Hoglan et al v. Robinson et al, No. 7:2013cv00258 - Document 96 (W.D. Va. 2015)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Jackson L. Kiser on 6/11/2015. (slt)
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e - :Y 'e: u. . r . r k j 8 DI tœ AT - Lk vA e, FI LED J l, 2 1 UN 1 25 I TH E UNI N TED STATES DI STRI CO URT CT FOR THE W ESTERN DI STRI OF VI NI CT RGI A R O A N O K E D I SI N VI O D O U G LA S A .H O G LA N , Pl ntf , ai if ) ) ) ) ) ) ) V. A .DA V I R O BI SO N ,e aI, D N t . D ef endant . s J W PL * . ER CL 4 . E L C i lA c i N o.7: 3- vvi ton 1 c 00258 M E M O R AN D UM O PI I N N O By:H on. ks L.K i e Jac on sr Se o Unie S a e Dii itJ e nir t d t ts src udg Pl ntf Dougl sA. ai if a Hogl n,aVigi ai aepr e ng pr K ,fl d ave ii a r ni nm t oc edi o ie rted Compl n a a ndme spurua t 42U. C.j1 3,nn ngvai saf oft Vigi . ait nd me nt s nt o S. 98 mi rous t f he r ni a De rme ofCore tons(t pa t nt rci ( VDOC' a dee t.Defnda shadfl amotonf ' s fndans ) e nt ied i or s mmayj d me twhc Id ne a t cam 7 d ne wi o t rj dc a t Plitf s u r u g n , ih e id s o li , e id t u p eu ie s o an if h e use cli ofr t i i d t t pe ncy ofcai 7, r c e De e xha t d a ms ealaton ue o he nde l m die t d f ndan st fl a t o ie moinf rs mmayj d me t b u cam 7 a dg a tdt moi nf rs mma yj d me t s to o u r u g n a o t li , n rn e he to o u r u g n a t a1oh rcams1Afe rviwigDee da t ' e o dmo inf rs mmayj d me ta d o 1 t e li . tr e e n fn ns s c n to o u r u g n n Plitf sr s o e Ia r s mmayj d me tt Pli tf o cam 7a an t ee a t ad n anif e p ns, wad u r u g n o anif n li g is d fnd n W r e Yomga d d tnniet a aj r i n c sayt r s lefcu lds u e a o td fn a t t n ee n h t u y s e e s r o e ov a t a ip ts b u ee d n Re ona Ad i sr t Hi e' de i r t i fe e ast cli 7,t e used cai of gi l m nitaor nkl s lbe a e ndif r nce o am he xha t l ms r t i ton r a e t cl i 7 aga ns def nt O f i e Sut n,l tt t o ll s i t e ala i el t d o a m i t enda s fc r phi ns iu i na nve tga or Ca t i , tM a rwrght Uni nage Hal and Se orPs hol s Boyd, t n r l, ni yc ogit and he mount i a of , f ny, da mage . s Hoglan et al v. Robinson et al Doc. 96 1. Cli 7c n ensab ifb no o yP a o tsS aeCor cin lCe tr(C CC' al o c r n re a n nl oc h na tt re to a n e C PS ' ) i at r ptofcom m erci phot aphs. O n M arch 27,2012,W ar Y oung i ued a nm es' ecei al ogr den ss 'Be us Pl ntf' Com pli , a e e s ande bist ald neal 400pag ,lwildic si t s ca e ai ifs ant m ndm nt, xhi t ot e ry es l sus n hi opi ononl t ef csr eva frt diposton ofcli 7 a r atd,e ni y hos a t el nt o he s ii am nd cl e xhause camsofr t iton. t d li ealai Dockets.Justia.com m e or ndum ,i or i PSCC i a est y w o d no l e be a l e t or r c m er i l m a nf m ng nm t he ul ong r low d o de om c aly diti t d phot r phsfom a vendor Cii W a de Young' me o,PSCC saf r f e t srbu e og a r ny . tng r n s m t f e us d o or rordelve Pl i ifsr que t f c de i r antf e s s or omm e cilpho os r ga dl s t whe he t phot r a t ,e r es o t r he os c a ne C dul' con e . ont i d s t' t nt a Aboutsx m o hslt ron Oc obe 1 201 W a de Young lfe t ba by a s cond i nt a e t r 2, 2, r n itd he n e memor ndum ,i onni PSCC i aest tt y wo d bealowe t o de c a nf ng nm t ha he ul l d o r r omm e c a l r i ly diti e phot r phsfom t onlneve srbut d og a r he i ndorSurog t Sit sa trverf ngt c r a e ser fe iyi he ompa s ny' lc ns ea t to dee ie silne dedt c ywihVDOC Opeai Pr e e(d ' ie ur nd ha r rd tms tl e o ompl t rtng oc dur t ) OP' 803. ' nco i Publc tons' 2, s m ng l ia i .'On Se e be 29,201 de e ntA . vi Ro ns n, he ptm r 4, f nda Da d bi o t VDOC' Chi ofCor e tonsOpe atons is d am e andum t r nd wa de t ta1 S ef r ci r i , s ue mor o emi r ns ha l c m e ci ly di ti t d pho ogr phs a e t be r vi w e by f iiy s a fand di a ove on a om r a l srbu e t a r o e e d ac lt t f s ppr d c e- c s bas st de e m i i t y vi a e a oft crt i s tf t i OP 803. as by- a e i o t r ne f he ol t ny he iera e orh n 2. II. A p ry i e t ldt s mma yj d me ti t epe dn s teds o eya ds lsle a t s ni e o u r u g n f h la ig ,h ic v r nd ico t t r m ae il on fl a a a fda t s t tt r i no ge ne dipu east a ma e i f c . tra s ie, nd ny fi vis how ha he e s nui s t o ny t ral a t Fe R. v.P.56( .M aeilfcsa et enec sar t e tbls t eeme sofapat s d. Ci a) tra a t r hos e s y o sa ih he l nt ry' c u eo a to An es nv. be t Lo b s n .4 7U. 2 , 48( 9 6 .A g n n is o a s f cin. d ro Li ry b y l c, 7 S. 42 2 1 8 ) e uie sue f m ae ilf c e ssi,i viwi t r or a a 1r as tra a t xit f n e ng he ec d nd l e onabl i e e sdr wn t r fom i a e nf r nce a he e r n lghtm os f vor bl t t non- o ng pa t ar as bl f tfnde c dr t n ave d c f i t a a e o he m vi ry, e ona e ac-i r oul e ur r i t or t non- va .J. Themovi paryhast bur nofs ng- çha i, ntngoutt t he mo nt J. S ng t he de howi i t s poi i t o he dititc t t tt r i a a e ofe denc t s src our - ha he e s n bs nce vi e o uppo tt nonm ovi pa t sc s .' r he ng ry' a e' CeotxCop . Cart,477U. 31 325( 986) l t mova stsi t sb de t nt le v. tet S. 7, 1 . f he nt aifes hi ur n,he he 2 nonmova mus s tf ' s cii admisbl f c st tdemonsr t t e se eofa ge ne nt t e olh pe fc, t s i e a t ha ta e he xitnc nui 2 23 is eo fc f rtil I . t322- A p ryi e t ldt st r j d me ti t erc r a a s u f a t o ra. d a at s ni e o t t mmay u g n f h e o d s . whol coul notla ar tona tiroff tt fnd i f voroft non- o nt W iln sv. e d e d ai l re ac o i n a he m va . lim Grf 952F. 820,823( hCi.1 ) ifn, 2d 4t r 991. 1 11. De e f ndan sa guet tls d tnd c am 7 mootbec us t ba i pos on M ar h 2, t r ha houl i l i a e he n m ed c 201 a PSCC w a lfe a 2, t s i t d bouts x m ont l t r t VD O C Chi fofCor ec i nsO pe a i ha i hs a e ; he e r to r tons s snc r ie a e t twa de s d f l VDOC OPsr a e t comm e c a phot r phs a i e et r t d ha r ns houl olow elt d o ril og a ; nd, upon co elsi o ma i andbei f t VDOC ha no f ur pl n t ba c uns ' nf r ton le , he s ut e a o n omm e cal ri phot r phs c i i o is f c ltes s a i t tS t og a om ng nt t a iii , t tng ha t hough V D OC hast a lt t c nge is al he biiy o ha t own polc i i no pr bl t tt wildo s ' Itndt tca m 7i notm ootduet i y, t s t oba e ha hey l o. i ha li ' s o Pl ntf scli f da a s.Cove ntM edi ofS. . ai if am or m ge na a C.LLC v.Ciy ofN . re t 493 F. t Cha lson, 3d 4 , 2 n. ( t Ci. 0 7 .F rh r r, ma n t eyo c u s lsb le t tti 21 4 9 4 4h r 2 0 ) u temo e I y o rl n o n e' eif ha i s i oba et tt VDOC wilr vet ba W alv.W a 7 F. 492, - ( h Ci. mpr bl ha he l evi he n. l de, 41 3d 49798 4t r 201 . 4) IV . l cl i 7,Pl i i fa l ge t tde e n s Y o n am a ntf le s ha f nda t ung,W a z,H i e,Ga m a A .Ro ns l nkl r n, bi on, a Clr vi ae Pl ntf sFis Amend e rghtt r c vepublc tonsi prs by nd a ke olt d ai if r t m nt i o e ei ia i n ion bnnni a 1co m e ci phot a , i l ng t e wihoutta t' ont nt3 Fort f l i ng l m r al ogr phs nc udi hos t t dul' c e . he olow ng 2A panifcn o u earso s t amoinfrs mmayj d me toc retd tce ce i ac mpan litf a n t s ep n e o to o u r u g n t orc eiin is n o lit c aln e b ad fn a tsmoinfrs mmayjd me t Cla nc rv Mc vt, 5 F.d3 4, 3 (t Ci. h le g d y ee d n ' t o u r u g n. o ni e . De it5 5 3 2 3 6 4h r o 2 09. 0 ) 3I t erfrtmo i nf rs n h i is to o umma yj d me t De e d n sa g e t a Plitf fie t e h u t r u g n , fn a t r u d h t an if ald o x a s a nitai r di .lc udedi t trtme andum opi on t t duet t dipa iyoft e de a dmi srtve eme es oncl n he is mor ni ha, o he s rt he vi nce nd dic e ncesi t VDO C' own rcor D eenda shadf ie t e tbls t tPl ntf di note us a ia e sr pa i n he S e ds, f nt ald o sa ih ha ai if d xha t valbl a mi srtv rme isa o th b nc le g di cam 7.No eh ls, a r e smmayj d me to d nitaie e de b u te a haln e n li n tee s 1 wad d u r u g n t 3 r as ns Pl ntf scli sa i tW a den Young a Re ona Ad i sr t Hi ewil e o , ai if am gans r nd gi l m nitaor nkl l pr ee t t i l oc d o ra . I aesr a npr t to afor d by t Fis Am e nm t eti o eci ns f de he r t ndme ,i l ng t rghtt nt nc udi he i o c mmu c t b yo dp io wal.Se . ..Th r b r hv Ab t, 9 U. 401 40 ( 9 9 ; o niae e n rs n ls e e:, o n u g . bot 4 0 S. , 7 1 8 ) Pr e n e v. at e , 6U. 3 6 4 8 0 ( 9 4 .Ho ve, rs n rsrg t aes b e t o o u ir M ri z 41 S. 9 , 0 - 9 1 7 ) we r p io e ' ih s r u j c t n prs 'i tt i lne dsofs c iy,dicplne,a ge r lad i sr to O' ions nsiutona e e urt s i i nd ne a m nitai n. Lonev. t t Esa e o S a a z 48 U. 3 2 3 8 4 ( 9 7 .Co s q e ty i h sb e h l t td p io f h b z , 2 S. 4 , 4 - 9 1 8 ) n e u n l,t a e n ed ha ç rs n a r a i t ta i s i a e 'co tt i egul ton ha br dge nm t s ns iutonalrght i S ld i i i r as bl r l t t i s s va i f t s e ona y e a ed o lgtmaep n lgc litrss' Lo ea ev Le , 7 F.d 1 4,1 9(t Ci. 0 )( in e ii t e oo ia ne et.' v lc . e 4 2 3 7 9 4 h r 20 6 ct g ' i Tl n rv. te , 8 U. 7 , 4 ( 9 7 z e Sal v 4 2 S. 8 8 1 8 :. r Def nda sa g t tqua ii i uniy s d s el t m fom dn a i t i e nt r ue ha lfed mm t houl hi d he r m ges n her i vi ua ca cii s4 Quaii d i m uniy pr t c s go r en of i a sf om S d gues e i ndi d l pa te . lfe m t o e t ve nm t fci l r ç ba ss n g ay a e 'a e ur t tt y may behe dpe s nal la eonl f tr ns es i brg r r as' nd ns es ha he l r o ly ibl y or d a gr sng i ht t l e . Ma irel v. mn r 9 3F.d2 5 2 8( t Ci.1 9 ) Qu l idi nt ivov s i s' cailo Su e , 7 2 9 , 9 4h r 9 2 . ai e mmu i n le n ' f y at se i r (1 whehe ac tt i orsauor rghtwoul havebe n vi ae ont wo tp nquiy: ) t r onsiutonal ttt y i d e oltd he alge f t,a ( whehe t rghtwascla l etbls d.Sa e v. t 533U. 1 le d acs nd 2) t r he i e ry sa ihe ucir Kaz, S. 94, 2 - 2( 0 ) t e ry etb ihe çn ld sn to l ara ys e iial a j iae rg t, 010 2 01. s al sa ls d icu e o ny le d p cfc ly dudc td ih s cl butt em a f ty i l hos niesl ncuded wihi m or ge r la i to oft c e c tt tonal t n e ne a pplcai ns he or onsiu i prnci ei i pl nvoke ''W al741F. a 50 03( i Prthetv.Alor 973F. 307, 4 d.' l, 3d t 2- quotng ic t f d, 2d 31 ( hCi.1 ) 4t r 992). Defnda t ont par ofcli 7t taleg defnda G .Robi onobsr ctd a i sr i r e e e n s he t am ha l ed e nt ns tu e dm nitatve em dis. 4Elvenh Am e e t ndmenti uniypr e t De e nt i t i ofi alc cii fom da age . Se eg. mm t otcs f nda s n her fci apa tes r m s e. . , W i v. c De to SaePoie 491U. 5 , 1(9 9 . l Mih. p' f tt lc , l S. 8 7 1 8 ) 4 A. De e nt ha no esabls a pe og c li er s t wa r ntt whols l ba f nda s ve t t ihed ny nol i a nt e t o ra he e ae n a c ns s p ofc me cilpho osf a oxi a ey sx m o hsatPSCC. Theonl r tonal nd e or hi om r a t or ppr m t l i nt y ai e br e l m e i d f t ba w a t tt f nde s a e onl a l w ed t or rf om an a ove i fy ntone or he n s ha t e r r of y lo o de r ppr d m a lor rve i de ndora i w asnotpos i e t ve iy t lc ur oft onlne vendo st ts d nd t s bl o r f he i ens e he i r ha ol t c me cily diti edphot a t PSCC. Def nda sha notofer d a r s ni he om r a l srbut ogr phs o ' ' e nt ve f e ny ea o ng t c o onne tt ra lged c c hei le once. a l boutunknown a u elt d pe s 'c i sorlc nsngt n nd nr a e r ons opyrght ie i o a a t lpe ogi li e es.5 Cons que ty,Pli ifhass fcinty e t bls d t tW a den n cua nol ca ntr t ufi e l sa ihe ha r e n l antf Young' ba vi aed Pli ifsFis Am e e trg ,bu onl a t t m unda phot of s n olt antf rt ndm n i ht t y s o he ne os Pr i n Oba t Pope,J m W a esde t ma, he ol yne, nd f me Vigi aGove norRobe tM c nnel t t a or r r ni r r Do l ha Pl ntf ti d t or r 6 ECF N o. 60- page i no. ai if r e o de . 3, d. 949. Furhe mor Def nda sdo notofera c e 1w f t pr posto W a de Young di t r e, e nt f ny as a or he o ii n r n d notvi ae cea l esa ihed lw .l ed,c s l w s ol t l ry t bls a nde a e a upporshol ng t tW a de Yo s t di ha r n ung' ove l br d ban on c me cilpho oswascla l vi ai ofe tbls d l w. See e. , ry oa om r a t e ry ol tve sa ihe a . c. 5W i o ta ys c p n lgc lusi to Ia u a l t rve teVDOC' rao i t e tefcos t u n u h e oo ia j tt in, m n be o e iw h h ka S e s nng md r h a tr d l ae i Tu n rv. fe , 8 U.. 8 8 ( 9 7.Whi Dee a t d a d esteTun rfcosfrte ei td n r e Saly 4 2 S 7 , 4 1 8 ) ne l fnd ns o d rs h re a tr o h e c r ntVDOC polc p ohi tng c ure iy r bii omme ca phot a ,t tpolc i notr lva t t r ke i tmtona r il ogr phs ha iy s ee nt o he evo d nsi i l ba c lngedi cam 7. n hale n li 6To t e e Pl ntf s he xtnt ai if oughtphot ofa ça t' ur t twer pr cl byt ban, Pl ntf was os n çdul'nat e ha e e udcd he ai if ar dypr biedfom or i o r cevi s h phot duet hi pr - si te t entpln.l De mbe 2011 lea ohi t r derng r e i ng uc os o s eexitng r am a n ce r , d fn a t y ,h Se irPs c lgs a PS ce tdaCaePlnAg eme t(iet n pa ' ta itrai, ee d n Bo d te no y hoo it t CC, rae s a re n ûrame t ln' h t ne la t ) pr bie Pli ifdr m viwi orpos e sng a publcai , ae i s orphot whi ma bederme al o ohi t d antf t o e ng f s s i ny i tons m t ral, os ch y ti nt t t team e pl ort tmaypr o ede a beha or i udi s xualy de a be or . Cas PlnA g . he r t nt an ha om t vint vi s ncl ng e l vint havi s' ' e a t, ECF No.47,pa i no.8 Thesa e goa oft te t tplnwast add es Pl ntf' ( tuci s xual ge d. 20. tt d l he r amen a o r s ai ifs d r tve e des is ' d i lr pa tt hi l o bl'crmi t nki obs r in, c i c e a l kofac ptnceof s ues' ue n age r o s ç ba e' i nalhi ng evato whih ndiats ac pr ce a r ponsbiiy f hi c i ofa a t s lbat y,unlwf fl ng/ t a a pos esin ofc l es i lt or s rmes ggr vaed exua ter a ul imi phoogr phy, nd s so hid po nogr phy.ECF No. pa i no.8 Plitf agr dt t pln on De mbe 1 201l r a 47, ge d. 20. anif ee o he a ce r 6, . Pl ntf c l dt te t e pln i cai 9,algi t tsafunlwf l e td i a r t itont ai if halenge he r am nt a n l m le ng ha t f a uly nace t s ealai o pr bi hi f o pos e s ng,i e a i ça t' os H owe ,Iale y de e m i d t tPl ntf ' cha l nge t ohi t m r m s s i nt r la, 4 dul' phot . ver r ad t r ne ha ai if s le o t teame pl wa no pr ry tl bec us hef l t e us a lbl admi srtver he r t nt an s t ope l ied a e aied o xha t vaia e nitai emedi abou i. es tt Cons nty,Iwil tco eque l lno nductaTur a yssa t nec s iyof ort s cik r srci i ateament ner nal i bout he e st , he pe t e titons n, r t pln frac ce s x ofe rt tpr bie i erai,Sa t' os. a o onvitd e f nde ha ohi td, nt la idul'phot 5 Prs Leg N e sv.St l N o. 1 v424,201 U . D i t LEX I 43 i on al w ole, 2: 3c 5 S. s . S 228,a * 34,201 W L t 255 1 71 0 a * ( D. . a . 1 2 5 (o lcigc s st a fu n prc d n u h l igt e 48 9 , t 8 E. Va M r 3 , 01 ) c le tn ae h t o nd o e e e t p o dn h co tt i iy ofco r c i polcesba ng ie duet s xual s nsiutonalt r e tonal i i nni t ms o e ly uggesi ,nontve nude phot ) Si lrt W alt br rrghtofprs nest rcevemunda c os. mia o l,he oade i io r o e i ne ommuniai by c tons m alunde t Fis Am e i r he r t ndme e se be o e W a de Young i plm e e t ba Se .e. , nt xit d f r r n m e nt d he n. e g. Pr unir 41 U. a 40809(e oc e, 6 S. t - rcogni ngc ns s pofprs mali t t i t sa zi e orhi ion i mpacs he nmae' nd s it sFis Ame ocey' rt ndme rght t co nt i s o mmuniae;sealoRe v. Ci lLi risUni c tl e s no Am. vi be te on, 5 U. 844,874( 997)( clrngit bei fcl ce rt tsxuale esi whih i 21 S. 1 de ai t o é e ty la ha e per xpr son c s i c tbutno obs e i prtce byt Fis Ame nde en t c ne s oe td he rt ndme ) Acc di y, ade Youngi nf'. or ngl W r n s note il dt qualfe i muniy. Be a et r i no dipu eofm ae ilf c r lt d t t ntte o ii d m t c us he e s s t tra a t ea e o he commer alphot ba des rbe i cli 7 a t 1w i i Pli ifsf vor Pli ifi e ild ci o n c i d n am nd he a s n antf ' a , antf s ntte t j d me ta amatro 1w c n enigW ad nYo n sb n. o u g n s te f a o c r n r e u g' a B. Li r ly co t e Pli ifa gue t tRe onalAdmi sr t rHi ei alo la ef be al nsnz d, a ntf r s ha gi nita o nkl s s ibl or W a den Young' ba bec us he s r s sW a de Youngandw a i o me o t ba 7 To r s n a e upe vie r n s nf r d f he n. etbls s vior labiiyunde j 1 apli ifmus s w t t ()t s pe vs ha sa ih uper s y i lt r 983, antf t ho ha : 1 he u r ior d a t lorco tuci knowldget tas r na ewa e cua nsr tve e ha ubo di t s ngage i c d n onductt tpos d ( ha e t a pev sv a du a o a l rs 'o c n ttto a ij r t p o l l tepanif ( ) h r a ie n me s n be ik' f o si in ln u y o e p e i h litf; 2 t e u ke s viorsr s et t tknowldg wass i qua ea t s tde i r t i fe e e t uper s ' e pons o ha e e o nade t s o how t lbe a e ndif r nc o ortciauhorzai oft alge ofe i prci s'a ()t tt r wasa datnuai a t t i ton he le d fnsve a tce'; nd 3 ha hee n sfi tve 1D eenda sdi notadd es t s r ior rltons pbet e W a de Y o a Re ona f nt d r s he upe vs y ea i hi w en r n ung nd gi l Ad nitao Hikl, tfrtep rpetv srq ie o smmayj d met l t o sd rheVDOC' mi srtr n e bu o h es cie e urd n u r u g n, musc n ie t S e utvesr t e a ha ng t r i ad i sr t diecl a xec i tucur s vi he egonal m nitaor r ty boveaw ade w ihi t ad i sr t ' r on,as r n t n he m nitaors egi i t c ehee. s he as r 6 c u a ln 'b t e t es p r io ' ia to a dtep riua c nsi to a ij r s fee b a s l ik' ewe n h u e vs rs n cin n h a tc lr o tt in lnu y u fr d y u t pl ntf.Sha v.Sto 1 F. 791 799( h Ci.1 .Tos tsyt rquie nsof he ai if w r ud, 3 3d , 4t r 994) aif he e rme t t frtee nt apl ntf mus esa ih:()t s r iorskno e of( co uc he is lme , ai if t tbls 1 he upe vs ' wldge 2) nd t e ge i byas di t ( wheet cond tpossapevai andunr a ona ers of nga d n ubor nae 3) r he uc e r sve e s bl ik c n ttto a ij r t t pan if S a a v. re , 7F.d3 8 3 3( t Ci.1 8 ) o siuin ln u y o he litf. lk n Po tr 73 2 6 , 7 4h r 9 4 . Es a ihi a t r a i 'a f e s bl ' r s ofha m r qui e e de e t tt c t bls ng s v s ve' nd ç a ona e ' i k pe unr r e r s vi nc ha he onduc i ts wi s e d, a l s hasbee us d on s ve aldif r ntocc sons a t tt c de pr a or t ea t n e e r fe e a i , nd ha he onduc t e g g di b t s b r iaepo e a u ra o a ers o h r o c n t uina ij r .1 a n a e n y he u o dn t s s n n e s n bl ik f am f o si to ln u y d. t t 373- A pli ifmay e t ih de i r t i fe e by de onsr tng as pe viors 74. antf sabls lbe a e ndif r nce m tai u r s ' S ontnue i c i i t f ceofdoc e e wi s e d a es' l a 373. s i d na ton n he a c um nt d de pr a bus . d. t ' F rp r os so s mmayj d me tPlitf ha etb ih dHike sla ii a a o u p e f u r u g n, an if s sa ls e n l' ib ly s t s wior Pli ifhaspr de e upel s . antf ovi d nough e de ,when viwed i t lghtm os f vor bl t vi nce e n he i ta a eo hi , ha Re onalAdm i sr t Hi eha acua kno ldgeoft unc tt i lban. m t t gi nitaor nkl d t l w e he onsiutona Pli ifa antf ppea e W a de You sde a ofagre nc a ld r n ng' nil iva e boutt unc tt i na bant he ons iuto l o Hi e. Hi er d Pli ifsr ulrgreva e,whi h a lged,i e ai ,t tt ba lcke nkl nkl ea a ntf eg a i nc c le ntr la ha he n a d a r s bl pe ogi algoa a wasuncons iutona ;W a de Y o ny ea ona e nol c l nd tt i l r n ung' r pons ,w hi h s es e c e vade t c tt tona c l d he onsiu i l halenget t ba a Pl ntf sa o he n; nd ai if ppea , ch a i al ge t l whi gan le d he unc tt i lnaur oft ba I hi Le l1 r s ns Hi ewr e: onsiutona t e he n. n s ve 1 e po e, nkl ot Yotrg iva ea alhasbee r vi we al wih t Le 1r s e a l re nc ppe n e e d ong t he vel e pons nd your orgi i nal c pl i . Y our gre om a nt i vmw e ... ha bee i tga e s n nves i t d. I si ton r ve e W a de Young posed am e a nve tgai e ald r n t mor ndum da e 3/ / 2 t d 27 201 ma ngt populton a r t tdue t t i ttto çsi biiy t ve iy ki he ai wae ha o he nsiuingq na lt o rf v n o sta s l gijc mme ca ph t sael e s dg teisiuinwil o e d r h t ae sc o r il oo r i n e , h n tt t c ) o ln l ralow ofe r t a tmptt or rc onge l f nde s o te o de omm e cilphot . Bas d on t r a os e he i or ton pr ded,I a uphol ng t unf mde de son of g ade nf mai ovi m di he ot d cii W r n Yo n j M e r n u b W ad n Yo ng32 /2 a d ( 8 3 1a 8 32 u g . mo a d m y r e u / 7 1 n OP) 0 . nd 0 . gover jt sis nl hi sue. Pl' Ex. a 9,ECF N o.8 1 pag i no. .s M t - 2, e d. 252. Cons que l Pl i i fe t bls s f e nty, a ntf s a i he , or p po e o s mma yj d me t ta Hik esi a to t t eb nwa s ia e u t a t s o u s s f u r u g n,h t n l' n cin o h a s o n d q ae s o h w tdei r t i fe e t 'ortt i a horz ton'oft ba Asa r s tofHi e' f itr t s lbe a e ndif r nce o' lact ut i a i ' he n. e ul nkl s alte o i e v net i ldaehi s di t sabs ut ba Pl i ifwa una et e r ieaFis nt r e o nvai t s ubor nae' ol e n, antf s bl o xe cs rt Am e ndme rghtt ob ai phot t tdi notf sr t al ii t pe ogia i e e t nt i o t n os ha d nltae eg tma e nol c l nt r s . Ac di y, ai ifha esa ihe Hi e' s r s r la lt f pur e ofs cor ngl Pl ntf s tbls d nkl s upe vio y ibiiy or pos s umm a y r j d me t a daj r mus r s l et ds ue o maeil a t a t Hik esa t l eieae u g n , n u y t eo v he ip ts f tra f cs s o n l ' cua d l rt b idfe e c .S eBak sv. rtCor M e ,nc, 6 F.d 3 7 3 6(d Ci. 01 )(S n if rn e e r e Fis r. d.l v7 6 3 0 , 1 3 r 2 4 1AI E g n ieds t o mae il a t lp e ld s mma yj d me to q aiidi n t. e un ipue f tra fc wil r cu e u r u g n n u lfe mmu iy' ). The ot rde e nt t cl i 7 - W a z,Ga m a A .Robi on,a Cl ke - a e e il d he f nda s o a m l r n, ns nd ar r ntte t qua ii i uniy f cl m 7 bec us Pli iff l t esa ih t i peronalc o lfed mm t or ai a e a ntf ais o t bls her s onduc i t t n he c e i or e c i oft ba N o s ii a s orom i s ons r l ntt c a m 7 a e a l ge r aton xe uton he n. pec fc ct si e eva o l i r le d a i tA. bi o a Die t Clr ,As itntW ar n W al m e ey r s ga ns Ro ns n nd r c or a ke ssa de z r l e ponded t a o n i or a compl ntpur uan t t VDOC' a nita i r m e pr a ,a As it t nf m l ai s t o he S dmi sr tve e dy ogr m nd ssan W ar nW alz' k fe -he-ac denilofagre nc flsfrs tofetbls ng j1 de t s é trt f t a a iva e al a hor sa ihi 983 la lt ' Depaol v. i biiy. ' a Ray, 7: 2c No. 1 v001 201 U. Dit LEXI 11 8 a * 201 W L 39, 3 S. s. S 7l 2, t 23, 3 4 1 6, t* ( , Va J l 2 , 01 )(iig Br o v. a d 1 7F. p' 9 3 9 5( r 45 23 a 8 W D. . uy 2 2 3 ctn o ks Be r , 6 Ap x 2 , 2 3 d Ci.2006). r ) D. Pl ntf ha r que t $3, i co ns t y dama a $6, i pt tvedn a ai if s e sed 000 n mpe aor ges nd 000 n mii m ges f t ba A pl i ifwho al ge t vi a i ofa c tt i rghti no e ild t or he n. antf le s he olton onsiutonal i s t ntte o c mp nst r d ma e u ls h c np o ea ta ijzy c u e b t vo ain.Cae v. o e ao y a g s ne s e a r v cu ln t a s d y he ilto r ry Pi ,435U. 2 26 ( 978) Notbl ç mage baedont a ta ti l o phus S. 47, 4 1 . a y,d da s s he bsrc vaue' r çm por a e'ofc tt i i t nc ons iutonalrght ar nota pe m i sbl e e entofc pe a or da a . i s e r si e lm om ns t y m ges' ' Me sCnt Sc Ditv.Stc la, U. 299,31 ( 986) Sl meatr of mphi y. h. s. a htr 477 S. 0 1 . %-he sle gompe aor da c nst yj magesunde j1 ...snotasmpl matrofa yi dnmagef mul r 983 i i e te ppl ng or as fo tr lw, rq a tf i o to - o k te p ns . . (lj r t ap oe tdfrt me d n r m o ta o u n iyng u - fp c e x e e . . ln u y o r tce is a n me t itrs c nisl c n t uec mp nsbl ij r whol a a t r m a dmoin l ite s n ee t a tef o si t o e a e n u y l p r fo ny e to a dsr s, t y humiiton a pe s la i nd ronali g t emotona pan,e ba r s nt f a , nxit a a s ndiniy, i l i m ras me , e r a e y nd nguih' s fe e b pan if. v rv. n e Cn y Bd o Ed,8 F.d 1 7 ,1 8 (t Ci. 98 ) u fr d y litfs' e Pe d r t . . f , 35 2 0 6 0 2 4h r 1 7 . 'Pi Furhe e,tg omi lda esma bea de f a j 1 vi ai ' l ;s Cae t nnor snl na mag y war d or ny 983 olton. d. ee rv, ' 435U, a 308n.1(s dic sonoft tis ma scea t tnomi ldn ges a not S. t l 1 our sus i ha sue ke l r ha na ma , nd dn mage ba e on s s sd omeunde i bl l ue'ofi rnge rg s a et a opraem e nsof fna e val nfi d i ht , r he ppr i t a ç n iaig rg t wh s d p i to ha no c us da ta, r v b eij r gl'' n adv. vid c tn ' ih s o e e rvain s t a e cu lp o a l n u y .' , c i l Ki Rus 670F. 737,7 46(t Ci.198 ( l ngnomi ldn sof$100frade alof k, 2d 45- 7h r 2) alowi na mage . o ni a c s t ra igmaeili p io ) oe v r aj r ma , u i no rq ie t,lse s c e s o e dn tra n rs n .M r o e, u y y b t s t e ur d o d ss a punii da esi a acinunderj 1 whent defnda ' co uc i s tve mag n n to 983 he e nts nd t s hownt be o moiae b e l tv o itn, rwh ni iv l sr c ls o (eieae i ifrn et t tv td y vimoie r ne t o e t n ove e ke s r d lb rtq ndfee c o he fde al pr e t rght ofot s' Smihv. a 461U. 30,56( 983) s eCoope v. e r ly otced i s hera ' t W de, S. 1 ;e r Dyke,81 F. 94l 948( h Ci.1 (tT) c l i fee erquie frpunii 4 2d , 4t r 987) $( he alous ndif rnc e r d o tve dn a si es e i ly t s ast delber t i fe e e r quie f atndi ofla lt m ge s s ntal he nme he i ae ndif r nc e r d or i ng ibiiy ont j1 c1i ' .A punii awadma a compa eihe anomi la r ora he 983 am.' ) tve r y c ny t r na wad s t nta c ubsa il ompe a or a r Pi r 835 F. a 1 ns t y wa d. ve , 2d t 082. Pl i ifha no esa ihed a pe s antf s t t bls ny r onalfnancaldn a fom be ngpr cl d fom i i m ge r i e ude r or rng phot durngt ba a t up rsngl hehasnote t bls d ar e tphysc de i os i he n, nd, ms ii y, sa ihe elvan ial ij r fo t sx mo t b n.No eh ls, d frt aj r t r s v t fcu lq eto o n u y r m he i- n h a n t ee s 1 e e o u y o e ole he a t a u sins f ij r a dd ma e r s li fo teba Ac o dn l Plitf mus p o a e tte n t n u y n n g s e utng r m h n. c r igy, an if t r ve n n i me t o l d ma e t a l y. a g s o jz r Pl ntf ha al ge g ne aly t the e re d r t lai a ar ul ofhi tyi t ai if s le d e r l ha xpe ince e ai ton s es t s r ng o e r iehi c tt i rghtt r ceve i t si tnc ,non-tdul'phot i c r ve i n xe c s s onsiutonal i o e i , n hi nsa e ça t' os n onta nto oft ba Se s anot 6.To s c d on acli ofr t la i aprs rmus alegeçha he n. e upr e uc ee am e a iton, ione t l ç t t t r t it y a twa t ke i r pons t t exe cieofaco tt i l pr ec e rghto he eala or c s a n n es e o he r s nsiutonaly ot t d i r ta tea ti efvo ae s c arg t' Ad msv.tc , F3 7 , 5( t Ci. 9 4 . h t h c t l iltd u h ih . n s ' Iie 40 .d 2 7 4h r 1 9 ) Alhough Pl ntf de c i sr t iton t oughouti t Co pl nt hedi nots ciy i t ai if s rbe eala i hr n he m ai , d pe f t i one oft m a e e a e dam s n he ny num r t d i .Cons nty,Imus lbe al c t u t Compl i , eque l t i r ly onsr e he ant whih i a dit ul unde tki duet t l ngt oft cli ,Pli ifsnr a i s nni c s fk t ra ng o he e h he a ms antf tve pn ng many ye r , a hi i e a ton wih m a dif r ntpe ef ma dif r r as . se a s nd s ntr c i t ny f e e opl or ny fe ent e ons8 e. eg, i e v Ke n r 4 4U. 51 , 2 - ( 9 2 ; e as Cld etrv. p bl o S d n, ..Han s . r e, 0 S. 9 5 0 21 1 7 ) s e lo o fle Re u i f u a c 720F. 1 21 ( hCi.201 (e og zngt c le oflbe al c t i samt ,e 3d 99, 2 4t r 3) r c nii he halnge i r ly onsnzng t es 1t BAlho llbealy c tu pr # compl nt,Ido no ac asani t sadvoc t s s nt t ugh i r l onsr e o . q ai s t t nmae' ae, ua oo e de o ng s a ut r and c tt tona c a m snotc ea l r i ed i acom pl n . Se Br k v.Ca r l 1 F. 2 , vel pi t t o y ons iu i l l i l ry a s n ai t e oc r ol, 07 3d 41 2 3(t Ci.1 9 )( ti J, o urn ; a d tv. t o Ha tn, 7 F.d 1 7 ,1 7 (t Ci.1 8 ) se 4 4h r 9 7 Lut .c nc rig)Be u et Ciy f mpo 7 5 2 2 4 2 8 4h r 9 5 ;e g, as God nv Leke 5 4F.d 147 1 51(t Ci.1 7 )(e o iigt t dititc u tsn t x ce t lo ro . e , 7 2 1 , 1 4h r 9 8 rc r zn ha a src o r i o e petd o as met r l o a v c t frap oK panig. su he oe f d o ae o r litf 10 ao pr c ant) c us Pli ifsc le t t ba be nonAprl2,201 whe lne o q ompli s.Be a e antf' halnges o he n ga i 2, n he fld an i or a co pl i on t is ,1us t tdae a t sa tngpoi f whe ie nf m l m ant he s ue e ha t s he t ri nt or n r t la i c d ha beg on t s v vi c ai .9 e a i ton oul ve un he ur i ng l m Afe r viwi a lber ly c tungt Compli ,1fnd t tPl ntf saes tr e e ng nd i a l onsr i he ant i ha ai if t t a tona ecli sofr t la i wih s fc e s c i bl am e ai ton t ufii nt howi ofc us ton r a e t hi a tm pt t ng a a i elt d o s te s o c l halengeore det ba afe Aprl2,201 a i tt f l ng de e nt i onl t va he n tr i 2, gans he olowi f nda s n y he f l wi t cic sa s' olo ng wo r um t nce . 1. On M a 29,201 Ofi e Sut n,I tt to l tg t Ca t i ,a Uni y 2, fc r phi nsiu i nal nvesi a or rwrght nd t Ma nage Hal s r he Pl i ifsc l a co i c t d,orc us d t bes a che a r l ea c d antf e l nd nfs a e a e o e r d nd confs aed,lte st a fom Hep fom Be i c t e tr o nd r l r yond t W als whih i acommer i he l, c s cal adul- og a ve tphot r ph ndor The c i ca i a l dl r s t d i Pl i iff f ii a . onf s ton lege y e ule n a ntf or e tng $ 0.0r fmdheitn e t rc v rfo ta v n o .Co . ! 1 5 1 . 5 0 et n e d d o e o e r m h t e d r mpl! 0 - 1 2. On Ocobe 2,201 Seni Ps hol s Boyd c r d Pl ntf wih d s s i n of t r 2, or yc ogit ha ge ai if t t e so pos con r band'f pos e sngpi t esoff l f m iy m e r who a ta ' or s s i cur ema e a l mbe s ppea e younge rd r t n l ye r ofageat ha 8 a s lhough Boyd ha r e d, ppr ve a r t ne t s i d eviwe a o d, nd e ur d he e mage s t P an ifsp se so i Fe r a y2 2 I . 1 2.Be a s o Bo d' alg d o litf o s sin n b u r 01 . d ! 1 c u e f y s le e r t la i y c r ,Pli tf wa c ced oft i tt i c r l tt ry da ' e a itor ha ge a n if s onvi t he nsiutonal ha ge, os hit ys r r a i a t l phoneprviege , notal wedt ke p t f l pho os a was ec e ton nd e e i l s was lo o e he nmiy t , nd utmaeyta se rdt t ePSCC Snzt rdLiigUntfr9 da s J ! 1 4, 3 , li tl r n fre o h t cu e vn i o 0 y . . ! 1 1 7 Z 1 Alo a lgedl be us oft c c i Pl ntf s f r d me a a e o i 43. s le y ca e he onviton, ai if ufe e nt l nd m tonal d srs a ds itcn r p i d et t elc o rc e to .1 . ! 1 6 ,5 - 9 ite s n cai eve an u o h a k f e r ain d ! 5 ,1 8 5 . 9AlhoughPli ifs sst oug t antf ugge t hr houtt Compli t tde e nt ace wihagene a r tlaor he ant ha f nda s td t r l eait y moie lara yd tr n dta Dee d nsweee tte t s mmayj g n fral f anifscamse e t tv , led eemie h t fn a t r n i d o u r ud me t o 1o Plitf' li xcp l cam 7.S e eg, ro v. rio 20 F.d41 , 1 (t Ci. 0 )(e o nzn artlaincam cn li e . ..Hern Harsn, 3 3 0 4 5 6h r2 00 r c g iig eaito li a s c e dS nyt tee tn ta teu deligcamsh le mei'; CiiLiete Uninv Wio c Cn y, u c e ç l o h xe th t h n ryn li av ) rf) Am. vl b ris o . c mio t. o 99 F.d7 0 7 5(t Ci.l 9 )(Wheeteei n i ar n o teplitf srg t,h r i n n e frh 9 2 8 , 8 4h r 9 3 i r h r s o mp ime t fh anif ihs tee s o e d o te s p oeto po ie byac u eo a t nfrrtl t n.) Ote ta tet cams1d n t ida yoh r r tcin r vd d a s f ci o eai i '. h r h n h wo li , o o fn n te o ao ' exha td, us l r aedcli ofrt la i i t Compl nta isa ndme f whih ar as na etirof use ca aly-elt am e aiton n he ai nd t me nt or c e o bl re fc c d tnd i Pl ntf' f .See. g.M as hiaEl .l .Co.v.Ze t Ra o Cor ,475 U. 574,587 a t oul i n ai ifs avor e. , tus t ec ndus nih di n. S. ( 9 6 (Wheet rc r tk na awh l c udn tla arto a tiro fc t tn frteno movn p ry 1 8 ) d r he e od a e s oe o l o e d ain lre f at o i d o h n ig a t, d teei n çe uieis efrtil') Co ha v. ri, 3F.d 1 0 1 7(t Ci.1 9 )Cç t p io c ne t h r s o g n n su o ra.'; c rn Mors 7 3 31 , 31 4h r 9 6 l he rsn o tx, ' n wetets c cams(f eaito lwihs e tcs be a s e eya to dicpiebyp io ot asi b ra u h li o rtl in t k p iim c u e v r c f s iln a rsn f l s y ki demiinrtlaoyi t esn et tirs o d drcl t pio rmic n u t'( tra q oainmaks f t eaitr n h e s ha t ep n s iety o rsne so d c. i en l u tto r o 'n o t d) Hug e v Be s l, F.d 1 7 ,1 8 n l (t Ci. 99 )( tn a imaemutalg fcss wi mie l; h s . d oe 48 3 3 6 3 6 . 1 4h r 1 5 noig n n t s l e at ho ng t e t thi exe cs ofconsiutona rght wa as tnta)f t motvai t r tlaor a i ;Adams 40F. a ha s r ie tt i l i s s ubsa i acor i tng he eait y cton) , 3d t 7 (oigcnlsr algto o rtlto aeisfkin t saeacamlWanrv Wh ee,1 F.d8 , 4 n tn o cuoy leains feai in r nut eto tt li ; c e . e lr 3 3 6 91 a (t Ci.1 9 )(ol tetmp rl rxmi b t e a imae'p oetdatvt a dt alg dyrtlaoy 4h r 9 3 n t h e oa po i t ewe n n n t s r tce cii n he l e l eaitl ng y y e ofca ato i smpl t se d rare o whc t b s acam) fiil cin s i y oo ln e e d n ih o ae li . 11 Co e u n l t e et camsof eaito wil r c e t ajl tilor s l wh te nsq e ty,h s wo li r tlain l p o e d o ty ra t e ove eh r r def nda sOfi e Sut n,l tt i ll si t Ca wrg ,Uni M a e Hal, Se or e nt fc r phi nsiutona nve tga or rt i ht t nag r l and ni Ps hol s Boyd a e labl f t a l e a t ofr t la i yc ogit r i e or he leg d c s e a iton. V I. Fo tef rg i r a o s Ig a t fnd ns mo inf rsl r j d me ta t te r h o e ong e s n , r n Dee a t' to o l mma y u g n s o h pa tofc am 7 a ns W az,Ga m a A.Ro ns a Cl r ,a Ide i ast t pa tof r li gai t l r n, bi on, nd ake nd ny t o he r cai 7 agans def nda sYoung a Hi ea ca msofr t iton agans Sut n, lm i t e nt nd nkl nd li eala i i t phi Ca t i ,Hal, Boyd. A1 def nda se e Young,Hi e Sut n, rwrgh ,Hal rm ght l and l e nt xc pt nkl , phi Ca t i t l, a dBo daetr n tda d fnd n s Co s q e ty aj r til sn c s ayt r s le n y r emiae s ee a t. n e u n l, u y ra i e e s r o e ov que tonsofda a a ns Yot la lt a da esast whet rHi ei la ea a si m ges gai t mg, i biiy nd mag o he nkl s ibl s s r s rf Young' ba a la lt a da esast whet rSut n,Ca t i ht Hal, upe vio or s n, nd i biiy nd mag o he phi rwrg , l a Boyd unl uly r t la e ag ns Pli if Be us t e nt oft sa ton oc r e nd awf l e a it d ai t antf . ca e he ve s hi c i cu r d wihi t Abi t n he ngdon Di son oft sco t t sma t i ta f re t t doc toft vi i hi ur, hi ter s r nse r d o he ke he Ho a eJ m esP.J ne , t d Stt sDititJ e f t Abi nor bl a o s Unie a e src udg or he ngdon Di so oft sc t vii n hi our. E T R Ti l- dy fue21. N E : hs - aoJn,04 9 x' ' N ) , .x vn ' , ( S o UntdSttsDititJ g e r ie ae src ud e 12 $ ....w
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