Porter v. Buck et al, No. 7:2014cv00176 - Document 45 (W.D. Va. 2015)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 9/28/15. (eot)
Download PDF
<![CDATA[
a I THE UN I N TED STATES D I STRI COU RT CT FOR THE W ESTERN DI STRI OF V I GI I CT R N A ROAN O KE DI I ON V SI - OF CEu..nl r l ' : FI e sr. n R1 ATR- OKE' VA . Ft D œ SEF 22 2 1 95 Jl te Br A BI AI LAN PO RTER , G L n L x qL s UW ctE Ci lActon N o.7: vi i 14CV 00176 Pl ntf s ai if M EM O R AND UM O PIN IO N J COB CECI BU CK ,e al, A L t . By:Hon. en E. Gl Conr d a ChifUnied St t Diti tJ e t aes src udge D e e nt . f nda s Abg i Po trfld t i e lrtr j d me ta to a ans Th P nn ul I u a c ial re ie hsd caao y u g n cin g i t e e is a ns rn e Co a y(t nis a', e kn ad ca aint a t eij re s es tie a ap s e g ro a mp n t n ul' s e ig e lrto h t h nu is h usan d s a s n e n n pe ) unde i u e al- e r i ve c e wer co r d unde t u ns e unde i ur m o ors r ns r d lt r a n hi l e ve e r he ni ur d/ r ns ed t it e r e e t a i ur ncepolcy i s d by Peni ul On Fe a y 24, 5, he c t ni d ndo s m nt o n ns a i s ue ns a. bnl r 201 t our de e Pe ns as moton f j me on t pla ngs The ca e i now befr t co ton ni ul' i or udg nt he e di . s s o e he ur Pe ns a s m oton f r c i r ton of t t de s on a t pa tes c os - otons f ni ul ' i or e ons de a i ha cii nd he ri ' r s m i or s mmayj d me t Fo te ra o s stf rh b lw,P nn ua smoinswilb d n e a d u r u g n . r h e s n e o t eo e is l' to l e e id n Po trsmoinf rs mmayj d me t l b g a td. re ' to o u r u g n wil e rn e Backzround On J y 28,201 Porerwa s rousy ij e i a ac ien i vi t altran ul 2, t s ei l nurd n n cd t nvol ng wo l-eri ve ces(i hil 1 ATVs'. TheKa s kif - l ATV o whihPore wa rdi a apase r ' ) wa a ourwheeed n c tr s i ng s snge w a ow ne a oper t by J ob Cec l Buc The s co ATV w a ope a ed by Pa rc s d nd a ed ac i k. e nd s rt tik Porter v. Buck et al Doc. 45 Thom a on. The ac i ntoc ur e whie t ATVS w e e be ng o r t d on a publc r dw a i s c de c rd l he r i pe a e i oa y n Fr i Count V igi a. A s a r ul of t acci ,Port s t ned a cat r c br n ankln y, r ni es t he dent er us ai astophi ai ij y,ca i he t i urove $590, 00 i media expe e . Shefld aperonalij y nur usng r o nc r 000. n c l ns s ie s nur Dockets.Justia.com a ton a i t Buc a Tho as i t Cic t Cour of Fr nkln Count whi h r m ai c i ga ns k nd m on n he r ui t a i y, c e ns pe ng. ndi Att tm e oft a ci nt Buc sATV wa i ur d unde a la lt polc i s d by he i he c de , k' s ns e r i biiy iy s ue F r mo tl s r n e Co a y. Bu k sp lc p o ie $ ,0 0 i b d l ij r c vea e o e s n u a c mp n c ' o iy r vd d 250 0.0 n o iy nu y o rg a i a e t hi ope a i and us oft A TV . Bec us Po t r s m e ca e ns e e t pplc bl o s r ton e he a e r e ' di l xpe es xce d he labiiy c r ge pr vi d underBuc s polc Po t rs htpa e f o Pe ns a bas d o i lt ove a o de k' i y, r e oug ym nt r m ni ul e n t uni urd/ndei urdmot itco a (C UI c r e' pr dedi a e re nt he ns e u rns e ors verge t UM/ M oveag ' ovi n n ndo sme ) (ûheEnd sme ' t ac û t ore nt' o ommecala omobiei urnc polc is d t he ft r StveL. ) ri ut l ns a e iy sue o r ahe, e Pore (k Polcy'. tr lhe i ' t ) The Endo s m e a i s pr desasf l w s: r e nt t s ue ovi olo ç e' w ilpa i ac or nce w ih t V i g ni U ni ur d M o or s sLaw , ls s i ' l y n c da W t he r i a ns e t it al um t di ur d'i l ga l e il dt r co ra d m a fom t owne orope aor he ins e ' s e ly ntte o e ve s a ges r he r rt ofan û ns ed m o orve c e. s uni ur t hi l ' ' Endor e nt Doc tNo.1 1a 39. s me , ke - t Par D of t Endo s m e defne w ho i i ur unde t Endor e ent Pa 4 D t he r e nt i s s ns ed r he sm . 1 pr de a f l s: ovi s s olow W ho I I ur d s ns e $ ou' or a C a iy m e be ' $ ' ny i m l m r' Y f A ny e s S c one l e k upyi 'a û oc ng' k r d a o' cove e ut ' An o f rd ma e h o s i e t ldt r c v rb c u eo t dl ij r ' y ne o a g s e r he s ni e o e o e e a s f i i nu y' t bo y t whi h t s c r ge a i s s t i d by a her'i u e ' o c hi ove a pple , us a ne not çns r d' unde 1 or2 r above. 1 d. The Endor e e de i t t r ( ns r d m ot rve cl ' t i l ; m ot rvehi l s m nt tnes he e m ç uni u e o hi e ' o nc ude $ a o ce . . . g hi i a i rns e mot ve cl.' Endore nt1,D ocketN o.1-1 at38. The wj ch s n unde i urd or hi e'' s me tr d e m ' rns ed ve cl ' i d i d asf l s unde i ur hi e ' s efne olow ' . S k unde i ur m o orve cl'mea am o orve cl whe a t t extntt t rns ed t hi e' ns t hi e, n, nd o he e ha , t et tl mo n o d o iyij r 'a d( r pet d ma e' o rg a pia l t h oa a u t f i d l nu y' n l o ry a g 'c vea e p lc b e o b p t ope a i or us of t m ot vehi l and ûa ia e f pa ent'f s he r ton e he or ce t va l bl or ym ' or uch d o i ij r 'o t r p ryd ma e ,li ldn alb n so d p st ofmo e i d l n u y' r û o e t a g l' ncu ig 1 o d r e o is b y p ' ny o s urtesma purua t Aril 1 ( ci 46. 435e sq)ofCha e 3of r ec ii de s nt o tce 5 Se ton 2- t e ptr Til 46. of t Code of V igi a i l s t n t t t l a o of uni ur te 2 he r ni , s e s ha he o a m unt ns ed moo it o ea eaf r e a yp ro ij r da ar s l o teo rto o us of trs c v r g fo d d n es n nu e s e ut f h peain r e t m o orve c e. he t hi l I The t r i ot ve cl ' i no de i i t Endo s m e . d. e m k or hi e ' s t tned n he m r e nt Pe ns a de e Po t r s c ai f U M / M c r ge. To r ol t c r e di put ni ul ni d r e ' l m or UI ove a es ve he ove ag s e, Po trfld ac mpan i teCic i Co r o Frn l Co ny, e kngad caao yj dg n re ie o lit n h ru t u t f a ki u t s e i n e lrtr u me t t a teUM / M c v r g p o ie i t eEn o sme t sa p ia et teij re s s tie h th UI o e a e r vd d n h d re n i p lc bl o h nu is he usan d i t A TV a i t n he cc den . Pe i s l rmo e tea t n t ti c u to teb sso dv riyj rs ito ,a dt e n n u a e v d h ci o h s o r n h a i f ie st u idcin n h n o mo d frj me on t pladi underRul 1 c oft Fedea RulsofCi lPr edur. ve o udg nt he e ngs e 2() he rl e vi oc e l s e i gj d me to t epla ig , nns l ag dt a a ATV i n tai trv hil'a d, n e k n u g n n h e dn s Pe i ua rue h t n s o k o e ce' n mo t , ha Buc s A TV i no a ç ns ed m ot r ve cl 'w ihi t t nns oft Endor e e . hus t t k' s tn' uni ur o hi e' t n he e he s m nt Se Pe ns a' Re y Br,Do tNo.23 a 2 (mphaszng t tt dsngl,deemi tve e ni ul s pl . cke t e ii ha he ti e tr nai quesi t tt M oi la kst Cour t d ci ' i whehe She Buc ATV (s amot ton ha he tong s he t o e de' s t r t t k il or ve ce, riul l a t ttr i us di t l urnc Conr tsUM / M e s me ' . hil patc ary s ha em s e n he ns a e tac' UI ndore nt' ) OnFe u y2 201 t co tde e Pe ns a' moi f j br ar 4, 5,he ur nid ni ul s ton or udgme o t pladi . nt n he e ngs SeePore v. k, 7:4CV001 201 U. Dit LEXI 21 5( . Va. b.24,201 . tr Buc No. 1 76, 5 S. s. S 81 W D. Fe 5) l s d ig t c u trj ce P nis l' a g mc tt a te tr k tr v hce'mu tb n o on , he o r ee td e n uas r u n h t h em û o e il' s e mo c i rdi c j tonwiht tnu d ut 'whihi dei di a hers cinoft Polc t onsdee n onunci t he e t o, c s tne n not e to he iy o a ' e l vehi e t ta e notd i d prnc pa l f us on publc r ds The c t m pha i d xc ude cl s ha r es gne i i ly or e i oa . our e s ze t tt Endor e e ts c fc l s a est ti G H A NG ES TH E PO LI ,' nd t ti i l s ha he s m n pe i i aly t t ha t t C CY ' a ha t nc ude w or or phr es t t ha s ci lm e ni f pup os s of t Endor e e . The c tnot d ds as ha ve pe a a ng or e he s m nt our e t t t c r pr de und r t Endor e enti notlm ie t da a s r s tng f om t ha he ove age ovi d e he sm s i t d o m ge e uli r he ope a i ofan uni ur d oru rns e i ut ' a t tPe ns a i t a us d t br de t r r ton ns e nde i ur d t o, nd ha ni ul ns e d e he oa r e m a ' çm ot vehi e.' û or cl ' The co t s f ur al o ound unpe s i Pe ns a sr la e on t Supr m e Cour ofV igi a' r uas ve ni ul ' e i nc he e t r ni s de soni Stt Fam M ut lAut cii n ae r ua omobieI urnc Co. Ga 383S. 2d71 ( 1 ,i l ns a e v. ndy, E. 7 Va. 989) n whc t S p e Co r h l ta e e s s frte t n o b dl ij re s san d b a ih he u r me u t ed h t xp n e o r ame t f o i n u is u tie y n y i ur d who was sr k by a f r itwer vai y e l d fom co r ge unde t me c l ns e tuc o klf e ldl xc ude r ve a r he dia pa e spr vi i ofa i ur ncepolcy. l r a hi isdec s on, he Supr m e Cour a s e ym nt o s on n ns a i n e c ng t ii t e t s um d, w ihout de i ng, t t l ua o i l i i t polc s m e c pay e s pr s on, t c di hat he ang ge f nc us on n he i y' di al m nt ovi i s a ng al ,ûa gua y af or d c r e be a e a f klf qua ii w ihi t defnii of t ndi one t r bl f de ove ag c us or i t lfes t n he i ton l trv hil, a dteis r ds tie io iyij r . . a s db a cd n . .h o g b i g moo e ce' n h n u e usan d b dl nu y . c u e y c ie t . tr u h en sr k by ( mot ve ce . Ga tuc a or hilj' ndy,383 S. 2d a 71 Howe ,t polc s me c l ' E. t 8. ver he iy' dia pa me t p o iin i ld d a e cu in,whc ma e t e ia p ia e t b d l ij re y ns r vso s ncu e n x l so ih d h m n p lc bl o o i nu is y s t ne by a i u e ' hr us ai d n ns r d t ough be ng s r k b ...a f r t pe t a t or o he e pm e t i t uc y a m y r c or t r qui nt de i d f us prnc paly of publc r ds w hie notupo publc r ds' 1 a 71 U nde s gne or e i i l f i oa , l n i oa .' d. t 7. r t f s pr ent t Supr e Coultconcl he act es ed, he em ' uded t tt f klft w hi s r t i ur on hat ihe or i , ch t uck he ns ed pr va e pr ry,w a ( qui e de i d f us prnc pa l of pu i r i t ope t s e pm nt s gne or e i i ly f blc oads ''a t ,t t ,' nd, hus ha c a wa pr cl d byt e uson. 1 a 71 1 Unlket polcypr sonsi Ga over ge s e ude he xcl i d. t 7- 8, i he i ovii n ndy, t Endore nta is i t scaec ansnosmia e l i pr l ngco rgef ij i he sme t sue n hi s onti i lr xcuson ecudi vea orn ures or da a s a i i f om t ope aton of a ve c e de i d f us prnc pa l of publc r ds m ge r s ng r he r i hi l s gne or e i i ly f i oa . A c r ngl t c ' c l ed t tGa di no c pelt r s tur by Pe ns a. co di y, he oul onc ud ha ndv d t om t he e ul ged ni ul Fi ly, e yi on t Supr e Co tofV igi a' dec s on i H ilv.St t Fa m M ut l na l r l ng he em ur r ni s i i n l ae r ua Auo bl l u a eCo.3 5 S. 2 7 7 ( .1 8 ) te c u trj ce Pe is l' ag me t tmo ie ns rnc , 7 E.d 2 Va 9 9 ,h o r ee td nn ua s r u n t tt c ts d l t va i Vigi asaut ypr sonst de e mi whe he a ATV i ha he our houl ook o rous r ni t t or ovii o t r ne t r n s a i or ve ce' f pur es of t Endor e t I Hil t Supr me Cour c i e i mot hi l ' or pos he s men . n l, he e t onsder d d t rad d'g s aS o ve ce'wihi t tr oft u ns e mot itc rgei t he mope wa l motr hil t n he ems he ni urd ors ovea n whe a a om obie la lt i ur nc polc ' 1 a 7 n ut l i biiy ns a e i y. d. t 28. l r f i t r y on va i s a ut y ' n e us ng o el rous t t or pr sons whi h e l d m o dsfom t de i ton oft t r i ot vehi e'a fom t ovii , c xcude pe r he fnii he e m s or m cl' nd r he r quie en s of lc ns e a r gi t a i t Sup e e Cou t e pha i d t t ç he polc e rm t i e ur nd e sr ton, he rm r m s ze ha i t iy c ansno i c ton t a i ur d t te os -ef r nc mus be m a t pr sons s te ed ont i ndi a i o n ns e ha r sr e e e t de o ovii eatr t r ughoutt Code ofV igi ai or rt de e m i t m e ni oft s m i y t a bi uous ho he r ni n de o t r ne he a ng he ee ngl m m g t r i ot rve c e.' l a 7 e m m o hi l '' d. t 29. Ra he t n r l ng on s h s a ut y pr vi i , he Supr m e t r ha e yi uc t t or o s ons t e Cour r f re t a ditona y t tdefne t t r i o ve cl'astd s l- o le whe l t e e r d o c i r ha i d he e m i r hi e' ûa e fpr pel d mot eed c onveya t tdoe notr onris'' 1 ( i TheAme ia Heiag Ditonay81 ( nce ha s un al.' d.quotng rc n rt e ci r 7 2d e 1 2). Gi nt sdei ton,t SuprmeCour f d. 98 ) ve hi fnii he e t oundt tt r wasd cl ri cai t ha hee ç ea ndi ton o no ac eulrade oft polcyt tmope g r i e t bee ude fom c r 'a t t arf e r he i ha ds weejntnded o xcl d r oveage, nd ha ' a a bi uiy had t be c t ue ag ns t i ur . 1 a 729ny m g t o ons r d ai t he ns er d. t 30. Appl ng t e prnc pl s yi hes i i e i t i t case,t coul concl n he nsant he ' t uded t an ATV pl nl qualfes as a dm ot vehi e' under hat ai y ii d or cl ' t d i ton cie by t Su e e Cour , nd t ts h ve c esa eno ot r s e l d f om he efnii td he pr m t a ha uc hi l r t he wi e xc ude r cove age i a cea a una guo ma r Si a doubt c r n l r nd mbi us nne . nce ny once ni t me ng of r ng he ani dipu e polc l ngua m us be r ol d ag ns t i u e unde V igi a l w ,t c the d s td iy a ge t es ve ai t he ns r r r r ni a he our l tt tt t r k ot ve c e, a us d i t Endor e e ,i l s A TV s ' Por e ,2015 U . lha he e m m or hi l ' s e n he s m nt nc ude .' tr S. Di t LEX I 21 1 a *l s. S 8 5, t 4. Pe ns a hasnow m o d f r co i r t o oft co tsde i i t de i sm oton f r ni ul ve or e ns de a i n he ur ' c s on o ny t i o j d me to t e pe dn s Thep rish v as fld co smoinsf rs mmayj dg n . u g n n h la ig . a t a e lo i r s - to o u r u me t e e The m o i ha bee f l bre ed a a gue and a e rpe f rdee son. tons ve n uly i f nd r d r i o ii St andards ofRevi ew The r s uton ofa m oto f r co i r to i c m it t t di c e i oft di ti t e ol i i n or e ns de a i n s om ted o he s r ton he s r c c t Am. noeAs' v. umhyFamsl , F. 505,51 1 (t Ci. our. Ca sn M r nc.326 3d 4- 5 4h r 2003) C otons . ' i M f r onsdeai ofi el ut y or sae nots jc t t src sa r a ia e t or ec i rton ntroc or der r ube t o he tit tnda ds pplc bl o moi n f r r c n ieain ofa fn lj d me t' J ,a 51 . Co ds h ve o s r e t t to s o e o sd rto ia u g n . d t 4 ' u a b ev d ha r c n ieain of itro u o y o d r i a p o rae wh r 'h gj u t h s pae ty e o sd rto n elc t r r es s p r p it ee t e c o r a tn l t m iunde sood a pa t or has ma a de son outi t ad r a ili s pr s nt d t t s rt ry, de cii sde he ve s ra s ues e e e o he (j 'by t pa te ,orhasmadea er notofra o ng butofa e nso ' Abovet coul he ris t n ror e s ni pprhe in. ' he Bel.I v.Me Bo nna Roofnx,I ,99F. D.99,1 ( D.Va 1 . Re onsdeai t nc. 1 ha n i nc. R. 01 E. . 983) c i rton m ay al be appr i e w her t e has been an i er ng change or devel ent i t so oprat e her nt veni opm n he a i bl l w . Am .Ca A s ' 326 F. a 51 pplca e a noe s n, 3d t 5. A motonf s i or ummar j y udgme i pr pe l g a e Sft mova s nt s o ry r ntd k he i nt howst tt r i no ha hee s g n n d s u ea t a y maeil a t ndt emo a ti e t ldt j d me ta amatro lw. e uie ip t s o n tra fc a h v n s ni e o u g n s te f a ' t ' Fe R. v. 56( . l deemi ngwhehe t grntamotonf s d. Ci P. a) n tr ni t ro a i or ummayj r udgme ,t coul nt he ' t 6 mus vi w t f c si t r or i t lg mos f vor bl t t nont e he a t n he ec d n he i ht t a a e o he mova . Ande s v. nt r on Li ' Lobby.l , U. 242,255( 986 . belv t nc.477 S. 1 ) Di scuss on i M oton f R econsi i or derati on The c twiltr ta e sPe ns a' moto f r co i r ton oft de son t de our l s s ddr s ni ul s i n or e nsde a i he cii o ny is to f r u g n a amatro lw. Pe is l ag e t a rc n i eaini a p o raei t moi n o j d me t s te f a nn ua r u s h t e o sd rto s p r p it n lght of a i e ve ng de ii by Unie Stt s M a sr t J i n nt r ni cson td a e gitae udge Tommy E. M ilr i le n M o com e v v.Pr e s ve Adva d I ur nc Co. N o 2: 4CV 00231 201 U . D i t LEX I nt r ocr s i nce ns a e , 1 , 5 S. s . S 27820( D. M a . 201 . AlhoughJ dgeMilruli tl f E. Va. r 6, 5) t u le tmaey oundt tasdeby-i ATV ha i - sde was a uni ur d orunde i ur m ot ve c e f pup os of a m ot r ve c e la lt polcy, n ns e r ns ed or hi l or es o hi l i biiy i a t r o ef nd he ef r ound t tt i ur wa e ild t UM J M c r ge Pe ns a con e t t ha he ns ed s ntte o UI ove a , ni ul t nds ha J d e M ilrs d cso p o i e 'mp ra tcaiiain r g r ig g i c t ts a lss o u g le ' e iin r v d s ' o tn lrfc to e adn t s ot 'j nay i f i h r w he he t Buc ATV ca be c t e asa m ot rve c e f rpur e o U I i u a e. Br t r he k n ons nz d o hi l o pos s f M ns r nc ' ' . i Supp. M o . o Rec i r ton,Doc tN o. a 5. Ha ng r e e t applc bl polc n of t f r ons de a i ke 31 t vi evi w d he i a e iy pr s ons i M ont e y,t c t fnds Pe ns a' ar um e unpe s s ve. A s e a ne ovi i n gom r he our i ni ul s g nt r ua i xpl i d be ow ,t e pr sons a e c e r y di tngui ha e f om t polcy pr s onsa i s i t s c e. l hos ovi i r l a l s i s bl r he i ovii t s ue n hi as Ac di y,e n i a unpubls d dec son fom an he dititc dpr deava i ba i f cor ngl ve f n ihe ii r ot r src oul ovi ld ss or r c i r t o Pe ns a i note tte t r lef e ons de a i n, ni ul s n il d o e i . I M ont r t pli if Ama M o gomey, was ij e i a outofsae n gome y, he antf, nda nt r nur d n n - -tt a ci nti vi a 2007 Ya a Rhi o ne a oper t by he br he . The I hi was c de nvol ng m ha no w d nd a ed r ot r t no des bed asça f - heelvehi e w ih t o buckets s i t f ont a bench s i t back,an cri $ our w cl t w eat n he r , eat n he open t open si ,and r lbar ' whi had been m odi i t i ude r vi lght r l ew op, des ol s,' ch fed o ncl ear ew i s, eawi m ir s and s a bet M ont ror , e t ls. comer 201 U. Dit LEXI 27820,a +3. Folowi hi y, 5 S. s. S t l ng s pur ha eoft ve ce,M ont om e y' br he r gitr d t Rhi wih t Arzo Di son o c s he hi l g r s ot r e se e he no t he i na vii f M ot Ve cls a obti d lc e pl esa i ur nc f t ve ce. The r or r ve l d or hi e , nd a ne iens at nd ns a e or he hi l ec d e a e t tM ont ha gome y' br he us d t Rhi prma iy f drvi on publc r ds Att tm eof r s ot r e he no i rl or i ng i oa . he i t a c de , he c i nt howe r M ont ome y' br he wa drvi t Rhi of-oada apa k i Arzona ve , g r s ot r s i ng he no fr t r n i , w he e t r wer no i pr d,pa d, m a nt ne r ds r he e e m ove ve or i ai d oa . Fo lwi g t e a cd n , M o to r fld a d caaoy j d me t a to a an t lo n h c ie t n g me y i e e lrtr u g n cin g is Pr e sveAdva edI urnc Compa (s og e sve',seki ade lrtont tt Rhi ogrs i nc ns a e ny i r si ' e ng caai ha he no pr ) was a uni ur d or unde i ur m ot r ve cl a defne i a m ot vehi e la lt polc n ns e rns ed o hi e s i d n or cl i biiy i y is t he by Pr r si (he ( og e sve polc '. The Pr e sve polc s uni lrd sued o r og e sve t t r si pr iy' ) ogrsi iy' nsze m ot i tco r ge w a con a ne i Pa t oft polc Se N o. 1 or s ve a s t i d n r C he i y. e 2: 4CV 231 D o tNo.11 2 at , cke - 1 The i urng a ee e tpr de t Pr e sve woul pa i a or nce wih Vigi a 9. ns i gr m n ovi d hat ogr s i d y, n cc da t r ni Codej38. 2206,ç mag whiha kns e ,, i lgal e ildt r ove fom t own or 2dda es c n i urd' .s e ly ntte o ec r r he er o aorofa S ns e mot rve cl ora d rns e m o orve c e'be a eof. . Bod l per t n uni ur d o hi e' n unde i ur d t hil c us . d iy ij r s san dbya çns rd' n c u e b a a cd n . .5 l n u y' u tie n i u e a d a s d y n c ie t . . d. ' The Pr r s ve polc s c fc l de i a ' ns r d m ot ve c e' a $ l nd m o or og es i i y pe i i aly fned n û uni u e or hi l ' s i a a t ve ceortalrofa t .. gj whihnola lt bond,polc de iormoneyors c iy hil rie ny ype .to c ibiiy, iy, post e urt a i s a t tm e of t a i n i a l as t m i m um lm is r qui e by V a.Code Ann. pple t he i he cc de t n t e t he ni i t e rd Se ton 46. 472.' 1 at20. The Pr e s ve polcy de i d an (u rns e m ot r ve c e ' ci 2- ' d. ogr s i i f ne t nde i ur d o hi l ' as$ lndmot vehil ortaie ofa t f whiht s of...thelmisofla lt t r ta a or ce r lr ny ype or c he um gl i t ibiiy mde al la lt bondsorpolc e ' i l s t n t uni ur d m ot it c r ge unde t Pr e s ve l i biiy i i s' s es ha he ns e ors s ove a r he ogr s i polcy. l at 19. i d. 8 N et rpa t dipu e t tt Rhi wasbot u ns ed a underns e f pur e of ihe ry s t d ha he no h ni ur nd i ur d or pos s t Pr es i polc I t a t y d s e k he he t Rhi i a m o orve c e de i d i he ogr sve i y. ns e d, he i put d d t r he no s w t hi l , f ne n t ( olc as C lnd mot ve cl ortalrofa t '' M o comer 2015 U. Dit he pl iy a a or hi e rie ny ype.' nt v, S. s. LEX I 278 a #1 I r s vi t s i s , J e M il r dec i d t r y on t varous S 20, t 3. n e ol ng hi s ue udg le lne o el he i Vigi asa u or pr so r ar ng ATVS I t a ast sc tdi i ispr ousde son, r ni t t t y ovii ns eg di . nse d, hi our d n t evi cii J udge M il r utlz d t di tona y defnii of t t r i ot ve c e 'r e e d by t le ii e he c i r i ton he e m s or hi l ' ef r nce m he Supr m e Co ' ofV i g ni i H ilv.St t Fa M ut lA u om obie l ur nc Co. 373 S. 2d e ul t ri a n l a e nu ua t l ns a e , E. 727 ( 1 . Appl ngt tdei ton,J Va. 989) yi ha fnii udgeM ilrhed t tt Rhi wasalnd moor le l ha he no a t ve ce. Se Mont mey,201 U. Dit LEXI 27820,a *1 (mpha ii t tCgl Rhi hil e go r 5 S. s. S t 6e szng ha ithe no i mos c rai y $ s l- opeldwhe e co s t e t nl a efpr le eld nveya et doesnotr non ris')(uoi Hil nc hat u al'' q tng l, 375 S. 2da 729) E. t . U nlke t Endo s m e a i s i t i t ntc e, he Pr e s ve polc s de i tonsof i he r e nt t s ue n he ns a as t ogr s i i y' tnii d ns ed m o or ve cl ' a k d uni ur t hi e ' nd t underns r m o or ve c e 'w e e qua ii d by a e us on s t i u ed t hi l ' r lf e n xcl i e f t i t s m e pa 4 oft polc Tha e l i pr ded a f l s orh n he a 1 he i y. t xc us on ovi s olow : l a ton, t i ns ed mot ve ce'norû rns ed mot rvehil i udes n ddii neiher uni ur or hi l unde i ur o c e' ncl ' . A f r t ta t oro he e pm e desg d f us prnc pa l of publc a m ype r c or t r qui nt i ne or e i i ly f i r oadsw hie noton publc r ds or l i oa ; A ny ve c e: hi l a. O pe a e on r is orc a l rt e ds or rtd al rw e ra ; b. W hie l ca ed f rus asa r s de e o pr i e l o t o e e i nc r em s s. M o gome y, 2:4CV00231 Doc t o.11 2a 20. Acc di y, udg M ilrpr e edt nt r No. 1 , ke N - t or ngl J e le oc ed o de e m i w he he t s l nguag of e us on a i d t t Rhi s h t tt Rhi w a not t r ne t r hi a e xcl i pple o he no uc ha he no s i ude i t Pr e s ve polc s d i ton ofa uni ur d orunde i ur m ot r ve c e. ncl d n he ogr s i i y' efnii n ns e r ns ed o hi l Af e s m a i ng s ve a de i i i l ng s m ia e l i ns i l ng t Supr m e t r um rzi e r l c s ons nvo vi i l r xc us o , nc udi he e Co tofV igi a' de s on i St t Fa M ut l ut obie l ur nc Co. Ga ur r ni s ci i n a e nn ua A om l ns a e v. ndy, S. 2d 383 E. 7l ( 1 ,whih i ve a fr it a isde son i M oo e v.Stt Fa M uua 7 Va. 989) c nvol d oklf, nd t cii n r ae nn t l Aut omobieI urnceCo.448S. 2d 61l( 1 4) whih i ve afmiy- a ssoc c r l ns a , E. Va. 99 , c nvol d a l cls t k a , J e M ilr dee m i t tt lhi di notcea l f lwihi t e uson. Alhough t udg le tr ned ha he t no d l ry al t n he xcl i t he owne ' m a r s nualf t Rhi e es l i c t d t t i was des g d f of - oa us J or he no xpr sy ndi a e ha t i ne or f r d e, udge M il r obs r d t t i r a iy,t he ve c e wasequi d a lc ns t l ga l o r t bot o le e ve ha , n e lt t t hi l ppe nd i e ed o e ly pe a e h n publc hi i ghwa a of -oa and wasoper td bot on a of publc r y a t ti was ys nd fr d, ae h nd f i oads' nd ha t ' m or sm ia t a m ope or s oc ca t n t a f klf . M on com e y,201 U . D i t LEX I e i lr o d t k r ha o or i t t r 5 S. s . S 27820,a *21 tconsr ng t e l i r lngua i t polcy a ns g ogesi ,a t . d tui he xcusonay a ge n he i gai t pr r svel nd a yi t nor a a c t a y us of t phr s ta m t tac or o o he e pm e t ppl ng he m l nd us om r e he a e f r ype r t r t r qui n de i d f us prnc pa l of p i r ds ''J s gne or e i i ly f ublc oa ,' udge M il rf le ound t tt Rhi di notc ea l ha he no d l ry f l w ihi t e us on. I A c or ngl he he d t t t lhi w a an t ns e or al t n he xcl i d. c di y, l ha he k no s s uni ur d un eis rdmo o ve il'a d fn di tePr g e sv p l y a dg a tds mmayj d me t d rn u e t r hce' s e ie n h o rsi e oi , n r n e u r u g n c i fvoroft i ur d. L. a * na he ns e da t 2122. I s eki r ons de a i bas d o M ont om e y,Peni ul a gues t t Buc s A TV n e ng ec i r ton e n c r ns a r ha k' ddif r no a y' f o t Rhi on whi h M o go e y wasrdi asa pas e r a t tS her d f e s t bl ' r m he no c nt m r i ng s nge , nd ha i e t i no pos i e q ton he e oft Buc A TV ' pur y of- oad c r ct r ' D oc tN o.31a 11. s s bl ues i r he k S el f r ha a e . ' ke t Unlket Pr r sve polc how e r t Endor e e a i s i t sc e doesno s i a l i he og es i i y, ve , he s m nt t s ue n hi as t pec fc ly e l ve cl s de i xc ude hi e s gned f rus prnci ly of publc r o e i pa l f i oads ora ot rpa tc art ofl nd , ny he r i ul ype a m ot ve cl fom t defnii ofS ns e m ot vehi l ' ort or hi e, r he i ton t uni ur d or c e ' û rns e m o orve cl ' unde i ur d t hi e. ' 10 W hie Pe ns a r ogni s t s d si to i is bre i s l ni ul ec ze hi itnc in n t i f n uppo t of t moton f r r he i o r c i r ton,i none he e s a gue t t t Pe ns a Polc es e i ly t e ons de a i t t l s r s ha he ni ul i y s nta l t does t ve y s m e he r a t ng,t hi hough i goe a t s bout i i a s i l dif r nt w a ' Doc N o.31 a 1 Spec fca l t n lghty f e e y.' ket t 2. ii ly, Peni ul a gue ,asi di pr ousy,ha t tr i o ve cl ' a us d i t Endore e , ns a r s t d evi l t t he e m ' r hi e, s e n he mot ' s m nt s d beco i rd i c j tonwih t tr 'a o,' c i dei di a he sci of houl nsdee n onunci t he e m tut 'whih s fne n not r e ton t Polc t e l ve cl s t t a e not de i d prnc pa l f us o publc r ds The he i y o xc ude hi e ha r s gne i i ly or e n i oa . pr e wih t s a gum e t i t t t Endor e e sat i bol c pial l te s t t i obl m t hi r n s ha he s m nt t es n d, a t e t r ha t CCHANGES TH E POLI 'a t ti i l wor orphr s st tha s cilmea ng f ' CY,' nd ha t ncudes ds a e ha ve pe a ni or pur e of t Endoreme . Doc t No. 1 l a 38. The c r ge pr de unde t pos s he s nt ke - t ove a ovi d r he Endor e ent i no lm ie t da age r s tng f o t o r ton of a uni ur d ça o. sm s t i t d o m s e uli r m he pe a i n ns e t ut ' ' I t ad, ni ul us dt br rt r ( orve cl ' SeeU SAA Ca . ns Co. Ya onilo, nse Pe ns a e he oade e m s mot hi e. ' s l . v. c el 309S. 2d324, ( .1 (ec zngt tt t m S orve ce' abr de me ni E. 325 Va 983) r ognii ha he er t mot hil'has oa r a ng t nt wor i utmobie';seas Eq tbl Ge I Co. W ila ,620 S. . 608,61 ha he d s o l ' e lo uia e n.ns. v. lims a l W 2d 0 ( x.Ct App.1 )Cû- tr motrvehil ha a muc br dermea ng t n t wor Te . 981 -he em l o ce s h oa ni ha he d a omobie.) M oeo r Peni uaee t nott dei t tr û orve cl'i apatc a ut l '. r ve, ns l lced o fne he em t ' mot hi e'n riulr m a r o t ot r s lm i is s ope t c r a n t sofl nd m ot ve cl s nne r o he wi e i t t c o e t i ype a or hi e . I lg oft e di tnctonsbe wee t Endo s m e a Pa t oft Pr e s vepolc n i ht hes s i i t n he r e nt nd r C he ogr s i i y, t co tc ude t tJ e M ilr sde i i M ont he ur onel s ha udg le ' dson n come v doesnotwa r ntr onsde ai r ra ec i r ton o t c u tsp e iusd cso t d ny Pe i u asmo in frj dg n a a matro lw. f he o r' rvo e iin o e nns l ' to o u me t s te f a Ac r ngl Pe ns a' m oton f rr c i r ton w ilbe de ed. co di y, ni ul s i o e ons de a i l ni 11 I1 . M ot ons f Sum m ar Judum e i or y nt I mo n f rs mmayj d me t P nis l ag e t t h c u tsp e iu d cso lf n vig o u r u g n , e n ua r u s ha t e o r' r vo s e iin e4 unde de one i s t t was r i e i Pe ns a' i ta bref i s ci d s ue ha a s d n ni ul s nii l i n uppor of is m oto f t t i n or j dg n o tcp e d n s S e i ly P n n ul c ne d t a c ran lng g c n an d i u me t n h la i g . p ct l, e i s a o tn s h t e ti a ua e o tie n ka t Polc sRe wa De l r tonandBusne sAut Cove a For lm ist c a pr ded he i y' ne l c a a i i s o r ge m i t he over ge ovi by t Endor em e t a i n s i vi i u os ' he s nt o cc de t nvol ng t t .' a le Two of t Re tm he newal D e l r ton, des rbe as t tsche e of Co a s and caai ci d he t dul ver ge Cove ed Aut , i l s a f - ol m n tbl lsi t t s ofc r ge a ia e unde t r os' ncude ourc u ' a e itng he ype ove a val bl r he Polc c i y, over d a o s bol , hcpolc lm i f ea h t ofeo r e, nd t pr m i f e eh e ut ym s t i y i t or c ype ve ag a he e um or a t of c r ype ove age. R e w a D ec a a i D oc t N o. 1 1 a 1 The f l ng pa a a i ne l l r ton, ke - t 5. olowi r gr ph s l at above t t bl oc ed he a e: Thi polc pr desonl t ec r geswhe ea c r i s wn i t pr m i s iy ovi y hos ove a r ha ge s ho n he e um c um n bel . Ea h oft s c ol ow c he e over ges wila y onl t t e a os s n ms a l ppl y o hos ut how c r a os Aut a e s w n asc e e a os f a pa tc a c r by t ove ed ut . os r ho ov r d ut or ri ul r ove age he e r ofone orm or s bol f om I nty e ym s r TEM TH REE ne t t na e oft c r ge. xt o he m he ove a 1 A t ha g 'i s n i t pr m i c u n f t f l i t d. û r e' s how n he e um ol m or he olow ng ypes ofc c over ge:Li biiy, a a lt M e c Expe e a di al ns nd I om e Los Be ft , U ni ur d M ot r s s Ph i a D a age: nc s ne is ns e o it , ys c l m Com pr he i Cove age a Phys c lDa a Coli i n Cove a e ns ve r , nd i a m ge: ls o r ge. I d. The Busnes Au o Cove age For i ude a s c i on Cove e Aut i s t r m ncl s e ton rd os. l saest t t t t ha Slem Two of t D ecl atons shows t ' os' t ar cover t os' f each of your tt he ar i he aut hat e ed aut or covea s'andt tgl s rge , ' hatûthe ymbol e ee ne t aco rgeo t De aai desg t t s ntrd xt o vea n he clrtons inae he onl û ut 't ta e c r k ut .' Bus ne sAut Cove ag For , ocke N o.1 1a 23. y a os ha r ove ed a os '' i s o r e m D t - t i ns r d M ot i t ' c r ge I e Two ls st s bolk ' n t c um n f Cove e Aut s uni u e or s s' ove a , t m i t he ym ' i he ol 6' or rd o Sym bol D ocketN o.1-1 at l5. Accor ng t t Busi s. di o he ness A ut Cover Fonn,t sym bol o age he k 'rp e e t ûo o l to eku o 'y u o t a b c us o te1w of h saewheet e ae 1 ' e r sn s i j ny h s a t s o wn h t e a e f h a t e tt 6 g r hy r lcens or prnci l gar i ed i paly aged ar r r t have and c nnot rj tUni urd M oorss e equied o a eec ns e t it - t Cover ,,1 D ocketx o.1 1a 23. age. Se ton V of t Bus ne s A ut Cove a Fo m c a ns a num be of defnii . The ci he i s o r ge r ont i r i tons t r i ut 'i de i a a dl nd m o or ve c e,tr l r ' o s m ir ie de i d f r tave on e m ' o' s fned s ia a t hi l taie s r e t a l r s gne o r l publc r dsbutdoesnoti l k obie e pm e .' D oc t o.1 1 a 31 Thet r k o l i oa nc ude m l qui nt'' ke N - t . e m ' bie m e pm e ' i de i d t i l qui nt' s fne o nc ude t l oze s f r m a hi r f klfs a o he ve cl s c d r, am bul c ne y, or i' nd t r hi e t des g f us prnc pa l of publc r i ned or e i i ly f i oads' D o tN o.1 1 a 33. . ' cke - t Rel ng on t f e ng pr s ons oft Re w a Dec a a i a t Bus nes Aut yi he or goi ovi i he ne l l r ton nd he i s o Cove ag For Peni ul a gue t tt UM / M co a pr de by t Endor e e i r e m, ns a r s ha he UI ver ge ovi d he s m nt s lm ie t a i nt i vi S ut , a t t Buc s A TV i not a C ut ' s nc i i not a i t d o cc de s nvol ng û os' nd ha a ' k' s n ' o, i e t s a ' ve c e de i d f t a on publc r ds Pe ns a e phas z t t t A TV w a no hi l s gne or r vel i oa . ni ul m i es ha he s t r gi t r d orlc ns by t V igi a D e rm e ofM o orV e cl s a t tis owne ' m a l e se e i e ed he r ni pa t nt t hi e , nd ha t r s nua s ii a l i c est tt A TV i de i d f of - oa us onl a s d no be drve on pec fc ly ndi at ha he s s gne or f r d e y nd houl t i n publc r ds i oa . I r ol ng t s i s t co ' m us c i r t es a i he prnc pl s of V igi a l w n es vi hi s ue, he ul t t onsde he t bls d i i e r ni a r ga di t i e pr t ton ofi ur nce po i e . W he it r e i s h a ee nt ,c t e r ng he nt r e ai ns a lcis n n e pr tng uc gr me s ours de e m i t pa te 'i e f om t w or us d i t polcy. V a. r Bur a M u .l . v. t r ne he r i s nt nt r he ds e n he i Fa m e u t ns Co. W ila ,677 S. 2d 299,302 ( .2009) Thepolc spr so S tbe c i r a lims E. Va . iy' oviins i mus onsdeed nd c tue t e he , a an i e nal c lc s be we n pr sons mus be ha m o z d, i onsr d og t r nd y ntr onfit t e ovii t r nie f reasonabl poss bl t ef ect e t pari i ent' I W hen a di put polcy t m i y i e, o f uat he tes' nt .' d. s ed i er s 1le Fouroft D e artoncont nsaçschedul ofCover Aut YouO wn.' TheSc dul Issa tm he cl a i ai ç e ed os ' he e it 2001J Cher e a a2002 Chevr e Siver do. Doc No.1 at21 eep oke nd olt l a ket -1 . una bi m guous t co t m us a y is pl i m e ni as w rte l ( - e r i di put d , he ur t ppl t a n a ng it n. d. ll ve , f s e l ow polc lnguagei a guousa c beundesoodt ha mor t n o me ni ghec t iy a s mbi nd an rt o ve e ha ne a ng, t our musqconsnz t l ua i f ofc r a agans t i ur .' 1 Ac r ngl t t e he ang ge n avor oveage nd i t he ns er' d. codi y, dwhe a i ur s e t lm i c r unde a polc t i ur rm us us lngua t ti t n n ns er e ks o i t ove age r iy, he ns e t e a ge ha s r s bl cla ,a una guous' L a sealoDooly v.Ha tor Ac i & l m.Co. eaona e, e r nd mbi .' (; e s e rf d cdent nde , 71 F. 1 ,1 (t Ci. l ( tngt tt b de i di f l pl el ...nt i u e, 6 3d 31 35 4h r 20 3) noi ha he ur n s s ghtuly ac dq i he ns r r r t c t a y dr t r of t polc t a tc a e cl a l bot t c he usom r afe he i y, o ri ul t e r y h he over ge a f de a a a f or d nd ny excuso fom t tc rge'. l ins r ha ovea ' ) A ppl ng t e e t bls d prnc pl ,t cou t r m a ns c nc t t t i ur nce yi hes s a ihe i i es he r e i onvi ed ha he ns a polc doe not c ea l and unmnbi uo l lm i c r ge unde t Endo s m e t a c de s iy s l ry g us y i t ove a r he r e nt o c i nt i vi i ut . A lhough Ie Two oft Re w a D e a a i i ca est tt cove a nvol ng t os ' t a ' tm he ne l cl r ton ndi t ha hc r ges pr de unde t polc ( ppl onl t t e a os s w n a c r d aut ,' he Endor e e ovi d r he i y G y y o hos ut ho a s ove e os ' t s m nt i l nc udes a s a e en a t ve y t of t page w hi h s a e ,i bol ca t ll te s t t( I t t m t t he r op he c t t s n d, pia e t r ha S S TH ENDORSEM ENT CHAN GES THE POLI CY. PLEASE READ I CAREFULLY. T ' ' D oc t N o. 1 1 a 38. The Endor e e t n de i a i ur d as dY o ' or a ûf m iy ke - t s m nt he tnes n ns e d u' ny sa l m e be , a i p ovi no i ca i t t is co r ge i lm ied t a c de s i vi t m r' nd t r des ' ndi ton ha t ve a s i t o c i nt nvol ng he opt a i ofan uni ur orunde i ur d t ut ' l a 39. l t d, he Endor e ents a est t r ton ns ed rns e t o. d. t a ' ns ea t sm t t ha Peni ul wilpayt ls mst (ns e ora f l membeqi lgal enild t r c ra ns a l d u he i urd ny amiy al r s e ly tte o e ove s da mage fom t owne o o rt ofa d ns e moorve cl '' 1 a 38 (mpha i s r he r r peaor n uni urd t hi e.' d. t e ss a ) Asnot a dded . ed bove,t Endore ntdoesnotdei t tr ç orve ce, nordoe i he s me tne he em d mot hil ' ' st i ude any l ncl anguage w hi woul cl y excl ATV S fom t defnii ofluni ur m ot ch d earl ude r he i ton l ns ed or vehi e' or 'underi ured m ot vehi e.' cl ' t ns or cl ' 14 M or ove ,Peni ul ha c e r ns a s once d t t he UM / M c r gepr vi d unde t polc i de ha t UI ove a o de r he i y s notlmie t t k over d a os'de c i d i t Busne sAut Cove a For ,e n t i t d o he k c e ut ' s rbe n he i s o r ge m ve hough Ie Tw o of t Re w a D e l r to i l s l nguage t t t e f ct A lhough Pe ns a tm he ne l c a a i n nc ude a o ha f e . t ni ul pr vi usy as e t asade e et t sa tont tt Endor e tsUM / M c r ei lmied e o l s red f ns o hi c i ha he s men ' UI ove ag s i t t l rda os'a t tt Buc ATV i no ad ovee a og'snc ii notowne by Stve o t e ut ,' nd ha he k cove s t t rd ut q'i e t s c d e Po t r Pe ns a has a fr a i y w ihdr w n t def ns Se Br i Supp. M ot f Sum m . r e , ni ul f im tvel t a hat e e. e . n of . or J,Doc tNo.29a 4,n, (û ni ul nol rrlc a adee euponwhehe Pore c dbe . ke t 6 ipe ns a onge eis s fns t r tr oul s i t ha occ ed ac r d l ut 'a i si aest awihdr wa oft tpa tculrdef ns ad o ve upi ove e a o, nd t tpult o t a l ha ri a e e ' . W hen t c ti r d a t sis durng t he rng on t pendi moi , ' ) he our nquie bout hi sue i he ai he ng tons . . . . Pe ns a a ni ul cknowl dge t t t Endo s m e , is l, doe no lmi co r ge t ac i nt e d ha he r e nt tef s t i t ve a o c de s i vi ( ve e aut .' The s m e ofc s ,ca bes i a uta i si vi C ut , nvol ng k r d os ' co 2 a , our e n ad bo ccdent nvol ng t os' a ' a t tt r i defne i Se ton V o t Busnes Cove a For . l Peni ul hadi e s ha e m s i d n c i f he i s r ge m f ns a ntndedt o lm i t cove a pr de i t Endor e e t a i nt i vi uni u e orunde i ur i t he r ge ovi d n he s m nt o cc de s nvol ng ns r d r ns ed S ut , i c d ha us t tt m i t Endor e e t l t d,Pe ns a el c e t us t ' os' t oul ve ed ha er n he a ' s m n . nsea ni ul e t d o e he 2Peni ul sconces i r r ngt icover aut 'def ei unde sandabl i lghtofexitng c e ns a' son ega di he t ed o' ens s rt en i si as lw on t is a he s ue. Se e. ,Grnnel M ut Rei s rn eCo v. ih,6 F.d 58 ,5 - ( t Ci.201 ) e, g. i l . n ua c . Haa t 97 3 2 8791 7h r 2 - ( ligta t panifwa e tte t Ul c vea u de ap lc is e t he ft re e tou hs ewa hodn h the litf s nild o M o rge n r oiy su d o r ahe v n h g h s notrdi i a çc r d aut 'durng t a dent whe e t t oft ç ho i a l ur 's ton oft i ng n love e o' i he cci , r he ext he t W s n ns ed' ec i he UM / M e s ntcont ned no r quiementt tt na UI ndoreme ai e r ha he med i ed orf m iy m e be mus have bee nsur a l m r t n oc u igad o e e a t' ; ii v. ltt l . , 45N. .d5 ,5 0 51( b. 0 )( ligt ta c pyn d v rd uo' Resg Al -e- Co.6 c l sa ns W 2 44 5 - Ne 2 02 hodn ha n i ur nc polcy wa ambi ns a e i s guousast wheheruni ur d cover ge wa lmiedt c t n ûcover aut y'and o t ns e a s i t o erai t ed os' t ts ambi t hadt beconsr i f voroft i ur whe et decar i s tc ai anotton ha uch guiy o tued n a he ns ed, r he l atons hee ont ned ai r eri t ce t n de crbe aut ,butt uni ur d mot itendorement whi r d i capia lter t i ef rng o rai s i d os he ns e ors s , ch ea n tl e t s hat t û ' CHANGES THE POLI ' dd n trsrc u ns rd moo itc v rg t c vee a ts;So dad v CY, i o etit ni ue ' trs o ea e o o rd uo l td r . Cii ns I s Co. 6 N. .d 2 5,26 -0 ( ih.Ct Ap 2 02 ( lig t a a u i ue mooit tze n . , 43 W 2 6 97 M c . p. 0 ) hodn h t n nns rd t rs - e do sme tç n mbi o l p o ied c ea i cru tn e b y nd to e iv vig ...c v rd n re n : a gu usy r vd gj ov rge n ic msa c s e o h s n ol n u o ee a t s, de pt ln a t t ec tayi tep iy' S h d l o Co e a e a dCo ee Auo l t; s v uogj' s i a gu ge o h onrr n h ol s c e ue f v rg s n v rd ts i l Bu he ' e c s v. rhenAsu a eCo, 66A.d5 , 03( 2 01 (ee tn tei u e' a g me tta t u ns rd No t r s rnc .7 2 98 6 Md. 0 ) rjcig h ns rrs r u n h t he ni u e mot itendor e ors s mentr srced cover ge t onl t ei t ncesi vi adcover aut ' a emphaszi e tit a o y hos nsa nvol ng ç ed o, nd ' i ng t tçh rfr n e t c vee a tsi t ge e a sr tr o t poiy o whc ghei u elrle a bet ha t e e ee c s o o r d uo n he n rl tucu e f he lc n ih t ns rr eis t s t c e t a a i iy'. rae n mbgut' ) 15 br oade t r i ot vehi e ' w ihout de i ng t t r i a pa tc a m a r e m s or m cl ,' t tni he e m n ri ul r nner or o he w i e t r s lm ii isa i a i i tng t pplc ton. Eve i t t msoft Endor e n f he er he s mentwe e c i r d a guouswih r r t whe he r onsde e mbi t ega d o t r is c r i i ia e onl by a c de s i vi uni ur d orunde i ur d k ut , t t ove age s mplc t d y c i nt nvol ng ns e rns e i os' he a ' r ul i t s m e, A se a ned a ve a i t co tspr vi usopi o a a bi es t s he n xpl i bo nd n he ur ' e o ni n, ny m guouspolc iy l nguag m us be c t ued ç n f vorofc r and a ns t i ur r'3 W ila s 677 S. 2d a e t ons r t a i ove age gai t he ns e . ' li m , E. a 302. se as Se l v.Ere I .Exc , 67 S. 2d 860, 86 ( 2009) (d hee t t , e lo as i ns h. 4 E. 2 Va. k r wo W cons r tons a e equa l pos i e t m os f a e t t i u e w ilbe a pt d. La uage t uc i r ly sbl , hat t avor bl o he ns r d l do e ng i a polc pur tng t exc ude c rai e t fom c r w il be c tued m os s r y n i y por i o l e t n ven s r ove age l onsr t tongl a i tt i urr' (ntr lcttonomitd . gans he ns e .' i ena iai ) te ) Fort r as sa e t c tco l he e ons tt d, he our ncudest tt c r ge a f de by t Endo s m e ha he ove a for d he r e nt i not lm ied t a i nt i vi ç ut . The c ta s r m ai c nc d t t t t m s i t o cc de s nvol ng l os ' a ' our l o e ns onvi e ha he er tm ot ve c e, asus i t Endor e ent i l û or hi l ' ' ed n he s m , ne udesATV S Be us i i undi put d t tPore . ca e t s s e ha tr i a ins e ' orpur esoft Endo s m e , t tBuck' ATV i i s n ' ur d'f i pos he r e ntand ha s s ' rns e 't cou t unde i ur d, he r ' c n ld st a t UM / M c v rg p o i e i te En o sme ti a pl a l t teij re o cu e h t he UI o ea e r v d d n h d re n s p i be o h nu is c Pore s t ne i t ATV a ci nt tr usai d n he c de . 3Tot ext Peni ul s he ent ns a uggesst i woul beappr i ef t cour t consde par e de et t hat t d oprat or he to i r ol vi nc o r ol t ambi t t c es ve he guiy, he ourtdiagr . l Vigi a,par evi s ees n r ni ol dence i admisbl t e an a lt s s i e o xpli aent ambi t buti i nota s i et r ol apaentambi t Ze erv.E. Br eCo.l ,1 S. 2d 786, guiy, t s dmisbl o es ve t guiy. hl L. uc .nc. 60 E. 78 & n. ( .1 68 . Hee i i ce rt t n a iui a t wh te t eEn o s me tsUM/ M c v rg 9 5 Va 9 ) r,ts la ha a y mbg t s o eh r h d re n ' y UI o e a e applesonl t ça os'i apaenta guiy. Se Buider M ut l Cp.v. Pa alelDe Rn & Dev.LLC,785 F. i y o ûut ' s t mbi t e l s . ns. r l si - - S pp 2 5 5,5 - ( D.Va 2 1 (û r na c u t h v c sse t ditng ih d bewe n p tn u . d 3 4849 E. . 01 ) û gii o rs a e on itnl si us e t e ae t vi y ambi t - a guiyont f eoft i tumentis l - and lt ambi t - ambi t t tmaniessonl guiy mbi t he ac he nsr t ef aent guiy guiy ha f t y up n c n ie ai ofe ti sce i e c .) Co e e ty, a ol v d n e c nn tb c n i r d t r s l et e o o sd r ton x rn i v d n e' . ns qu n l p r e i e c a o e o sde e o e o v h ' ambi t a s h a bi t mus be consr i fvor oft i ur d. See Zehl , 160 S. 2d at789 guiy, nd uc m guiy t tued n a he ns e er E. (xpanigt tK r le ie c c n otb c nsdee t e pli ap tn a iui ';Lo tv. otd l Is e li n ha t o vd n e a n e o i rd o x an ae t mbg t l t Sc ts ae n . pa y' Co. 8 7 F.S p.2d 6 6,6 2 ( D.Va 201 )(tpltn a gute i is rnc p lce ae r uiey ,2 up 2 3 E. . 1 ç ae t mbi iis n n u a e oiis r o tn l g c nsr e a i tteis rd.) o tu d gans h n u e ' . ' C oncl on usi Fo te ra o sae ,te c u twi g a t s mmay j d me t i fv r o P re. r h e s ns ttd h o r l rn u r u g n n a o f o tr l Pe ns a' moto f r onsdeai a f s ni ul s ins or ec i rton nd or ummayj r udgme wilbede e TheClr i nt l nid. ek s diec ed t s co esoft sm e o a um o ni a t a om pa ng or rt a 1c r t o end pi hi m r nd pi on nd he cc nyi de o 1 ouns lof e r d. ecor Ex'ER: Ths 78 r i d yo se tmb r2015. a f pe e, Chi fU nie St t s Di t i tJ e t d a e sr c udge
]]>
Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You
should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google
Privacy Policy and
Terms of Service apply.
