Davis v. Raines, No. 7:2017cv00107 - Document 33 (W.D. Va. 2018)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Senior Judge Glen E. Conrad on 8/14/2018. (slt)
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CLERTS OFFI U, . ST, CE S DI COUR7 AT ROANOKE, VA FI LED At 1i 2 1 l ' 28 I TII UNITED STA TES D I N E STR I C OUR T CT FO R TI E W ESTERN DI I STRI T O F W RG I I C N A R OA NO K E D I SI N W O GA RY DA VIS, J A C.DUD ULI C BY: D UW C K CA SE NO .7: 17CV 00107 Pl ntf , ai if V. M EM O R AN DUM O PINIO N STEPH EN R AJNES, By: H on.G l E.Conrad en Sehi Unied St es Di ri Judge or t at st ct Def endant . The pl ntif Gar Davi a V igi a i at proceedi pr j , fl d t s c vi a to ai f , y s, r ni nm e ng o - ie hi i l c i n q . unde 42U. C.j1 algi t tStphe Raies aHe yCo t lw e ore ntofie , r S. 983, le ng ha e n n , nr uny a nf c me fc r u a f l s i e hi i Fr nkln Coun y an us d e e s ve f c a i thi ,i vi a i o nl w ul e z d m n a i y t d e xc s i or e ga ns m n ol ton f hi c tm to rght . Th m a t ri c r nty b f r t c ur o t de e nts m oto f s onsi i nal i s e te s ur e l e o e he o t n he f nda ' i n or s e pons he e o. e e e h e d, he t s ummay j me ,a Davi' r s es t r t Aftr r viw of t e r cor t cour r udg nt nd c nc ud st tt m o i n mus be g a t d. o l e ha he to t r ne 1. Backeround Rane ,i te c ure o hi moe t n t nj ye r a sr a oft He r Co y i s n h o s f s r ha we t as ege nt he ny unt Sherf Of , had m e D avi on sever occasons. 1 t s i of 2014,Rai w as t ifs Gce nes he t s al i 1 n he prng s pe vio o t Crm i ll s i ton Di s o o t s r f o fc Som e of hi de i u r s r f he i na nve tga i vi i n f he he ifs f i e. s putes w e e i s i tng c s i w hi h Da s w a a s pe t On M a 22, 201 a i vesi a or r nve tga i a es n c vi s us c . y 4, n n tg t e aie Rai t s r i or a i r e ve f om a co i ntali o ma t t D a s ha m ld nes o ha e nf m ton ec i d r nfde i nf r nt ha vi d Davis v. Raines Doc. 33 obt ned m one i a bur ar t he had pur ed and m i be rdi i a 1 bur ai y n gl y; hat chas ght i ng n 998 gundy 1 Thi s a y of f t , lr l u s e e e whee noe i lke fom D a s c s umm r ac s agey ndiputd xc pt r td, s n r vi' ompli a ant nd e hbt ( No .1 1 , n 3 , n Ran s ald vt( No 2 -) Da i'e hbt icu ea icd n rpot x ii ECF s , 6 a d 2 a d ie ' fia i ECF . 8 1. vs x iisn ld n n ie t e r s ta Ran sp e ae i J n 2 1 ( No 3 , t2 )a data srp o Ran s tsi n d rn ac u t ern h t ie rp rd n u e 0 4 ECF . 2 a 5 n rncit f ie'et y uig o r h aig mo i Au ut 01 ( No 1 -)a o th L c y2Mak t n o ne wi Da i i Ma 2 4 n g s2 6 ECF . 6 1 b u te u k re e c u tr t vs n y 01 . h Dockets.Justia.com Fo d Ex o e w ih i o r Vigi a t gs t tD a sw a c r yi a s no e r vol r lke y r pl r r t mpr pe r ni a ; ha vi s a r ng nub s e ve i l r a e t a b gl r u r i ve tga i a t t D a s h d r ce ty m a t e t t ha m el t d o ur a y nde n s i ton; nd ha vi a e n l de hr a s o r hi s l a l w e or e e t of e s The e ai a s ls e l a i ns whe e D a s m i t be m e f nd a nf c m n Gc r . m l lo it d oc to r vi gh f ound. A r ound t s e tm e,Rai acquied f om t s ifs ofice squad r he am i nes r r he herf t oom a Shot s s e 't ti l d D a s na e a phot a on a ls o i vi ual f rw ho d puteswe e he t' ha nc ude vi ' m nd ogr ph it f ndi d s o m e i r sa c ng. Me Su Mot Summ.J, ne De l!7,ECFNo.28- Theho s e wane e rhi m. pp. . .Rai s c.( 1. t he t r d of som e out t ng war ant f Davi ar es . On t eveni of M ay 30, 2014, Rai sandi r s or s' r t he ng nes s at y I ned t Davi had outt ng war ant f a m idem eanor char i t Ciy of epar el ear hat s s andi r s or s ge n he t M a tns le a f t f l y c r s i He y Coun y f dr gt s s i a t r o f ns r i vil nd or wo e on ha ge n nr t or u pos e son nd hid f e e do esi as a t Rai s a s be i ve t tD a swasa c nvi t d f l m tc s ul. ne l o le d ha vi o c e e on. The nextday,M ay 31,was a Sat day,and Rai w as of dut and i casualcl hi ur nes f y n ot ng, wihouthi de y' b e o fr a m . W hie r ng a e r nd,he sop d a Luc y 2 M a ke t s put s adg r i e r l unni n r a t pe t k r t i Fr i Count f a drnk. A s Rai opened t door of t m ar ,D a s was w al ng n ankln y or i nes he he ket vi ki o . Ra ne r o z d D a s i e a e y,c l d hi b hi tr tna e a a ke w ha he w a ut i s ec gni e vi mm dit l ale m y s i s m , nd s d t s doi t r . H e t d Da st tH e y Cou y ha o sa ng w a r nt f rhi a r t ng he e ol vi ha nr nt d utt ndi ra s o s res. D a sw a ke outoft e s or a a ou Ra ne , G um blng .. t thew a t e et pi k vi l d h t e nd r nd i s E m i . ha s hr o c s t ngu ' I a ! 1 Rai beiveddurngt se o e t tDa src ze hi omehi p. d. t ( 6. nes le ' i hi nc untr ha vi e ogni d m Da sc ledhi ç i s'a onepoit I a ! 1 Att ' e i ofwarnt,Da ss i t t vi al m < ne' t Ra n. d. t 7. hem nton ra s vi ad ha heha da nc r of'he d. t!18 Rai ss i heG ed t c lds tht c fr 'a d i ke ae 't m.I a t . ne ad l ed o al ipac o onim' nd ne be n dilngt numberonhi celph ga ai he s l one.I a !! 1 - 9.Het dDa st tQ ne de t d. t 8 1 ol vi ha i e d o he w ai f a deput t ani ' Pl' Res Ex.B,ECF N o. t or y o ve.' .s p. 32. 2 M ea nwhie, D avi Cbegan ' al ng ai l sl ao l s c w ki m es y rund t paki l (nd mot d he r ng ot a ! i one twadab gun For Explrrpake i t l . Rane De .a !20.HeC ads mehi o r ur dy d oe r d n he ot' i s cl t ' s i o t ng s t t e f c o ç o e on,Ra ne ,we' bee f i nds f ye r ,don' do m e lke t s '' l o he f e t f c m i s ve n re or a s t i hi .' d. W he Da s be n wa ki t r t e Ex o e ,Ra ne t t p d i f o o hi a a ke hi n vi ga l ng owa d h pl r r i s E e pe n r nt f m nd s d m s t wai u i ( i )c d g ti t c wihdipac ora ofi rarve ' 1 a 21 Rane o t ntl Ranes oul e n ou h t s th n fce ri d.' d. t . i s s i t tt y ç e e g ng t w atf ra de y t a rve. P1' Re p. B, a d ha he t r oi o i o w put o r i ' .s s Ex. ECF N o. D a s ' 32. vi wal d a oun Ra ne a a oun t ve c e s a i û a d tdo t s' nd S u c n' do t s ke r d i s nd r d he hi l , t tng, i n on' m hi ' a û yo a t hi t m e.' 1 Rai sai agai t tt dw er goi t w ai f adeput ' l o ' d. nes d n ha hey i e ng o t or y.' d. Fr t ot sde of t car Davi s d he needed t go get a f i f om i de t om he her i he , s ai o rend r nsi he s or and wal i t diectbn. Rai w as s il on t phone,but was concer for t t e ked n hat r i nes tl he ned he s f t o bysan r , o h w a ke t w a d t s o e t o. He E hi f oti f on o t e doorno a e y f t de s s e l d o r he t r , o E put s o n r t f h t alow i D avi t open i al t w a ' Pl' Res atEx.B. Accor ng t D a s Rai st l ng so t l he y.' .s p. di o vi, nes epped i f ontofhi t bl hi pat t ar t m ar ,E aced hi f i f ontoft doort eby n r m o ock s h ow d he ket E pl s oot n r he her usng bo l f c t blc ( vi )fe dom o mo me ta i t sme i tnc ,s hi i diy ore o o k Da s' re f ve n nd n he a nsa e mas ng ( vi' ha d i t doo c i physca ij y.z Pl' Rep.a 9 1 Da scl mst t Da s1 n n he r ausng i l nur ' .s s t - 0. vi ai ha ' Rane Elmgdlt e rnc d a i t( s lf ha prve tng g m)t e tra c usng i s t a e he nta e oor gans hi) et nd e ni hi o ne nd a i s ph ialij y,'ncl ngG ysc nur 'i udi t numbnes,s r pai ,a lc ofg i 'i hi l 'ha d.Compl3, s hap ns nd a k rp' n s ef n t . 5,ECF N o.1. A fe t do c os d,D a s s e pe ba k. Ra ne t e o ned t door a i e i d t r he or l e vi t p d c i s h n pe he nd d ntfe hi s f as a He y Coun y D e ut She if t t pe pl i i Da d Ca a y a To e m el nr t p y r f o he o e nsde: vi nn da nd m ka Chrsoh Rane ake t m t sa i iet sor frt i s ft b a ehebeive t t ij n. i s s d he o ty nsd he t e o her aey ec us le d ha l enf cem enthad out t ng war ant f Davi arest aw or s andi r s or s' r . 2 Rane de e tatt do cos onDa s'ha . i s nis h he or l ed vi nd A g n, i s a ke Da s who wasbe nd hi ,t w a twhie he c f r e t s a usof ai Ra ne s d vi , hi m o i l on s m d he t t t wa r nt . The t m e wa ked a y f o t s o e a D a s a ke Rai s s r tm e he r a s wo n l wa r m he t r , nd vi s d ne eve al i s t e s don' d t st me. Rane De la !23.Da st dRai st thewa e t gi hi G a e t o hi o ' i s c. t pl ' vi ol ne ha ntd o ve s ke t hi f i nd i t s or Ra nes t d hi t y (we e no g ng a yw he e u i a de t ys o s r e n he t e. i ol m he t r t oi n r ntl pu y show ed up.'P1' Res atEx.B. ' .s p. Des t Rane 'wani Ca da a d Chrsohn had se d ousd t make. pie i s r ng, nna y n ij tppe tie he r t Se i t m ,Da s t i t t o hi ke t Can a b t ke l nd on t e r oft e ng he vi red o hr w s ys o nad y, ut he ys a ed h oof he m ar . Davi dr ket s opped a pl tc botte of t he w as hol ng and r t ar t hi a as i l ea di an ow d he ghw y. Ra ne pi ke u t botl a t e i a D a s hitng t Luc 2 M a ke sgn a t40 f e i s c d p he te nd hr w t t vi , ti he ky r t i bou et a y.Rane yele ûsop'a satdt c s Da s bu sop wa i s ld lt ' nd tre o hae vi, t t ped.Rane De la !2 Att i s c. t 4. he m a ke ' s gn,D a s alo sop d a t r d t r Ra ne . Da s E d hi r g ha pule r ts i vi s t pe nd u ne owa d i s vi G ha s i ht nd l d ba k t w a dshi be tln unde hi s r' a ç a hol ng a bl c s m ia o a i pi t . I c o r s l ie r s hit' nd i s di w a k e - ut m tc sol' d. ' a !2526.Het dRai st Se vehi t f kal e'a d( tou o hee. l a 26.Ranes t ol ne o l a m he uc on ' n C t f r ' d. t l ge ' i t d D a s t t he S a a tm ptng t c ntnu t w a r n s a d t a he ne de t sa t r . ol vi ha t s te i o o s he r a t n h t w e d o t y he e ' ' P1' Re p.a Ex. . D a st n r n o do n t hi hw a Ra ne di no ty t pur u hi . H e .s s t B vi he a n w he g y. i s d t r o s e m c im e t o sa ng w a r n s w ih t He y Coun y dipa c r a t n r po t t onfr d he ut t ndi r a t t he nr t s t he nd he e red he i i ntt t Fr nkln Coun y She ips De rm e . nc de o he a i t rf pa t nt Rai ssae ta Glq nopoitdurngo itr tondi Ie rputmyha o Da s ne tts h t 'at n i ur neaci d ve nds n vi. N o par ofm y body evert t ouched hi and Inevercam e i o physi cont w ih hi ....lnever s nt cal act t m t d hi hewa unde ar t i c t y ornotfe t l ve. Rai s De .a ! 30. The ol m s r res, n usod re o ea ' ' ne cl t e o e l tdli mi tsorls . l a !3 nc untr ase lve nue e s' d. t 3. f ' 4 Fr i Count de i ar t D avi on J 1 2014,att Lucky 2 M ar . D avi ankln y putes resed s une , he ket s l erpl at eaded guit t t Henr Count f ony char f pos es on ofm et phet i and ly o he y y el ge or s si ham am ne wa s ne e t t e ye r a t e mo hs i j i,wih t e ye r s pe d o t s e tnc d o hre as nd hre nt n al t hre as us nde n he c ndii of fve ye r good be vi . D a s a s pl d d guit a w a c c ed of t o ton i as ha or vi l o ea e ly nd s onvi t wo f l e i Fr n i Co y r a e t t e n s a is i t s ci l a to pos es i a e oni s n a kln unt elt d o he ve t t s ue n hi vi c i ns s ng Gr m as a convi ed f on and br s ng t fr m . For t e of ens , D avi was ear ct el andihi he i ear hes f es s sne e i Aprl201 t Gvey ar a t l mo hsi ji,wih t s ne e s pe d e tnc d n i 6 o e s nd weve nt n al t he e tnc s us nde Gupon tm e s ved' awaii ti . M e .Supp.M ot Sum m .J. D ,ECF N o.28-1. i i er ' tng r al m . Ex. Da s Gld t s j1 3 a ton i M ac 201 a sri t t () Raies a to vi e hi 98 ci n rh 7, setng ha: 1 n ' cins c tt e ()a unraona e s z e a () e e sve fr ,i vi ai oft Fourh onsiutd a n e s bl eiur nd b xc si oce n olton he t Ame ndme t Da s as a sre t s e ntlsae lw cli : ( Rane ,a He y n. vi lo setd wo upplme a tt a ams 2) i s nr Co ny o fcr d tie Da i i Frn i Co ny o tie o hsj rs ito ,i voain o u t fi e, ean d vs n a kl u t, usd f i uidcin n ilto f n Vigi aCo Ann.j1 2- A) a ( Rane 'a tonsc nsi sae1w t t ofasa t r ni de 9. 250( ; nd 3) i s ci o tt med tt a ors sul, batr a a uci Rane ha fldamoto f s tey, nd bd ton. i s s ie in or ummayj me sppore byaûda t r udg nt u td f vis a d um e t to a D a sha r s nde m a ng t m o i n rpe f rde i i nd oc n a i n, nd vi s e po d, ki he to i o c son. I D i si I. scus on A . St r ofReviw anda ds e A c r s dgrn s ou t houl a t ummayj r udgme (i te mova ts nt if h n howst tt r i no ge ne ha hee s nui diput a t an maeilfc a t mova ti e tte t j s e s o y tra a t nd he n s nild o udgme ta amatroflw. Fe n s te a ' d. ' R.Ci P.56a . t y E tra)dipue ove f t t tmi taf tt o c meoft s t v. () ' Onl maeil s ts r acs ha gh fec he uto he ui unde t g r nglw wilpr ry prcl t e tyofs r he oveni a l opel e ude he nr ummayj gme ' Andes v. r ud nt' ron Li ryLo I .47 U. 242, (986 .A diput a tafc i ge neGft e de e bet bbv.nc, 7 S. 248 1 ) s e bou a ts nui ' he vi nc i i s ht taras bl j y c ul rt n aveditf t no s uc ha e ona e ur o d eur r c or he nmovi pat ' L. The c ur ng ry. d ' . a o t m us vi t r d as a w hol and dr al r t ew he ecor e aw l easonabl i r e nfe ences f om t f t i t lght r he ac s n he i mos fvorbl t Da s a tenonmo ngpat Sha v,Stoud,1 F. 791 798 ( h Ci. t a a e o vi, s h vi ry. w r 3 3d , 4t r 1 4) Da sE y no rs upo t meeale tonsorde aso hi pla ng,butmus st 99 . vi ' ma t et n he r lgai nil f s e di te ' s f t s cfcf c ss ngt tt r i ag nui is f rti .3 Ander on, 477 U. a 248. orh pe i a t howi ha he e s e ne s ue o ral' S. t Se ton 1 83 per is a a r e e pa t t ;1 a c vi a ton a i ta pe s f r a to ci 9 m t n gg i v d ry o e i l c i ga ns r on o c i ns t aken under col of s at lw t t vi at d hi cons iutonalr ght . Cooper v.Sheehan, 735 or t e a ha ol e s tt i i s F.d 1 1 ( h Ci. 3 .Th ,os r i s 3 53, 58 4t r 201 ) us t u vve ummayj me o hi j1 3cli , vi r udg nt n s 98 ams Da s m us pr entdiput f s show i t Rai alhough of dut t actons (undercol of t es s ed act ng hat nes, t f y, ook i l or s a e lw ' t t vi a e D a s c tt tona rg st be f e f o un e ona e s zu e a or t t a ' ha ol t d vi ' ons iu i l i ht o r e r m r as bl ei r nd/ excessve f ce. 1 i or d. B. Actons underCol ofSt e Law i or at Rai ar nes gues t as an of - y Henr Count of hat fdut y y fcer actng out i ofHenr Count i sde y y, he w a ac i a a prva e cii e a no unde c o ofsa e l w w he he e oun e e Da sa s tng s i t tz n nd t r ol r t t a n nc t r d vi t t Lucky 2 M ar t 0n t bas s R ai ar he ke . hat i , nes guest Davi hasf l t esabls t t es d hat s aied o t ih he hr hol çtt a to 'e rme to hi j1 cl ms Thec ur c nno a re. c ae cin'rquie n f s 983 ai . s o t a t ge ç fa i vi uali pos es e of sa e a t rt a pur t t ac unde t ta ho iy, ç n ndi d l s s sd t t u ho iy nd pors o t r ha ut rt hi a to i saea ton. Grfi v.M aylnd,378U. 1 1 (96 . Ont ohe ha s cin s tt ci ' ifn ' ra S. 30, 35 1 4) he t r nd, Gll c oroflw ( saea ton r uie nte l e fo t r a h o j 1 3 a1meey sthe ol a or tt ci ) eq rme xcud s rm he e c f 98 1 rl prva e conduct no m a t how dicrm i or or wr ul' Ros gnolv.Voor ,316 F. i t , ter s i nat y ongf .' si haar 3d 51 523 ( h Ci.20 . Thus t c tmus de d whehe a ofduy polc ofie ' 6, 4t r 03) , he our t cie t r n f- t ie fc rs G vat actons' have a Gs t enty cl nexusw ih t St e t be f ry teat ast oft ç pri e i ' çufsci l ose t he at o ail r ed hat he Stt isl 's a t c tt saea tonu rj1 ae tef o s o onsi tt ci nde 983.1 me d.Re c ngt sdee nain Esa a hi hi tnni to G i 3 The c tha omitd i ena q ai mar , atr tons a ciai hee and ele r i t s our s te ntr l uotton ks le ai , nd ttons r s whe e n hi o ni e e wheeot wienoe pi on, xc pt r her s td. 6 matrofnomai j me ,a t cie i lc rgi smplct ' 1 Thec tmus lokt te r tve udg nt nd he rtra a k i d i iiy. d. ' our t o o t ç tle oft a tpe f med' a t c r um sa es s r ndi i t d e m i whe he i he G t na r he c r or ' nd he ic t nc ur ou ng t o et r ne t rt q lfe a s ea ton. Re nev.ChalsCt Co s 88 F. 870 8 2 ( h Ci.1 ) uai s s ut ci ve re v. mm', 2 2d , 7 4t r 989 ; Rosi ol31 F. a 5 n. ( tngc urs rviw o (hettlt ofcrumsa e t tmi t szn , 6 3d t 27 1 noi o t' e e f ' oaiy ic tnc s ha gh t be ro t que ton oft ne bewe n t c le ge a ton a t sae';M atne v. a n he si he xus t e he haln d ci nd he tt' ) ri z Col 5 F. 980,98 ( s Ci.1 95)(s hehe apolc ofs ri a tngunde c o o sae on, 4 3d 6 1t r 9 W t r ie tce s ci r olr f tt 1w t ' on t nat e and cicum sances of t of ' conduct and t r atons p of t a ul ns he ur r t he fcer s he el i hi hat c uc t tepef ond t o h ronnanc ofhi ofii d i .) e s fcal utes'. ' Cours ha r t ve ecogni varous f or as w ei ng for or agai a fndi of sat zed i act s ghi nst i ng te ac i The S t r i c a s ton. s wa d ndi i ugge tv o sa e a ho iy s h as be n on dut wea i a ou s i e f t t ut rt - uc ig y, rng unior ,or d i ng a pa r c r'a e r l va t t i quiy,butG r notal de e m i tve. f m rvi tol a ' r e e nt o he n r Ge a one t r na i ' ' Revene, 882 F. at 872. S i se, a m er as erton t one i a sat ofi does not 2d t kewi e s i hat s t e fcer necess iy m ean t one act under col of sat lw .' Gi on v.Civ of Chi ar l hat s or t e a ' bs t cago,910 F. 2d 1 0 1 6(t Ci.1 ) Thesaea to ne ma aiewheet dee a ' pu i of e 51 , 51 7h r 990 . tt cin xus y rs r he fnd nts blc fc pr vi e t m o i to f hi a to ort e a to a e ( i d t e nt whi h a os ou of o d d he tva i n or s c i ns hos c i ns r t nke o ve s c r e t l hi of i als at ' r hert arsi <outof purel per s fci t us,' at han i ng s y sonalcicum sances.' Ros gnol 316 r t ' si , F. d a 5 3 t 24. Ano he f c o m a b whe h r t i i dua ' i ntt i t c m uniy as a t r a tr y e t e he nd vi ls de iy n he om t polc ofi ra t a rnta tort t tr ec ni dfclttdhi a tons d na e ( m) ie tce nd he ppae uh iy ha ol a e a iiae s ci - : bld hi e t e c e( s s he i ama rt tprvaectze ne rc dha ' 1 a 526. o xe ut hi) c me n nne ha i t ii ns ve oul ve. d. t ' Ra ne a gu t t hi a ton w e e sm ia t t e of t de e a ofi e i N e i s r es ha s c i s r i lr o hos he f nd nt tc r n xus Sers,l v.Va e No.5:7- 0 2,201 WL 5 v . nc. nc , 1 CV-007 8 42977,a *1( . Va.J n.24,2018 t W D. a ) ( ba kiJ) Va e,hedee n i t Ne c ewa a ofduypolc ofc rwh drve Ur ns , .. nc t fnda t n he xus as s n f- t ie fie o o he pe s lve cl a o t N e c r r ona hi e r und he xus amppsw hie w e rng a polc pol s r a g be t a l ai ie o hi q un l, nd a ba dge a ound he ne k,p e e ng t be i e ese i he lh c r s r i es 1 I f c ,t r r c r t ndi o nt r t d n a t a e e v c . d. n a t he ofi e was s mpl ga he i i o m a i n a utt c m p a t r que t o he ac uai a ce fc r i y t rng nf r to bo he a us t he e s f r q nt n , who wasa f r e Ne e pl e. 1 The c tf und no s a e a ton be a e: t m o i ton o m r xus m oye d. our o tt c i c us he tva i f t of i sac i waspur y prvat unr a ed t herofk i dutes as a polce ofi er;any or he fcer' ton el i e, el t o f al i i fc prva e i vi coul have accompls t s e ac i i t s e m anner and Vance' i t ndi dual d ihed he am tons n he am ; s s at as an of t us fcerdi notf lt e heractonsi any w ay. l at*4. d aciiat i n d. The c ur doe no fnd Rai s a tons t be a l us t t e N e c e. Unlke t e o t s ti ne ' c i o na ogo o h xus as i h ofi e i t e N e c s Rai s of - y,prva e ac i di no a i e fom pur l pe s l fc r n h xus a e, ne ' fdut i t tons d t r s r e y r ona cicum s a r t ncesand desies. Rai m otvaton t de ai Davi w ascl l lnked t hi poston r nes' i i o t n s eary i o s ii as a polce i tgaton s i nves i i upervi ,wih access t i or a i and doc ent i t s ir s sor t o nf m ton um s n he hert o fc t a no prva e cii e c d ha kno n. I e t e prva e e a la t Da s ha ng f e ht i t tz n oul ve w nde d, h i t m i bou vi vi pur ha e a pa tc a ki ofve c e,be n a m ed a ha ng m a t e t t ha m hi s l o c sd ri ul r nd hi l i g r , nd vi de hr a s o r m e f r l w e f c m e o fc r die t d Rai es a tons t oug t t e e ou e w ih D a s I a n or e nt f i e s r c e n ' ci hr hou h nc nt r t vi . n a ii D a sdoe n de t the kn w a r c z d Ra ne asa polc ofi e , s t t dd ton, vi s ot ny ha e nd e ogni e i s i e fc r de pie he l c o unior an ba e. D a s a s r s nde t R anes ba e on t tpe s l hit y, a k f f m d dg vi l o e po d o i sd ha r ona s or n ota i wih t ofi e w hie w a e i a o eg itng t he fc r l nd rng r und,i t ad of sm pl l a ng t a e . A s nse i y e vi he r a s h, ne 'i n iy a a of i e e bl d hi t de a n Da s mor e f c i y t n a prva e uc Rai s de tt s n fc r na e m o t i vi e f e tvel ha ny i t c tze c d ha The e o e t c tc l est tRa ne 'c uc bor a G ufi i nty c os ii n oul ve. r f r , he our onc ud ha i s ond t e : fc e l l e s nexus w ih t St e t be fai y t eat as' actons çunder col of sat l ' f pur es of t he at o rl r ed ' i i or t e aw ' or pos j1 3.Rosinol31 F. a 5 98 sg , 6 3d t 23. C. N o U nr ona e Sei e eas bl zur El l ne ra polc ofc rac oss a i viua and rsri hi fee m t wak GW he ve ie f e c t n ndi d l etans s r do o l aw ay,he has G ei s zed't pers 'w ihi t m eani of t Fourh A m endm ent' Ter y v. hat on' t n he ng he t ' r 8 Ohi 39 U. 1 1 ( 968. I i u sutdt tRane rpe tdl t dDa st watt the o, 2 S. , 6 1 ) t s ndip e ha i s e ae y ol vi o i, ha ne de t sa a t l ai whi Raie c e ke t sa oft e war t a a r ng f e d o ty t he oc ton, k n s h c d he t ms h ran s nd ra ed or anot ofi t anive. l i al undiput t Rai pl her fcer o t s so s ed hat nes aced hi body t bl Davi pat s o ock s' h a he t i d t g t hi ve c e a t r t i ve hi f i nd t l a t a e . On t s f c s t s r e o o o s hi l nd o e re s re o e ve he r a he e a t , he cour w ilas um e,f pur t l s or poses oft s opi on,t Rai actons cons iut a sei e. The hi ni hat nes' i tt ed zur Fourh Am endm ent how e ,pr ect onl agai tunr t , ver ot s y ns easonabl s zur pr ptng t cour ' e ei es, om i he ts next i r I de er i ng whet Rai nquiy. n t m ni her nes' actons i r t ai ng D a s' feedom t l i n es r ni vi r o eave wee ra o bl t ii r i a d one whehe t ofc rsa ton wa j tfe a is r e s na e, he ç y s ual nqui t r he fie ' ci s usiid t t ic pin a dwh te iwa ra o a l rltdi s o et t ecru tn e whc j si dt e n e to , n eh r t s e s n by eae n c p o h ic msa c s ih u tfe h i er er nt f ence i t fr pl ' I at19n he ist ace.' d. 20. To d t p a bre l de a n a pe s f i vesi a i pur s s' a o fce ne d o y s o nd i fy t i s r on or n tg tve po e ,' n f i r e nl ha G r as na e s pi i s ve G e o bl us c on uppo t b a tc a e f c s t tc i i la tviy m a be a oo . a red y ri ul bl a t ha rm na c i t y f t' ' Unie Sttsv.Sokolw,49 U. 1 7( 989.Toesa ihras bl s pi o t ofs e td ae o 0 S. , 1 ) tbls e ona e us cin, he tc r m a r y o hi o n o e v tons kno l dge a i or a i n pr de b a kno n t r pa t y el n s w bs r a i , w e , nd nf m to ovi d y w hid ry if r n. Ada v.W ila ,40 U. 1 1 ( 9 ;Kaa v.Jnki .7 F.App' 1 , n oma t ms lims 7 S. 43, 46 1 72) rdi e ns x 85 1 -2 ( h Ci.2001 (i ngt tfrtha de ci i fo ofie ' pr e sona as it 919 4t r ) tndi ha is nd s rpton rm fc rs ofsi l socaes ofs pe ts s pi o be vi rpr d o f e w ih l gii a e,a tc a e s pi i n s c e t us c ' us ci us ha o ovi ed fk r t e tm t ri ul bl us c o um i n t j tf hi i ta d tni of s pet f r s itng) Rane ha rc nty gahee o usiy s niil ee ton us c o hoplfi . i s d e e l t rd i or a i a t o s a ng w a r nt o D a s alh nf m ton bou ut t ndi r a s n vi , t ough D a s c ai d ot r s Ra nes vi l me he wi e. i alo k w fom hi i s i t ' e a la s ne r s nve tga or s m i boutD a s t e t an pos e s on of a fr a m . The vi ' hr a s d s s i ie r 9 c r fndst skno l dge s fcintt s ppor a r s bl s pi i ofDa s i ve e t i ou t i hi we uf i e o u t ea ona e us c on vi ' nvol m n n 4 ci n l ci te , ata do p tnilt j si teiv siaieso ta Ran sma e rmia a t is p s n /r oe ta,o u tf h n etg tv tp h t ie d . vi y Thus, fndi t t Rai i ng ha nes' i tal s op w as r nii t easonabl t cour m us (next addr e, he t tG ess wh te t e d tnin wa ra o a l rltd i s o e t te cru tn e ta j si e te eh r h ee to s e s n by eae n c p o h ic msa c s à t u tf d h i i tali t r e e e w ih D a s f e do ofm ove e t Se Fl i v. nii n e f r nc t vi ' r e m m n . e orda Roye ,460 U . 491 50 r S. , 0 (983 (' ni si tved tni mus betmpoaya ls no l rt ni ne esay t 1 ) $A1 nvetgai ee ton t e rr nd at onge ha s c s r o ( efcuaetepur eo t so '.M oe r Invetgai mehodsemplye s ul b t fet t h pos'f he tp.) rove,s si tve t ' i o d ho d e he las i t usve m e ns r a ona y a iab e t ve iy o dipe t o f r s s pi i i a s r e t nr i a e s bl va l l o rf r s l he f ke ' us c on n ho t perod oftm e.' 1 at500. Rai de ai Davi no l i i ' d. nes t ned s ongert i t t veriy w ih dipat han t ook o f t s ch t w ar ant f ar es w er s ilout t ng. Rai w as on hi cel phone durng t entr hat r s or r t e tl s andi nes s l i he ie e ou e , whi h l t d no m o e t n fve m i ut s D a s doe not p es nt a y e de e nc nt r c ase r ha i n e. vi s r e n vi nc s ugge tng t t s h a i r woul no m a l t ke l s tme o t t Ra ne i e r e hi ' s i ha uc n nquiy d r ly a es i r ha . i s nt rupt d s c onfr a i a t m ton temptt pur ue ot r unr l t d a tvii st l ngt n t s o w ihou l gii a e o s he , e a e c i te o e he he t p t t e tm t caus M or e. eover Rai ac i t dicour D avi fom ent i t vehi e or ent i t , nes' tons o s age sr erng he cl erng he m ar tbuidi w er necessar t keep hi fom l ng t s ke l ng e y o m r eavi he cene w hie Rai confr ed t l nes im he s a us oft w a r n s Thus t c r fnds n dipu e f c s w i t tRa ne e e de t tt he r a t . , he ou t i o s t d a t ho ng ha i s xc e d he s pe of t i s i tve pu pos f t t s o To t e e D a s c a m s t t Ra ne co he nve tga i r e or ha t p. he xt nt vi l i ha i s u e on bl siedhi a t Luc 2 M ake,Rai si e ild t s mmayj gme tasa nras a y ez m t he ky r t ne s ntte o u r ud n m a trofl w . te a 4 M or ove , D a swa uli aey c cedon oneoft a rs wa rnt o sa n a i thi o t e r vi s tm t l onvit he ret ra s uttndig gans m n he dywh nh e cu trdRan s R- h e itn eo po a l cu efrars i a a slt b rt aS cin 1 2 a e e n o nee ie . El e xse c f rb be a s o rets n boue a o et 9 3 f o cam fru lwfl ret'Bidev Mat , 9 F.d6 3 6 $(t Ci. 9 3 . li o na u arsv d l . ri 9 2 2 7 , 7 7h r 1 9 ) ' n 10 D .N o Exces veFor si ce $ herg t ma a ars o ivesi t yso ne e srl c riswihi t rg t û T) iht o ke n ret r n tgaor tp c saiy are t t he iht o us s e de e ofphys c lc r i o t e tt r oft e f c i ' Gr ha v.Conn ,490 U . e om gr e i a oe c on r hr a he e o f e t t' a m or S. 38 3 ( 98 .G te r pus o s ,e ni ima ltrs e un ces r i t pe ceof 6, 96 1 9) G vey h r hove ve f t y ae e m ne say n he a No aj d esc a es'voae t eF u t Ame d n. I . çf era o a e eso ap riua u g ' h mb r' ilts h o rh n me t d G' e s n bln s f a t lr rh c us off c mus bej ge fom t pes ci ofaraona eom c ro tese ,rt rt n e ore t ud d r he rpetve e s bl e n h c ne he ha w ih t 20/ vii of hi i t' 1 a 396. The c ur m us c nsde s h f c o s a G he t he 20 son nds gh ' d. t o t t o i r uc a t r s i t se iy oft crm e ati ue,whet r t s pectposes an i m edi e t eatt t s et oft vert he i ss he he us m at hr o he af y he ofi s or ot s and whet he i actvel r s i ar es or atemptng t e fcer her , her s i y esitng r t t i o vade ar es by r t fi . 1 Th ,Gorei note esi i i i o jci l ra o bl und rt cru tnc lght' d. us i c s xc sve f t s be tvey e s na e e he ic msa es ' f f ng t of aci he fcer-' K ar ,7 F.App' at195. ' adi x A r a o bl o fc r i Rai s po ii n ha a e e de e s ppori a c l i n t t e s na e f i e n ne ' s to d mpl vi nc u tng onc us o ha s us off c wa j tfe t dean Da s Rai kne t tfl ars warnt ha ome e ore s usiid o ti vi. nes w ha eony ret ra s d be n is d frDa s( f as uli be vi ) t thewa rpo tdl ame t theha e sue o vi one or sa tve ha or, ha s e re y r d, ha d t e t ne vi e e & t t h ha t ke of s l- r , s gesi s e m e a i t biiy. hr a e d ol nc , nd ha e d al d e fha m ug tng om nt l nsa lt Da s be vi m ovi r s l s l a tt e m a ke a ea alo s ge t d t the w a ups ta ut vi' ha or ng e te s y bou h r tr s ug s e ha s e bo be ng r c ze a a crm i w ih ou sa ng wa r nt a di no i t nd t w a tf rFr nkln i e ogni d s i nal t t t ndi r a s nd d t n e o i o a i Co y l w e f c m e t a rve Gi n t s f t , w h n D a s ti d t e e t m a ke unt a n or e nt o r i . ve he e ac s e vi re o nt r he r t b l n a ofk e i Ra ne 'c r um sa sco d r as bl ha c l ed t tbl ki t e uidi g, n t r n i s ic t nce ul e ona y ve onc ud ha oc ng h doo wasa a pr pra e us off c t e ur t s f t ofot r i i t s o e D a sale s r n p o i t e or e o ns e he a e y he s nsde he t r . vi l ge t tRa ne d l m m e 'hi ha d i t doo . Com pl 3,ECF N o.1 D a spr s n sno e de e ha i s E a s d' s n n he r . . vi e e t vi nc t s o upportt s accusa i t tRai pur ef l used f hi ton ha nes pos uly orce t caus hi har ,how ever The o e m m . c ur ûnds no ge ne is ofdipu e f c on whih Da sc d pe s de a f c Gnde t t o t nui s ue s td a t c vi öul rua at r ha 11 Qsn su e mo efrels wa o j cl l ra o a l u d rtec l e c sh fc d a d le j d r oc h n s be t y e s n be n e h kcl ve mq e e a e y n 1a Rnn si e t ldt sl r u n e t samatro 1w o Da i' x e dv f reism. t 1e s n ie o t t mmayl d n a te f a n v s e c s e o c 1i 5 m . Co l i neuson Fo te r ao sae te c u tc n ld st tt e d fn a tsmoin fr s mmay r h e sns tt; h o r o cu e ha h ee d n ' to o u r jd etmus b ra tda t a1cnmqun e 4 U.. j1 8 Futemoe tecu t u n n t e ne s o 1 ll dr 2 jC. 9 3. rh r r, h o r d cie t e ecs s p lme Y J rs Go o e tes p lme tlsae1w csmMt a Da i e l s o x rie u p e n u idc n v r h u pe na tt a l h t vs n d rie . S e2 U. C. 1 6 () Th c u t l d s s als c cnmswi o t rl dc .An as s e 8 S. û 3 7 c. e o r wi lmis i u h ll t u p eu le l h a pr p opdae o de * 1 is he e t t r r 1 s' r wlh. ue 'he Clr i dlece t s nd co e oft s memo a f ek s r td o e pis hi r ndum o o O d a c pM n c ompa yi n ng or e t pll a t c uns lofr co d f rt de e n . d r o ano nd o o e e r o he f nda t B r R w s/ dfoA g 21. x' : # a f u.t 08 s Se orUnie SvtsDidc J e ni td e s t udg ' # ' S knn sagu s h t vs û 1 8 cnmnf rd mx s eae t t eus o fr eaeb e e a s Rnn s l e r e t a Da il 9 3 ll o n ge r lt d o h e f o c r r db c u e i e ha po a l cus t r etDa i,a dteltrel n l o e dn sb sdo tep ris e c u t a Lu 2 d r b be a e o s vs n h ae rmia prce ig ae n h at ' n o nc t * e Mnke ddno tr n t i Da i' ao .5c Wl lRnv. to 5 4U.. 4 818 (0 5 C( saep o e' r t i temlae a vs fv r - l n o Doqm 4 S 7 , -2 2 0 ) A) tt e n rs k !1 8 a t ni b e (bsn p rh lddo )...i mcesi t ta d nwo l n cse y d n e t t 9 3 ci s r d a e t do waia n o f cs n ha c o ud e es e mn e he ivaii o c n e n p isdma n . Qmn sha n t sne e ioc,h we e,hlteOct e wi n l t f o ln me t r t'l do rl 'e s o mee td vd e o v r t' h omtr t dy t h Da sa tl c gt t tse vi nd lt M s ba tmmtdo i aer lt i a wa t Da s i= ltc m t r eatd a ny y o vi'a n onqne n .' y hasno me t I he Yus t esa ihe t tDa s c ' saebn ! nnde W iki on. tbls d ha vi' hl r m d m r l ns 1 2
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