Quesenberry v. Southern Elevator Company, Inc. et al, No. 7:2016cv00066 - Document 39 (W.D. Va. 2016)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Michael F. Urbanski on 4/22/16. (eot)
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CL SOFFI U. . ST O URT ERK' CE s DI . ATm OG , VA FIED L I TH E U N I N TED STATFS D I TRI COURT S CT FO R T H E W E S RN D I TE STR I O F V I I I CT RG N A RO AN O KE D I ISIO N V CALEB QUESEN BERRY, APR 2 2 2 1 26 JUL C. Z D BY: DEP CLERK L E Pl ntf, ai i f Ci lActon N o.7: cvvi i 16- 00066 V. SOUTH ERN ELEVATOR COM PAN Y, N C.> P . I , J, By: H on.M i chaelF.U r banski Unie Stt Dititludge td aes stc D ef endant s. M E M O R AN D U M O PI IO N N Plidf Cae Qu sn ryFe ti n gke ea do i Ro no eCiyCic i Co r, an f lb e e ber l d h s e l nc c n n a k t zut u t l se igd ma e fri uish alg dys sane whe a ee ao h wa u igd o p da ah e kn a g s o t e e l e l u ti d n n lv tr e s sn r p e t kh jt e rt ofs e iltePof Fe rlBul ngi Roa , ri i Que e ryna dt e ae pe d r l a f dea idi n noke Vigta. snber me hr e a def endant : Sout n Elvat Com pany,l ,N orler M ana entSe s her e or nc. ta n gem rdces I ,and , nc. Sout n' e pl her s m oyee Loui Ctz W i. N ot het sconse ,Sout n re oved t scase t f al s az f h t n' nt her m hi o edet c u to Fe r ay1 , 0 6 asrigt ec u t a dv riyjts it n p ru n t 2 U.. j o r n b t r 9 2 1 , setn h o t h s iest u idci u s a t o 8 SC. z o 1 2.So henc e t t i c eedi riyofcdz ns pbea e Quee rya t 33 ut r ontnds hee s omplt vest i e hi t n snber nd he ve pz r def nda st t cas sout r and N ozhe ope e nt o he ehe n t rn- and t am ounti contove y exceeds he n r rs t j s c l e uie nt W ihrs c t dee a Clz, deto di ziy So hen he t didona r q tmè . t epe t o fnd nt az who sr ys vest, ut r ui ag sheha be n fa e l j ne wih t e pr s pur eofdee tngdi riyj idci rue s e rudulnty oi d t he x es pos fai vest urs iton and t no cogni e lgalcli lesagnnsthi . hat zabl e am i i m Quesenberry v. Southern Elevator Company, Inc. et al Doc. 39 Quesnber mo st rma agu'gCt i apt pe pat dee nta t c ur e ry ve o e nd, r m ' s o r ry fnda nd he o t uz t yf elç s e tmattjuicidonove t sc s Quee ryasrst tunde Vigni heeor aks ubjc te k slc r hi ae. snber set ha r ri a lw,a e pfye c n behed l bl t at z pa t f mif a a e a a fr a iea tpe f me a n m o ç a l i e o hid ry or se s nc , n flm t c ror d a v i opel Que e ber c e t tli c atti t sc s alge j tt - t tCr z mpr ry. s n ry ontnds ha ls omplil n hi ae le s us hat ha u ne i l cl red t eevat f se glgenty ea he l or or rdce i s t ofa f ul code t coul i cat abr n pie a t hat d ndi e oken cicti r lt Dockets.Justia.com boar Sout n and Cr m ai ai t t ale i a il tCruz ar ale d. hez uz nt n hat he lgatons ga rs e lgadons ofnonf ance, eas afit t a tnotmifaa e a Quee ryt r or ha notsae avibl cni a i t alue o c, se snc , nd snber heef e s ttd a e l m gans Cruz unde Vigi a lw . t z ni a Fort ra onsstf t beow,t ec ur a re wihQuee tya f dee nt he e s e orh l l o t ge s t a snber nd mds fnda s h v fi dt me t h i bud n o etbihigfa ue ji d t Be a et ec u ta k dv riy a e al o e t er t e f sa l n rud lnton e. cus l o t lc s iest e s a jrs ido o tti matt Quee b rfsmo int rma d( No 1 )wi b GRAN TED u idc n ve hs te, sn er to o e n ECF . 7 l e l a t scas D ISM ISSED . nd hi e 1. Que e ryf dt spes na i u yc s i Ro no CiyCic tCou tonJ nuf' 6, snber ze hi ro lnjr ae n a ke t rui r a ty t 2016. H i cl m sars outofan i i nton Augus 11,2014 i w hi an elvat a upty dr s ni ie nc de t n ch e oz br l opped a ahihrt ofs e i t Pof Fedea Buici .Quee ryalg t ta 1 50a. t tda t g ae pe d n he f rl ll ng snber le es ha t 0: m.ha y, tes be tee ao mas d n da ds ly d fut o eT L Co Falt / r ' l u jc lv t r lmc o e nd ipa e a l c d K AM mm. i e wan. a QPI u ' Co .ECFNo.13, t! 8-.Quee ryc mst sc fsi c dveofa mpl , - a ! 9 snber bi hi ode t ndia i , mongote tnngs l r li , a abz n crtiboad, i a !9, ndt tCr zwa dipac donbe l ofSout en t sr ie oke iczt r ' ds t ( a ha u s s the ' haf l r o evc a t see tr L-at!8 Quee ryasrst tCr k w o s dha k wnt tt hi lvao ,d s . snber set ha uz ne r houl ve no ha he KQPRAM Comm.Fal e z 'c c di c t abz ke czuiboada t r wa nowa T iur/wan' ode oul ndiae o n ic t r nd hee s y t t tf a br o es or oken cic tboar on st yet i s t oft knowl r ui d ie; , n pie hat edge,Cr pl uz aced t elvat he e or ba ki sr eatrnmnigtssf ot rfiurs alofwhihweene d .I a !!1 1 c n e dc fe n et or he al e, l c r ga ve d. t 0-2. 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C.j13 Not of setng li our s vest uts ci ve hi ae s nt o S. 32. . Re oval ECF N o.1,1- Sout t as er st ei com pl e di st ofcii hi bet m , 1. he n s t her s et ver iy tzens p ween Que e ry actze ofVigi a Sout r actz n ofNo t Caol , ndNo t t actz n of snber, ii n r ni, hen, iie rh t i a na rhen, iie I ho.AsfrCrz,as aVigni ctz n,So henag heT sbe nfa ulnt ji dwih da o t lo ri a iie ut r rues f z ha e rud e l one t y t e e spt eofdee tngt Cour' j ididona t tnolga cam c nia eilt e he xprs upos fai he ts urs c nd ha e l li og zbl r l a CommonwelhofVigni l sa i tMr Cz . NotofRe lECFNo.1 a !16 at ti a i gans . uz' . mova, e ' ,t . 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I altr(letmp bihe)d cso o o teEatr Ditito Vigni.h c ut l <a dee d n' n ae ab it u l d eiin ut f h sen src f ri a te o rhed <J fn a t s g s ia it t p yajd me twih u mo e d e n trn e lsji e fa d lnt'M es2 0 N L1 9 3 , t 2 The n bly o a u g n, to t r, o s o e d r l ond r ru ue ' r, 0 8 ' 4 1 6 a * . i i V M esc u t l eye a n dtecs of rsv Ne YokTi sCo, O F.d4 4(t Ci. 9 2,r m whc b t r o r cosl x mie h ae Pak . w r me .3 8 2 7 5h r1 6 )fo ih oh teF ut Cic ii AI Comsl ga dt dsdc c utnLe sto terfa d lnton e ts, o n Pak h o rh sutn DS t ei n he it t o r' wi o k h i ru ue jid retn d g rs n i da fo Mo r'Co ntr o teUntdSae J iil e2 43 (9 9,p cfcl q o n ap sa eta rws r m o es mme ay n h i tts udca Cod 3 -6 14 )se i al u é g asg h t e i y r a : rl t pli ifha s aed a c us ofa e ds <f he untf s t t a e cdon a i tt r sde de e nt t ti nor ai s fce t pr ve gans he e i nt f nda , ha s m ly ufi int o e nt rmo a.Th mo v frjiigs c ad fn a tsi tr lee whnted natàk,zr-r#' M-eq 2 0 WL e v l e ù e o onn u h ee d n i mmaei ,vn e h e dn lg #ze/ p . y- , 0 8 a p jg / ' -t ' 1 9 3 , t 2(mp ai a d di M.-Q.'h ,h M.e c utc n l e tets frfa d ln jid rsn t eh r 4 1 6 a * e h ss d e n p r F uste p. o r o cud d h eto ru ue ton e i o wh te e. u t e p oy e de e nti i c l o ,butwhe he t r i no r a ona eba i f pr di éng la lt on t c m s he m l e f nda s mpe lni us t r he e s e s bl ss or e c i bi y he bi i alge le d. 6 e ly ei l b ep zo al t t ei jr dtidpes n. . I c ss mpo e s i l es n l o h nu e hr ro . . n ae a y iw ol ng.t t labiiy of an em pl t vi or i lt oyee t a tnrd pe on,V igi a' o li rs r ni s Supr e Cour has res ved t quesdon of whet r t e pl em t ol he he he m oyee ow es a dut t t t r pers by denol natng t em pl s y o he hid on ni i he oyee' al leged actas one ofm i f ance ornonf ance. A n e pl s eas eas m oyee m a y b l befrhso rifaa e(e, ef r n eo a afr d e e i l o i wn nse snc i .p ro ma c f n fima v a . a td n i r pel) b tn tf rhso no fa a c (e, miso c o e mp o r , u o o i wn n es n e i .o sin y . t do s a whih ou t bepef me ) Com ae Milrv. o ome ct c ght o ror d. r , le Qu re,2 2 Va 3 3 41 SE.d 6 9 (9 1 (1 a t n a ans als 4 . 4 , 0 . 2 3 1 9 ) 1 ci g i t 1 o e oy e ofl n br r t r c r f ne lge l pr urn l n, mpl e oa oke o e ove ot gi nty oc i g oa e ly eh str l blt f zi t e t t idpes n rs lig fo mpo e a o t i i y o t uis o l r to eut z m a i j n n mifaa ewhiea tngwihi sopeofe o me )wihTur rv. se snc l ci t n c mply nt t ne Conel 1 6 Va 8 9 1 9 SE.7 (9 1 ( a t n b pr s e d r a, 5 . 8 , 5 . 2 1 3 ) i ci y o p c ve n o t nt agunst r al agent f dam ages pl tdf m ust s ena i ent or , ail f how s e om posdvea tofne lg nc ont patofrntla nt. i c gie e he r e a ge ) Hars Mo rs n.nc, 2Va Ci. 9 (9 3 ; e Va Bu e v. u b, 8 Va 5 4 5 19 , 3 ri v. rio I .3 . r2 8 1 9 ) s e n tn Gr b 2 4 . 8 , 9 - 2 7 3 SE.d9 9 9 3(0 2 (I h sln b e stldi Vignata fmply r a de ly e ae . 2 1 , 2 2 1 ) ( t a o g e n et t rii h te o es n mp o e s r < e l d e dt beji t l bea djit s befrt ee ly eswr n fl c.'q t gTh ttn eme o ot l i l n on l ua l o l mpo e ' o g u a t'(uoi u so zy a y a ' n M eas& Su l Co. Tal , Va 4 48384 3 S. 2d538 5 (986) seas Mie v. tl v. or 230 . 75, - , 39 E. , 43 1 ); e lo l r l Qu re, 4 Va 3 3 3 7 4 0SE.d6 9 6 2(9 1 tBo. p i ia a da e aejit l bet als2 2 . 4 , 4 , 1 . 2 3 , 4 1 9 ) ' t rncp l n g nt r onl i l o t h ya i u e t idp risfzt ea e t ne l e p ro ma eo hsc mmo - w d t o r ao a l t rd hr at o h g n' gi nt e fr nc f i o nl u y f e s n be j e s g a cz unde t czumsa e .) ae t he ic tnc s' . 7 So hena Cr zc e t tQue e rfsc antalg snonfaa e not ut r nd u ontnd ha s nber ompli le e e snc , nas eas if ance,asi cai sonl t Cruz ttaied t m ant i and re i t el orafett fr tlm y hat ff l o i an pa r he evat t he lst mafncin a dfi dt p to m c ran tsigo teee t r ( mp .( 4 1 ) Th s Panif l t ' n al o ef r eti e t n h lvao .Co l!1 , 9. u , lit u o e n f es ntaly as er staatM r Cruz f l t pe or cerni act w hi oughtt ha bee done.' se i l s t l . aied o rf m t n s ch o ve n ' D ef 'Re p.t M ot t Rem and,ECF N o.17,at7. Specii l Sout n and Cnz ar z s. s o .o fcaly, her z gte: The e i no alegaton i t cas t M r Cruz ca ed tae elvat t r s l i n he e hat . us l e or o m aluncton. N or i t re a alegadon ta M r.Cruz pe otm ed a f i s he n l lat rf n aflm atve act i pt l ie. atem pt t F. t el or but fr i m opery- . , t ed o l he evat , x per oz ed t r r ne i l f m he epais glgenty. Ratz , i i e dent fom let t s vi r Pl ndf' Com pl ntt M r Cr f l t conductcer a n t t on ai fs ai hat . uz aied o t i es s tae el or and di notper otm any t r H i f l t perf ' l evat d f epais. s aiure o ot m t e acdonsf m ta ve bassofPlil fsCom pli . hes or le ry i atdf ant I at8. d. Tobes e Quee tysc antdoe alg cran fiursoron isonsont patof ur , snber' ompli s le e e ti al e asi he r Ctz- ep,ha hefie t ts t cruiboad,Compl,ECFNo.13 a !1 fie t rplc az . t t ald o et he ic t r . -, t 4, ald o e a e t czkiboad,d.a !1 a fie t manti a r patta ee oratrt fttmaf do he iczt r L- t 2, nd ald o i an nd e i le lvat fe he ss lunc n, ia t 1 .Thec mp nt loalg sa af ma v a t yCtz, o v z ta h pa e t da! 9 o hi as l e n f r d e c b az h we e- h t e lc d he e h m alunctoni e e ozback i ser f i ng l vat n dce: 11. At t tm e of t s vi c l bas upon t t oubl hoodng he i he es ce al, ed he z es gude f te s e t ee t a i or l ubjc lvaor nd/or Cr ' s caie tani a uzs peilz d ri ng, educaton and expezence,Ctz kne ,or s d have know n, t i i az w houl hat t ( he < QPRAM Comm.Fal e wan' c c d i iae a br n i / r ' ode oul ndc t ur oke cic tboar r ui d. 12. I s t of t above entoned know l n pie he m i edge,t pres he ence of at l t t ee ot oper e elvat i t vii t and s ver l ot s eas hr her abl e ozs n he cniy e a her buici wi and knowl llng de, edge t t hat here w as no way f anyone t or o t tw het r t cicui boa wasi f btoke on s t Cruz pl es he he r t rd n act ie, aced t el or back i set ce wihoutr actg t cicli boar or he evat n vi t epl iz he r zt d, t li t elvat outofs dce. acng he e or er 1 . t ! 1 - 2(mp ai a d d .Thsa tsalg dt ha e1dJrcl t Qu sn rfsijte. d a ! 1 1 e h ss d e ) i c i l e o v e ie t o ee ber nlb s e y l 1 a !15 d. t . Thus t scasei unlke Li n v.M i elens,Saunde v.Boddi N oel Ent rs and , hi s i nni chi s rs el e i es, Lo an v.Boddi N oel Ent rses t ee caseson whi def el e i , hr ch endant Sout n and Cruzptm a iy s her i rl rl Thede e nti Li nwa ftl i urdi a a ra lf hewa usngt cenandpanta ey. c de n nni s aal nj e n n eilit y s i o la i r l coas e atBusch G ar oler tr dens a us entpar i ta colr ofhi em pl e asa pai e wi. m em k n le zse s oym nt nt r t h Hat n W as Pant Co a y 3 2F. u p. d 8 1 8 3 1 (t Ci. 0 5.Ha% a - as rma - lh i i mp n . 7 S p 2 1 , 1 -4 4h t 2 0 ) r n W lh ng re ed lfs fom def ndantH e z Com or nt it r e rt adon. Three daysprott t accdent t pai i i o he i , he ntng com pany had com pl ned t H erz abouta cer an lf' l ofpow er H e z sentisem pl ai o t t i its ack . zt t oyee M i el ns a m echani t s chi se , c, o erdce t lf' engm e. M i elens t ed al oper i and atem pt he its ' chi s est l atons t ed t t t dtve cont ol by t a i up a lil butt lf st t t si baclw ar M i el ns o est he i r s z velng nl, he i t ar ed o lde t ds. chi se 8 t cont ed H er z,whi had t lf t ed t a par ng l w her i wasnet t hen act t ch he it ow o ki ot et iher agged foutof f s i 'nordiabl W hen decedentLi n used t lf t ee da l er,i tpped ove w hie he ervce' s ed. nni he it hr ys at t i r l w aspai ndng,and he di I at814. ed. d. Li n' wie and e nni s f xecut ofhi es at fl an ac or s t e ied tbn i s at cour al ng,i erai n te t legi nt la, neghgence,nam i a def ndant b0t H e z and isem pl ng s e s . rt h t oyee M i elens. D ef nda sr oved chi s e nt em t cs t fdea c tasr j s itonunde 28U. C. 1 32,cami dee a he a e o e rl our sedng t dci ui r S. j 3 li ng fnd nt Mihile , de toy dci ziy wa fa ulnt ji d.Pli ifmove t rma The c es nswho st e tvest, s rud e l one antf y d o e nd. c u t o n Mihesn wa ji ds ll f rt p m o eo a iigfd tllidc o , inis d o r f u d c ile s s one oey o he u s f vodn e ea jrs id n dsase a li fom t aci a rti dj iditon.I hodi t r wa noposi lt ofas c sf nm r he ton, nd eane uts ci n l ng hee s sbiiy uc esul cai ap i M i elens,t Lim i cour r lm nst chi s he r n t ecopazed: i rjzs c s i a rli ae s bouta posi e fiuz t izpe ta wan on te sbl al e o ts c nd r h e q e' pa ta mplyrs r bouta m a hi ' pot nda l t dons buti' nota c nes e l i a , mi ts c s i ol ng t eftlyr patofafulye i o t e q e%pa t a e t vi l azt e i w a a t ngne n he mplye t becaus D ef e endant M i elens was .a m echani who sm pl chi s c i y pef me hi j a heha be n tane t doi. roz d s ob s d e ri d o t 372 F.Supp.2d at820. The cour hed t e wer no f si t t t l her e act n he ecotd dem ons r i t t atng hat V ca esenss d ha f esee taelf' pot i il t lt - w hen he t tdtove t lf t ee li l houl ve or n l its ental ts abiiy es he it hr da bef e t acci ,i fsi a gots uck. I ci nottp over' 1 at821.A ddii l Ttae e ys or he dent t fld nd t t ld i .' d. tonaly, fl r i no evi nceilt ze s de t he cord t D ef hat endantM i lelenshad actz orconsta cdve notce t t cli s aal tz i hat he lf w asdange it rousort he had Kpecalknow l hat s i edge't shoul ha al t hi t t f t hat d ve er ed m o he act hat t l t td o e a di u eteo c p nt'Ji a 8 2 No wa t eee i e eo a y he i mkh p v r n t r h c u a . .s t 2 . z s h r vd nc f n f j ' t connecdon behvee M i hi sensand Lim i M i elens di notiz ructLim i t us a lf t n c el r n; chi s d tst t n o e it hat w asdange rousnori any way af lm atvel provi a dange n fz i y de rouspr oduct .ld. I f ,afe he t ed n act t r est t lf t ee dayspz or t t acci ,M i ùelensr he it hr i o he dent cl s eport t pr em t hi em pl rH e t and ed he obl o s oye r z (had not ng m ot t do w ih t lf ozwih t pni com pany' em pl T hi eo t he it t he nt s oyees' I at814. A ny .' d. om i i M i esenscoul have concei bl com mit w oul be <a dut owi t li em pl , sson chil d va y ted d ( y ng o ls oyer r te t nap sd ea t o r t plidf. J . t8 22 (i to o te ) On te efcs t al r ha o iv c twad he an f' . a 2 -3 ct in mitd . h s at,he a ' d a cour hel t rew asfno pos i lt 'M ihi l coul be hel la e underVigi a Lw . 1d.at823. t d he t sbiiy' c esens d d ibl r ni q Li n i ci i ihabl f t l santcas i s alres s Fist t provi iy i nni s lstnrzs e rom he t e n ever pect . r , he mt n fm e M i elensw ascaled t r rt ae i lf t ee dayspror t t acc de ,wher Cnz i chi s l o epai he ral it hr i o he i nt eas z wa c l dt rp i t ee ao meeh t:beo et eicd n ta lf Qu sn ryi u e . s al o e at he lv tr r ous fr h n ie t h t et ee ber t td e j A ddi donaly,M-clil enshad not ng t do wih t lf af e re tng t pow e pr em t H erz, l i ae s hi o t he it t r pori he z obl o t whee sCr algel ce rda plc dt eee t bac i sr edepiet KQPRAM Comm. ra uz le cy lae nd a e l lvaor k n e dc s t he K l a Fa' e wan'c t thadnotbe nr s ved.Theewa noe i nc i Limi t tMihile l / r ' ode ha l ur e eol r s vde e n r n ha c esns knew or s d havebeen a ar oft lf' i abiiy orpr houl w e he its nst lt openst t dp ovet w hi w ast iy o , ch he pr i ec us ofLi n' i is I t sc s,on t ot zha i i alge t tCnz l w o oxmat a e nni s t e . n hi a e he he nd,ts le d ha z t jur ne r s dha known, i nhi s caie tani a k wldge t tt TQPIAM Comm. houl ve gve s pe ilz d ri ng nd no e ,ha he K L Fa' e wanc 'c ldmen abz e crtibo r wlihwa t pr maec us of t / r ode: otl a l ur ok n iclt a d, lc s he oxi t a e Quee zysi is Ac or ngy dee nt' einc onLi ni n pl ed. snber' t e . c di l, fnda srla e jur nni s ùs ac D ef ndant 'ciatons t Lo a v.Boddi N oel and Saunde s v.Boddi N oe lar equaly e s ti o n el r e- l e l una lng. I Lo an,pl ntf w asan l viee ata H ar sr aur wher s ale y si vaii n ai if t dee' est ant e he lgedl lpped on w at t had accum ul ed on t z aur foor. She fl sttagai tt resat er hat at he est ant l ted ti ns he t uantand isst e t or ma g r Ci yRobe s whode toy ddi riyjrs cton.Dee nt agu duponrmo ng na e, nd ron, sr e vest uidi i fnda s r e e vi t c s t tRobes ha be nfa klnt ji Thec ur a re f ngRobes wa i t he ae ha ron d e tudze l oned. y o t ge d,mdi ron s n he kichen att tm e oft i i nti ques wih no vi w oft ar i whi pli iff l. t he i he ncde n don t e he ea n ch a ntf el Rober on had no know l s edge ofhow t w at ended up on t foorand t e wasno e dence t he er he l hez vi hat Rober on he sel ha s led t wat z or tacked i i f outi 834 F.Supp.2d 484,489 s z f d pil he e r t n rom sde. ( D. . 0 1 g e, . f n e d Plitf c ncd l)i h rd p iint t nyRo es ns W. Va 2 1 ) GsrJ) f d e , an if o e ed n e e ost ha o l b to ' .l o f it t c e n t foo sa pl c w a ni sgnsc us d he ac i nt S h f i e c ttze m e e a l o l a he l r nd a e r ng i ue a e r cde . uc a l s ons i t r ut a o sin a ,h rf r, a n tsr ea t b ssf ri o igl blyo Ro ro . I ( tr l H so s nd t eeo e c n o e v s he ai o mp sn i it n bes n' d.i ena a i ' n 10 ctdo o ate ) J d elie rjce pqn f' ag me tta Ro ro wa i c r eo ia n nitd . u g fsr ee td lid f r u n h t bes n s n hag f s r aur oper est ant adonsand t ef wasres i e f pre i dange her ore ponsbl oz ventng rouscondii on t tons he Pr les enls : Pli f plily nlshaa trz s nonfaa e a g sfaa e andf atl ic rceie e snc s mije snc . Alhough Rober m a have been re t son y sponsbl f t z t ura ' i e or he es a nts ove a l ope a i , s pe f r e no pa tc l r postve a t t rl r tons he r o m d riua ii c hat c us dPbi fsi ur .She undiputdy,di notcus t dee t a e ndf nj y , s e l d a e he fc; r her s m er y f l t pre ,elm i e,or war ofi.Pl ntf at , he el aied o vent i nat n t ai if i cor ect t s per or ed t aftm atve act of cl i t s r hat he f m he fr i s earng he sdewal and puti down s i k tng now m et The r d, how e , l. ecor ver cont ns no e dence t t occuz ence of t e act il and of ai vi hat he r hos s r t e ev s cu e P an f i s. No af mai ap c o h ms le a s d lidf s t ' juy ft t s e t f r ve Rober s under a ng t cl t sdewal caus w at t son' t ki o ear he i k ed er o accum ul e on t zesaur at he t ant fooz. Rat z, onl hez f l e t l he y aiur o pe or t e act i a m or t ough or com pl e m anner rf m hes s n e hor et concei bl had s va y uch a efect Alhough clarng t sde al wih n f . t e i he i w k t g e t r fe nc or de oy ng a gz a e q ntt ofs r a e r que y pl i e t r ua iy now m e tmi ht l g possbl ha pre nt Pl i ps acci , Rober s f iur t i y ve ve ed andf dent son' al e o pe f m t s a do wa j tt t a fi e a a onlsin.I ror he e c ns s us ha- al nd n iso n ur s m, ve i s en gke t pefz dh rd t s s edds o l t u e n f h e l n l ro me e ui , h i o ny o y e t ext t s f ied t t cetai neces ar prec he ent hat he al o ake t n s y audonar y m eas res u 1 at490. Pl ntf a s ar d. ai if l o gued t Robez spl hat son' acem entofwar ng codes outi t r t a , ni sde he es aur nt butnotilt ci ng r t he lni oom ,was an aftm atve actofm i f ance.The cour diagr ft i s eas t s eed,hol ng: di Allough Rober m a ha f 'ed t phce cones i t di ng ta son y ve at o l n he ni r oom i par beca s chos t use t avaiabl cones elewhe e, n t use he eo he l e s r t decii does notconver her om i son i o an act The t hat son t s i nt . hought proces behi an omi son cannotbe char e i d asan aflm atve s nd si act rze fr i act To acceptsuch a cha erzadon w oul be t oblt at Vigm l . ract i d o ier e t ' ' a l s di i aw' stncdon betveen nonf ance and m ale ance becaus a eas f as e onaisons ofen az a pt si t e oductofconscous dec sonsnott act i ii o . 1 at491 92. U nlkei t i antcas t ale d. i n he nst e, he lgadonsi Lo an consst s el ofnonf ance. n i ed ol y eas Saundet v.Boddi N oel alo iw ol ale i ofnonf ance and i t s el s t ved lgatons eas s hus didngzs bl fom t i tntc s.Thepli ifi S unde salge hewa i tr datrbii s tiha e r he nsa ae antf n a r l d e s nj e fe t z ng do onahad,f egnobjc i ahotdogfom aHade ' rsa ant Hefld stta ans wn r ori e tn r t es etur . te ti g i t Bo deNo la d t J h Do rsa rnt mply e- l h Do 1whoalg dyp e r dte d i- el n wo o n e e tu a e o e s o n e l e l rpae h e a tr tdhotdog a J Doe2whowa pef mi ee tia woki t zsa a a t duleae , nd ohn s ror ng lcrcl r n he eturnt t he tme No 70 c 1 , 0 8WL 2 5 0 7 a * ( D. .u e2 , 0 8 ( u k J) Thec u t s i . . :8 v1 0 2 0 5 3 4 , t 1 W. VaJ n 5 2 0 ) F r ,. . o r wa r q rdt c i rt JohnDoedee nt a Vigi acdz nsf rmo lpu poss a e uie o onsde he fnda s s r ni i e or e va r e, nd dee nt ague t tt s e oy e ha be nfa ulntyj ne Thec ur hedpli fs fnda s r d ha he e mpl e s d e rud e l oi d. o t l andf' alegatonstt def l - i rhat endant f l t shil t hotdog,f l t pr l i pecttae hotdog,and s aied o ed he aied o opery ns l fie t obsr t unnaurlf eg objc a rmovei fom t hotdog'c dttda t of ald o eve he t a otin e t nd e t r he ' ons ue cs no e snc ,notnase snc .1 a * Thec tdeemi dt r wa f posi 't t tt nfaa e ifaa e d. t 2, our tr ne hee s r no sblif'ha l he t J Doedee nt c dbehedl bl unde Vigni lw a weet r f efa e l wo ohn fnda s oul l i e r ri a a nd r he eor rudulnty a j ne . oi d.L da Unl ilLo a a S undes Que e ryalge mor t nnonfasnc a i t i t ke n nd a r, s nber le s e ha e a e gans d fnd nt u .Healg st Cr zc u e ted n eo c n io t a la t hi ijre b ee a Cr z l el e mt u a sd h a g r us o dd n h te d o s nu is y af tm atvel pl i t eevat back i s fr i y acng he l oz n erdcei s t ofan er orcode t he kne ozs d n pie r hat w houl have known coul sgna a cicti boat f lue.Thi al d i l r zt d ait s legadon i one ofnasf ance t s at a s i eas hat t es p sbecam frrl f n e Vignalw.CfRo sv. e No 31 c 5 6 2 1 WL 5 1 2 ( D. osil li o ei u d z rii a e . s Le , . :5 v 6 , 0 6 2 5 9 E. Va Fe 5 2 1 )(mnigmo o t tma a rjcigfa d lnton e ag me wh r . b. , 0 6 g t n d n o e nd nd ee t ru ue jid r r u nt ee n pl i ifaleged t st e s rviozft afl m atvephyscalacdon i m ovi a l ng genez or nntf l hat or upe s took fr i i n ng eaki at ar st sor, sc l ce tngtes '1i whihpli ffla wa i urd ; is v. d, cos he t e phyial r ai l ptl7n c andf el nd s nj e ) W lon For y a l No 41 c 0 , 0 6W L 5 5 0( D. . b 5 2 1 )(mdn d fn a fi dt me tb z e . :5 v1 1 2 1 21 3 E. Va Fe . , 0 6 f ig ee d nt al o e u d n e o prvn fa d ln ji e wh r c mpan alg dd fn a te ly estzkplidf i t e f o ig ru ue t ond r ee o lit l e ee d n mpo e t c an fn h e a he dwihac r a hepus di r ought sor) Halv.Watz, 3:3w21 ,201 W L a t ut s he t hr he t e; l les No. 1 0 3 3 5 2 6( D. .uy9 2 3 (lit faste t ote re o n gke c a an t ee d n 4 8 5 E. VaJ l , 01 ) pani setd ' h o is f e l n e g is d fn a t f w em pl oyee- t t em pl hat he oyee c aused agr bean t be on t fooz oft I een o he l he fzogers m ar uper ket whiewori i t g en be nsctonoft soz j tpzort t pli ifsfl,a t thefie l kng n he z e a e i he t e us i o he antf' al nd ha ald 12 t w a n oft d nge ousc i o r he a t ond don- a be a e pl i ifa lge de e nta fr a l nd c us a ntf l d f nda flm dvey e pe f m e s e a ti ope l ,he f uf i nty a lge a c m a t ss a f w hi h r c r i r oz d om c mpr ry f fc e l le d bi t hi t ge ot c e ove y n s saec u tsa la t o sbe'; esv. tS z Co .No. :7 v 1 2 0 W L 1 91 6( D. tt o r i te s p sil' M r Ai ev. , 10 c 91 , 0 8 ) 4 3 E. Va. n.9 20 )(r ndngmodon t rma a rjcigfa ulntjil ragume bae on Ja , 08 g a o e nd nd ee tn zud e otde z nt sd alga t tpli fsi 'wa c usdbea edefnd nte oy ene i ntyi tle pi le don ha andf t y s a e c us e a mpl e gl l nsald ns jut ge t tafme awhe lhara c si ee trmpt as tebus. ha f d ec i-c esbl xi a o hutl ) I t scs ,tsmpl T nnotbesi t tnoz aona ebai e ssf hol ngg u j n hi a e i i y ç ca ad ha e s bl ss xit or di cr z l be' n e Vignalw.M y c, 0 8W L 1 9 3 , t 3 Ta igtealp t nsi tel mo t i l'u d r rii a -qq 2 0 a 4 1 6 a * . kn h l ai n h kht s e o fvorbl t Quee rya i mus, e Mas l,6F. a 23233 t c utf t tpli ifha a a e o snber s t ts e zhal 3d t - ,he ot mds ha antf s st ed a pos i e rghtt t i aganstCrz at sbl i o elef i tz. 1 . 5, Foz t reas t cour hol t def hese ons, he t ds hat endant ha notcar i t i bt n ofprovi s ve red he r ude ng fa e j nde a etbls ngt c ur ha di tiyj iditon o rti a don. s h,t rudulntoi r nd sa ihi he o t s vest urs ci ve hs c As uc he m odon t r m a wilbe G R AN T ED a t sc s D I M I o e nd l nd hi a e S SSED f o t c tsdoc t z m he ouz ' ke . A n apptoprat O r wilbe e er i e dez l nt ed. Enee: / '-zz< wotc trd . t - f f * V /. > ' M i lF.Ur ki chae bans UntdSae Ditit u g ie tts src l d e 13 '
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