Hill v. Clarke, No. 7:2015cv00201 - Document 27 (W.D. Va. 2016)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Jackson L. Kiser on 12/1/2016. (slt)
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CLERK' OFFI U.S. ST. : CE DI COURT . . ATDANVI ,VA :2 LLE I THE UNI N TED STATES DI STRI COURT CT FOR TH E W ESTERN DI STRI OF W RGI A CT NI R O AN O K E DI SI N W O FI LED DE2 C 12 1 26 ' JU I C. A DUDLG C RK B Y; KEI LAM ONTE HI , TH LL CA SE N O .7: 5CV 00201 1 E yc pur Pe ii , ttoner M EM O M N D U M O PINIO N H AROLD W .CLARKE, By:H on.Jac on L.K i er ks s Se orU ni e St e D i t i tJudge ni t d at s s r c R espondent . K e t Ln ont H il a V i gi a i a e pr e ng pr K ,tm e y ûl d a pe ii f a wr t ih m e l, r ni nm t oce di o i l e tton or i ofha ascopus purua t 28U: C.j2254,c le ngt valdt ofHilsc i me on be r , s nt o S. halngi he iiy l' onfne nt aj d me ti Frn ln Comt Cic i Co r f rt c u t o g a lr e y i vo ain o Va u g n n a ki t y rut u t o wo o n s f rnd ac n n ilto f . Codej 1 29. 254.Repo ntfld amoto t dimis a Hilrs s nde ie in o s s, nd l eponde mn ngt malr d, ki he te rpe f r diposton. Afe r vi w oft r co d,Igr ntt moton t dimi sand dimis t i o s ii tr e e he e r a he i o s s s s he pe ii tton. On t m or ng o J y 5,201 Roc M o Food Li n e pl e a ve a w o k t he ni f ul 0, ky unt o m oye s ni d t r o dic rt ta br a i ha occ r d ove i ht A blr a ha c a e r hol i o t ba k s ove ha e k-n d ure nlg . zglr d ut n ntp e nt he c wal a t t e had sol n $5, 2 ofc ga et s The sor s v il nc c m e as c ptle a l, nd he hi f t e 69 i r te . t e ur e la e n r a tr d mal who ft Hils de c i i i i t so e hol ng a ba a goi t va i cga e t e i l' s rpton nsde he t r , di g, nd ng o rous i r te dipe i l a i .Empl e c l t l a polce whobe n i si tng. ' nsng oc tons s oye s aled he oc l i , ga nve tga i On t m or ng of A ug t 1 201 t ow ne of t Luc 2 M a t l t d i t he ni us , 0, he r he ky r, oca e n he Hill v. Clarke Doc. 27 s ut m par ofFr nkln Col y,dic r d t ts e ha c a en r hol i o t bac o he t a i mt s ove e ha om one d ut n tp e nt he k wal of hi sor a a co d wih $18000 of cgar te . Unf t nae y,t s r ilnce l s t e nd bs nde t , i e ts oru tl he u vela i l a ie n nve tga i c e asa m oto de ec or w e e no f toni 1 A ga n, oc lpolc bega i si tng. nm r nd i n t t s r t unc i ng. 1Ther c di uncl ron whehe t moton deecor weedia ed, orbr n. e or s ea t r he i t t s r s bl oke Dockets.Justia.com On Augus 8 201 Lt M a vil o t Bo e o t Cot y She ifs De rm e t , 0, . nde le f he t t ur mt rf pa t nt r ponde t a c l f om 604 M i e M a ke r ga di a br ak-n a l m pt Pr lm i r es d o al r nut r t e r ng e i te . e i na y i tga i di not r ve l a s pec s2 but a ound t s tm e Bo e o t Count ofi e s nvesi ton d e a ny us t, r hi i , t t ur y fc r dic r d t t smia btr ares wih t s m e modu o r 3 ha occ r d i Cn pbe l s ove e ha i lr lgl i , t he a ure n m l s pe andi d Co ny,F a kl Co n y a te Ciy o Ly c b g A mut-u idcin l c o rt u t rn i u t , nd h t f n h m . n li rs ito a, o peai j ve i s i ton bega nve tga i n. On Se e r4,201 Bo e o tCot y De y Bnz sopped a s pii usve ce i pt mbe 0, t t m' mt put ce t us c o hi l n t Gr e a M a ke pa l l ,l afe t s or ha c os H o sl t r Gr e a M a ke he e nw y r t rdng ot ong t r he t e d l ed. ur a e , e nw y r t e pl s r pored a s pi i m a t t c a m e t be f om t s or s s c z iy pr de ,bu m oyee e t us c ous n ha l i d o r he t e' e lr t ovi r t t i vi llf be or Gr e yM ar te pl espho dpolce.4 he ndi dua e t f e e nwa ke m oye ne i O n Se e be 9, 2010, Lt M a vil obti d s v il nc f a fom t 604 pt m r . nde le a ne ur e la e oot ge r he 9 ee y r t M i e M a ke 5 a d Gr nwa M a ke . nut r t n I t G r e a M a ke s v la e t pe, t n he e nw y r t ur eil nc a he s pii m a who cli d t be fom t so e ss c liy pr de ,plce t pe ove s c liy us c ous n, a me o r he t r ' e trt ovi r a d a r e trt m oton s ns s Lt M ande le sr ng y s pece t tt vi os fom t t sor s s i e or . . vil to l us t d ha he de r he wo t e howe d t s m ei vi l abl c m aem a c ng Hilsde c i i he n ndi dua : a k l thi l' s rpton. On Se e r 1 201 De y Bnz e i o d Lt M a vil a pt mbe 0, 0, put c nf nne . nde le bout t s pi ous he us ci ve c e i t Gr e y M a ke pa ki l ,a t r ferLt M a vil obt i t lc ns hil n he e nwa r t r ng ot nd he ea t . nde le aned he i e e a DM V i o ton on t t bl c ma e t tDe y Br eha so d on t m or ng o nd nf nna i he wo a k l s ha put uc d t ppe he ni f 2Thec esi Frnkln Count we c ddurng t s m e of201 . as n a i y nt ol i he um r 0 3The bu glra r d t Kc s 'hi br k-ns c a enty- e i t r rofsor i t eal hour of r a ppea e o ta e' s ea i , ut n r hol n he ea t es n he ry s t momi a e l iel sol cga ets he ng, nd xcusv y t e i r te . 4Em pl ye fld ar t ih Bo eo tpolc a trt m anlf t sor . o es ie epor w t t tur ie fe he e t he t e 5 The 604 M i t M ake s vela e f a w a fom Augus 1 201 The vi wasobt ned by nue r t ur ilnc ootge s r t , 0. deo ai Boe o tofk er afe M i eM ar te oye shea d a tt ur t s tr nut ke mpl e r boutt s pii e nt a Gr nway M ake ,a t he us cous ve s t ee r t nd hen r m embeed a sm ia l s pi o e nta t i sor i ea l A ugus. Thes vela e vi otpe s e r i lry us cius ve t her t e n ry t ur ilnc de a howe am a d n wh fa perdt b c sn g eMiueMak t'. .mesngao n b teb c wal ftesoenertep r o o f p ae o e aig t n t r ej . ( si r u d' y h a k lo h tr a h at f f h t w alwher t atm pt br ak-noc ure awee ltr' Hilv.Co m onweat 201 W L 4773583,201 Va. he l e he te ed e i c r d k ae . l ' m lh, 2 2 Ap . S31 , t* 2( . . . 01 ) p LEXI 8 a 1 Va CtApp 2 2 . Se e be 4, 201 Lt a vil t n c pa e t DM V pho os wih t s v ilnce ptm r 0. .M nde le he om r d he t t he ur ela f a ;Lt M a vil bei ved t to oft blc m aesf o t pa ki l sop,Hil wa ootge . nde le le ha ne he a k l r m he r ng ot t l, s t s m e bl c m al w ho a a ed i t 60 M i e M a ke a Gr nw a M a ke s we la e he n ak e ppe r n he 4 nut z t nd ee y r t ul il nc V1 . ' deos Afe a to DM V s r he ,Lt M a vil dico r d Hils Be or a es and tr ddii nal ea c s . nde le s ve e l' df d ddr s hi owne s p of a 2003 Che ol t Lt M a vil c ule w ih t Com m o ea t s s r hi vr e . . nde le ons t d t he nw lh' Ato ne a tr y bout a tc ng a GPS de ce t Hils ve ce,a t Comm onwe lh' Ator y ta hi vi o l' hi l nd he at s t ne ad s d t t a s ar h w a r nt w a unne es a y. The co r lng pr ce nt a t tm e,Folz v. vi e ha e c ra s c sr nt oli e de t he i t Co n at ,6 8S. 2 2 1( . . p. 01 ) sae t theplc me to aGPSu i o mmo we 1h 9 E.d 8 Va Ct Ap 2 0 , ttd ha t a e n f nt n a ve ce di notc tt ea s a c o s z e. Lt M a hi l d onsiut e r h r eiur . ndevil die t d Bot t t put Dil w le r c e eour De y lo t pl c a G PS on H il sve c e 6 On Se e r 1 201 De y Dil ta l d t t ct of o ae l, u l . pt mbe 6, 0, put low r ve e o he iy B e or l a e t Che o e out i o H il s hom e, a a t c d t G PS t i ont t df d, oc t d he vr l t s de f l' nd ta he he m t o he unde c ni ge of H ils ve c e a a oxi a e y 4: A . . The G PS de c r m a ne a t c d ra a l' hi l t ppr m t l 30 M vi e e i d ta he t H ilsve c e untlSe e be 27, 0. o l' hi l i pt m r 201 $ On o a r boutSe e r21 2010,Lt M a vil m e wih Cn pt mbe , . nde le t t mpbelCot y I si t l mt nve tga or Tryy Em e s n t r vi w Bott tCo t s ve la evi os bec us Em e s s pe t d t t a ro o e e e our un y ur ilnc de , a e ron us c e ha Hil wa t c prt f r smia Cn pbe lCount br k-ns I si t r i ta l c d not l s he ul i o i lr m l y ea i . nve tga o s niily oul c onnec a ge a a ve c est H il ho e r Em e s di co r d t tH ilhad r nt d a s l r t ny t w y hi l o l; w ve , r on s ve e ha l e e ive orgr y' vr e HHR fo a c r nt c a Che ol t rm ar e al ompa s ve a tm e i mont pro ,and a smia ny e r l i s n hs i r i lr ve c e a a e i s e oft s v il e t pe . hi l ppe r d n om he ur e lanc a s On t m o i o Se e be 27,201 aCa he m ng f ptm r 0, mpbe lCol y Food Li r td abr a l mt on epore e k- i whe e a e r ho e had be n c i o t ba k wal oft sor and cga el s had be n n r n nty- l e ut nt he c l he t e, i r te e 6Ther c ds e or howst tno wa r twasobt nedf t GPS atc nt a t tno e ge crumsa s ha ran ai or he ta hme nd ha xi nt ic tnce exitd a t tm e. se t he i sol n.7 Em e s c l Lt M a vil who s r d GPS daa s wi t tHilsve c e ha t e r on aled . nde le, ha e t ho ng ha l' hil d bee i t Food Li pa ki 1 f rove a houre rirt tmor ng. I tga o swor d on n n he on r ng ot o r n a le ha ni nvesi t r ke obt i ng s a c wa r nt f Hilsve c ea home. La e t tda Campbel Co y ofi r ani e r h r a s or l' hil nd t r ha y, l unt fce s c ac ed t Be or Polc D e rm e t t s tup s v la e of H il s venc e a c di t ont t he df d i e pa t n o e ur eil nc l ' li l nd oor na e a ar s. Be or ofi r t n f l d Hila a s it Tr Blke whe t y lf Hils n ret df d fce s he olowe l nd s oca e oy a n he e t l' ho e. Po ie f md soln c ga e t whe t y so d t ve c e i udi c ro i t us lc ot t e i r tes n he t ppe he hil , ncl ng a tns n he ba k s a of t ve ce poo l c c e t he hi l ry once e by beddng,a ofi e s t k Hila Blke i o ald i nd fc r oo l nd a nt c t us ody. Af e of i e s a s t m o t i M ia a r ght , Bl ke ga a f l s a e e t r f c r dvi ed he f he r r nd i s a ve ' l t t m nt u i iatng bo h Hil a hi s f i t Fr nkln Co y bur a i , a Hil a s a ted mplc i t l nd m el n he a i unt gl res nd l lo dmit i ve e i t Fr nkln Count c i e . nvol m nt n he a i y rm s OnNo e e 1 20 0 a g a dj r o Frn ln Co ny Cic tCo r i itd Hilwi v mb r , 1 , r n u y f a k i u t rui u tndce l t h t c mt o bur ay unde Va.Codej18. 91 t c mt ofgr lr e t rVa Codej wo ot s f glr r 2- , wo ot s and a c ny mde . 1 2- a t c sofmide a pr ry da geunde Va.Codej 1 2- 37.OnAprl 8. 95, nd wo ount s me nor ope t ma r 8. 1 i 1 2011 Hilfld am o i t s e st GPS e de e,a we lasohe e de gahe e i 8, , l ie ton o uppr s he vi nc s l t r vi nce t r d n mi septm be ,a g ng t tt Bott tCo y She ifsD e rm e vi l t d Hils Fo t d- e r r ui ha he e our unt rf pa t nt o a e l' urh Am e ndm e r ght whe t y i t l a G PS uni ont hi ve c e a m o t r is l a i nt i s n he nsaled t o s hi l nd nio ed t oc ton. The Fr nkln Cot y Cic t Cour l s ve a pr ti e de i r hea i r r i t a i mt r ui thed e r l e ral vi nta y rngs ega d ng he m o i n t s ppr s o M a ch 30, 2011 M a 3, 2011,M a 1 2011 nd J y 8,2011 bu to o u e s n r , y y 7, ,a ul , t uli a ey de e Hilsm o i n. tm t l ni d l' to O n A ugus 1 2011 H il pl de guit t t co s of gr nd l r e and t t i l t 8, , l ea d ly o wo unt a a c ny, he ra c ts n e d H ilt a a tve s nt nc o t e yea s a one m ont i pr s w ih s xt e our e t nce l o n c i e e e f hr e r nd h n i on, t i e n ye s and el ve m ont s pe d. H ile e e a c tonalpl t t a l w ed hi t a ar e n hs us nde l nt r d ondii ea ha lo m o ppea l 7Bef e t br a i r por, 11a e fre n a toiisfo sxjzidcin sh d ldametn fr or he e k-n e t $ )w n oc me t uh rt r m i l s ito s c e ue ( e r eig o S pe e 27 201 ,odsu st rltdc s s' Hi v. mmo at, .1411 - , t ( . r CtOc. , e tmb r , 0 t ic s he eae ae . l Co nwe l No 5 -2 3 a 2 Va Ci. . t29 ' l h 2 3. 01 ) 4 t al ge vi ai n ofhi Folrh Ame m e rgh sr ga d ng t wa r nte sGPS e de e as he le d ol to s zt nd nt i t e r i he ra ls vi nc , w e la pr -r a o de s o s es i m a t r . l s e t i l r r n uppr s on te s Hil a a e t t Cour ofAppe l of Vigi a on Oc o r 9,201 butt Cour l ppe l d o he t as r ni t be 2, he t a s e wiho de di t t at h polc vi a e Hils Fourh Am e m e rg s t s um d t ut ci ng ha lhoug i e olt d l' t nd nt i ht , he i pe n s ur e doc r ne a i d a t r f e t e de nde nde t o c t i pple nd he e or he vi nce w as pr pe l a it d. On o ry dm t e M a c 1 201 t Supr m e Cou tofVigi a de ed Hils a r h 8, 3, he e r r ni ni l' ppea . Hilfl d a peii of l l ie tton ha s c pus w ih t Supr m e Co ' ofV igi a on Oc o r22,201 whi h t Cour de e bea or t he e ul t r ni t be 4, c he t ni d, fndi t ts m e c am shad be ltgaed pr vi l a t we e notcog z bl t rsae i ng ha o li en ii t e ousy nd hus r nia e mde t t ha slw,wlie o he cl msha notbe n br bea a ll t r ai d e oughta t we et xha t d a defule nd hus r me use nd a t d. Hi a srssx s bsa tv camsi teh b a p tto fldi t sc u t( s sBr 3 l se t i u tnie li n h a e s eiin ie n hi o r Re p' . l 4, ECFNo 2 )8 . 2: 1. Hils Fourh Am e l' t ndme rg s we e vi a e whe a Bott t Co t nt i ht r olt d n e our un y d p t , a tn wih u a war n a d o tie hi j rs ito ci n l e u y cig t o t ra t n usd s u idcin, rmial y a t he a GPS de c t Hils ve c e Hilc e t twhie t cai tac d vi e o l' hil . l ont nds ha l he l m w a not s l bel d o diec a a ,he i e s o a e n r t ppe l nt nded f r i t a s e m pa s a o t o l o nco s n alega i ofFour e nt Am e e vi a i l ton te h ndm nt ol ton. 2. Hils Fo t a Foure nt Ame m e rght we e i rng whe a l' urh nd te h nd nt i s r nfi ed n s eifsd p t ,a tn o tiehi j rs ito , e t eç we o h so fc h rf e u y cig usd s u idcin us d h û r f i fie po t c i i ly a t h' a G PS de ce t H ils ve cl a us d t de c t o r m na l tac ' vi o l ' hi e nd e he vi e o ga he e de e t r vi nc . 3. HilsFoulh a Fouree h Am e e rght we e vi aed bec us polc l' ' nd t t nt ndm nt i s r olt a e ie ofi e s aci i c fc r , tng n once t co mitd m uli e c i i a t by a tc ng t r, m te tpl rm nal c s ta hi he GPS t Hilsve c ea m o t i t de c o l' hil nd niorng he vi e. The polc l c d pr bl c us t a r s H ilon Se e be 27, i e a ke oba e a e o r e t l pt m r 2010. 5. The or r e er d by t Fr nkln Co mt Cic t Co ton M a 9,2011,w a de nt e he n i t y r ui ur y s voi I w as m a voi by t r lng i U nie St t v.J s,565 U . d. t de d he u i n t d a es one S. , 1 2 S.Ct 945 ( 2 . Alo,a s e nta tnge i or r whih 3 . 201 ) s ny ubs que nd a ntal des c f ow e f om t or r of M a 9, 2011, w e e lke i e vo d, up t a l d r he de y r i ws i o, nd 8Hilhasas r ie f uri feci as itnceofco elcai s lw ila e st e cli i Se i l lo as d o ne f tve ssa uns l m . l ddr s hos ams n cton 11 1. i l ng t o ni oft Cour ofAppe sofVigi a a t or ro t nc udi he pi on he t al r ni nd he de f he Supr m e Co tofVi gi a on die ta e ur r ni r c ppea . l 6. The Co monwe t r ie t at r t ba i ofi pe nts c o y on m alh as d he le na e s s nde nde our e nl a ppea . The i pe nts c docrne wasi pplc bl t t f c s i t s l nde nde our e ti na i a e o he a t n hi c e. The hit rc r or doe no s ppor t a i ai oft docrne as so ial ec d s t u t he pplc ton he ti . The e wa no pr bl ca e f t po ie t are tHilbas d on e de r s t oba e us or he lc o r s l e vi nce fom Se e r 1 201 t oug Se e r1 2010. r pt mbe 0, 0 hr h pt mbe 3, Re ponde m ove t dimi sHilsha a cai a pr e a l ba r a orwiho m e i, s nt s o s s l' be s l ms s oc dur ly red nd/ t ut rt a H ilhasr s nd l e ponde t t m oto d o he i n. l. I A . ProceduralBar of Subs antve Cl m s t i ai To obt i f der lha a r le ,H ilm us de o t a e t t he i t n c t i vi a i a n e a be s e i f l t m nsr t ha s E us ody n ol ton i o t e Co si to o lwso te te o t e Untd S ae . 2 U. C.j22 44 Un r2 f h n tt in r a r r ais f h ie tts' 8 S. u ' 5 $. de 8 U. C.j2 4 d , we r t fd r l b a c u'ma n tg a tam i o h b a c pu b s d S. 25 4 ) ho ve,he e e a ha e s o l y o r n t t f a e s o s ae o a y cam t tasaec u t e i e o t emeisu ls t ta j dc to n n li ha tt o r d cd d n h rt n e s ha du iain: ()Reul di ad cso t a wa c nrr t , rivove a l e s na l . 1 s t n e iin h t s o tay o o n l d n mr a o b e e a i a i of c e ry e t bls d Fe r llw,asde e mi d by t Supr me pplc ton , l a l sa ihe de a a t r ne he e Co toft Unie Stt s or ur he t d ae ; ()Reu tdi ad cso t a wa ba e o a t e s na ed tr nain o te 2 s le n e iin h t s s d n n mra o bl ee mi to f h f c si lghto t e de pr s nt i t St t c t oce di at n i f he vi nce e e ed n he a e our pr e ng. 28 U. C.j 2 5 4 s e as W iln v.Ta l r 5 9 U. 3 2,4 3 1 ( 0 ) ç ee a S. 2 4 *; e lo l ms i y o , 2 S. 6 0 - 3 20 0 . ç r, s R her ,t sae co tsa i to ofg r ng f r l1 i c le d,i mus be s e he t t ur' pplcai n ove ni ede a aw s hal nge t t hown t be o no o l er n o , u o j ci l u r a o be' Yab r u h v. nr ,5 0U. 1 5( 0 3 . t n y ro e us b t b e tvey n e s na l. r o o c Ge ty 4 S. , 2 0 ) ' Un e ti sa d r ça sae c u tsd tr nain ta acam lc smei p e ld sfdea d r h s tn ad, G ) tt o r' eemi to h t li a k rt rcu e e rl g ha e srle s ln a fi- n e j rssc u d a re o t e c re t s o t e saec u ts b a eif o o g s armid d u it o l g e n h or cne s f h tt o r' d cso . Harnzo v. c tr 5 2U. 8 , 0 ( 01 )( mitn itma q oain ) e ii n' ri t n Rih e, 6 S. 6 1 1 2 1 o t g n e l u tto s. ' i ç( fdealcour ma no g a tawrtofha asc pust apeiine i saec t GAq e r t y t rn i be or o tto r n tt usody unl s t pe ii ne hast r te us e hi s a e r m edi by pr s ntng hi c a m st t hi he t es he tto r s s xha t d s t t e es ee i s l i o he g s sae c u t' Ba e v Co c rn 2 F.d 2 6 2 8 (t Ci.2000) ( ii g 28 U. C. j tt o r. ' k r . r o a , 20 3 7 , 8 4h r ctn S. 2 5 ( 1; O' ulv n v Bo rk l 5 6 U. 8 ,848 (999). To me t te e ha ton 2 4 i ) S lia . e c e, 2 S. 38 $( 1 ) e h x usi r quie nt ape ii rt tha pr e e t t sae c tbot t ope ai f t and t e r me , ttone E mus ve es nt d o he tt our h he r tve acs he c r lng lgalprncpl . Kas v.Anceo ,300 F. 48 50102 ( h Ci.2002)(ntm a ontoli e i i es' ' i lne 3d 7, - 4t r ie l quotto maksa ctton o te .C cam t tha notbe n prs ntd t t hi tsae ain r nd iai mitd) 1 li ha s A e e e e o he ghes tt co tne rhe e sma be te t ase used i i i c e rt tt ca m woul be pr e laly ur ve t l s y r aed xha t f t s l a ha he li d oc dtr l ba r unde sa e1 w i t peii zed r tt a f he ttonera tmpt d t pr e i t t sae c t' Ba r 220F. te e o es nt t o he t t our. ke , ' 3d a 2 8(iigGryv. t eln , 8U..1 2 1 ( 9 6 ) t 8 ctn a Neh ra d 51 S 5 , 61 1 9 ). H ilhas e us ed t a ia e s a e c tr m ed e f ea h of hi s t ntve f de a l xha t he va l bl t t our e i s or c s ubs a i e r l cl i s be a e Hilhas e t r i a r y pr en e hi c a m t t s a e s hi tco t'o ça s a e am c us l ihe û il es t d s l i o he t t ' ghes ur ' r & t t f pr dtr l nle woul ba c i r ton i t cli was oce za l d r onsde a i f he a m pr e ed t t sa e co t' es nt o he t t ul ' M al e v Ev t 1 5 F.d 9 7 1 ( t Ci.1 9 )o er ld o oh r co n s b Untd th ws . at 0 3 0 ,91 4h r 9 7 v rue n te r u d y ie ha ves i e o S ae v.Ban te 6 4 F.d 1 2 ( t Ci.2 1 . Gl j e p o e l a bar t t gi rs t tts r et, 4 3 9 4h r 01 ) E- h r c dz l r r ound f r t co c i n a o he nvi to nd exha to pr des a i pe nt a ade t sa e l w gr us i n ovi n nde nde nd qua e t t - a s nt nc a t pr ve s f de alha sr vi w o t def ule c a m unl st pe ii ne c n e e e, nd hus e nt e r bea e e f he a t d l i es he tt o r a de n tae c us a p eu ie f rte d ful'o th ta fiu et c n ie te camswi mo srt a e nd rj dc o h e a t r E a alr o o sd r h li ' t l l r s ti af n n n a mic ni g o j sie' Ba e, 20F.da 28 ( u tn Gry, 8U. eul n u d me tl s a a e f u tc . k r 2 ' 3 t 8 q o ig a 51 S. a 1 2 ; c i v. l 4 F.d 2 6 21 (t Ci.2 0 )(iig Co e n v. o s n 5 t 6 ) M Nel Pok, 76 3 0 , 1 4 h r 0 7 ctn lma Th mp o , 01 U. 7 2, 5 ( 9 ). Hilsdrc a pe li fn la d a y a dto a saeh b a a to wo l S. 2 7 0 1 91) l' ie t p a s i a n n d iin l tt a e s cin u d be pr edurly dea t boh unde Vigi a' same of lmiains Va.Code j 8. oc al fuled t r r ni s tt i tto , 01 6 4( () a un e Vign ass c siep tto saue Va Co ej8016 4 B)2 . 5 A)2 , nd d r r ii ' uc e sv eiin ttt , . d . - 5 ( ( ) H il s Fourh Am e l' t ndm e a l ga i i cl m s nt le tons n ai t ough 6 a e e us ed a not hr r xha t nd de a t d. H ilbr f ule l oughtt Fo t Am e he ur h ndm e t c a m s t t sa e co t a ti l di e t a a , n l i o he t t ur s t r a , r c ppe l a i hi sa e ha s c puspe ii n. Be a e t is sha bee r ie a de de i t nd n s t t bea or tto c us he s ue d n a s d nd ci d n he t i c t a on diec a pe l t Supr m e Cour o V i gi a he d t t t cl i s w e e ral our nd r t p a , he e t f r ni l ha he a m r pr e laly bar fom saehabe rviw t rHely v.W ade 576 S. 2d 495,496( oc dtr l red r tt as e e mde rr r n, E. Va. 2003) The eo e a1ofHilsFott Ame ntcamsaee use a notdea td. . r fr , 1 l' trh ndme li r xha t d nd fule The Foure nt Ame e al gai ns i c am s 2,3,a 4 a e pr e za l ba r te h ndm nt le to n l i nd r oc dlr ly red u d rS a tn v Parc n 2 5 SE.d 6 0 68 ( .1 7 ) b c u eHilc ul h v r ie t n e lyo . ri a , 0 . 2 8 , 2 Va 9 4 , e a s l o d a e as d he is s a ti lor o diec a a ,bu f ied t do s Sl yt i a ad s ue t ra n r t ppe l t a l o o. a on s n equae a i pe nt t nd nde nde sa e pr e alnle t t ba s f de alha a r viw fom c i rng t me is o c am s t t oc dur l ha r e r be s e e r onsde i he rt f l i . Fihe v.Ancel 163 F. 835,844 ( h Ci.1 (iai omitd) M c l 476F. a s r one, 3d 4t r 998) ctton te ; Nei, 3d t Addii ly,HilsFourh Am e e tf de a ha a c am sa e pr edur ly ba r d by tona l l' t ndm n e r l be s l i r oc al r e S o v P wel 4 8 U. 4 5 (9 6 . çW q r te S aeh sp o i e a o p ru iy f rf l tne . o l, 2 S. 6 1 7 ) t hee h tt a r v d d n p o tnt o ' l g u a f i ltga i o a Fourh Am e nd a r ii ton f t ndm e c a m ,t Cons i i doe notr q r t t a s a e nt l i he tt on m s e uie ha tt prs ne be gr nt d f r l ha s c pus r if on t gr io r a e ede a bea or ele he oupd t t e de e obti d i a ha vi nc a ne n n t onsi i mc tt onals a c ors i lr wa i r m e rh e zze s ntoduce a ti l' I . a 482. Furhe , f r lditi t d t ra . ' d t 9 t r ede a src c t m a no c i r : c am t t e de e a itd a til was t f i of a il ga ours y t onsde 1 l i ha vi nc dm te t ra a he rut n le l a r s ...on a ha a c pus pe ii n s l a t sa e c t had a f de a f 1 a f i re t be s or tto o ong s he tt ours for d u1 nd ar o runiyt ltgaet tc am . J sv.Supe i e ntofRa v St t Prs 725 F. 40, ppo t t o ii t ha l i ' one ' rntnde hwa a e ion, 2d 42 (1 Ci.1 4 ; e as Cad l v. yo ,4 U. 5 ,5 2 ( 9 3 ; l v.Clr e No 3- r 98 ) s e lo r wel Ta lr 61 S. 71 7 1 8 ) Fot d z ak , . 3:3CV627,201 W L 420248 201 U. Dit LEXI 11 5,a *9- ( D.Va,Aug.22, 1 4 2, 4 S. s. S 751 t 10 E. . 9I St ne t Supr m eCo tsaedt rtonal f lm ii e uson i ha speii n o , he e ur tt he ai e or i tng xcl i n bea ttons: A cl m ofilga s r a s iur t r t Fourh Am e m enti cucily dif r 9om ai le l each nd ez e mde he t nd s r al feent m a ohe consiuina rght;or narl t evi nc s ied c n i no wa ha be n r nde e ny t r tt to l i s di iy he de e ez a n y ve e e r d untusworhy byt m e nsofiss iur a i ed oAe t sevi nc aoneesa ihesbe r t t he a t ez e nd nde n hi de e l tbls yond vit lyanydoubtt tt de e nti guit rual ha he f nda s ly. 428 U . a 490. The Suprm e Co tcontnued:Efhe dipa iy ...bew e n t e r comm it by t polce S. t e ur i t s rt t e he ror ted he i otc ra dtewidfl afr e agulyd fn a tb a pl ain o te(x l in r )r l i c nrr t t ie fie n h n al fo d d i ee d n y p i to f h e cuso ay ue s o tay o he d a t c o po o t n lyta i esn ilotec ncp o j sie' I. f rp ri ai h t s se ta t h o e t fu tc . d o t ' 8 20 4 .I g n r l Sev d n eo ti db poieo f r i v oain o t eFo rh Ame d n 1 ) n e e a,ç j i e c b ane y lc fkes n i lto f h u t l n me t i e l d atti i t ho t tt geque y o f tle vi ai nswilde r as .' St ,428 s xcude ral n he pe ha he nc f u t ol to r l c e e' one U. a 4 2(mp ssa d d .Fo h b a pei o s E o tiu in i a y, ftec n ieaino S. t 9 e ha i d e ) r a e s t in ,t n rb to , f n o h o sd rto f t c 1 s a c a s i lr c a m s of s a e prs r o c l t r r vi w i s a l i r l to t t e r h- nd- e z ze l i t t i one s n ola e al e e s m l n e a i n o he cos s.,0 1j at493. t ,1 (. . W he a yi t pr dur lba i St n ppl ng he oce a r n one,a f l and f i t i l oc ur eve w he S he 'l u ar ra c s n n G t prpe c tt i lc e1w t t fcs ie.Unied Stt v.J ,565U. o r onsiutona as a o he a t, . , t aes ones S. ( 2)hal) 201 s notbee de de ' Folz,201 U . Di t LEX I 11 5,a *11 Fore m pl G c nge i t n ci d. ' t 4 S. s . S 751 t . xa e, $ ha a n he rlv n p e e e td rngt c u s o g eiin rs l iaino t eFo lh Ame d n cams ee a t rc d n u i he o re f p t o e 'j i g to f h u' t t t n me t li i sa e c tdoe notr nde hi o n tt our s e r s ppora t t ltga e t c am s ls t n f l a f i f r t niy o ii t he l i e s ha ' l nd ar o u p r o e o S o e' I a *1 - 2 s eas Boc sv Bar 8 2 F.d 1 9 ,1 9 - 2 0 (t Ci. u p s s f t n . d. t 1 1 ; e lo c . i, 9 2 1 3 1 9 1 0 4 h r ' 1 8 ) Fot v.Clr e 5 F.Ap x 2 4 (t Ci.2 5 ,c r.d n e ( Fo rh Cic t 9 9; l z ak , 91 p' 2 4 h r 01 ) e t e id The u t rui r f s dt h a t eFot a pe l . e u e o e r h lz p a. ) Hilss t ntveha a cli s 1t ough 6 a ea1 pr e aly ba e by St bec us l' ubsa i be s am hr r l oc dur l n'd one a e Hilwa a f r a f 1a f i ltg ton o t Fourh Am e l s f o ded u1 nd a r ii a i f he t ndme i s i t sae c t. nt s ues n he t t ours Hilh d ( a ig'lrviw'o h sFo t Ame d n cams ( )t tilc t'h l mulpl l a t nn f e e ' f i m' me u h n me t li : 1 he ra out ed t e i s e sonhe rngs ( t Cour ofAppe l ofVigni s ctc l co i rd t i c of upprs i ai , 2) he t as r i a pe iialy nsdee he mpa t J n swh n r s l n Hilsdrc a pe l a ( )te S p e Co r o Vigni rv e d h s o e e e ovig l' ie t p a, nd 3 h u rme u t f r i a e iwe i ca m s li . I hi f de alha s c a m s2 t o h 5 H ila s alege t thi Fou ee t A m e n se r bea l i hr ug , l l o l d ha s rt n h ndm e nt rg swe evi ae howe r lg e us t Fou t Ame ntpr de a e ii txma iht r oltd; ve, Gblca e he rh ndme ovi s n xplct e l s lce of co tt i lpr eci n a i t... otr nsi ona ot to gans m physc ly i nzi gove nme a c i al nt sve r nt l onduc ,t t t ha 1 Slfa pididsrmiaeyl Eh e cu in r rllma wçlh veteo p st efc o g n rt g 0 ç q p le n ici n tl , te x lso ay ue y l a h p o i fe t f e eai l ) e n dsepet o telw a a miitaino j sie' So , 2 U. a 49 . irs c fr h a nd d nsrto fu tc . tne 4 8 S. t 1 ' Am e ndme ,nott m o e ge r lze noton ofûubsa tve due pr s , mus be t g de. nt he r ne ai d i s tni oce s' t he ui ' ' Grhn v.Connor 490U. 38 395( 989) Furhe,i einc ont Fo te hAme me a m , S. 6, 1 . t r t la e he ure nt r nd nt a a atr tv ba i f rh sF u t Ame d n cam g)d e n t r tg p tto ejt a o d s n lenaie ss o i o rh n me t li s o s o pemi a eiin r o v i t St v.Powe lnle. M ubia v.W e e ,No. 108- - 310 BLW ,201 W L 5 he one l l' ' t nclr : CV 0 3 486878, 201 U. Dit LEXI 1 3 S. s. S 42908,a *7(da Se .28,201 . Fo e mpl i Herr v.Kel t I ho pt 3) r xa e,n re a lv, 6 7 F. S p . 9 3 ( D. Y. 1 8 ) t e p tt n r tid t e c p So e s fd r l h b a 6 u p 6 E. N. 9 7 , h eii e re o s a e tn ' e e a a e s o pr ed z a ba by c ai i t t hi d pr es rght w e e vi a e t pe ii r aleg t t oc lr l r l m ng ha s ue oc s i s r ol t d; he ttone l ed ha tesaec u tu g wh sg dh ssa c warn wa ba e ,a dt j g ' lc o n ur l y h tt o r j d e o ine i e rh ra t s isd n he ud e s a k f e tai t wa çs e e o a t rs t t l ve of a due pr es or e l pr e ton vi l ton' i s lo gr gi us s o ie o he e l oc s qua ot ci o ai ' n addto t a Fourh Ame m e vi a i .1 L. a 970. Thedititc t n He r r hel ii n o ny t nd nt olton 1 d t src our i re a d: , s g hep tto e)h da o p du iyt p eshsFo rhAme me t.. a gl n s ' eiin r a n p o nt o r s i u t F nd n . r l t me i sae c u t Th sae c urs rj ce t s ag me t,a E p tto ej n tt o r. e tt o t ee td ho e r u n s nd t eiin r he di ag e s w ih t i c l i Bute n s r ng di a e m e w ih a s a e c ts s r e t he r onc us on. ve t o s gr e nt t t t our ' r di oft Fo t Am e ea ng he ur h ndm e w ilnots fc t c r t w e St nt l uf i e o i c m nt one. The git s o t matri t t(ei o e'jFo rh Ame d n cam i j s ta : Fo rh f he te s ha p tt n rs u t i n me t li s u t h t a u t Amendme c am .Ate p st fnd o he na esf t tcli wilnotma i nt l i tm t o i t r m or ha am l ke t anym or cogniabl i t c nt xtofaf de alha a peii e z e n he o e e r be s tton. I d. ThegitofHilsa g e i t tt sa ec u' s d havee l s l' r um nt s ha he t t ot t houl s xcuded e de ebe us vi nc ca e i si a i of e svi a e t Foulh Am e e ;ho ve ,wihoute de e o egr gi nve tg tng fc r olt d he ' t ndm nt we r t vi nc f e ous wr ongdoi s h co uc i no a due pr e svi a i Li t pe ii ri He r r ,Hils ng, uc nd t s t oc s olton. ke he ttone n re a l' cl i s r m a n fr l g ot de i t Fourh Am e a m e i i m y r m d n he t ndm e t a H il c nno pr ve a g os l n , nd l n t o ny r s y neglge ,r kl s or i e i lpolc m i c uc . Hi r la on çve c e t m pe i ' a i nt ec es , nt ntona i e s ond t s e i nce ç hi l n rng ' nd j rs ito a is e i a mut-u idcina n e tg to d e n t c nsiue ( d na o u idcin l su s n li rs ito liv siain o s o o ttt ç e il f j a f nd me tlyf i te t n .. (ra Fo rhAme d n Vilto .. s e rg o a t rs u n n al ar rame t . o q u t n me t o ain . o g e ius s o ie 1 The Su e e Cour def e e e ousco 1 pr m t m s gr gi nduc t tw o d i iat t e l ina y nzeas ( lbe ae, t ha ul mplc e he xcuso r l :ç i r t de r kls ,o gr sy ne i ntconduc,ori s e cic sa s r uri ors tm i ne i nc ' Hernc v. ec e s r os l glge t n om r um tnce ec rng yse c glge e. ' ri UntdSae, 5 U. 1 5 1 4(0 9 . i tts 5 5 S. 3 , 4 2 0 ) e t t lve ofa d pr s vi l to ' I a 970. The sae c t a f ded Hila f l a f i o he e l ue oce s o ai n. d. t ' tt ours for l ' l nd ar u ti t ptruea ltg t whi he is she de ied. The e or ,t l e i St ne sila i s 'al o ls nd ii a e c ver sue r sr r f e he ' n o tl pple , ul a ba sHilfo ha sr le on hi Fo t a Foure nt Ame e cai . nd r l r m bea ei f s urh nd te h ndm nt l ms B . M e i sofSubs antve C l m s rt t i ai I a e nt H ils s t ntve c a m s a e w iho m e i. Fede a co t r vi w t n py ve , l ' ubs a i l i r t ut rt r l ur s e e he m e is o c a m s de i d by t s a e c t on diec a a unde t de e e i l s a r rt f l i c de he t t ours r t ppe l r he f r nta t nda d ma ae b t eAmier rs a dEfe t De t Pe l Ac ( nd t d y h tro im n f ci ve ah nat t AEDPA) d rt eAEDPA, y .Un e h a fd r lc u tma n tg a tasaep io e ' h b a a piain o a cam a j d c td b te e e a o r y o r n tt rs n rs a e s p lc to n li du iae y h s a e c ' t l s t r l va sa e c tde i i n w a c r r t ori ved a unr s bl t t oul m e s he e e nt t t - our c s o t s onta y o, nvol n ea ona e a i to o ,c ea l e t bls d f der ll w ,a de e m i d by t Su e e Cour oft U ried pplca i n f l ry s a ihe e a a s t r ne he pr m t he lt S ae . Se 2 U. C.j2 4 * .F rh r teAEDPA sa d r i ' ihl d frn il t b t tts e 8 S. 25 4 u te, h tn ad s l g y ee e ta' o oh h ' f t fndi a l ga co l i ,a t peii rbe r t bur n ofpr f Ha ngt acual i ngs nd e l ncusons nd he ttone a s he de oo . ni on, 5 2U. a 1 5 Culnv Pih ltr 5 3U. 1 0 1 ( 1 . 6 S. t 0 ; le . n o se , 6 S. 7 , 81 201 ) Cl i s 1 t ough 6 a1 hi on t s a e c t 'i e pr t ton oft Fourh A m e m e : am hr 1 nge he t t our s nt r e a i he t nd nt w he he t c t s d ha e ude e de . The e or t c a m s w il be a e s d t r he our s houl ve xcl d vi nce r f e, he l i l ddr s e co uce l nc nty. The Cour of Appe s o Vigi a a s e wihout decdi t t lw t al f r ni s um d t i ng ha a enf r e e ' us of a GPS wihout a wa r nt vi a e Hils Fo t Am e o c m nts e t ra olt d l' urh ndme rg s nt i ht ; how e r Fo t A m e m e vi l tons do notm a t e de e s ve , ur h nd nt o a i nda e vi nc uppr s i t xcl i C e s on: G us on has e awa s b e o rls r s r,no o rfrti ule. .En j E e h ve rp ae l rj ce t e l y e n u at e o t t u is mp s . a d wl a e e td y ee td h ar e t te us on i a nec s r c eq nc ofa Foulh Am e e vi l ton.' H e rnc, gum nt ha xcl i s es a y ons ue e ' t ndm nt o a i ' r i 5 5U. a 1 - (u tn Uni d S ae v. o ,4 8U. 8 7 9 9 ( 9 4 I ta ,c u t 5 S. t 4041 q o ig t tts Le n 6 S. 9 , 0 1 8 $. nse d o rs e we gh t e usona y r e s bene h of de e rng unco tt i l c i he xcl i r ul ' f t ri nsiutona onduc ve s t t r us he lubsa ils itlc t ...l jlti guit a posi yda r deenda sgofe ' 1 i tnta ocea oss of etng ly nd sbl ngeous f nt re. d. s ' 11 a 1 .The e or ,de e mi ng t tpolc obt i e de il ly doe no r quiee t 41 r f e t r ni ha i e aned vi nce legal s t e r xduson, i butsmpl i c tst tt excuso r nlema a y.Seçj s i y ndiae ha he l inay l y ppl ; . . Fis , H ilha c a m e t tt G nde nde s ce doc r ne 'doe nota y t hi c s .2 r t l s l i d ha he d pe nt our i ti ' s ppl o s a e 1 C n t ugh t e l i r r e o r t s t e l t Eve ho he xc us ona y ul pe a e o xc ude s h il ly a uie l r c ' or uc lega l cq r d di e t G rvai evi nc o i onnai n,i doe notm e n t ta 1s h e de e o i o mai i de i tve' de e r nf to t s a ha 1 uc vi nc r nf r ton s rn e e f r v r u u a l. W alc 2 S. a 7 . l se d Gif k o e g o g e d r d o e e n s be' ' rik, 08 E. t 48 n ta , ç j n wld e f t l he e d n e i g ie fo a i e n e ts u c te ma be p o d l e a y ohes' Jvie c j s an d r m n nd pe d n o re h y y r ve i n t r . #. k ' ( u tn S le t r eLu e Co. UntdS ae , 1U. 3 5 3 2 ( 9 0 ) Fu t r q oi g iv rho n mb r v. ie tts 25 S. 8 , 9 1 2 ). rhe, W ene nothol t ta le de e i (fui oft poionouste 'smpl be a e ed d ha l vi nc s ir t he s r e' i y c us i w o d notha c e t lg butf rt il alac i nsoft polc R a he , he t ul ve om o i ht o he leg to he i e. t r t m or a ques i i s h a ca e i twhe he . ..t e de e t w hi h i t nt e pt ton n uc s sû t r he vi nc o c ns a o j cini ma eha b e c mea b e p otto o ta i e aiyo ise db b e to s d s e n o t y x l i in f h t l g l r n ta y a l t m e nss fc e l ditng s et bepur d oft prma yt nt' a ufi i nty si uihabl o ge he i r ai . ' W o gS nv. ie Sae , 71U. 4 , 787 ( 9 3 ( u t J l M . a ur , ie eo n u Untd tts 3 S. 71 4 - 9 1 6 ) q oi om M g ie Evd nc f ng Gul 2 ( 9 9) it 21 1 5 ). 1 I hi f de a ha a petton, Hillse a sre ofc est s 2 n s e r l be s ii l itd e is as o uppol hi c e i t tt i pe nt ' s ontnton ha he nde nde t s u c d crn d e no a py b th p i rl fc s do Kng tv. mmo we 1h 7 4 S. 2 71 ( . 01 , o re o tie o s t p l, u e rmai o u e n ih Co n at, 3 E.d 6 Va 2 2) y W al kv Co n at, 8S. 2d7 ( .1 7 ) a dSaev Hod n 5 A.d 1 2 ( l S p r Ct20 0 . ri . mmo we l 20 E. 46 Va 9 4, n tt . le , 4 3 1 3 De. u e. . 1 ) c h I Kni ,t Cour of Appeas of Vigi a fund a war nte s s a c unconsiuto l i pa tbec e t n cht he t l r ni o ra ls e r h tt ina n r aus he i pe nts c docrne di notap y. The Co nde nde our e ti d pl mmonwe 1h ha atmptd t a gue t ta a s i ofguit at d te e o r ha n dmison l dei d fom a prorunconsi ina s r h wa a i pe nts lce. Howeve ,t s arh a t a s i rve r i tmto l ea c s n nde nde otr r he e c nd he dmison wee no i r t ndepe t a t ofie çar dy kne t t ba pa k bel nden , s he fc r dlea w hat he ck c onged t t a la and t thi p i o he ppelnt ha s ror warnls sac . .e e ldic nan dah n g n . .( esac lwa ce ry çs db ( ofc r t s c r ' ra tes erh . r v ae t o tie a d u . t erh s lal u e y t fiej o eu e h he appela ' a s i t tt r wa a gu i hi ba kpac ' I cht 734 S. 2d a 725. I W alc t Supr me lnts dmison ha he e s n n s c k.' fni , E. t n rik, he e Co r o Vignahedta ç vd n ewa a misbeu d rtei e e ets uc e c pin. .wh nasae n) u t f r ii l h tt ie c s d sil n e h nd p nd n o re x e to . E e ttme t e w a m a afe t ti oft ilgals arh a s iur ha bee r m ove ' W a lc 208 S. 2d a 749. Fi l s de tr he ant he le e c nd ez e d n e d.' rik, E. t naly, i Hol D el r a ho ii ,cii onl t c i ntals ur es pe f m e t t f hours vela e f n den, awa e ut rtes tng y wo onfde i o c , ror d wenp our ur ilnc or s r lw e ona s pe tw ihoutaw ar nt a w ihouta rng a a tona e de eors pi on. Hol n, eve a eks us c t ra , nd t cquii ny ddii l vi nc us ci de 54 A . a 11 34. TheSuperorCour ofD ea e,i a c s t tpr ede bu cl el algnedw iht r as ni 3d t 33i t lwar n a e ha ec d t os y i t he e o ng i J n s h l t a teid pe d n su c d crn c ud n ta pl ( to ta e u t j iilpe ev to o n o e , ed h t h n e n e t o re o tie o l o p y: ç h u d q ae udca rsrain f Wi prva y,t r i not ng t pr ec ourciie fom bei tac d 24/ Delw a e nsr as bl e tt be9e i c he e s hi o ot t tz ns r ng r ke 7. a r a e ona y xpec o e fo p oo e 2 h usad ys rela c .Us o GPStc n lg wi o ta e u t j iil u evso i n e rm r lng d 4-o r a uv i n e e f l e h oo y t u d q ae udca s p riin ngig s h up nterao a ee petto o pia ygb e tawarn o e ie tcru tn e l'I . t1 3 Dept Hils o h e s n bl x cain f rv c a sn ra t r xg n ic msa c s. d a 1 3. sie l' ' v h me to jcint tea lcto o teid p n e tsured crnei t sc s,lw e fre n ofc r i e e n beto o h ppiain f h n e e d n o c o ti n hi ae a no cme t fies n H ol n pef nue a unehi lfs ng e diin wiho a war nt wihoute de e,and wihou ras bl de ro d n t ca ihi xpe to t ut ra , t vi nc t t e ona e s piin' a whi , li e u idito sh dg t rds fiin e ie c t ar s Hi b Se tmb r2 , 1 us co , n l mut j rs cin a ahee ufce t vd n e o ret l y pe e 7 20 0. me e pl l 1 2 I Hilsc e,a horte ac os s ve alc mte ha pr bl c us t a r s hi . The n l' as ut ii s r s e r ot i s d oba e a e o re t m Cot t of Appe s of Vigi a s c fc ly sa e l-e e t ofi e s obt i u' al r ni pe ii a l t t d: çl r , he fc r l aned fom a r n i pe nts ur e,fee fom a t nt e de s t intt pr vi pr bl c us t ar s nde nde o c r r ny ai , vi nce ufk e o o de oba e a e o r e t gllj a d s ac h sve il o S p e e 2 ,20 0' 3 Hilv.Co n at ,2 2 W L lil n e rh i h ce n e tmb r 7 1 .1 1 ' mmo we 1h 01 477358 201 V a App. LEX I 318, a *9. A lho h H il c ai ed t t o y e de e 3, 2 . S t t ug l lm ha nl vi nc ac umult d fom Se e r 1 t Se e be 1 s ul be a isbl hi ar um e i c ae r pt mbe 0 o ptm r 3 ho d dm s i e, s g nt s conc us y, a f c ualy i or e t Aut ii s ha n a s a g e t de l of i r m i tng l or nd a t l nc r c . horte d m s ed ra a nc i na i i or ton a ns Hil a be us o t pe ula na ur of hi modu o r ,Hilwa nf ma i gai t l, nd ca e f he c ir t e s s pe andi l s ar dy a s rous s pec by Se e be 10,whe De y Bnl i onne Lt M a e le a lea ei us t ptm r n put ce nf d . nd vil bout t s pi i ve cl i t Gr e y M a ke pa ki l . The Gr e y M a ke sop a t he us cous hi e n he e nwa r t r ng ot e nwa r t t nd he mut-u idcin l c o rtv rve o s r ela c tp s fo smia b r lre a li rs ito a, o peai e e iw f u v i n e a e ' m i lr u gais nd j l r a tmpt d br a i ld a hortest r alze t tt cr um sa e oft bur a i spoit d t te e e k-ns e ut ii o e i ha he ic t nc s he glre ne o Hil De y Dil atac d t GPS de ce onl a trHilbe n e t i prm e s pec;t l. put low ' he he t vi y fe l c m he r i us t he i tga in wa no a G stng e dii ' a i t an imoc nt m a Polc had ar ady nvesi to s t f li xpe ton' gans r e n. ie le a umul td a gr a de l of l tm a e evi nce of hi oddl s cii modus o r . cc ae et a egii t de s y pe fc pe andi The e or , t Cour of Appe l of V i gi a di not unr a ona y i e pr t t i pe nt r f e he t as r ni d e s bl nt r e he nde nde sotrce doct ne, a Iag ee wih t i a l i .4 l ri nd r t he r na ys s 1 1 Hilc 3 l ompl ned i hi pe ii t tt Co tofAp al ofVigi a wasf t va a ofer no ai n s tton ha he ur pe s r ni ar oo gue nd f ed gui nce ast whih ofi r had pr ba e ca e. Idia e As esa ihed by t f tllr co d,Bott t da o c tce s o bl us s gr e. tbls he acta e r eour Couny a horte had dic r Hilsi ntt fom hi s piiusa tviy i t Gr nwa M a ke pa ki lt t ut iis s ove ed l' de iy r s us co c i t n he ee y r t r ng o , a wih so e s vela f a r nt c rr or ,a s cik m odu o r ,a t asitnce o t polce nd t tr ur ilnce ootge, e al a ec ds pe t s pe andi nd he ssa f he i fre o mulpej rs ito s Boeo ta d Ca belCo ny o t r etbihe prp rp o be c u ef r o c s f t l uidcin , ttm' n mp l u t fkes sa l d o e rba l a s o i s Be o dpolc t ar tH il r r e soft GPS d a df r ie o res l, ega dls he at. 1 Hilalge o a la i ha aspr edi t tt i pe nts cedoc rnes d nota y 4 l le d n ppea nd n be oce ngs ha he nde nde our ti houl ppl bec uset Com m onweat di notr ie t is a til H ilcied J s bec us i t tc e t gove nm e a he 1h d as he s ue t ra . l t one , a e n ha as , he r nt wai d a agume t t wa ne r br ve n r nt ha s ve ought a til or i t D. Cic t Howe r i Hils c s t t ra n he C. r ui. ve , n l' a e, he Comm o e t ofV igi a di r s t i pe nt s c docrne o a al a t Cour of Appe s of nw a1h r ni d aie he nde nde our e ti n ppe , nd he t al Vigi adiecl add e s d i;t r or Hilsc e i i ba ee ; wai roc r d. r ni r ty r s e t heef e l' ontnton s s lss no ve cure Addii ly,alhoug t Cour o Appe l of Vigi a onl a l ed t i pe nt tona l t h he t f as r ni y na yz he nde nde s zc doc rne t good f ih e pt o t t e l i na y r e al o a i s 1 I D a s v. olr e ti , he a t xce i n o he xc us o r ul s pple .5 n vi Unie Stt ,564 U. 229 ( ) t Supr Cou toft Unied Stts raf med t td aes S. 2011, he eme r he t ae e sr he prncpl t tGl vi nceobt ne durnga sarh c i i e ha ûeq de ai d i e c onduce i r s bl r i eon bi ng td n eaona e elanc ndi p e e e ti n t s b e tt t e e cu in r nl . I a 2 2. The Co r as n td t a r c d n s o u j c o h x l so ay l ' d. t 4 e' u t lo o e h t û pplc ton of t e l i na y nze i t r a ed whe i ç s not r ul i a e ibl i ia i a he xcuso r l s mwa r nt n t doe es t n ppr ca e d tre c .' I .a 25 ( o o y r J,c n u rn )( u tn Arz n v. a s 51 U. 1 1 eer n e' d t 0 S tma o , . o c rig q o ig io a Ev n , 4 S. , 1 ' ( 9 5 ) W h n o fc r a te r go sy i dse adngFo rh Ame me trg t,ted tre t 1 9 ). e fie s c g e iu l n irg r i ut nd n ihs h eern vaueofe uson i sr a t ndst ou wegh t r s tng c t ; weve ,whe ofi r a t l xcl i s tong nd e o t i he e uli os s ho r n fce s c wih I n o jciey ra o be g o fi b l fta t er c n u ti lwf l'o wh n t er t ç be tv l e s na l o d-at ei h t h i o d c s a u , r e h i a h e ' a tons i ve Gonl s m pl ,i ol t d ne i nc ' t va ue of de e ci nvol i y i e s a e glge e, he l ' t aenc i l a e l i n e s ow nd xc us o c n tS a iswa . I a 2 8(iain r mo e ) n no t y t y' d. t 3 ctto s e v d . p ' H ila l ged,a l ngt t tBot t tof k e s a o he s c m i td c i e t tw a r nt d . l le t e h, ha e our f r nd t r om te rm s ha r a e outi te l i a / t tr s d unc tmtonalaci nst t eg e ous lve. 1 H ow ever, rgh xcuson nd or ha aie onsi i to o he r gi e l 6 a ho ii sm e t Hili 201 t ye r be o e J ne wa de i d. Acc di t t r or ut rte sed l n 0, wo a s f r o s s c de or ng o he ec d, of r aced r as bl wih t ut t good-at unde pr c n a t tme a e n lce s t e ona y, t he mos f ih r e ede t t he i , nd ve c ule t Co monwe t s Ator y f s cfc a ce r ga di a war ntr uie e . ons t d he m alh' t ne or pe ii dvi e r ng z a eq r m nt The e or t wa r ntes a tc e oft GPS f ls s r l i o t good f ih e e i r f e, he ra l s ta hm nt he al qua e y nt he a t xc pton, a t e l i r r e doe no a y. nd he xcusona y ul s t ppl ' 1 I H ils as oc a e Lync g Count Cic tCom' c e t Com'ofAppe sofVigi a a i t 5 n l' s i t d hbur y r ui t as , he t al r ni ppled he good f ih exc ton t t GPS evi nc andf at ep i o he de e, ound t tt e usona y r edi nota y,asçpolcer s bl ha he xcl i r ul d ppl ç i ea ona y rle u ntebn iga p l t p e e e ti efc a t tmeo tesac a d. .$n 1d tre tefc wo db eid po h idn p el e rc d n n fe t the i f h erh n . (o eern fet ul e a ac mpls d by e udi e de ei t sc e.' Hilv.Commonweat No.15 1 3,201 W L 5801 Va. co ihe xcl ng vi nc n hi as '' l lh, 41- 23 742, Ap LEXI 31 a * ( t 2 , 0 3 (iainrmo e ) p. S 2, t 5 Oc. 9 2 1 ) ctto e v d . 1 The Com' ofAppe sofVigi a alo a e s d t is ofe uson r r ng whehe t ofier 6 t al r ni s ddr s e he s ue xèl i egadi t r he fc s c mmie aci b atc ig te GPS ttherme y frvoain o a sauei n te lso u ls sc a o t d rme y ta hn h t : il e d o ilto f ttt s o xcu in nes u h l r med i s ciialy s pr de No s h pr so e sshe e. Hilv.Commonweat 201 Va.App.LEXI e y j pe fc l o ovi d. uc oviin xit r ' l ' lh, 2 S 318,a n. t 3. 14 I hi f der lha aspe ii Hilr le on t G n s e a be tton, l ei d he l r c o ofofi e' doc rne whih unde ol r fc ' ti , c ç ohi t a l w e or me of r fom usng t i c a of hi o he ofi a poston t % pr bis a nf ce nt fce r i he ndii s r r fcil ii o c l c e de e t taprva e ctze woul be una e t gahe . St t v.Guske 51 S. 2d ole t vi nc ha i t ii n d bl o t r' a e ' t , 6 E. 2 3 2 2 ( . 1 9 )( r i i rc g z d t d crn i Hu s n v.Co n at 5 5 8 , 9 W V. 9 9 Vigna e o nie he o tie n d o mmo we 1 8 h, S. 2d 583,58 ( .2003 .. W he ofiesat he t GPS de c t Hilsve ce,t y E. 6 Va )) n fc r tac d he vie o l' hil he ne r rve e t ms l ,ne r usd çndca of (her posto ' a ne r t a ul ve e ald he eves ve e l ii i t il iin, nd ve t wf ly ' unl a s rg ofi a a hort t g t re de e. Guske 516 S. 2d a 29 ,Stt v.Phoe x, s e tedj fcil ut iy o ahe vi nc ' ' t , E. t 2* ae ni 42 S 2 2 2,2 6 ( a Dit Ct Ap 1 8 ) Boeo r Co ny d p te we tt Hils 8 o.d 6 6 Fl. s. . p. 9 2 . ttu t u t e u is n o l' r s denc a a t c t G PS de c a ni . The e or t G e i e nd ta hed he vi e t ght r f e he i r c o o o fc ' doc rne unde ol r f f e ' ti doe nota y.1 s ppl 7 Lasl Hila g d t tt polc sunlwf a tonsr s t d i aduepr e svi ai ty, l r ue ha he i e' a ul c i e ule n oc s olton. Howeve ,lke t peii r i He r r ,Hils cai a e Fo t Ame r i he ttone n r e a l' l ms z urh ndme c am s He r r , nt l i . re a 667 F.Supp.a 970. J tbe us Hildiag e d wih a sae c tde son di no r s ti t t us ca e l s r e t t t our cii d t e ul n he vi a i ofhi duepr es rght . Alo,r ga dl s oft il ga iy ofpolc c olton s oc s i s s e z e s he le lt i e onduc durng t t i he i v siain,t e c nd c wa () n ts e r go s a t i lc t d p o e s a () n t n etg to h o u t s 1 o o ge iu s o mp iae ue r c s, nd 2 o s b e t ot ee cu inayl l.8 u j c t h x l so r ' e1 u The e or 1 g a t Res r f e, r nt he ponde ' m oton t dimi s Hils s t ntve cai as nts i o s s l' ubsn i l ms pr e a l ba r by St v. oc dur ly r ed one Pow e la orw ihoutm e i. l nd/ t rt 1 11. A . ProceduralD efaul ofInef ectve A ss s ance ofCounselC l m s t f i it ai 1 Eve i t t rc orofofie'docrnedi a y,t e de woul silno bee l d t rt 7 n f he i unde ol fc ' ti d ppl he vi nce d tl t xcude mde he i pe nts cedocrnea t goodf t e pton. nde nde our ti nd he aih xce i 1 1 a e wih t Cour of Ap al of Vigi a' a l i ( s ng wihout de di l si t 8 gr e t he t pe s r ni s nayss: f umi As t ci ng nve tgaor Dio sato svoltdCod j 1 .-46a d 1 .-49 t tvolto d e n te ttea peln t s p rsino l w' cin i ae l e j 82 1 n 922 ,ha i ain o s o nil p la to u pe so f t evi nceobt nedt r gom . H ilv.Co m onweat 201 V a App.LEXI 31 a *5. he de ai he e ' l ' m lh, 2 . S 8, t 1 5 l hi j2 5 peiin, las fldt ef lo n ief ci ea ssa ecams n s 2 4 t o Hil lo ie h o lwig n fe tv sitnc li : t l Appela e c . lt ouns lwa i fe tve f f ii t c le t s a c on dr c e s ne f c i or a lng o halnge he e r h ie t a alba ed on at or o r as bl expe tto ofprva y a sa e i Ka zv. ppe s he y f e ona e c ai n i c s tt d n t Untd S ae ,3 9 U. 3 7 (9 7 ;S ae v Za n,2 2 S. 1 ,( 2 N. .2 ie tts 8 S. 4 1 6 ) tt . h 01 D. 9 81 W d 4 0 20 2 W L 8 2 7 ( D. 01 ) a dUntd S ae v. a nad 61 F.d 5 4 9q 1 6 70 S. 2 2 ; n ie tts M y r , 5 3 4 ( C. 01 ) Hil o tnd h mih welh v wo hi a p a ha c u e rie D. 2 0 . l c n e s e g t l a e n s p e l d o ns l as d s h a la gtm e a he t i e il d t a s c c nc a a di e ta al uc r r l nt nd hus s ntte o e ond ha e t r c ppe . 2. Appelt c la e ouns lf l d t c le t unr s na e GPS s a c t c i i l e aie o ha lnge he ea o bl e r h, he rm na a t,a t g t rn o GPS if r to o tie o te j rs ito o te cs nd he aheig f n o main u sd f h u idcin f h Bo e our of i l . Hilcon e t the e e sy i tuced c elt a gue t t t sc a s l t nds ha xpr s l nsr t ouns o r t t hi Fourh a Fouree t Am e ha s t nd t nh ndme rgh s ha be n i rnge by 1 w nt i t d e nf i d a e br e e of e si vi ai n oft çmde c oro o fc 'doc rne W he ea nt c m nt fc r n olto he ç r ol f fi e' ti . t r poieofc rmo sb yo h strio ilu idcint ar s actz n a d u e l fie ve e nd i ert ra j rs ito o ret iie n s s c hi a hort as al ofi r t g t r i or ton, t Fo t Am e s ut iy l fce o ahe nf ma i he urh ndme i nt s i ia ed. Appel t c ms li ta l r iedt docrnei t Cour ofAppe s mplc t lae ot e niily a s he ti n he t al ofV igi a butt tc tdi nota r s i. Cot s l sf itr t pur ue i e il s r ni , ha our d dd e s t m e ' a lte o s t ntte H ilt a Gs ond c l o lec hanc a die ta l t r vi w .' e t r c ppela e e e ' 3. Appela e c lt ouns l f l t a g a die t d by Hil t t Hils Fo te h e aied o r ue, s r c e l, ha l' ure nt Am e e trght çm de t docrne off ndnme a f r s mandaed by t ndm n i s s r he ti t u ht l aine s t he due pr s ca e'ha be vi aed by t Bott tCol y o t i s who oce s lus ' d en ol t he eour mt fk al, c m it d m uli e c i i l a t a i t H il U nde t t doc rne out a ous om te tpl rm na c s ga ns l . r ha t i , r ge gove n e t co uc has wa r t d dimi s o i c me s Hil sa e t t r m n nd t rmle s s al f ndit nt . l tt s ha c m s l i t a l r i e t i s i t a a i t Cot t of A ppea s but t t ot e nii ly a s d he s ue n he ppe l n he u' l, ha c tGve r o ft t lf a di no die ty a e si. Hilc am st tha our l e ed f o he ef' nd d t r c l ddr s t l l i ha d c ouns lpurue t is Hilçmi we lha wo 'hi a e s d he s ue, l s ght l ve n' s ppea a t he i l nd hus s e ild t aC e nd c ncea die ta la er vi w. ntte o t co ha s t r c ppel t e e ' ' Appel t c lae ouns lwasi fe tve whe he f ie t a g i t Supr m e Cour e ne f c i n al d o r ue n he e t ofVigi a t tt i pe nts c docrne a i d by t Cour ofAppea s r ni ha he nde nde our e ti pple he t l wa no a i a et t f c si Hilsca e Couns ls d ha a gue t tt s t pplc bl o he a t n l' s . e houl ve r d ha he hit rc lr or di nots so ia ec d d uppor a i a i oft doc rne Co e s ul ha t pplc ton he ti . uns l ho d ve a g d t t whie t e de e de o d bewe n Se e be 1 2010 a r ue ha l he vi nc velpe t e ptm r 0, nd Se e be 1 201 i B o e o tCot t m a ha be n f e f om t i ,evi nce pt m r 3, 0 n t t ur m y y ve e r e r a nt de de ope bewee Se e r 1 a 27,201 wasno . Furhe m o e,i Hils vel d t n pt mbe 6 nd 0 t t r r f l' co uc i Bott tc tt t d a c i ,he s d ha bee a r t d f r i,but nd t n eour onsiu e rme houl ve n rese o t wa no.Couns lsf l et puruet is prj ce Hil s t e' aiur o s he sue eudi d l. Re ponde a gue t tt s c a m sa e pr e zaly ba e f o f r lha asr vi w . Ia e s nt r s ha he e l i r oc dlr l n'd r m ede a be e e gr e. 16 None ofHils c am sofi fe tve as it nce ofa la e c l' l i ne f c i ssa ppe lt ouns lha bee pr s n ed e ve n e e t t A ig n a sa e c u s 1 I hi sa eha a pr e di , Hil o y br ht c a m s of ti le , o /r i i tt ot4 .9 n s t t be s oc e ng l nl oug l i r a nor a ne rcli d i fec i ne s ofcot el The e or a1ofHils i fe tve a ssa e o nd ve a me ne f tve s ms . r f e, 1 l' ne f c i s it nc f c ouns lca ms a e sm ula ousy e use a de a td. Hili ba r d fo ltga i t e e li r i t ne l xha t d nd f ule l s r e ' m ii tng hes r cams i sae c u tb boh () Vigni' h be s c pu sau e o lmiai n ,a d () li n tt o r y t 1 r i as a a o s tt t f i tto s n 2 Vign as s c e sv wrtba. S e Va Co e j 8016 4 A)2 ( s tl ci n lha a r ii ' u c si e i r e . d . - 5 ( () mu t ie rmia be s p tto wi n t ye r o tilfn lj g n o o e y a o fn ld s osto o a pe l; eiin t wo as f ra ia ud me t r n e r f ia ip iin f p a) hi W ake v.M a tn,562U. 307,3 ( ) s eas Va.Code j8. - 4( ( ($ wrts l lr ri S. 21 2011 ; e lo 0165 B)2) : No i hal be g a e on t bass ofa al gai n o f t ofwhih pe ii ne ha lnowldge a t tm e ' nt d r he i ny le to f acs c tto r d c e t he i o fl a p e iusp tto ' ;Ba ste v.Tho s n,91 F. 9 2,9 (t Ci.1 9 ) f ii ny r v o eiin.l set ng ' mp o 5 2d 3 36 4 h r 9 0 . Thust sc tc n c i rhi c am sonl i hes wsc us I a 937. hi our a onsde s l i y f ho a e. d. t Hilc n o s w j siibecks , ra t a p eu ierg r i hsd f ut.Heas h s l a n t ho u tfa l a e o cu l rj dc e a dng i e a ls lo a nots hown t tt s c ts r f a t r vi w hi i feci a ssa ofco ms c am swoul ha hi our' e us l o e e s ne f tve s it nce t el l i d 0 y i r s l i afnd me tlmic rig o j sie2 Fu t r, l m ay notrel on M artnezv Ry n, e ut n u n na s ara e f u tc . rhe Hil a . 556 U . S. - , 13 S.Ct 1 ( 2)t s c e l M atne ,t Suprme Cour oft 2 . 309 201 o how aus . n ri z he e t he U nie St es has alow ed a lm ie e p i n t ove c e def ul w he a pe ii r aleg t d at l i t d xce t o o r om a t n ttone l es i f ec i a s s a e of t i l co e ;t e e i n doe not a y t cl m s t t aleg onl ne f tve s i t nc r a uns l he xc pto s ppl o ai ha l e y 1 Hilha no pr s ntd i f tve a la e c e cai t t sae c t f hi Fr rkln Cot y 9 l s t e e e nefeci ppelt ouns l l ms o he tt ours or s al i mt ha speii howe r he ha alged va i oheri fe tve asitnce cai f hi ha s c e i ot r bea tton; ve, s le rous t ne fci ssa l ms or s bea as s n he jrs it ns uidci . o 2 A c lrbecam o ata in c n e c n as sle a a S ae y't sc r te aj dcto o a 0 ooa l li f cu l n o e c a lo e' s ç twa ' o e ue h du iain f v g d futdc n tmto a cam.Sc lov. l, 3U. 2 8 3 5(99 ) <f ep tin rmu tso ta ii moe ea le o si in l li hu Deo 5l S. 9 , 1 1 5. f' eio e s h w h tt s r -h t l l t nn tta n rao bejlo wo dh vec n itdhi i tel h o (o )n w e ie c . I . t3 7. i y ha o h t o e sna l t r ul a o vce m n h i t f sme e vd n e' d a 2 ke r g ' Hildoe nota s r acol a es l s set or bl howi ofa m ali e eunde t Sc uo sa r s ast ope t gaewa t ng c nnoc nc r he hl t nda d o o n hat t y o co i r ton ofhi defule cams Hilasersno ne e de and c us y lgalar nsde ai s a td li ; l s t w vi nce oncl or e gume s SeeBur tv. nt. ke An eo ,2 8 F.d 1 2,1 3 n.0 ( h Ci.2 0 )Tmdng ta a p tt n rbe r b r e t rie cu e a a lne 0 3 7 8 1 4t r 0 0 i h t s eii e as u d n o as a s nd o p eu ieo a ta in c n e ac t'n e no c n ie ete in tasre b p tto e) Hil ag me tta te rj dc r cu ln o e c , out e d t o sd r i r f o setd y eiin r. l' ru n h th h s i si tng polc c m it c i esa t r or e de e s d bee l nve tgai ie om ted rm nd heef e vi nc houl xcuded i nota vai a s ri ofacua s ld s e ton t l i nnoce e. nc i f c i a lae c nefe tve ppel t ouns l2 M a tne ,1 S. . t1 7- 8;s se. , e . 1 ri z 32 Ct a 31 1 ee g.Hodce v.Colon,727 s s F. 51 531(t Ci. 3 ;Da byv.Hobbs 766F. 809,833(t Ci. 4)c r.de e 3d 7, 6h r 201 ) ns , 3d 8h r 201 e t nid, Da bv v.Kel 1 S.Ct 297 ( 5) Bn v.W orc n,692 F. 11 11 ( 0t Ci. ns ly, 36 . 201 ; nks lma 3d 33, 48 1 h r 2 2 ;b ts eNc y n v.Cu y 7 6 F.d 1 8 ,1 9 ( t Ci.2 3 ( at zn tl tdt 01 ) u e u e n', 3 3 2 7 2 6 9h r 01 ) M ri o i e o ne mi camso ief ci a ssa eo til oms l. li f n fe t sitnc f ra c t e) ve The e or 1 fnd t t Hils i f tve as itnc of co elcl m s a e pr e aly r f e, i ha l' nefeci s sa e uns ai r oc dur l ba r d fom f de a ha sr viw a dim ist m a or ngl r e r e r l bea e e nd s s he cc di y. B. M er t ofl f e tveA s i t nce Cl m s is ne f c i ss a ai Eve i Hilw e e a e t ove co e hi pr edur lde a t hi i feci as it e n f l r bl o r m s oc a f ul, s ne f tve ssanc cli sa ewihoutm e i.A pe ii rcai ng i feci as it nceofc am r t rt ttone l mi ne f tve ssa ouns lm us s tsy t e t aif he t pr ed t ts tf t i Stiklnd v.W as ndo 466 U. 668 ( 98 . Slhepeii r wo- ong es e orh n rc a hi n, S. 1 4) i- ttone - mu ts w b t d sce t ro ma ea dp eu ie t t aesp r t a dd sic ee n s' s ho oh e in pef r nc n rj dc ;he wo r e a ae n itn t lme t. ' Spe e v.Mura 1 F.d 229,232- (t Ci.1 (mphassa nc r r v, 8 3 33 4h r 994) e i dded) Fort frtpr ng, . he is o Hilmus s l t how tha co e m a e r r s s rous t t c l t uns l de r o s o e i t ha ouns lwa no f nc i ng a t e s t u toni s he i ot e 'gua an e t def nda by t Si h Am e c ms l r t ed he e nt he xt ndme . I a 687- G he que to i nt' d. t ' 88. T si n s whe he a at r y' r pr s ntton n mt d t i m pe e e unde G e lng pr e sona t r n to ne s e e e a i mot e o nco t nc r pr vaii of s i l no ms 'notwhehe i de a e fom be tpr tc s orc mon c t m . Riht r 56 U . a r , t r t vit d r s aci e om uso ' c e , 2 S. t ' 1 5( u tngSrc ln , 6 U. a 6 0 . 0 q oi tik a d 4 6 S. t 9 ) il pr r mea ur of a tr y pe f m a e r m ans smpl r s na e s unde G-he ope s e to ne ror nc e i i y ea o blne s r t e e ng bea ttons pr va lng pr e s ona nor s ' Sti kl nd,466 U . a 688. Cours r vi w i ha s pe ii e ii of s i l m . r c a ' S. t m ant i açsr ngpr s i an sto e umpton't tc i ' ha ouns lsc e ' onduc f l wihi t G der ngeofr s bl t e l t n he l wi a ea ona e pr e s ona a s s a .' I a 689. Gl c als r i of c of s i l s it nce ' d. t tudi i c utny ouns l spe f m n e m us be hi hl e ' r or nc t g y 2 A cr t s i e ss a d teFo rh Cic i h sn ts u rl d cd d ti ise b ttemaoi o 1 icui plt xit, n h ut rut a o q aey e ie hs su , u h j rt f y cic t ha hedt tM a nez' lmiede e i t de a to y a ist cl msofi fe tveas itnc o ti r uis ve l ha Mi s i t xc pton o f ul nl pple o ai ne fc i ssa e f ral co el Re r e s Hilscl msa ew ihoutm ei. uns . ga dls , l' ai r t rt de e en i l' a co e i ç mil d t s tprorte ,dee mi ti sr t gy, a pr s t e f r ta,' nd uns l s i per te o e i ii s tr ne ral ta e nd e s hos ca mswih t g e t s c nce ofs c s' I . a 689;Unied Stt v.M as 774 F. 8 li t he r a e t ha s uc es .' d t t a es on, 3d 24, 8 (t Ci. 1 ) 28 4h r 20 4 . Fort s c pr he e ond ong,apeii rmus de ttone t monsr t t t butf rc ta e ha , o ouns ' a lge e r , els le d ror t r i a G e s na e pr biiy t t butf r c els unpr es i le r s t r s to t he e s d a o bl oba lt ha , r o ouns ' of sona ror , he e ul f he pr e di w oul ha be n dif r nt' St i kl nd,466 U . a 694. tA r as bl pr biiy oc e ng d ve e f e e . r c a ' S. t $ e ona e oba lt i a pr biiy s fcintt undemi t c nfde e of t outome.' L= Laty lan s oba lt ufi e o r ne he o i nc he c ' d sl, ç l g . a tr e ' f i r t r ie a meils ag me t ( c r t f r t e b ss o a s c s f l to n y s al e o as u rte s r u n ) amo o m h a i f uc e s u i feci a ssmw e o co e o am be us t r ul oft pr ee ngwoul notha be n ne f tve s it f uns l l i ca e he es t he oc di d ve e difrnthadt atome r iedt is . Unie Stt v. mlr 1 F. 889,893( hCi. fee he ' y as he sue' td aes Ki e , 67 3d t ' 5t r 1 9 ) s eas M o r v. t dS ae , 3 F. u p. 2 7 ( D. . 99 ) 9 9 ; e lo o e Uni tts 9 4 S p 7 4, 31 E. Va 1 6 . e Th rn eo r a o a l p o e so la ssa c i j s a wi eo dr c a pe la i i a e a g f e s n b e r fsina sitn e s u t s d n ie t p a s t s t til I p riu a,ûc oms li n to lg td t a s r a1n n rv lusis e o a p a,a ra. n a t lr ç qt e s o bi ae o s et l o fio o su s n p e l s c g çthee c n h r l b a y q sin a o tt e i o tnc o h vng t e a pelt a vo ae E r a a dy e n ueto b u h mp ra e f a i h p l e d c t z a e m i t r c d wih a viw t s lctng t m os pr m ii is f r viw .' Be lv. xa ne he e or t e o ee i he t o sng s ues or e e '' l J l s 2 6F.d 1 9,1 4 (t Ci. 0 0 (nb nc ( u tn J n sv Ba n s 4 3U.. 45 7 2 awi, 3 3 4 6 4 h r 2 0 ) e a ) q o ig o e . r e , 6 S 7 , 5 ( 9 3 ) I d e , e urn c l e t riee eycam, re n amutpiiyo cams r n te 1 8 ). n e d rq iig oms lo as v r li o ve l lct f li , u s h i rs of de r tng f om c e i t tm a be t ul m e io i . A ppe l t couns lac or ngl ik tac i r ont ntons ha y r y rt r ous la e e c di y e j y at e l to t a h d cd dwh c is sweemo tl l t af r r l fo a pe l' n o s t sz in h t e e i e ih sue r s i y o fo d ei n p a, pr mp ke e ' a pr s pton t t a def nda ca r but t ' y w he i e i s s a e c e r y s r e um i ha e nt n e il oll n gnor d s ue r l a l tonge t n r ha t eprs ntd.'I ( i Pr e'v.Tho o 996F. 1 1 (t Ci.1 ) Smih hos e e e ' d. quotng u t t mps n, 2d 560, 568 4h r 993 ; t v. b i , 28U. 2 9 28 ( 0 0) Ro bns 5 S. 5 , 8 2 0 ). I t tr tca m , l alege t ta lae c n he E s li Hil l d ha ppel t ouns lspe f m a ew a dek intbe us e ' ror nc s t e ca e c ouns ldi notc lnget s ar h on die ta a on t ba i oft S e o bl e c a i e d hale he e c r c ppe l he ss he ç as na e xpe t ton r o p i c 'ts i Kazv Untd Sae , 8 U. 3 7( 9 7 . Ho ve,heCo r o Ap as f rva y'e t n t . i tts 3 9 S. 4 1 6 )2 we r t e 2 u t f pe l ofVigi a sae i a a,( 1jaguest ...pl e ta us oft GPS wihouta r ni ttd: ç ppe l Hi1 r on he ac men nd e he t wa r nto e ge cic sa es ...i rnge hi r a ona e e ra r xi nt r um t nc nfi d s e s bl xpeca i ofprvac ...whi h tton i y c r nde e t aci nsofpolc a ilgals zt e a s a c i vi a i oft Unie Stt a e r d he to i e n le ei z nd e r h n olton he t d aes nd r Vigi a Consi i ns' Hilv.Co monwe lh,201 Va.App.LEXI 31 a *1 2. Hils r ni tmto . ' l m at 2 S 8, t l' a lae c ms ldi nota gue,a t Cot' o Appe sofVigi adi notpr de a f 1Ka z ppel t ot e d r nd he ut f al r ni d ovi , u1 t ana ys s ho e ,t Cour of Appea s s w no ne d,be a e t r c nty de i d J ne c s l i ; w ver he t l a e c us he e e l c de o s a e de e m i d t t w a r ntes G PS tac ng vi a ed t Fourh Am e m e . The e or no K a z t r ne ha r a l s r ki ol t he t nd nt r f e, t anaysswasnec s a y;t Cour smpl t s l i e s r he t i y s umed't tBo e o tCount ofi r vi a e t as ' ha t t ur y fce s olt d he Fourh A m e t ndm e . l t ad, t Co t o Appe l of V i g ni f us d on t m a n i s nt ns e he ur f as r i a oc e he i s ue: w he he t cic p s a s s d r s t i e de e exc us o t r he r lm t nce houl e ul n vi nc l i n. The Cour of Appe l o t as f Vigni f t t t h t vd n eg s o ti dfo id p n e ts u c s, p o i e p o be r i a omd ha t e s ie c wa q b ane r m n e e d n o r e g r v d d r ba l e ) ca e f a la ' a r t...a f t a compa ng s a c ofhi ve c e. I a *6. us or ppel nts res nd or he c nyi e r h s hil ' d. t ' a rewih t Co r o Ap aso Vigna sa lss Re ade s t saesa j iain o g e t he u t f pe l f r ii' nay i. g r ls, he tt ' dudc to f t s cai wa notco r r t ora un e ona e a plc ton of Sti kl hi l m s nta y o, n r as bl p i a i , rc and,a wasnotba e nd sd on a t ea ona e deenni to of t f c s Hils a la e c m s ls f l e t pr s nta n mr s bl t nai n he a t . l' ppe lt ol e ' aiur o e e c l atve Fo t Ame tmul i urh ndme a gum e t di no co tt e i f e tve as it nc of c nt r n d t nsiut ne f c i ssa e ouns l e. Ther or 1grantt m oton t di i s ast cl m 1. ef e, he i o sm s o ai 2 Thet ti Kaz dee m i swha Fourh Am endm e pr e ton e ssi apa tc a st to . The t t 2 es n t tr ne t t nt otc i xit n riulr iuain es ha t p o g :()a p ro mu th v a s betv e petto o prv c a d ( )ta e p cain mutbe s wo rn s 1 es n s a e u jcie x cain f iay n 2 h t x etto s oj cieyrao a e Kaz 3 9U. a 3 3 Ho ve,Fo rh Ame d ntvoainsd n tma d t e ie c betv l es n bl. t, 8 S. t 5 . we r u t n me ilto o o n ae vd n e e uson. Se D a s 564U . a 239xcl i e vi, S. t 40. 20 l t s ond c am , Hil alege t t a la e c n he ec li l l d ha ppe lt ouns f ie t c le el a ld o hal nge t he unr as bl GPS s r h,t a lged c i i la t ofpolce a t gahe i o i br ton by e ona e ea c he le rm na c s i , nd he t rng f nf ma i Bot t tCot y of i s outi Bo e our Co mt Onc agan,t Co t of Appe l of eour mt fcal sde t t t t y. e i he ur as Vigi a s ii aly mentone t tt i a me a us of t GPS wihou a war ntor r ni pecfc l i d ha he t ce nt nd e pl he t t ra e ge cr umsa e ...r nde e t a tonsofpolc a il ls i r a s r h .... Hil xi nt ic tnc s e r d he ci i e n lega e zu e nd ea c ' l ' v. mmo we 1h 2 2 Va Ap LEXI 31 ,a * . I se d o f c sn o t jzid cin l Co n at , 01 . p. S 8 t 1 n ta f o u ig n he l s ito a r is e o t a to s o a Boeo r Co ny de t ,t Co r o Ap e l meey l su l) su s f he cin f ttu t u t puy he u t f p as r l G s med a wiho de di 't tt GPS sarh wa ilga ba e on J . J. a 2. Therc d s t ut ci ng' ha he e c s le l s d ones - t I L e or hows t t a la e c ha ppe l t ouns lr s d a a e ai e nd dvoc t d f polc m i c a e or i e s onduc a t e ona e s ar h a t nd mz as bl e c nd s iu e is s b t( )Fo rh Ame d n a d sam o' vo ains d n tma d t e i e e ez r sue , u 1 u t n me t n tt l ilto o o n ae v d nc y e cuso ,a d ()alg d p lc mic n u td d n tra h t G g e ius'lv ln c sa y t x l i n n 2 le e o ie s o d c i o e c he & r go ' e e e e sr o e s t n a due pr e s vi ai n. Hils al ga in t t a la e c m s l di not S zs 't usai oc s olto l' le to ha ppe lt ot e d t r ue' he pl cai i t way t tHilde ied doe nots t i ac am f i f c i a ssa e.2 Tjus,I j l m n he ha l sr s usan l i or nefe tve s it nc 3 . j s ha n tp o e d fce tpef r n eo p eu ie a dIg a tt moin t d s s a t cam s o r v n eiin ro ma c r rj d c , n rn he to o imis s o li I hi t r c a m ,l ilalege t ta la e c n s hid l i 'll l d ha ppe l t ouns lf ie t a gue t tl e or e e e al d o r ha aw nf c m nt o fc a s had vi ae hi Fouree t Ame m e fght under t docrne of f nda nt l fi i l olt d s t nh nd nt i s he ti u me a f ines . H ilc ai s t tt s a e c t s ul ha dim i s d t i c m e ,w hi h c onl ar s l l m ha he t t our s ho d ve s s e he ndi t nt c an y oc tr i e r m e c r lm s a es w he e Ql w e or e e ' c c l n xte i c z t nc r ca nf c m nt s onduc ...w as s outage as t t o r ous o s kt c ce e a vi ae g duepr e s' Unie Stt v.Er n,520 Fe App' 1 hoc he ons inc nd olt j oc s .' td aes wi d. x 79, 1 ( h Ci.201 . Coursha alhi s k t ehol whe t r i acli ofouta ous 80 4t r 3) t ve E gh hoc hrs d' n hee s am t r ge go r m e c nduc , a c a m a t m us pr ve n nt o t' nd l i n s ' t ove t t G he c ha G t onduc of 1 w e or e e i s t a nf c m nt s o 2 Hila ted i hi habe peii t 3 l dmit n s as tton: ç lae c eli tal r s t ç r ofcolr ofofi Appelt ouns niily aied he unde o fce' Eo tie o a pe l h we e,te Couto Ap asdd no a d eso d cdeti ise Rah r teCo r o d crn j n p a, o v r h t' f pe l i t d rs r e i hs su . te, h u t f Ap e l verdofot lf . .' te. 3 ECFNo 4) p as ee ft he et . . ' t3 , 'P .. o ta e us ta d e p o e s wo l a s ltl b r t g ven n fo ivo n j dca u rg o h t u r c s ud b ouey a he o r me t r m n kig u iil p o e s st o ti ac n ito .' Uni d Sae v.Os ome 9 5F.d 3 ,3 ( t Ci.1 91; r c se o b an o v cinl ' t tts j e b l , 3 2 2 6 4h r 9 ) Er n, 520 Fe A pp' a 1 wi d. x t 79. H il has no a l ge s fc e f c s t s l t le d uf i i nt a t o uppor a c a m of t li o r ge go r m e a co ud . D udng t i tga i ofHil l w e o c m e o f e s di ut a ous ve n nt l nd he nves i ton l, a nf r e nt fk r d no G n f cue )e d nc , t p r a h a p r nl i c n pe pl a d p o i et e wi a t t u a tr g vie e' t p o c p ae ty r e t o e n r v d h m t ma 'a mo h s ik opporuniy t e pecf t t o ngage i c i na c n rmi l onduc y or o he hi hl il l c e ry t' ' t r g y lega, l a l x t 80; bor , unc tt i ,co uc .4 Er i 5 Fe .App' a 1 Os ne 935 F. a 35. The e or ons iutonal nd t2 w n, 20 d 2d t r f e, Hilc r tp o d fce tpef n n eo p eu ie i a pelt c u s lsf izet rieti l amo r ve eiin ro na c r rj dc n p lae o n e' alr o as h s l me il s c am . Ig a tt m o i t d s isast cam 3. rte s l i r n he ton o im s o li La ty,i t f t c am ,Hila lge t ta lae c sl n he ourh l i l le d ha ppel t ouns lwa i f c i whe he e s nefe tve n f ie t a gue t t t i pe nt s ce doc rne was i pplca e a t t onl e de e al d o r ha he nde nde our ti na i bl , nd ha y vi nc gahe e bewee Se e be 1 a Se e be 1 201 was fe f o t t i of t GPS t r d t n pt m r 0 nd ptm r 3, 0 r e r m he ant he e de e. A s di c s d e e i y i Pa tI . . a hortes had a r dy pi i t H ilas t vi nc s us e xt ns vel n r IB , ut ii lea npo n ed l he prm es pe tby Se e be 1 201 i us c pt m r 0, 0.Att pontBo e o tof e s a tc d a GPS t hi c he i t t ur fc r ta he o s ar i Be f r Comt , lil j rs ito ha ar a yn s e ag e td a o u titde i e c n d o d t y mutp e u id cins d le d ma s d r a e l f n an e v d n e a i t Hil Alo,ofi e s di no s e y utlz GPS e de f pr bl c us , lke i gans l. s fc r d t oll ii e vi nce or oba e a e i n H o de i f c ,r ga dl s of a addii na GPS e de e,t i tga i c nt r d on H il l n; n a t e r e s ny to l vi nc he nvesi ton e e e l be aus t bu glr f l we hi hihl s c fc moduso r . Ofi r we t Hilshom e c e he r a y olo d s g y pe ii pe andi fce s nt o l' , ve dt s s iiu be dngi h sc r a t n mutp ejzidcin c o eae t p o el iwe he u p co s d i n i a , nd he lil l s ito s o p rtd o r p ry r ars hi Hilf l t pr t ta lt c e wasdeiintort thewa prj c dby re t m. l aied o ove ha ppelae ouns l fce ha s eudie 2 Though 1 enf c m en ofk es may ha vi aed V igi a 1w a t Fourh Am e e , Hil 4 aw or e t f r ve olt r ni a nd he t ndm nt l rpe t y m is d t c x oft Cou ofAppe sofVigi a agum e s:vi a i ofsa e l a t Fou' e aedl s e he ru he rt al r ni r nt oltons tt aw nd he lh t Am e e d no a om aialy r ie o fc r 'conduc i o t So r geo ' cae y. H ilcoul no eve m ee ndm nt o t ut tc l as fie s t nt he çuta us' tgor l d t n t t lse sa ado tee cu in r nleb c u e ()Cth rme y f rvoain o asam ei n te cu in he esr tnd r f h x lso ay l e a s : 1 lje e d o ilto f tt s o x lso l t ess h arme y i s cfc lys p o ie y ()teCo n at p o e Hilsci swi id p n n mls uc e d s peiial o rvd d' 2 h mmo we 1h r v d l' rme t n e e det ' h s uc s ()teiv siaoyefrso poieotc r wh ati ra o a l r l nc u o bn n p e e n aen t o re,3 h n etg tr fo t f l f e s o c n e sn be ei e p n idig r cdet r o c i a s bett tee l in r r l, nd( teo tcr'iv siaoyc nd t sn ts o ta e u a t i lct d e u jc o h xcuso ay ue a 4)h fies n etg tr o uc wa o o urg o s s o mpiae u pr es Hilv.Com m onwe t 2012V a App. oc s. l alh, . LEXI 31 a * n. Da s 564U . a 241 S 8, t 2 3; vi, S. t . 22 a lae c ppe lt ouns ls f l e t a g t t t i pe nts c docrne wa i pplc bl 1 e ' aiur o r ue ha he nde nde our e ti s na i a e. gr ntt m oton t di m i sast c a m 4. a he i o s s o li l . V For t f e ng r a ons I gr nt Re po nts moton t dim is a dim is t he or goi e s , a s nde ' i o s s , nd s s he pe ii n f awrtofha asc pus Bas upon m y fndi t tHilhasno m a t r quiie tto or i be or . ed i ng ha l t de he e st s b tn ils wi o a d n a o a c n tt to a rg ta rq ie b 28 U. C.j2 3 ,a u sa ta ho ng f e il f o siuin l ih s e ur d y S. 25 /) ce tnc t ofa a a lt i de e ri a e ppe l biiy s ni d. ù ec q ENTER: hs l dyo Ti a f ,06 2 1. k A S i zied St t sDiti tJ or lt a e src udge 23
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