup lhough Pl i if s r ue tf r a a ntf eq s o n Aposolcgr up meei ha be n de e Pl i ifa knowldge t to et numbe of t i o tng d e nid. antf c e s ha nc he r pa tcpa si t Se n Da Adve it me tng dr d be o t mi mum a l d, he rii nt n he ve y ntss e i s oppe l w he ni lowe t g oup wa no l ra horz d t m e ts pra ey. r s onge ut i e o e e t l On J anua y 1 201 Pli iffld ar ue tf aChrsin Dicpl hi m e tng f r 8, 7, antf ie eq s or ita s i es p e i or Sat r y o Sunday e ni u da r ve ng.On Fe ua y 1 201 t Cha an r ponded t thesilhadnot br r 5, 7, he pl i es ha tl r c ve t nec s a y numbe ofr que t t pr es t r que t Ne ry t we kslt ron e ei d he e s z r e ss o oc s he e s . a l wo e a e Fe ta y 28 201 t Cha an i or e Pli ift tt Dicpl s p Cl s wa a ove f brlr , 7, he pl i nf m d a ntf ha he s i e hi a s s ppr d or m ee i w e kl s a tng on M a c 11 201 tngs e y t r i r h , 7. 4 I I. Dee d n sfldamo inf rs mma yj d me t ag ig i trai,h dee s o fn a t i e to o u r u g n , r un , ne la te fn e f q aiid i nt A p ryi e tte t s mma yj d me ti t pe dng ,h ds ls d u lfe mmu i y. a t s nild o u r u g n f he la i s te ico e m a e i l on fl ,a any a fda t s t ras ie nd fi vis how t tt r i no ge nediput a t a m a e i f c . ha he e s nui s e s o ny t ral a t Fed. Ci P. a .M aei fcsaet ene esayt esa iht ee nt ofapa t s R. v. 56() tral a t r hos c s r o tbls he lme s ry' c u eo a to An e s nv. b ryLo b s n .47 U. 2 2 2 ( 9 6 .A g nun d s u e a s f cin. d r o Lie t b y I c, 7 S. 4 , 48 1 8 ) e ie ip t ofma e i lf te ssi,i vi wi a isbl e de a a lr as t ra ac xit f n e ng dm s i e vi nce nd l e onàbl i e e e d a e nf r nc s r wn t r fo i alg mos f vo a et t no m ovi pa t ar as bl f tfnde c dr tm l he e r m n i ht t a r bl o he nng ry, e ona e ac -i r oul et aveditf t nonr c or he mova .J- Themovi paryha t blde ofs ng- dha i, nt #. ng t s he lr n howi G t s t poi i ou t t dititc t- t tt r i a a e eofe de et s ntng t o he src our ha he e s n bs nc vi nc o uppor t nonmovi t he ng pa t sc s . Ceoe Co p v Cart, 7 U. 31 , 25( 98 ) I t mo a ts tsi stl ry' a e' l tx r . . tet4 7 S. 7 3 1 6 . f he v n aite ls ' i bur n,he t no m ova mus s tf t s cii f c st tde onsr t t e se eofa de t n he nnt t e orh pe fc a t ha m ta e he xit nc ' gn iedsueo fc frra.L a 322 .h pryietldt su may u g n ite eun ip t fato t l Y i 2 -4 at s nie o tn r jd metfh i t a isbl e de easa whol c dno lad ar tonal re off d t fnd i f voroft no dm s i e vi nc e oul t e a i tir a o i n a he n- mo a t W i imsv. ifn, 5 F.d 8 0 8 3( t Ci.1 91.G eet u p re s e uain v n. l a l Grfi 9 2 2 2 , 2 4h r 9 ) s r ms p o td p c lto M . . . i n t no g t d f a asz r u g n moin. En i v. tlAs ' o Bu . Ed . s o e u h o ee t l mma yj d me t to ' n s Na ' sn f s & uc ' Ra i .nc, 3F.d5 , 2( t Ci.1 9 ) A p anifc n o ts ars o s t amoin fr d o l .5 3 5 6 4h r 9 5 . litf n n tte e p n e o to o s mma yj d me tt a ndo c re tac mp an c aln e byt emoinf rs mmay u r u g n o me r o rc o lit h le g d h to o u r j d me t3 Cl ni erv M c vt, 5 F.d3 4 3 ( t Ci. 0 9 . u g n . oa nc De i 5 5 3 2 , 36 4h r 2 0 ) t . A g r ntofi a s i a i vi c pact vi j 1 3ma i kequai ovenme fcil ued n n ndi dual a iy a 98 y nvo lfed i nt Co pe v S e l 7 5F.d 1 3 1 8(t Ci. 01 )(iigM ic el Fo s h, mmu i y. o r . he hai 3 3 5 , 5 4h r 2 3 ctn th l v. tyt , 472U. 511,5 ( 985) Cf ed ti ofq lfe i S. 26 1 ).ç' ocrne uaiid mmuniyç l 'est i tnt -h t baanc wo mpora 3Thus Plitf' v ro c mplit rie frt f s t i rs n et smmayj d me taen t , ani s aius o f ans asd o he i ti n epo s o u r u g n r o r me r onsiutd i o i pende cai sm e eybec et y a emento d i t r s e. ec tt e nt nde nt l m rl aus he r ine n he e pons j i e esst ne t hol publc o t l sa co a ewhent y e r i epowe ir ponsbl nt r t-he ed o d i fk al c unt bl he xe c s r res i y a t ne t s e d ofk i l fom ha a s e ,d sr c i a la lt whe t y pero m nd he ed o hil t a s r r s m nt ita ton, nd ibiiy n he fr t erd te r a o a l ' mihv. v 7 F.d9 ,1 0(t Ci. 01 )(u tn Pe ro v. h i uis e s n by.' t Ra , 81 3 5 0 4h r 2 5 q o ig a s n 'S Calh n, 5 U.. 2 , 31( 0 9 ) Th ç u lfe i ni a ay i t p c lyiv l st la a 5 5 S 2 3 2 2 0 ). e ç aiid mmu t n lss y ial n ove wo q y iq re : 1 wh t rt panif getb ih dtev oaiho ac nsi to a rg ta ( ) n uiis () ehe he litf ha sa ls e h i lto f o tt in l ih , nd 2 u whehe t trghtwasc e ry e t bls d a t tme oft alege vi a i n. Ra v. t r ha i l a l sa ihe t he i he l d olto ' ub ' Cn bel 7 5F.d 8 6 8 (t Ci. 01 ) s el r Al n, 0 F.d 5 2, 9 (t Ci. 9 7 mp l, 8 3 7 , 81 4h r 2 5 ; e n e l 1 6 3 8 5 3 4h r 1 9 ) e (< no fca ma cam q aiidi mi a l n a h sa to a en tce rye tbih dt dAj fiil y li u l e mmt t s o g s i cins r o lal sa ls e o g f y b b y ndt eb u d re o h sd srto a ya to iy' .A d o r ma a d e st e et e e o h o n a is f i icein r uh rt.) ç u t y d rs h s wo ' c ' que to i t o de ...t twilbe tf c lt t t f ra e fc e diposton ofe h c e. si ns n he r r ha l s a iiae he ai nd fi int s ii ac as ' ' Esaeo Ar to v. l. fPie ts, 1 F.d 8 2 8 ( t Ci. 6 (nena q o ain tt f msr ng Vilo n ht t 8 0 3 9 , 98 4h r201 ) itr l u tto r mak o te ) A panifscam S u vv ss mma yj d me t h we r o l i ( c u t r s mitd . lit li t r ie u r u g n , b ve , ny f t o r) f s he a we gjbot quesi i t afr tve' 1 ns rs h tons n he fimai .' d. 11 1. A. An i pa e srghtt r lgi e r s unde t Fis Am e nr t ' i o ei ous xe cie r he r t ndme mus bebaa e wih nt t lnc d t aprs n' i tt i ne dsofs c iy,dicplne,a ge r la i sr to Cute v. i o s nsiutonal e e urt s i i nd ne a dm nitai n. tr W ilns n, 4 U. 7 9 7 2( 0 5 ; Lo ev. tt o S a a z 48 U. 3 2 3 - 9 li o 5 4 S. 0 , 2 2 0 ) O' n Esae f h b z , 2 S. 4 , 484 c ( 9 7 .A G u tn il t d n' nrlg o e r ieo c r t e teFrtAme d n i i 1 8 ) t bsa ta bz e 'o eiius xecs c u s md r h is s r n me t f t S u l)s b tn il rsu eo a a h r n t mo iyh sb ha ira dt vo aehsb les t ts u sa ta p e s r n n d e e t o df i e vo n o ilt i eif, p or... or esa pe s t c f c r on o hoos be w e n f l i t pr e s o he r lgi a f r eii e t e olow ng he ec pt f r e i on nd o f tng ( r me al be is ont oneha a a ndoni oneoft pr e so he r lgi . . gove n nt j neft, he nd, nd ba ng he ec pt f r ei on . ' ace o teoh rh nd'4 Lovel v Le , 7 F.d 1 4,1 7(t Ci. 0 6 ; e - . , tl n h te a . e 4 2 3 7 8 4 h t 2 0 ) s e e2.Pae v. . 4Thec 'asume f pur esoft sopi ont Pli ifsde ief ragr up Aposolcs viei a oul s s or pos t hi ni hat antf ' sr o o t i br c s 6 Bu e uo Prs n , 5F.d8 7 8 4 (t Ci. 0 8 (l he tesg tc n eo arlgo r a f io s 51 3 0 , 1 8h r 2 0 ) s n h ini a c f eiius W i belefi no a is , he s me dei ton ofSubsa i lbur n'a i sunde t Fr Exer ie i s t t sue t a fnii s t nta de pple r he ee cs Clu e RFRA, n RLUI ' . as, ad PA.) ' A co r c i lpolc orpr c iet ts tntaly blr nsa i t sFis Am e e r e tona i y a tc ha ubsa i l zde n nma e' rt hdm nt rg i vald i i i r a ona y r lt d t l gii aepe ogi li e ess Lo l e s aa iht s i f t s e s bl ea e o e tm t nol ca nt r t . veac , upr t 1 W hehe ar ulton i r as bl r lt depe o 99. t r eg a i s e ona y e aed nds n: () g j eh r te e i a ç l , rto a c n e to ' b t e te p io 1 W h t e h r s l i ain l o n cin' ewe n h rs n va d r ulton or a ton a t i e es as e td by t gove n e ,or whehe eg a i c i nd he nt r t s re he r m nt t r t si tr s i G o r mo e a t rn e t p lc abtay o irto l;( ) hi ne et s d e t s o e d r he oiy r irr r raina' 2 s ' whehe l t r tve m e ns of e r sng t rg ..r m an ope t prs n t r : e na i al a xe cii he i ht . e i n o io i t s' a i r t tas br dl whehe i aes we e de i d of a1 nma e ,' n nquiy ha ks oa y t r nm t r prve 1 f m s of r lgi e r ie orwhehe t y we e a e t pa tcpae i ot r or e i ous xe cs t r he r bl o ri i t n he obsr nc oft i f t ()wha i c t desr d a ommodai wo d e va es her aih; 3 t mpa t he ie cc ton ul ha eo s c rt saf imae ,a d tealc to o p io r s u c s a d ( ) v n e u iy tf, n t s n h l ain f rs n e o re ; n 4 o whe he t r e s an C ous e y at r tves' t t c le t r he e xit y t obvi , as le na i ' o he ha lnged r ultoh o a ton, whih ma s eg a i r c i c y ugge t t t i i G r a ona e but i s ha t s ç not e s bl , s (n ta qa e g eae rs o s t p io c nc r s ise d n xa g rtd e p n e o rs n o en . 1 . t 0(i n Tu n r 'Saly 48 U. 7 , 9 9 ( 9 7 ) s eOve tnv. z et, 3 U.. d a 20 ct g r e v. fe , 2 S. 8 8 -2 1 8 ); e i ro Ba z ta 5 9 S 1 6 1 2( 0 3 (e o nzn t p io rha t eb l e t ds r v t v l iyo ap io 2 , 3 2 0 ) r c g i' g he rs ne s h t d n o ip o e he ai t f rs n i r d rgulto purua t t Tt ra l i) e ain s nt o he ume nayss. A cam unde t Vis Ame li r he rt hdme rquie s ngade e ntsco cousor nt e r s howi fnda ' ns i i e i li e f r nc wih t pl n if sr lgi rght .W al 741F. a 500 n. 1. nt ntona ntr e e e t he aitf e i ous i s l, 3d t 1 C lwi gne lg n es ist p o e du d r( Fis Ame d n )wo l t e mie. . û o n gi e c u t o r c e n e t rt n me t ud md r n . Al he d frnc got e p re c a de pet eo p io a dj i a mi srt rqb e po i gp io ee e e t he x ein e n x ri f rs n n al d nitao s y x sn rs n s o fcast a u d l h g lv lo j d ca sr tn ' Lo ea e 47 F.d a 1 4; e S h e v. fiil o n n uy ih e e f u iil cuiy. v lc , 2 3 t 9 s e ha e d ' Wi tn, 8 F. u p. 61 8 ( D. . 9 5, f ,1 F.d3(t Ci.1 9 ) nso 8 5 S p 8 , 68 E. Va 1 9 )a/d 61 3 4h r 9 8. Cons que l l s t n i e t o lco uc i nots t i ntt f ett f ul r qui e e sunde e nty, es ha nt n i na nd t s ufk e o ne he a t e r m nt r t Fi s A m e e . he r t ndm nt pe s lpr ci t ti bot snceel hel a r e i r i ousbei .See e. ,Cute ,5 U. a 725. rona a tce ha s h i r y d nd ootd n elgi lef , g. tr 44 S. t 7 Pl i iff ist esa ih açs tntalbur n't hi r lgi e r ie a a Aposo i antf a l o t bls dubsa i de ' o s e i ous xe cs s n t lc. Heate t gr Pr e t nts r i evol t zl a he f l t e t bls t he c nnot tnds he oup ot sa e v c un a iy, nd ais o sa ih he n S p a i tn u sa dp as d nce'o hi o o wi a oh ri hi c l o i t ep d. ç e ku n o g e n r ie a gl' n s wn r t n t e n s el r n h o s h Pl i iff ist s a ntf a l o uppor hi co l i t the i çf r e t e ge i w o s p a cor ng t t t s nc us on ha s so c d o nga n r hi c di o he e utonitt ne s'ofo he pr t sa de vol i s e t ' t r o e t nt nomi to .Besdesbei vol t r Pli tf f ist nai ns i ng un a y, a n if al o e ai how lseni t Bi epa s gesorot r 'r feci nsoh t pa s ge f c hi t xpl n it ng o bl s a he s e l to he s a s or ed m o f f i be tt ora ndon apr ce ofli r lgi W hie Pl i ift l ge r l a utt or e t ne i s ba e pt ls e i on. l a ntf a ks ne aly bo he dif r ntpr c i sa o Pr e t ntde fe e a tce m ng ot sa nomi to ,he d notal t tt pr c i sa e nai ns oes lege ha he a tce r be ng f ce on hi . For e m pl ,Pl n i fcom pl nst tot rPr t t n f t do notba i i or d m xa e ai tf ai ha he o es a t aihs ptze by i ri lkeAs t is bu hefist s w t thei s how fr dt beba ied mmeson i poofc , t al o ho ha s ome oce o ptz l de adif r ntf ih' rt al. l a t rexn e Pli ifme ey sat ,ç m r fe e at s iu s n no he mpl , antf r l t es ç Aposolc tac t is e h t ene df rc n ito o sn rp n a c , e t uin, n c n e so f rs lainlb r (q h e o o v cin f i, e e tn e rsi to a d o fs in o av to , ut in t ) o he Pr e t ntc eg to a smpl sl r spr ye i a1t ti r r d. Thes dipa iis t r ot sa ongr a i ns i e ime ' a r s 1 ha j equie ' ' e s rte a avol a iy ate d r lg o s r c a enots gr a a t puts t ntalpr s ur ( t unt rl ' nde ei i us e vi e r t o et s o ubsa i e s e j n Pl i ift m odiy hi be i f ,e pe i l i lghtofPl i if sac a ntf o f s le s s c aly n i a ntf know l dge e t thi f ih e m nt ha s a t c or i lr pa t t ot rChzsin' be if a GRCC.M or ove ,Pl i ifs onf ms n a ge r wih he ita s le s t e r antf a p e n ina o toh rPr tsa t j gnghm b b iga Apo t lci n t s bsa ta p rhe so b u t e o etn s ud i i y en n soi s o a u tnil bur n ora ti a et a de e nt Ac or ng y,Pl i iff ist esa ih a s tntal de trbut bl o f nda . c di l antf a l o tbls ubsa i blr n t r i i e r s zde o elg ous xe cie. B. The Equa Pr e ton Cl us oft Foure h A m e m e pr de t tC St t l ot c i a e he tent nd nt ovi s ha E no a e s al. . e yt a ypes nwihn i jlidcint e u lp oe to o t elws' U. Co s. h l . d n o n ro t i t t s ito he q a rt cin f h a . S. n t s r ' n nd.XI j1.ûlos c dona e lpr eci cam, pli ifmus frtde nsrt me V, ç- uc ee ' n qua ot ton li a antf t is mo tae t theha be n te t d dif r nty fom o he swih whom hei sm ia l st t a t tt ha s e r a e fe e l r t r t s i l ry iuaed nd ha he . 8 une lte t ntw a t r s tofi e i na orpur e uldic i nai ' Leev. o on, qua r a me s he e ul nt nto l pos f s rmi ton.' J hns 7 3F. u p 2 7 8 8 2 0 ( . Va 2 1 (iigM o rs nv GarM t , 9F.d6 8 6 4 9 S p . d 9 , 0 - 3 W D. . 01 ) ctn rio . ra h y 23 3 4 , 5 (t Ci. 01 Th n x se i t d tr n wh t ra ys hd s a yi warn e 4h r 20 $. e e t tp s o ee mie ehe n uc ip dt s ra td. M orion,s a.Equa pr t c i c am si t co e ofprs n a evi we l rt rs upr l o e ton l i n he nt xt i o r e d mde he r a ona e s sa r ofTur r I Thus a i a e sequa pr e ton c am mus aleget t e s bl ne s t nda d ne . d. , n nm t ' l ot c i l i t l ha sm ia l st td cas e ofi aesa eteae dif r nty,a t tt sdif r nc i te t nt i l ry iuae l s s nm t r r t d fe e l nd ha hi fe e e n r a me be r no r tona r lton t a l gii t pe i e e t W i rv. a r 2 F. pp.3d a s a i l ea i o ny e tma e nal nt r s . nde M vna d, Su 7 9 71 ( M d. afd, 8 F. px 2 6(t Ci. 1 ) 0 , 6 D. ) f 5 3 Ap ' 8 4h r 20 4 . , Pl i iff ist esa ih t thewa teaeddif r nty fom ot r wih whom hewas antf a l o t bls ha sr t fe e l r he s t sm ia l sm ae Pl i ifr le on t f c Se DayAdve iti a e a GRCC we e i l ry i td. antf e is he a t ven nts nm t s t r gr ntd as c a m e tng whiehe a a Aposolc wa not Howe r Pl i ifasa i vi a e pe i l e i l ,s n t i, s . ve , antf n ndi dual r que t f g o s r i esi nott s m e a t va i Se Da A dve i t w ho pe ii ne e s or or r up e v c s he n s he r ous ven y nts s tto d GRC C s a ff a s pa a e m e tng.5 Onc Pli ifa f l ohe Xposölc peii dGRCC t f or e r t ei e antf nd otr t r t is ttone s a ff a s par t m ee i i,t w a gr nt d.Cons que l Pl iaif s a l ga i s w t t t f or e a e tng, t oo, s a e e nty, a ttf le tons ho ha hi i vi lr que t f agr r i ousmeei we ede e un i t Cha ai r ceved s ndi dua e ss or oup elgi tng r ni d tl he pl n e i e o g rq e t fo oh rimae t j siyc mmit gtes a ea dsa ft a miitrte n u h e u ss r m te n ts o u tf o ti h p c n tf o d n se h n m e tngs Ac or i y,Pl i iff ist e t bls t the wa te t d dif r nty t n sm ia l e i . c d ngl antf al o sa ih ha s r a e f e e l ha i l ry st t d i a e . iua e nm t s C. Eve i Pl i ife t bls d eihe a s tntalbur n l rt Fis Am e n f antf s a ihe t r ubsa i de mde he r t ndme o nt r t thewa te t d dif r nty t rt Fo te h Am e e ,Pli iff ist dipr vet t ha s r a e fe e l mde he ure nt ndm nt a ntf al o s o ha t de a sofhi i vi he ni l s ndi dualr ques sf a s pa a e r lgi m e tng be r a r tonalr l t o t a e t or e r t e i ous e i as ai e ai n o 5And whe t numbe ofSeve Da Adve itpa tcpa sdr pe beow t mi mum n n he r n y nts rii nt op d l he ni umber t t , ha gr smeei we eca le i c o m iyw ih polcy. oup' tngs r nceld n onf r t t i 9 l ii a epe li e e t GRCC hasha a utt n y dif r ntr lgi g o ar ad a egtm t na nt r s . d bo we t fe e ei ous r ups le y, nd s urt sa fa s cewe et lm ie t a omm odae e r i vi ' r que tf a ec iy t f nd pa r oo i t d o cc t ve y ndi duals e s or s pa a er i o m e tng. Suc a omm odai nswoul havet i e r t elgi us e i h cc to d he mpac ofdi ri r s ur e t ve tng e o c s fom m ant i ngt s f y oft publc, r i ani he a et he i VDOC sa f a i a e .Ti sa f a s ea e t f, nd nm t s me, t f, nd pac r lmie i aprs sti W hiePlitf pur tdl mayno ha be nalo t C pe kg i i td n ion etng. l anif pore y t ve e lwed o ç a j n s t n u sa p as d nce'd rn tego pPr tsa ts r ie , ed e n talg h c udn t o g e nd r ie a gl' u ig h r u oe tn e vc s h o s o le e e o l o pe f m t eaci te i hi celo r viw hi r lgi t xt .Furhe ror hes tviis n s l r e e s e i ous e s t nnor Pl i ifwa not e, antf s pr ve e fom pr t l ng ot sa r uie by hi r lgi n t beSa a te pr t e nt d r oseyzi her s eq r d s e i o o En posl , ophe , e ng i t pa t ,ort c r' Pl i tf hasnotdipr ve t ti w asr s bl f rpr s n va els , s or ea he . a n if ' s o n ha t ea ona e o i o ofi i l t no di r lmie r our esanytm ea i vi i aewa e a s pa ae s c t fc a s o t ve t i t d es c i n ndi dual nm t nt d e r t pa e o e r iehi own uni uer lgi bei f .Pe mitng t di r i oft e lm ie r s r e t xe cs s q ei ous le s r ti he ve son hos i t d e ou c s o whe a s fce numbe o lke- i d i t ss k gr r lgi s r ce i ar as bl n ufi int r f i m nde nma e ee oup e i ous e vi s s e ona e a c mmo ain o b t t VbOC' r s nsb l ist p b i sft a di ts Frt c o d to f oh he s epo iii e o u lc aey n nmae ' is t Ame m e rghtt t f e e r ie o r lg o Acc di y, f nda sa ee il dt nd nt i o he r e xe c s f ei i n. or ngl De e nt r ntte o q ai di nt a dsl r j d me tf rteFis a F u te t Ame d n cams u l mmu iy n l fe mmay u g n ô h rt nd o re nh n me t li . V. Pl ntf a guesi t t r a f t c am st tDe e nt neglge l f ie t a r ai if r n he hid nd ourh l i ha f nda s i nty a ld o dhe e t OP 841. A c am t tprs n o fcal ha notf l d t i own i pe ntpolc e or o 3. l i ha i o fi i s ve olowe her nde nde ii s pr zdur s doe notsa e a c tt t o c a m . Se e. ,Ri i v. v.ofFaif x,90 F. oc e s t t ons iu i nal l i e. :. cc o Ct ra 7 2d 1 5 ,1 6 ( t Ci.1 9 )( odngt a i sae1w g a t mo epr c d r l i hst a t e 4 9 4 9 4h r 9 0 h li h t f tt a rn s r o e u a rg t h n h Co siu inrq ie,asaesf ilet a i eb ta 1w i n tafd r l u p o e sis e . n t to e ur s tt' alr o b d y h t a s o e e a d e r c s su ) t t Furhe e al to ofneglge ea enota to bl vi j1 t nnor, legains i nc r cina e a 983.Se eR.Da esv. es . , nil W ila , 7 U. 3 7 3 0 31( 9 6 ; tl v. mbe 4 U.. 7 1 5 0 ( 9 6 ; lims 4 4 S. 2 , 3 - 1 8 ) Esel Ga l, 29 S 9 , 0 - 6 1 7 ) e 10 Lovelce 472 F. a 1 a , 3d t 94.Acc di y, e nt a ee il t qualfe i uniy a or ngl Defnda s r ntted o ii d mm t nd s mma yj d me tf rt s cams u r u g n o hee li . VI. Fo tefr g i r a o s t ec u t r nsDee d n s moinf rjti l j dg n . r h o e ong e s n ,h o r g a t fn a t' to o i mà' u me t n y ri EN T ER:'hs N d yo a , 2018. a fM y / wf -2v / . t : Chi fUnied St s ' rc J e t i t udge '
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