Garner v. Steger et al, No. 7:2014cv00081 - Document 24 (W.D. Va. 2014)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 10/09/2014. (ssm)
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Garner v. Steger et al Doc. 24 CL ERK' OFFI U S. SX COUKF S CE DI AT ROANOKE, VA FI LED 02- 8 2 1 1 2j I TH E UN I N TED STA TES D I STRI CO URT CT FO R TH E W ESTERN DI STRI OF V I GI I CT R N A RO AN O KE DI I ON V SI HA RO LD GA RN ER, Pl n if ai t f , J I OLA BY: L ,CL E UW CL ERK Ca eN o. 7: 4- vs : 1 c 00081 G EC - M EM ORANDUM OPI ON NI CH A RLES STEG ER , R . J , M A RK M C A M EE, N R OBERTS W A LTERS, DEN N I DEAN ,a S nd TI OTHY D .SAN D S, M De e nt . f nda s By: Gl n E. e Conr ad ChifUnie St t sDititJ e t d a e src udge Pe ngbef et c ti de e nt 'm oton t dimist frta e d compl i , ndi or he our s f nda s i o s s he is m nde ant Dkt No.3,whih s eksdim is lofpl i ifsnme . c e s sa antf ndedcompl nti ise iet Pl ntf ha ai n t ntr y. ai if s fld ar s e i opposton,Dkt N o.1 a de e nt havefld a r pl Dkt No.1 The ie e pons n ii . 2, nd f nda s ie e y, . 3. co the d or la g e on t m oto a i i now rpe f di poston. t r as s t ur ar a r um nt he i n nd t s i or s ii For he e ons e f t beow,t moton t dim isi g an e i pa ta denid i pa t orh l he i o s s s r t d n r nd e n r. 1. Background A. 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Z t 2 or .. 1Thetuenaur oft sc ngei poston, a whet i wasade oton,s ton,orsmpl a r t e hi ha n ii nd her t m i anci i y r s i e ,i vi r l con et dby t pa tesa a t hea toft m oto t dim is ea sgnm nt s go ousy t se he ri nd t he r he in o s s . ' 2Th lt ridiae ta tersac fc l ( o es lre ac u tdfr$ 0 >0 o te$10 0'0 0 e et n c ts h th ee rh a ut wh s aais c o ne o 5 00 0 f h 7 0 0 ) e y wo l bee p ce ,tafe a a p o raesatu p ro , çob yo t s b tnil oto o terp sto s ud x e td t ltr n p r pit tr-p eid' i u u a u sa ta p rin f h i o iins o g 't fmds c n be f e f rot rpur e ' Dk . o.3- a 5. t a r ed o he pos s. t N ' 1 t l bor t y f ndi a wasti leu ofa e a aor u ng nd ln i n ndowe c r' t ot r$500, oft ta l d hai'and he he 000 ha nnua e ndiur wasdesg ' o lunc a gr a ne me c li or tcsdi so f rVBl' xpe t e i ned l a h nd ow t w di a nf ma i vii n o . ' Dk * 25 1 3 Gan rsr e a teEx c tv Die t ro VBlwi o ticd n u tlAug t tNo. ! 3. r e e v d s h e u ie rco f t u n i e t ni us h 2011. I A ugus 2011 W aler i o d G a ne t the a V B1woul be audied.Dkt N o.2, n t , t s nf nne r r ha nd d t . !23.Ga c nwr oopertdwihUni st ofi asdurngt a ta t audio si e ve d ae t veriy fcil i he udi, nd he tr ntr iwe Ga onDe embe 15, 1 L.!26.On Fe uay29,201 t a t ssntGane ad atof nwr c r 201 .ds u br r 2,he udior e r r rf t rr por a asur d Ga ne t thewoul ha a opporuniy t r vi t r por f f t hei e t nd s e r r ha d ve n t t o e ew he e t or acual ac urcya r pondt isdrf fndi .J. !27. r rr e dt rpor a snta c a nd es o t a ti ngs ., ds Gane eviwe he e t nd e r pons t t a t son M a c 5, 2, opyi W at r ,M c a ,a Uni r iy Gene a es e o he udior r h 201 c ng le s N mee nd ve st rl Co ns l yHed rd r Lu!28 Tha s med y Gan rme wihW atr , c me , n t u e Ka ib e e . d . . t a a , r e t t l s M Na e a d wo s e a t r i o dert r vi w t d a tr por a Ga ne ' r s e.Jl !29. t udio s n r o e e he r f e t nd r rs e pons t a Alhought drf he a t . r por c ane i or a i a e t ont i d nf m ton boute r sr l t t VBIa co i no o pr e a t ror e aed o c untng, ne es nt t he me tng i c t d t tGa ne woul ber m o d a t die t rofVBIo o he wiebe e i ndia e ha r r d e ve s he r c o r t r s dicplned.I !!30- Thea t st nditi edt i fna r por onM ach8,201 s i i d. 31. udior he srbut her i l e t r 2. l. 3 . d! 3 C .G ar ' C hange i Pos t on ner s n ii O n M a c 8 201 W a t r m e wih G a ne i W a t r 'ofi e a ga G a ne a l te r h , 2, le s t t r r n le s tc nd ve r r e t r i o mi hi t thi poston wa bei c nge t t tofDie t oft M e c ll onna i nf r ng m ha s ii s ng ha d o ha r c or he di a nf tcs andSyse (1 l ' di sonofVBI Jz!34. lte saedt tGane ' sl ywo dnot tms t S' vii M ) .#. The etr tt ha r rs aar ul ber edasar s toft sposton c nge. Dkt N o. 3. I f rhe e ane t thewas educ e ul hi ii ha 4 . 3- t u t r xpli d ha 3Thesaementt ta po i oft f ngwasi le ofa e tt ha ny rton he undi n iu n ndowedchai doesnota ari t r ppe n he doc e sr feci t tr sofhi e pl e ofe . um nt e l tng he e m s m oym nt fr 4A c r ngt t m otont dim is pl ntf scu r ts a yhasacual i r s d si l fom co di o he i o s s , ai if' ren alr t ly nc ea e lghty r $325, t $3 645. 000, o 42, 00. b igta se rdt C lo ( mjt f c smo ef lyo te( I JDiiin, pr g n ta ha en r n fre o l lw hi o o u r ul n h M S v so a o rm h t s a sgnii a po e ilf gr h t ough isco rbutonst r s a ch a t i e f e ofm e cne i fc nt t nta or owt hr t nti i o e e r t he ntrac di i , molc a bi ogy a i o m a i .' d. e ulr ol nd nf r tcs'l Addii l W at r i onned Gar rt he, tonaly, le s nf ne hat M c m e ,and St ge had una mousy de i d t r m oveGa ne fo hi poston asDiecor Nn e e r ni l c de o e r r r m s ii r t ofVBI DktNo. !3 . . 2, 4. D .Faculy H andbook t AsExe utveDiecorofVBI pli ifwa a ça nita i ofi i l'a c e by c i r t , a ntf s n sdmi sr tve tc a' nd over d Se ton7oft Vigi aTec Fa ulyHa ci he r ni h c t ndbook(theHa book' Se ton 7. oft C t nd ). ci 6 he Ha ndbook pr de t tof a smay ber m o d f f l r as :non-ea nt ovi s ha fcil e ve or otr e ons r ppoi ment , r a sg me t a o i o o p iin, rrmo a f r us c us . ls a t ot etr o t eM ac e si n n , b l in f osto o e v l o j t a e Pt u n t h e ms f h rh t r 8,201 lte i o mi hi oft c nge i poston, r i aTe h consde ed Gar rsc nge 2 et r nf r ng m he ha n ii Vigni c i r ne ' ha i poston aS ea sgmne 'a t usco e t tt dec son wasgove ne by Se ton 7. 3, n ii û si r nt' nd h nt nds ha he ii r d c i 6. whi h sa e . c t t s' The uni r iy m a r s i n adm i s r tve a pr es i l ve s t y ea s g ni t a i nd of sona fc t m e a uly mber a a tme.Rea sgnme m a i ve c ngei s t ny i si nt y nvol ha n a i sr tve tteors r ior r s dm nita i il upe v s y e ponsbiii s r a sgnm e t i lte , e s i nt o a he poston orde rme , r ns e t a sa fposton,a or not r ii pa t nt ta f r o t f ii nd/ r duc i i s l r c m e ur t w ih r duc r po i lte . e ton n a a y om ns a e t e ed es nsbiii s N e t rnotc ofnon-ea nt e norr m ovalf c us i ihe ie r ppoi m nt e or a e s r qui e t ef e ta r as i nm e . e r d o f c e s g nt The uni r iy' r s ns biiy ve st s e po i lt t derr a s gnm e i t m a a iabl a s tt epos ton or m esi nt s o ke va l e ubsiut ii dute r as bl c me ur t wih t pe s n' e a i is e ona y om ns ae t he r o s duc ton, e renc a pe f m a e. xpe i e, nd r or nc D kt N o. 2 a 8. . 3- t Ga nerdiput t Uni r iy' c r c e i to a i t d a lgest tt c ngei r s es he ve st s ha a t rzai n nd nsea le ha he ha n poston w asa çs e sancton,'perSecton 7. 5: ii tever i ' i 6. A s ve e s nc i n ge r l i ve a s gnik a l s orpe ly t e r a to ne aly nvol s i t nt os na t o a f c t m em be s h a , notlm ie t a r duc i i tte, a uly r uc s but i t d o, e ton n il r s ns biii s a s l r ors pe i w iho pa f a pe i e po i lte , nd a a y; us ns on t ut y or rod nott e e oneyea i o xce d r mpos f unac e a ec ed or c pt bl onducta / a nd or s r o br c ofuni r iy polc e i us ea h ve s t i y. l a 9(mpha i a d) W ihr r t s ve es tons ût smepr edtr asdimis f d. t e ss dde . t egad o e r anci ,she a oc les s sal or c us a et be f l d. 1 a e r o olowe ' d. 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Tha d e po e i m a t t s vior who t n ki ys o es o he ea ons' t t s ns s de o he uper s , ' r he ma a fna de son a co muni aesi t t f c t m e r Thef culy me be m a kes i l cii nd m c t t o he a uly mbe . a t m r y i nvoke t a i abl gr e nce pr ed e ' 1 a 8,Se ton 7. 4. he pplc e i va oc ur .' d. t ci 6. E.ProceduralB ackground Gm e orgi ly fl d s ti t Cic tCo tf M ont m e y Count Bec us al of r i na l ie ui n he r ui ur or go r y. a e l t c si hi c anta sre cli under42U. C.j1 dee nt tmel rmove he ount n s ompli se td ams S. 983, fnda s i y e d t a to t fd rlc u tiv kngt sc u tsfd r l u sinj rs it n u d r2 U. C. he cin o e ea o r,n o i hi o r' e ea q e to u idci n e 8 S. o j1 Pl ntf same 331. ai if ndedc antc ai tz ecou s e c ofwhihi ca i dlDe a ompli ont ns h e nt, a h c s ptone s nil o Du Pr c s i Vilto o t eUntdS ae Co t ui na d4 U. 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' s l m ha , n to o he l o s m r put i he ha be n dn e aton, s e mage be us at d ca e, lhough hi s a y hasco i s alr ntnued,hedoesnotr ceve e i ce t n ot ras t off ng be a e he i no l rt diec orofV BI Thes i ude a rai he pec s undi c us s onge he r t . e ncl tave budge a t a r l t nd he nnua l bor t r fmdi f rr s a c sa sa f He s eks$11m ilo i l a a o y t ng o e e r her nd t f . e li n n da a s m ge . Il. A nal s ysi A. Le St gal andar Gover ngRul 1 b)6)M oi t Dimis ds ni e 2( ( tons o s s To s vi a m oton t di m i s pl i if sale tonsm us E t t a cl i t r le t ti ur ve i o s s , a ntf l ga i t d a e a m o e i f ha s s plusbl onisfce'As r t l ,556U. 662,678( a i e t a .' hcof v.qbal S. 2009)( ttonomild) Thi ciai te . s 5AS not ,Sa w a r ce l s tm td f St ronl ast t ofi a c pa t cam s Thus ed nds s e nty ubsi e or ege y o he fcil a ciy li . , M c mee, a x , ndDe n a ena i bot c pa iisi Count11 Sa i name o y i bi ofk il Na W he s a a x med n b a cte n 1, nds s d nl n s i a c ciy,a St ri na e o y i hi i vi lca iy. apa t nd ege s m d nl n s ndi dua pact 6 sa r ( equie t pli ift a tc at f ct,when a ce e a tu t tthow't t t nda d û r s he a ntf o ri ul e a s r c ptd s r e, ha s hat he pli ifhassatd a cai e ilnghi t r i ,ie.t ç a i lt ofe il m e t r le ' a ntf te l m ntti m o elef . , he plusbiiy ntte nt o ei f'' Frn i v. a o l , 8 F.d 1 6 1 3( t Ci. 0 9 ( u tnglb l5 U. a 6 8 . e a cs Gic mel 5 8 3 8 , 9 4h r 2 0 ) q oi q a, 56 S. t 7 ) Th i pl i lt sa d r quie m or t n û s rpos i lt t ta de e ntha a t d ausbiiy tndar e r s e ha $ hee a sbiiy ha f nda s ce u a uly. As r tv.l l 556U. 662,678( nlwf l ' hcof qba, ' S. 2009)Furhe e,osaeac us ofaci . t nnor t tt a e ton unde j1 k plitf mus alget vi ain ofarghtsc e byt Consiutona r 983,t anif t le he olto a i e urd he tt i nd lw soft Unie Stt s, nd m us s a he t d a e a t how t tt al ge de i ton wascomm it d by ape s n ha he le d prvai te ro a tngunde c orofsaelw. W etv. ki ,487U. 42,48( 988) ci r ol tt a ' s At ns ' S. 1 . I t i m o i n t dimis de e nt a s r s ve ala gum e s Fis,t c e t t n her to o s s , f nda s s e t e r r nt. rt hey ont nd ha pl i tf s c a m saga ns def nda si t i of i i lc pa ii s d be di m i s d ptr ua t a n if l i i t e nt n he r fc a a c tes houl s s e ls nt o Rul 1 b)1 bec us defnda sa enott s 'i t i ofiilca iisf pur e of42 e 2( ( ) a e e nt r û ons'n her fca pacte or pos s per U. C.j1 a ha Elve hAme nti S. 983 nd ve e nt ndme mmuniyfom s t Se nd,t ypostt ta1 t r ui. co he i ha 1 t e c t s dbedimis dptrua t Rul 1 b)6)be a e,a amal roflw, antf hre oun s houl s se zs nt o e 2( ( c us s te a pli if di notha apr t i e es o lbe t i e e ti hi poston asdie t ofVBI Thid, d ve opery nt r t r i ry ntr s n s ii r cor . r defnda sa g t y ar e ild t q lfe i uniybec us t y di no vi a epl i ifs e nt r ue he e ntte o uaii d mm t a e he d t olt antf' cla l e t bls d rg s Fourh a fna l- a i t ale a i --de e nt a g t te e ry sa ihe i ht . t nd i ly nd n he tm tve - f nda s r ue ha ven i t co pl ntdoes s tf t f c s s f c en t es a i h a pr t orlbe t i er s ,t f he m ai e orh a t uf i i t o t bls opery i ry nt e t he c pl n s d s ilbe di m i s d be aus pl i ifr e ved due pr s . om ai t houl t l s s e c e a ntf ec i oce s B. E l vent A m e e h ndm entI m uniy m t Deenda srl onW ilv. ihi nDe tofStt Pot 491U. 58( 989)t ague f nt ey l M e ga p' ae ke, S. 1 or t a t i e u t sn s b e t te j rs cin o rtecamsa an td f n a t i t er h t h s o r ha o u j c matr u idito ve h li g i s ee d n s n h i ofk i lc pa t e .l pa tc a ,W ilhe d t tt ihe a St t noris ofi i l ac i i t r t a a cii s n ri ul r l l ha s t r a e ne t fc a s tng n hei ofkilca ciisaed s ns unde j1 'I a 71. nW ilho ver rc niedt t a pa te r pero ' r 983. d. t Eve l, we , e og z he ' e c p in stfrhi Expat Yo ng 2 9U. 1 3 ( 9 ) r l du o b plitf hee 491 x e to e o t n re u , 0 S. 2 1 08, ei p n y anif r . e U . at71 n. 0. c fc l Ex pa t Younc a l sof i i c pa iy c a m s u rSe ton 198 S. 1 Spe i i aly, re low fc al a c t l i nde c i 3 t b a s re a ans saeofcaswheeap an ifs e so l p o p cie ij nci rle . o e s etd g i t tt fiil r litf e k ny r s e tv ,nu t eif ve Seej seas Grvv. - e lo a Laws 51F. 426,430(t Ci.1 )($ saeandisofke saenot 4; , 3d 4h r 995 1 tt A t t r r e il d t Elve h Am e e pr e ton,howeve ,whe eapl i ifs ekso y pr pe tve, ntte o e nt ndm nt ot c i r r antf e nl os c i ij nci erle ' . n u tv eif ' ) Hee t eo fca c pa iycamss e o l p os e tv ij nci erle a dtusfl r ,h fiil a ct li e k n y r p cie nu tv eif n h al wihi t Ex pa t Yo e e i .6Specii ly,Co 1oft a e t n he re ung xc pton fcal unt he m nded c ompli ts e onl a n e ks y a c s ton ofwr f a t a r i t t m e t t Exe utve D ie t s p ofV Bla t i es a i ong ul c s nd e ns a e nt o he c i r c or hi nd hus s notbar Si lry,Co 1I( ough ag ns dee nt i bot t i i vi la ofi a red. mial unt I br t ai t fnda s n h her ndi dua nd fcil c p cte )s e mo ea yd ma e b tas s e sij n t erle Cnt ef r o ahe rngo a a iis e ks n tr a g s u lo e k nu ci eif l h o m f ai r v i ot ro runiyt c e rhi na e. Thus de e nt 'm otont dim iswilbedeni t t he ppo t t o l a s m ' ' , f nda s i o s s l ed o he e tn i s e d s sa o o t a c p ct camsse n p o p cie ij n tv r le . x e t t e ks imis l f f l a a i li e kig r s e tv ,n u cie eif ki y C. D ue Process Cl m s ai De enda sne c end t tGa ne di nothaveapr ry orlbe t i er s i hi f nt xt ont ha r r d ope t i ry nt e t n s contnued e oy e wih t f nci ltteofExec i Die t ofVBla t hi cli s i mpl m nt t he u tona il utve r c or nd hus s am aes be t ods sa. fnd nsas c n e dta te aee tte t q aiidi nt a r u j c t imis lDee a t lo o tn h t h y r n ild o u lfe mmu i s y t bot cli s Thecour t nst qualfe i muniyfrt snc t fr tpr oft ta yss o h am . t ur o iid m t is, i e he is ong ha nal i r qui e a de e m i ton ofw he he G a ne hass fci nty pl d a c tt i lvi a i n. e rs t r na i t r r r uf i e l e ons iutona ol to Quaiidi lfe mmuniyt otcsgove n ntofki sfom la lt f ci lda ges t t et pr r me f al r ibiiy or vi ma i of rast i conduc doesnotvi a e cl ary e t bls d s a u or orc tt i ns a he r t ol t e l s a i he t t t y ons iutonalrght of i s whih aras bl pe s woul ha known. Smihv. lhrs,7 F. 30 307( hCi. c e ona e ron d ve ' t Gic it 49 3d 2, 4t r ' 6Tot e t ntt co pl nti unce a t whihr lefi bei s he x e he m ai s lar s o c ei s ng oughtfom defnda si whih r e nt n c ca ii ,pli ifexpli t thei nots ki m onea y d pactes antf ans ha s ee ng tr amagesfo t deenda si t i ofi a ca ii . r m he f nt n her fcil pactes Dkt N o.1 a 1 n. . 2 t 3 3. 8 2 4 ( u t g Sa o v. i , U. ,1 4 S. . , ( 1 )( e c ra ) tl eb r n o 01 ) q oi tntn Sms n S. 3 Ct 3 4 20 3 p r u iml.d- u de f -h pr a pe s i w ih r pec t a de e e ofqualf e i m uniy r s s on t of i i l oof nd r uas on t es t o f ns ii d m t et he fc a a srigt a d fns . Du h m v. o e , 3 F.d 2 1 29 ( t Ci. 01 ) tl p e al n e se t h t ee e' r a J n s 7 7 3 9 , 9 4 h r 2 3 .t' rv iu d r n ' 'o q ai e i nt , d fnd n sh v ) os w et e ta t r wa n c nsiu in l oain o u lt d mmu iy ( ee a t a e t ho ih r h t hee s o o t to a vilto r i t t tt rghtvi aedwa no ce ryesa ihed.'d.(iai omitd) ha he i olt s t lal tbls 'l cttons te . 1.Propert Int y erest The c t our addr s es Ga ne ' pr t i e e tc a m fr t A st t s c a m ,t tr tpr es r r s opery nt r s l i is . o hi l i he i s ong oft qua ii d i m uniy a l i r qui e t c t o de e m i whe herGa ne hasade t l he lfe m t na ys s e r s he our t t r ne t r r qua e y al ge aconsiutonalvi ai n ba e on de i ton ofapr pe t i e es wihoutduepr es . le d tt i ol to s d prva i o ry nt r t t oc s çr h veap o e t itr s s be t opr c d rld ep o e sp oe to a i iiua mu tb io a ' r p ry n ee t u j c t o e u a u r c s r tcin, n ndvd l s e e il t abe ftc e t d a de i by as ur i pende oft Consiuton,s h as ntted o ne i r a e nd fned o ce nde nt he tt i uc saelw.' ncv. ofGovenor,902F. 11 4,11 ( hCi.1 .dnt cone of tt a 'Hua Bd. r s 2d 3 41 4t r 990) tl he txt e pl e i publc e a i t i pe nts ur f t pr ry i e es ha be s d t m oym nt n i duc ton, he nde nde o ce or he ope t nt r t s en ai o be a c r tw hi h pr de f c i d e pl e ,a w hi h c n be t r i t d onl f ontac c ovi s or ontnue m oym nt nd c a e m na e y or good c e.Thus onl whe et e pl eha al tm ae e il me t con i d aus , y r he m oye s egii t ntte nt o tnue e pl m oymen do t r quie nt ofduepr es a tc 'Royse v.Bd.ofTr .772 F. 61 t he e r me s oc s ta h. ' tr s, 2d 8, 620- ( hCi.1 (iai omit ;Loga v. mmema Br hCo.4557. 422,430 21 4t r 985) cttons ted) n Zi r n us , 1 5. (1 2)(t' halmakofpr ry...i a i vi le tte ntgoundedi saelw,whih 98 i-he l r f ope t s n ndi dua nilme r n tt a c ca bermovede ptçorca e' (iai o te ;s as Hua 902F. a 11 nnot e xce f us '' cttons mitd) ee lo nc, ) 2d t 41 (tpl nifs postona at e pr eso i i s a yapr ryrghte ildt Cg aitf j ii s enurd of s r s ndiputbl ope t i ntte o pr e alduepr s pr e ton.) oc dur oce s otci ' . ' D ef nt cie t a num be ofc est s enda s t o r as o uppor t i c a m t tG a ne ha no t he r l i ha r r d c tt i l pr ec e pr r y i e e ti hi tte o i hi c i d em pl ym e a ons iutonaly ot t d ope t nt r s n s il r n s ontnue o nt s 9 Ex c t Die tro VBI r li h a iyo tefcst a: 1 h r man e o e a a e ui rco f , eyng e v l n h a t h t ( ) e e is mply d s ve tnur dfc t me r a ( hi sl ywa notrduc d.I t frtoft ec s s Hua e e a uly mbe ; nd 2) s aar s e e n he is hes a e ngat nur d pr es oras e t t thi ta f rfom o de rm e t a he vi a e hi due e e of s s red ha s r nse r ne pa t nt o not r olt d s pr c s rg t. 0 F.da 1 3 - 7. ec u tee tdh scam i p r b c u eh r man da o e s ihs 9 2 3 t 1 6 3 Th o r rj ce i li n a t e a s e e ie tnur d f lpr e s a t s m eore f c i l gr trs a y. d. t11 Thec t e s d, e e ul of s or t he a f e tvey eae alr l a 41. our r a one (W eaec n ic dta a yc nsi to al p oe tdp o e t itrs gn e l y eh s a a t z o vn e h t n o tt in ly r tce r p ry ne e t a mp o e a ) s ç u r ul ofhi e oyme c r c (s stsidbypay ntoft f l c es t s mpl nt onta t il aife me he ul ompe ai dueunder ns ton t c nr c.' 1 . t1 4 (u tngRo se , 7 F.da 6 ) Ac o dngy, n sitr he o ta t' d a 1 2 q o i ' y tr 7 4 2 t 21. c r i l Hua g' ne de m e a tanse di notr ul i a i rnge e ofac tt i ly pr t c edpr pe t pm nt l r fr d es t n n nfi m nt onsiutonal o e t o ry i ers.Se aloi ( l c tnoi t tisnzi wa c itntwih:( )t 1w i t nt et e s d.Huam our tng ha t lng s onsse t 1 he a n he El nt Cic tt tthe ta f roft nur d pr es or fom o de t e t a he ,wihout eve h r ui ha û r ns e t e e of s s r ne parm nt o not r t l s ofr rk orpa doesnoti plc t a pr r y i e e tpr ec ed by t Due Pr s os al y, m i a e ny ope t nt r s ot t he oces Clus';a 2)r lng t t Fit a Si hCic t, c ha hel t tcet ni ra e' nd ui s k he fh nd xt ruis whih ve d ha rai nta of d p me tld mo in d n ti lc t p o et itr sss be tt p oc d r l u p o e s e m n a e to s o o mpiae r p ry n ee t u j c o r e u a d e r c s pr eci ' Ga vi v. a ks 8 F. 647(t Ci.1988 ( antf,whoha l thi ot ton.); r e J c on, 45 2d 6h r ) pli if d os s poston ast hea ofhi de rm e butc i dt bee pl ii he d s pa t nt ontnue o m oyedbyt uni r iy a af l he ve st s ul- tmetnur pr e s a f ls lr di no s fra de i to ofapr t i ees) i e ed ofsor t ul aay, d t ufe ny prvain opery ntr t; Kelhe v.Flwn,761F. 1 1 (t Ci.1 (e tonofga t sude ' ta hi le r a 2d 079, 087 5h r 985) rduci rduae t nts e c ng dutesi notde alofapr e tdpr ryi eesl. i s ni otce ope t ntr t) Def nt alor y on t Fo t Cic tsde ii n i Royse , F. 618.The enda s s el he urh r ui' c so n t r 774 2d Roys e ,c tc l d t ta s hools i e ntha apr ry i t r t pr m i e on hi t r our onc ude ha c upernt nde d ope t n e es , e s d s c r t t ough t end ofhi c r c . ontac , hr he s ont a t The Cour hel t the w asnotde i d oft si e es t d ha prve hi nt r t whe hewa dim is d a m le d ofa lofhi d i sx m ont e ry,butsilr ei d hi n s s s e nd ive l s utes i hs a l tl ec ve s f ls a y a be ft t oug t end oft c r c pe i 77 F. a 620.The Cour ul alr nd ne is hr h he he onta t rod. 4 2d t t concuded,atrd a eulconsdeai , ...t t( antf'lc rc af de hi onl t l fe t r f c i rtonll ha pli ifs onta t for d m y he rgh t be f l compe a e a nott rg t oc pyt ofk eofs rntnde . l a i t o uly ns t d, nd he i ht o cu he t upe i e nt' d. t ' 6 ; e as F edsv Duhn 9 9F.d9 , 8(t Ci. 9 0 (x ann ta t p o e t 21 s e lo il . r m, 0 2 4 9 4h r 1 9 ) e pli ig h t he r p ry itrs i e ly n do sno e tn t terg t op s s a drti apatc lr o o t n ee tn mpo me t e t x e d o h ih t ose s n ean riua j b r o pe f pari a s r i esa r yi on Royse t hol t no de i ton e sss l a ronn tculr e v c nd el ng tr o d hat prva i xi t o ong s t e oye r c i û me oft f l c he mpl e e eves d pay nt he ul ompe ai dueunde t c r c )( i nston r he onta f' quotng Rovse ,77 F. a 621. tr 4 2d t ) Pl i ifa t m pt t di tnguih e c oft s c eson f t gr a ntf te s o s i s a h he e as ac ual ounds See D kt N o.1 a . . 2 t 1 20.Fo e m pl Pl ntf a gue t tG a vi i i ppos t be a e i t tc e, he f c t 8r xa e, ai i f r s ha r e s na ie c us n ha as t a uly ha ndbook w a l e rt tno t nur s t m a i st de r m e he ds'a t e w a no s s a ha cl e e ys e pple o pa t nt a ' nd her s pr s fom t t ve st t tahe ds p woul bet nni t o y f ca e. r i 845 omie r he mi r iy ha a hi d e naed nl or us Ga ve, F.da 6 . c n rs, h h n b o h r e p e sys b e t açe uci ni tte 2 t 51 By o ta tt e a d o k ee x r sl u j cs l d to n i , r l r s o sb l is a ds lr t t ep o e to sa dp o e u e o j t a s . e p n iii e , n aaf'o h r tci n n r c d r s f us c u e t Si ia l pl ntf c endst tt de i i n i Hua doe notcon r be aus t m l ry, ai i f ont ha he c s o n ng s t ol c e he hol ng t r w a sm pl t tû he t a f roft nur pr e s s f om one de r m e t a t r di he e s i y ha i r ns e t e ed of s or r pa t nt o no he , w ihoutl s ofr nk orpay,doe no i plca e a y pr pe t i e es . 902 F. a 11 .Her , t os a s t m i t n o ry nt r t' ' 2d t 41 e Ganersae heha i s a yalege bohal sofrnk( se c i die t s pt a r tts s ndiputbl l d t os a hi xe utve rcorhi o posto s di et t exe utvedie tr andal sofohe mo tr be ft,s ha t iin ubor nat o he c i rco) os t r neay neis uc s he l bo a or s i a r t y ubs dy. The c ur hasc i r d t s c s a ag e st t a tr tgl nce t br d l nguage o t ons de e he e a es nd r e ha - t i s a - he oa a a t r s ti m os oft s c es pari ul ry R o t r a Hua s nd he e ul n t he e as , tc a l vse nd nR, ugges t tt ac i t ha he tons t ken he edo noti i t a pr pe t i t r t I pa tculr i Rovse t de enda was a r mplcae o ry n e es. n ri a ,n t r he f nt e s nta l srpped ofa1dute , tbe us hewa pad wha hewa d undert con r t t s e ily ti 1 is bu ca e s i t s ue he tac, he c t nc uded he r t i t o y pr pe t i e es he pos es e M or over t ca es our co l e a ned he nl o ry nt r t s s d. e , he s ge r ly r f rt apr pe t i e e ti ûc i ne al e e o o ry ntr s n dontnued e o e . He e, cour e Ga e mplym nt' r of ' s, m r r m anse oye and hi ba es l r ha no be n r duc d. e i mpl d s s aay s t e e e N one he es ,whie t s ca e a e i t u i t s e deg ee, he s ope oft pr r y t l s l he e s s r nsr d ve o om r t c he ope t i e eti afcti e i i r t tt nsont tnnsoft c r c ( lw)ceai t ntr s s a -ntnsve nquiy ha ur he e he onta t or a r tng he pr pe t i e es. si s be aus apr ry it r texit i a be ftonl whe et ei a o ry nt r t Thi s o c e ope t n e es ss n ne i y r her s c nr cu l ih n tobed p i do ta b n ftwi o tg o c u eo j tc us . v tr 7 4 o ta ta rg t o t e rve f h t e ei t u o d a s r us a e Ro se, 7 h F.da 6 0 21 Th ,hec u t s lo t wh t sp o e tdb tej s c us p o iin o 2 t 2 - . us t o r mu t o k o a wa r tce y h u t a e r v so s f t Handbookt deemi t c o sofGane ' pr ry itr t Se j.Sofn he o tr ne he ontur r rs ope t nees. e .. r med,he ys t quesi be om e whe he t aci n t ke a i tGa ne , . ,hi c ngei poston a ton c s t r he to a n gans r r ie. s ha n ii nd a tnda cic sa es s h ast l sofr r a c ran be tt butwih r t nton ofhi te nt r um t nc , uc he os al nd e ti neis k t ee i s b s s lr , o do l b tk nwihg o c us o j tc us . s i tr r q ie a a e aay c ul ny e a e t o d a e r us a e Thi,n t n,e ur s n l applca i oft H a i ton he ndboo t t a l ge f c s i t sc e k o he le d a t n hi as . Thec ii lc i r ton t rt tnnsoft Ha rtca onsde a i mde he e he ndbook i wheherGar r sc s t ne ' hangei n posto wasadr as i ii n ûe sgnment'o i t a a ç eve e s nc i ' l i tul wa ar s i nme ,t ' r nse d i r a ton. f t r y s ea sg nt he s ' pli lnguageoft Handbookpr dest ttg eihe notc ofnon-e ppoi me no an a he ovi ha tnl t r ie ra nt nt r r movalf ca e i r quied t efed ar as i e or us s e r o f e sgnme .' nt'Thus no pr ry i e e ti i ia e , ope t nt r s s mplc t d f a r s i nm e .1 , e r i w asa S eve e s nc i ' t n G n n r wasen il t t s m e or ea s g nt f how ve , t ç r a ton, he s ' re tted o he n duepr s pr e tonst tar m ova f ca ewo d ha en ild hi t oce s ot c i ha e l or us ul ve tte m o. The H a boo s a est ta r as i e û a i ve c nge i ad i s r tve tte or nd k t t ha e s gnm nt t y nvol ha m n m ni t a i il s r i or r s upe v s y e pons biii s r as i e t a t rpos ton orde r m e , r ns e t a s a f i lte , e s gnm nt o no he ii pa t nt t a f r o t f poston,a orr uci i s lr c ii nd/ ed ton n a ay omm e ur t wih r due d r ponsbiii s. A C e r ns ae t e e es i lte ' t ve e ' s 12 s nc i 'on t ot ha Sg r l i ve asgnii a l sorpe ly t af c t a ton,' he her nd, tene aly nvol s i fc nt os nat o a uly m e be s h as butnotlm ie t a r duc i i tte, e ponsbiii , s a y;ors pe i n m r uc , i t d o, e ton n il r s i ltes and al r us ns o wihoutpa f ape i nott e ee oneye i t y or rod o xc d ar mpos d f una e a ec e or cc pt bl onduc a ora t nd/ s r o br ac ofuni s t polc ' D kt N o. 2 a 9. e i us e h ver iy i y. ' . 3- t The c t le t q s i n ofw hi h oft s t o c t gor e Gar r s c our be i ves he ue to c he e w a e i s ne ' hange i n poston f l i a ve y cl e one. a ng c i r t f c spl d i t ca e, e ,t c t ii als s r os H vi ons de ed he a t e n he s how ver he our i c tane t co l t tpli ifhasade t y pl apl usbl cl m ,s e l l t tt s onsr i d o ncude ha a ntf quael ed a i e ai e qba , ha he c ng i poston he ewasaSs ve e s nc i ' ha coul onl be madef c us The ha e n ii r ûe r a ton't t d y or a e. c ompl n des rbe t ac i a ade o i andt tal gai i c ranl s ait c i s he ton s m ton, ha le ton s e ti y uppore byt td he f tt t c ngei ude bot ar duc i i ttea r ponsbiii . ti ,Ga nerwas ac hat he ha ncl d h e ton n il nd es i ltes Tha s r pr vi l e pl d ast e utve diec orofV Bla i now i a poston t tr pors t t e ous y m oye he xec i r t nd s n ii ha e t o he exe utve di e t r Putdif r ty,t s c nge w asnota l t r lm ove. c i rco . f e en l hi ha aea Addii ly,t c tona l he ompl i al ge t t at h hi ba es lr w a no r duce Ga e ant le s ha , lhoug s s aa y s t e d, m r r c i d ar ton i t r sofot rm onear be tt a pr si e,s c fca l t l sofa e e ve educ i n e m he t y neis nd e tg pe ii ly he os $500, a 000 nnuallbor or s i a t a lt t c tolt f ng f a tonal a at y ubsdy nd he biiy o on r he undi or ddii r s a che s I t r uc i c tt e a r e e r r . f he ed tons ons iut educ i i s l r t n i a ton n a a y, he t ppea st poston cha r he ii nge woul c tt e ar duc i n i S il ,r s i ltes a s l r ' woul f l s r l wihi d onsiut e to n t te e ponsbiii , nd a a y'and t d a l qua e y t n t t e r s nci n'c t or M or ove ,Ga ne a lge t tt sl soff ng,i pm iul r he t ve e a to ' a eg y. e r r r le s ha hi os s undi n c a, hasû a i i pos i e ornea l i pos i e f hi t s c e nee d pe s d de t m m s bl ry m sbl or m o e ur de r onne , e ea c lr s rh p rn r, n f n i frter s ac p o e t o whc h sc re a ap o e s ra d sinii a te s a d u dng o h e e rh rj cs n ih i ae r s r f so n ce tfc r eac rde nds'DktNo. a !!5 56. es rhe pe .' . 2 t 4, Bas o t ef ds i i a la tpl usbl t tGa ne ha apr pe t i t r ti hi ed n hes a , t s t e s a i e ha r r d o ry n e es n s poston asExe utve D iec orofV BI W hie uli a e y di c r m a s ii c i r t . l tm t l s ove y y how t tt cha e i ha he ng n posto wasi f c ar as i e , tt m oton t dim issa t a ii n n a t e sgnm nt a he i o s s t ge, he bove f c sr nde i at e r t pl us bl t tGn ne ha a pr pe t i e es i plc t d by t c nge i pos ton. Thus t a i e ha r r d o ry nt r t m i a e he ha n ii 7 , he c twilnotdim ist scai outi a concudest tGa nerha s tcen l al ge a our l s s hi l m rght nd l ha r s ufi i ty le d c tt i ons iutonalvi a i ol ton. The c tne t nst t s c pr ofqua ii i uniy- whe he t our xt ur o he e ond ong lted mm t t r he e pl m oymen a ton he evi a e Gar rscea l esabls rg s Fort s m er s t t t ci r olt d ne ' l ry t ihed i ht . he a ea ons ha t c tha e ai d t tt pr rcha a t r z ton oft sc nge i post on i a di fc t he our s xpl ne ha he ope rceiai hi ha n ii s fi ul que to t c tc l st tdee nt a ee ildt q iidi sin,he our oncude ha fnda s r ntte o ualfe mmuniy.Quiesmpl i t t i y,t wa no û e l e tbls d't tt e pl e a ton her vi aed apr e t d pr ry s t t ary sa ihe ' ha he m oym nt c i cl e ol t ot c e ope t i e es . é r gh i c e r y e t bls d i t c our oft rghtar s fc e l c e r s t ta nt r t t i t s l a l s a i he f he ont s he i A e uf i i nty l a o ha r s eg fcalwoul ha t rt unde t cr tnc a ha t thi be vir eaonabl ofiil d ve mdesood, r he icumsa es t nd, ha s ha o vi ae t rgh . Cn oltd he i t' mpbelv.Gal v,483F.d258, ( hCi. .not rwor , ' l lowa 3 271 4t r2007) I he ds ie si pr ce ntm us ha plce t sau or orco tt i lq si 'e r e by t lxitng e de t ve a d he t t t y nsiutona ue ton' onfont d he ofiilt yondde t 'As r t alKi 1 S.Ct 2074,208 ( ) fca d be bae. hcof v. - dd, 31 ' . 3 2011 . l t sca e, he e i much lgii edebae a tt naur oft sc nge i poston n hi s t r s e tmat t bou he t e hi ha n ii a whehe i c tt ed al e r s ton'e ilng Gane t pr dur pr e tons I e nd t r t onsiut k ve e anci ' ntti s r r o oce al ot c i . nde d, i t Uni r iy' co e ha bee r vi wi t c s sa l ng a t l f he ve st s uns l d n e e ng he a e nd ooki t he anguag a e nd hol ngsi Rovse a Hua i i ea yt unde sa t tco elwoul ha be ive t di n t r nd ng, t s s o r tnd ha uns d ve le d he cha i posto her woul notvi a et Ha boo pari ulry snc Gar rsbas s l r nge n ii n e d olt he nd k, tc a l i e ne ' e a a y wasco i ntnued. co tt co l st tde e nt a e e il t qua i i uniy o The ur hus ncude ha f nda s r ntted o lled mm t n 1 Theco tnots howeve ,ha t r ul c dwelbedifr nta trdic y, t tt r ae fc s ur e , r t t he es t oul l fe e fe s over and ha he e r a t t a s p o t o hc aa trz to s Co tay f css p o t gd fnd n s po ii na et a : l t c a g s e t h t u p r b t h r ce iai n . n r r a t u p ri e e a t' sto r h t ( ) he h n e e ms o n f lwihi t r as i m e c egor be us i i vesac al t n he e sgn nt at y ca e t nvol hangei a i sr tvettea s r s y n dm nitai il nd upe vior rso iiie, c ic aatrz da arasg me ta d2 agu bytec a g i n tat iniia tl so ep nsbliswhih s h rceie s e sin n' n ) r a l h h n e s o ç a fc n os r t , s p n l 'a d e n tn ld ard cini tte rs o sbite , n s lr (i tee a l o asv r sn t n e at ' nd o s o icu e e u to n i ,e p n i l is a d aay l h x mpe f e ee a ci ) y l i ke o sncehi s a y wa no r ed.Addii l t lte t Gar rnotf nghi oft decsondes rbed i a a i s alr s t educ tonaly, he etr o ne iyi m he ii ci t s r a sg me t at o g t a c a a trz to i n t s o iieh r . e Frncs 5 8F. da 2 0 ( e r l g o a e s i n n , lh u h h t h r ce iai n s o dip st e e S e a i, 8 3 t 0 9 wh n ui n v n moint ds s,h c u t s a c p tealg to si tec mplita tu ) to o imis te o r mut c e t h le ain n h o an s r e. t sc am be us t y ha s hi l i ca e he ve hown t tt rghtwasnotclary esa ihe Acc di l a ha he i e l tbls d. or ng y, ny c am f rm one da ag bas on avi aton ofGa ne ' pr ry i e e twilbe dimis d. li o y m es ed ol i r r s ope t nt r s l s se 2. Li y lnt bert erest The c t ur ne t t alega i n t tdef nda svi a e G a ne ' lbe t i e e t our t ns xt o he l to ha e nt ol t d r r s i r y nt r s . Fort r as s tf t he e n, he e tc he e ons e orh r i t our ondude Ga rha f ie t s a e a s tc e d a m s nw s a l d o t t ufi i nt i ofac tt i lvi a i on t tis a t t tt scli mus bedimi s asama tr onsiutona olton ha s ue nd hus ha hi a m t s s ed te ofl w . a The U nie St t Cour ofA ppe l f t Fo t Cic taddr s ed t lbe t i e es t d a es t a s or he urh r ui e s he i r y nt r t i plca ed by s a e e sm a durng t t m i ton ofa publc e pl e i Sci i v. t of m i t t t m nt de i he er na i i m oye n olno Ciy Ne tNe , F. 6 ( h Ci. wpor ws 480 3d 42 4t r 2007) Thee,heco thedt tapublcemplyee(ve . r t ur l ha i o e n onewihoutac r tortnur)hasalbe t i ers tmplc tdbypublca t ontac e e i ry nt et û iae i i nnounce ntof me r ao f ra e l y e sd sh r e'48 F.da 6 - 6( i to o te ) e s ns o n mp o e ' ic a g . 0 3 t 454 ct in mi d . ' a t Sdolno' c a m a os f om t e bi to oft ditnd rght pr e e by t i s l i r e r he om ùa i n wo s i i s ot d d he Fouree hAmendme : 1 t lberyt e gei a oft common oc upai oflf a t nt nt ( ) he i t o nga n ny he c tons ie; nd ( t rghtt duepr s lwhe eaperon' goodna rputton, r o i e iyi a 2) he i o oce s t r s s me, e ai hono , r ntgrt s t sa bec us ofwha t gover nti doi t hi .' 0 F. a 6 To sa et st of t ke a e t he nme s ng o m '48 3d t 46. t t hi ype lbery i e es cli unde t DuePr es Clus ,apli ifmus al get tt alegai nsor i t nt r t am r he oc s a e antf t le ha he l to s a e e s oft e pl r: t t m nt he m oye ( )pl e asi onhi r putton; 1 ac d tgma s e ai ( weema publcbyt e oye il 2) r de i he mpl ri B ( )weema ei c n u to wihhstr n to o d moin; n 3 r d n o j ncin t i emiain r e to a d ( weef s 4) r ale. 8I tnnsoft r quie e t tt s e e .sbemadepublcl apl ntf mus alegealkei ne he e rm nt ha he Gtm nt i y, ai if t l i lhoodt t ha pr pe tvee pl r ort pu i a lr ew ilhavea es t t f s sae ensoft e o r I a 650. os c i m oye s he blc t a g l cc s o he ale ttm t he mplye . d. t 15 1 a 6 6(ii So ev Un v o M d M e S s Co p 8 5F.d 1 7, 7 n.)( hCi. 9 8 d. t 4 ct tn . i . f . d. y . r . 5 2 6 1 2 5 4t r 1 8 :. ng Thi i s tm e r f re t asatsi pl ' cai . s s ome i s e e r d o dtgma us' l m Ga ne pont t t e sa e t i s r r i s o hr e t t men s n uppo tofhi lbe t i e es cai . r t hea lges r s i ry nt r t l m Fis, le t tVie Pr i ntW at r s am e s get çalVBlsude s f uly a sa f f lel ha c esde le s ent s a o sl t nt , ac t nd t f, a s y i o m i t m t tPr es o G a ne w a û e i s ng t dutesoft Exee i D ie or '' nf r ng he ha of s r r r s r lnqui hi he i he utve r d .' DktNo. a !44.Se nd,hecamswhe Dee ntDe ntok o rasi ei dieco of . 2t co li n fnda a o ve ntrm r tr VBI he he d a m e tng w ih V B ls ude s f c t a s f , he e he a , l ei t t nt , a uly, nd G f w r nnounc d t tG a e e ha m r ha be rmo da ar ul offii t a t I !46. r hecamst tasae ntlke d en e ve s es t alng he udi. d.( Thid, li ha ttme i D e n' w a m a a oxi a el s ve m o hs l t by Dr St phe Bi i &a c ula f t a s s de ppr m t y e n nt a er . e n er, t ons t nt or he U ni r iy who ha pa tc pa ed i t hii ofPr e s G a ner' t a m e be ofV BI s ve st d r i i t n he rng of s or r , o ' m r ' Sce ii Advior Boad. co di t t c anta tl n i or tona beif Dr intfc s y r Ac r ng o he ompli nd kol nf mai nd le, . Bi r madet ssae e upont a horzai a ova a ordieci ofoneorm or oft ei hi t tm nt he ut i ton, ppr l nd/ r ton e he Dee nt.'d. 47. fnda s'I ! Theco ti a es i t scai on am oton t dimis a t m us c e tt ur s ddr sng hi l m i o s s , nd hus t r di he c ompl i ' alegai a t r s bl i e e st r r m i Ga nersf vor Unde t t ants l tons nd he ea ona e nf r nce he efo n r ' a . r ha sa r t c twila s ewihoutde i ngt theha s tc e l pld t fr t s ond, t nda d, he our l s um t cdi ha s ufi i nty e he is, ec a f t ee e soft si pl t t asdicus e brel be ow.Be aus heca nd ourh lm nt he tgma us es, s s d i ty l c e nnot esa i h t tt s a e e sw e e m ade i c m ec i n w ih a de oto o t nni ton ast t bls ha he t t m nt r n ol to t m i n r e na i he Fo t Cicui defne i,howe r t c t s is t cai . urh r t i s t ve , he our dim s es he l m Fis, t t Ssi ' e e t t Fourh Cic tha t si s d sa e e st t r t as o he ttgma'elm n , he t r ui s û tnguihe tt m nt ha di i y...s rousc r ce de e nt (uc a dihone t ori mpl ei ha a tr f nda s s h s s sy mmor iylfom sae nt t t alt r ttme s ha smpl al etnc i y leg i ompee e.'Ri t v.Bd.ofGovenor M as l Uni ,447F. 292( h tnc '' dpah r s rhal v. 3d 4t Ci.2006) Ga damst tt flea e ai hee,. ,t thetfie t a t's r . mer i ha he as e ustons r ie. ha tald he udi, ugges ' t 16 hei dihone t Thec tdoe notbe ivet si ne es a iy s a t ta e ly pl usbl s s s. our s le hi s c s rl o, nd ha n qua l a i e i e r t i n i t the s m pl wa c e es ori m pe e i hi fna a boo e ng.Se . nt m e ato s ha i y s ar l s nco t nt n s i nci l kke pi e ec.Zarliv. t ofNorol 201 W L 2860295( D. J 23,201 ( a i motont . , rel Civ f k, 4 E. Va. une 4) grntng i o dim iswhe e al ge y si i ng sa e nt we et tpli tf empl yeewa notf l ng s s r le dl tgmatzi t t me s r ha a n if o s olowi c ranofkepolcesbe a et ydi notstsyt si ts fom Ri t ; s Coxv. e ti t ii c us he d aif he tgma et r dpah) but ee N. Trns Comm' 551F. 555( hCi.1 (ttme st t pl ntf wa frdafe Va. a . n, 2d 4t r 976) sae nt hathe ai if s ie tr a a ts n udi howed fna alir ulrtesi t a e ofe ns ac ountpr ed e wer i nci reg a ii n he r a xpe e c oc ur s e s fce l si i ng)Nonehel s a t motont dimissage t c t lasumet t ufiinty tgmatzi . t es, the i o s s t ,he our wil s ha he has s fci nty a l ged a s i m a i i sa e e .Se Co s a. uf i e l le tg tz ng t t m nt e x, upr The c ta s as tm est tG n n rhass fc e l pl d t tt s a e e sw e e m a our l o s z ha r e uf i i nty e ha he t t m nt r de publc y.He c am st tbot W at r 'a De n' saeme swe e ma t a1 VBIf uly, il l i ha h le s nd a s t t nt r de o l ac t su ns a dsa fDk . 2a ! 4 - , n te ei a la t q eto a t wh te s h tde t, n tf, tNo. t ! 446 a d h r s t e s a u sin s o eh r uc di cl lr c tt e û i ' di cl ur He f r he aleg t tW a t r 'm es age w a s osz e ons iut s ç publc ' s os e. u t r l es ha le s s s û ubs ue l f r a de t o houtt U ni st a lke y beyond' a t tt s t nc of s eq nty o w r d hr ug s he ver iy nd i l ' nd ha he ubs a e Dea ssae e ç ca known t pe s nst o houtt ac de i c n' t tm nt s me be o r o hr ug he a m c omm t t i udi on miy, ncl ng, if r to a db le,hela e so oh risi to so hih rlan n . I a ! 4 , 6. n o main n eif t e d r f te n tt in f g e e r i g' d. t ! 5 4 A u ' sa e nti s fc e l publcy dis mi td i t pl i ifa lgesa lkei t t me s ufi i nty i l s e nae f he antf le i lhood ofa t l c ua di cl tr t pr pe tve e pl ye s Sci i 480 F. a 65 s os le o os c i m o r . olno, 3d t 0. Ski ng f rt tmebeng t t r elm e a t ni t t f t t saeme st t ppi o he i i he hid e nt nd ur ng o he ourh, he t t nt ha he û ei s d hi poston'a t the k a ld hi a t'a e a las a cor ng t t t lnquihe s ii ' nd ha r l ie s udi' r , t e t c di o he f alegai nsoft c l to he ompli ,f le.Ga ne c am st tt a tpr e sis l wa i onsse a nt a s r r l i ha he udi oc s te f s nc it nt wiht Uni riy' sa r f i ena a t.d. t! 3 Hef t rcamst ttgl wo s, t he ve st s tndads or ntr l udis 1 a 2. urhe li ha tat rt t Re ti ntfesa ha ulofm i m i t ke t twe e m a i g f ih,wer qui kl a he por de ii ndf nor s a s ha r de n ood a t e c y nd ea iy co r c e a l d t noha m'a t tk r t Re ts sl r e t d, nd e o r ' nd ha l e he por uggessm ic whe t s onduc ofa s t t ny or byPr es orGar r t Re ta t t tt c of s ne , he por dmis ha he onducta is wasf ly c it ntwih t s ue ' l onsse u t a ia eUni riypolc '1 a !31. i whiet r i s mequesi ast whehe t pplc bl ve st iy. d. t ' Agan, l he e s o ton o t r he sa e ntt thetf l d t a t'i f le, hec t l a s hec d e t ih t f t t t me ha laie he udi' s a s t our wil s ume oul sabls he ourh el ent em . Re ur ngt t t r elm e ,t c tc udest tpl ntf ha nots tce l t ni o he hid e nt he our oncl ha ai if s ufi inty sae acam t a t e esae n sweema ei c nu cinwi asg iia td mo ino ttd li h t h s ttme t r d n o j n to t infc n e to r h t nni ton. dpat r le upon by pl i if c a nsa i t u i di c s on oft e na i Ri h, e i d a ntf , ont i n nsr ctve s us i he cr u tn e u d rwhc aj br a sg me tc nc nsiu eal in fc n d mo in'o a ic msa c s n e ih o e sin n a o ttt t g iia t e to 'f r s cl i a l gi a lbe t i e es unde t s ca l l t g a pl ' t t I Ri pa h, he pl i if a m le ng i ry nt r t r he o- led i i m s us ' es . n d t t a ntf w a hied as a a s s a a hl tc diec or w a gi n t tte ofN CA A i s r n s it nt t e i r t , s ve he il t planc D i e t r ' com i e r c o ,' and w asi cha ge ofe urng t uni r iy a hl tc de rm e ' co pla w ih N CA A nle . n r ns i he ve st t e i pa t nt s m i nce t ls l a 300. i c pl i a l ge t thi c e ca e rw asi û nt r olegi t a hl tcs d. t H s om a nt le d ha s hos n r e n ç ec l ae t ei i admi sr ton,pa tc a l i t a e ofove s ei c nita i riul ry n he r a r e ng ompla ewihN CAA r es'I inc t ul . d. ' Acc di t hi c pl i ,he w a wihoutf ul, us a a s a or ng o s om a nt s t a t but ed s c pegoa by t uni r iy w he t he ve s t n heunc r d c ra nvi ai nsofNCAA r l by ot r .Hewases e ily f c t t ke ove e e ti ol to ues he s s nta l or ed o a a he pos to ou s de hi c en fel a hi ta f rw asl l d a a ûc r c i a ton' b not r ii n t i s hos i d, nd s r ns e abe e s ç or e tve c i ' y t uni r iy i isr po tt t N CA A a he ve s t n t e r o he boutt i r ctons The pl ntf c a m e t the had he nfa i . ai i f l i d ha no opport t t diput t slbela t ti waspr ven i hi fom obti ng ot r tmiy o s e hi a nd ha t e tng m r a ni he e pl e i hi c e fed. e on t s f c s t Fourh Cic ta e t thehad m oym nt n s hos n i l Bas d he e a t , he t r ui gr ed ha s t inty sa e acl m t thehadbe n de i d ofalbe t i e e twihou duepr e s See ufk e l t t d ai ha e prve i ry ntr s t t oc s . c r ly Ri h,447 F. 292;s e a s Hal v.Civ ofN e ene a l dpat 3d e lo l t wpor N e s 469 F. pp' 25 263 t w , A x 9, ( hCi. 2)( 4t r 201 unpubls d) ihe . 18 I Ha lt co tde e ne t t pli tf hadpld s fcintf c st s w t thi n l, he ur t nni d hat he a n if e ufi e a t o ho ha s de oto qua ii d asûs gnii nt' m in lte ti fca ' unde Ri t wher he w a es e i ly de o e f om a r dpa h e s s nta l m t d r c riid l w e or me ofi rwih t polcepowe t m a sops is s e tfe a nf ce nt fce t he i r o ke t , s ue umm onsa nd wa r nt,a m a are t,a i t a as i d t acvii nposton a Csrppe ... hi r a s nd ke r ss nd nse d sgne o i la ii nd kti d of s lw e or men powe sa sa usa apolceofi r'469 F.App' a 261,262.Hi lbe t a nf ce t r nd t t s i tce .' x t s i ry i e es w ast r f e i plc t d. d. nt r t he e or m i a e 1 Bot R i t and Hal no e t t i plc t a lbe t i e e t a dem oton m us be h dpa h l t d hat o m i a e i ry nt r s , i t s gnik a ,s h a r as i e ofa em pl i t nt uc s e s gnm nt n oyee C o a pos ton out i hi fe d ofc c ' û t ii s de s i l hoi e. ' Ri t 447 F. a 309.Thus notany de i wils t e;nse d, hede oton or dpah, 3d t , moton l ufk i t a t m i r a sg me tmu t et é o frb ne t t eo e( an it h d, eeb ig s d mo e i t e si n n s b o t b a e ah h n plitfl a wh r en o e td s o aj be a e f tvel e l s feci y xcuded fo one' tadeo c li asby bei t own outo t sr e . rm sr r a lng ng hr n he te t' ' Rip t 4 7F.da 31 ( u tdi Hal Ci o Ne o t ws 46 F. p' 25 26 ( t d ah, 4 3 t 4 q o e n lv. t f wp rNe , 9 Ap x 9, 2 4 h y Ci. 2).TheRi t c t ai d: r 201 ) dpah our expl ne Ri t w a no s m pl t a f r e fom o pos ton t a s i l dpa h s t i y r ns e r d r ne ii o lghty l s desr bl ore n a be trone ...Ra he ,i a dr a i cha es ia e ve te t r n am tc nge ofs a useq va e t o rghtdi cha ge, w asoused f om t tt ui l nt o ut i s r he t r he Uni r iy' De rmen ofAt ei a complt y e ude ve st s pa t t hltcs nd e el xcl d f om hi c en te d ofi er olegi t a hl tcsa i s r ton. r s hos i l nt c l a e t e i dm ni t a i 447F. a 311 Seeas i a 311n.9 ( si s ngt f e ngcic tnce fom 3d t . lo d. t 1 ditnguihi he orgoi rumsa s r de inst ti ve ûnoc ngei lneofwor '. moto ha nvol d t ha n i k') The ea e sg t a f t ditnci be we n t f c si Ri t a Hal, t r r i nik nt acual si tons t e he a t n dpa h nd l on he one ha a t f c she e, t ot .Thos ditnci l a t c t o c udet t nd, nd he a t r on he her e si tons e d he our t oncl ha Ga ne ' lbe t i e e tw a no vi a ed he e.Se D kt N o.1 a 3- l pa tc a , hie t r r s i r y nt r s s t ol t r e . 3 t 5. n r i ul r w l he pl i if i t eca e we eefeci l pr ve ed fo wor ng i t i chos n fel ,Ganwr antfs n hos s s r f tvey e nt r m ki n her e i ds r a nsem pl em i oyed i t s e f e d.Ga rr m ai e pl yed i ac dem i a a hi l velof n he am i l nw e ns m o n a a t gh e mana m e a ha ma nt ne hi f ls lr Thus hi d moton,'e n as um i i ge nt nd s i ai d s ul aa y. , st de i ' ve s ng t i ia e apr t i e es ba ed ont Ha mplc t d opery nt r t s he ndbook' pr t to , snots t i ntt i i t s o eci ns i ufk e o mplcae albery i e es.Ther ton i tte a l si lbor t y f ng, tndi a one, esmpl i t nt r t educi n il nd os n a a or undi sa ng l ar i y i uf i e t s ns fci nt o uppor G a ne ' a l ga i t the ha bee l l t r r s le ton ha s n k uded ...f om hi t a o exc r s r de r c lng a apr es o ,s e ii r s a che ,a i sr t ,a diecorofas i ii i tt e. ali s of s r cintfc e e r r dm nita or nd r t centfc nsiut ' ' D kt N o.1 a 24. e Ri t s a; a l s a. si pa tc a l t ue w he e he i c r nty . 2 t Se dpa h, upr H l , upr Thi s r i ul ry r r s ur e l pef nn n d te ( leto l apo t no t e t th wa o ii al hie t p ro b hs ro i g u is ab i ny ri f h m) ha e s rg n ly rd o ef nn, y i o own a si Se Am.Compl! 1 Tha i,heha be n gi naposton a die t ofM I dmison. e . 7. t s s e ve ii s rcor S, a i tt ewihi VBIa a en iyt thewasorgi ly hiedt esabls Se i Thus no n nsiut t n nd n tt ha i na l r o t ih. e d. , pl i e lbe t i e e tcli a ieson t f c soft sca e. ausbl i ry ntr s am rs he a t hi s g D. W hether G arner R ecei D ue Proces ved s D e enda sa g i t a t r tve, ha i t co pl ntes a ihe a c tt i lyf nt r ue, n he le na i t t f he m ai t bls s ons iutona l pr t c e m ope t orlbe t i e es ,Ga e r ce ve al t pr es he w asdue pr ort hi oe td r y i ry nt r t m r e i d l he oc s i o s r as i e ,i t f ofw rte no i e a e s gnm nt n he onn it n tc boutt r as i e a t oppo t t t m e t he e s gnm nt nd he r uniy o e wih def nda W at r t dic si. M o eo r de e t e nt le s o s us t r ve , f ndant not t ta Loude l1 je rjg s e ha nnil0 j a ja ( t isba i rquie nt ofnotc a a opporuniyt behe r i r r beor a wih t sc e rme s ie nd n t t o ad) s equied f e t r nai n, Ga ne r m anse pl e mi to but r r e i m oyed t tf 1 s l y a atnur d pr es or'Dkt No. a û u 1 aar s e e of s . a ' . 4 t 1 D e e nt f t poi ou t G a ne r ce ved a c ofa d a t ta r ponde i 4. f nda s urher nt t hat r r e i opy r f audi nd es d n w rtng,t the r c ve w rte notc oft r as i nm e , nd t thi c pl i alege he m e ii ha e ei d it n i e he e s g nt a ha s om a nt l s t br e l w ih W aler t di c st m a t rprort r a s g e .Addii na l de e nt ify t t s o s us he t e i o e s i nm nt t o ly, f nda s 9Fort s m e r s , defnda t woul alo bee il t q iid i m uniy on t scai ,snc t y he a ea ons e n s d s ntted o ualfe m t hi l m i e he ha s ve hown t tpl ntf di nota ha ai if d dequael algeac tt i vi a i Dur m ,737F. a 299;Seeas t y le onsiutonal olton. ha 3d t lo Gave 8 5F.da 6 2( eepanifh dbenrmo e a ad pat n h a b t o tnu da atnue r i, 4 2 t 5 wh r litf a e e v d s e rme t e d u c ni e s e rd pr e s wiho ac ofs or t ut hangei s lr t deenda swer enildt qualfe i uniybe us t r wa no n aa y, he f nt e tte o iid mm t ca e he e s v o ai no p an ifsce ry e tbl h d l e t rg t. i lto f l itf' la l sa i e i ry ih ) s b 1 cjvel Bd. o Ed c v Lo emil47 U. 5 2(9 5 . 0 e and f u . . ud r l 0 S. 3 1 8 ) 5 e mpha iet tpl i ifdi no a i hi s l oft g iva em oee sf lowi t sz ha antf d t va l m ef he re nc s o l ng he r as i nm e . e s g nt Thus def nda s s , e nt ugges he r ce ve al pr s he w asdue. t e i d l oce s A tt m oton t dim i s s a ,t cour i nott s d w ih t na l r s vi pl i i f s he i o s s t ge he ts a ke t i ly e ol ng a ntf ca ms butonl wih de e m i ng whehe heha sa e aS a i e c am t r i 'i hi li , y t t r ni t r s t t d t usbl l i o elef n s pl c ompl i .Seel l s a. s d on t al ga i i t c ant qba , upr Bm e he le tons n he ompl i , hecour c udest t ant t t oncl ha Ga ne hasa r r dequael a l d t thedi no r c vet pr es due. or ngt t pli t y lege ha d t e ei he oc s Acc di o he an a l a i oft c pl i ,t f r tnotce he w a gi n ofr s i e w a i t ve y br e leg tons he om a nt he is i s ve ea s gnm nt s n he r i f m e tng w ih W a t r . tt ttm e, a t r t d hi t the c d no di c s i a l ngt ei t le s A ha i W le s ol m ha oul t s us t t e h bec us W at r wasnotf e i wel a t twast e ofa C s us i 'Ac or ngt t a e le s e lng l, nd ha he nd ny t c son. c di o he di ' c pl i , he e w asno w a i ofpos i e r as i entprort hi r ce vi t l te and om a nt t r m ng sbl e s gnm i o s e i ng he e t r t Ga ne w a no gi t m i m um oft ee w o ki da t r pond t t r a ons f hus r r s t ven ç ni a hr r ng ys o es o he e s or t r i ton,' s tf r h i t ha e m na i ' as e o t n he ndbook a Se ton 7. 4.Pl i ife ai i s e de ai w hy t ci 6. a ntf xpl ns n om t l d pr es wa no s tsi d he e a t ta yssi s fcinty pe s i t wihsa a ue oc s s t a ife r nd ha nal i s ufi e l r uasve o t t nd moton t dim is Se e. ,Dk . o.1 a 28 32. us t c t l notdimi shi cli so i o s s . e. :. t N 2 t - Th ,he our wil s s s am n t sbas s hi i. 1 1 C onc us on 1. l i Fort f e ng r s , e nt 'm oton t dim i sw ilbe g a ed i par a he or goi ea ons def nda s i o s s l r nt n t nd de e i pa tI s nid n r. n umm a y,t t e e t c r o he xt nt he ompli i unc e r t onl r i t tpl ntf ant s l a , he y elef ha ai if c ns e a ans d fn a t i tero fca c p cte i p o p ci ij n tv r l fTote a e k g i t e e d n s n h i fiil a a i s s r s e t n u cie ei . h i ve e e en hi c pli co d bei e r t d t s e ot rr le a i tdef nda si t i ofi i xt t s om a nt ul nt p e e o e k he e if gans e nt n her fcal c pact t e c am sa edimi s d. c t ncudest tpl i ifha nots fc e ty pl d a a iy,hos l i r s s e The our eo l ha antf s ufi i n l e de i ton ofa pr e t d lbe t i e e ta t w ildi m i st tc a m i is e i e y.The prva i ot c e i r y nt r s nd hus l s s ha l i n t ntr t cour f t c ude t tde e nt a e e il t qua ii d i t urher oncl s ha f nda s r ntted o lfe mmuniy on pli ifsc am ofa t antf l i due pr e svi a i wih r ga dt hi pr ry i e es a t wildimispl i ifsca m oc s olton t e r o s ope t nt r t nd hus l s s antf li f rm one ar da a s a ns de e nt ast t tcl i .Pl i if s c a m f rpr pe tve o t y m ge gai t f nda s o ha a m a ntf l i o os c i ij n tv rle a t h sp o e t itrs cam ma g fr r a t stme nu cie eif s o i r p ry n ee t li y o o wad t hi i . ENTER:Thi 9h da ofOcobe , 4. s t y t r 201 c t u ' - /. r- . tJ f Chi Unie Stt sDiti J ef t d a e srct udge
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