Joyner v. Swiney et al, No. 7:2013cv00227 - Document 45 (W.D. Va. 2014)

Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Jackson L. Kiser on 2/21/2014. (tvt)

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tk o :: e 4 :*: e uv R *.: A YN lk ,A Vti V l ' FI D I TH E UN I N TED STA TES D I STR I CO U R T CT FO R TH E W ESTER N D I STR I O F VI G I I BY CT R N A JUL : R O A N O K E D I SION VI D CHW STO PHER LEE JO YNER, Pl ntff ai i , By: r pRx a L M EM O M N DU M O PIN IO N W A LTER SW I EY ,e aI, N t . Def nda s e nt . , C i lA c i N o.7: 3- vvi ton 1 c 00227 V. 1p *2f ( D H on.Jackson L.K i ser Se orUnie St e Dit c Judge ni t d at s srit Chrsophe Le J it r e oyne ,aVigi ai aepr e ng pr K ,tl d ave i Am e d r r ni nm t oc edi o ie rfed nde Co litp ru n t 4 U. C. 1 8 wihj ds ci nv se i 2 U. C. 1 31a j 1 43 mpan , u s a t o 2 S. j 9 3 t u dito et d n 8 S. j 3 nd 3 . Pl ntf na e a de e nt W ale Sw i y,St ve Fr nkln,Tr vi M ccoy,PaulPa ai if m s s f nda s t r ne e n n i a s yne, and Da e M c wa , whoaea1 o rcin lo fc r a teRe Ono SaePrs n(ç P' . nil co n 1 r 1c re to a fie s th d in tt io t ROS ' ) Pl i ifa l est tDef nda svi a e t Ei ht Am e antf leg ha e nt olt d he g h ndmentoft Unied St t Consiuto he t aes tt i n by usng e es i f c notpr ve i ot r 'us ofe es i f r e and de a ng ne s a y i xc s ve or e, e ntng he s e xc s ve o c , l yi ce s r me ia te t n.Dee a t fldamoin frs mmayj dg n ,owhc Plitf r s o d d d c l rame t fnd n s ie to o u r u me tt ih anif e p n e , ma ngt m at rrpef diposton. Afe r viwi t r c d,1de De e nt 'm o i f ki he te i or s ii tr e e ng he e or ny f nda s ton or s mmayj d me tb c u ed s u e o maeil a t e it n atil sn c s ayf ral li . u r u g n e a s ip ts f tra fcs x s a d ra i e e s r o 1 cams Thi m a trde ndson c r tng ve sonsofe nt a s te pe ontasi ri ve s boutwhe De enda se e e n f nt nt r d Pli if sc lon M a c 1 201 De e nt a rt tt y ne rus physc lf c on Pl ntf a ntf el r h 8, 3. f nda s ve ha he ve ed i a or e ai if whie hewa i fve poi r sr i sf dir ptvebe vi , tPl ntf a r t tt Def nt l sn - nt e tant or s u i ha or bu ai if ve s ha he enda s me cl s l be thi whiehe wasr taned.2 r ie sy a m l esr i 'Ig a De e nt'r ques t co r tys lM ccowa sna eon t doc t whih wasi orecl s le i t r nt f nda s e t o recl pel n' m he ke, c nc r ty pvld n he compl nta t cGowa ' ai s ' M n. ' 2v vepoi r sr ns's tr a i t f e- onabedby sr ppi t c s a ea h a m a lgt t bc ' - nt e tait' ecle n nmae ac up Fi ta ng he he t nd c r nd e o he d. A. Pli ifalege t ton M a c 18 201 a a oxi t l 3: p. .Pa ,Fr nkln,a antf l s ha r h , 3, t ppr ma ey 28 m , yne a i nd M ccoy ent r d Pl i t f sce lw hie Sw i y w a t d a t c l doora a çl e e a n if l l ne ie t he e l s éookout' A lhough . t ' Pl i ifwa sr ppe t abedby fve poitr tant , a i pt hedPl i iff z tm e i t antf s ta d o i - n esr i s Fr nkln mc antf olr i s n he somac a Pa punche Pl ntf t c i t soma a f tmest t hea M ccoy, t h, nd yne d ai if wie n he t ch nd our i o he d. who had be n hol ng ats r ove Pli ifsm out t slnc hi ,s t hedr e wih Pa e di -hit r antf h o ie e m wic ols t yne, sompe o Pl i ifsge t l f t tmes a punche Pli ifsf ef tmesbef r e r t d n antf nia s otr i , nd d a ntf ac our i o e ve yone l f t ce l Pl i ifas d c r c i e t he l. a ntf ke or e tonalofi r w o ki a trt s f c nge a 6: p. . or tce s r ng fe he hi t ha d t 00 m f m e c la ssa et no a i. M ccowa e nt ly soppe a Pl i ifsdoor s Pl i ifs di a s it nc o val n ve ua l t d t antf , aw antf s l n f ce a as d Pli ifa utwhohehad f ug .Pli tf r pled,i wole a , nd ke antf bo o ht a n if e i t s ul know, You ho d ' ' a as d f m e c la ssa ,butM c nd ke or di a s it nce cowa r us t hep éfM c n ef ed o l ç i coy had a hi t do wih nyt ng o t (h l(nu is. t e ij rel' ' B. I c r tD ee n ontas, f ndan se an t ton M a c 1 201 Pl i ifr f s d or r t cl ehi t xpl i ha r h 7, 3, antf e u e de s o os s ta so a t t ove hi c lr y l t nd o mc r s e ldoorwi ndow. Pli ifa s r us muli eor r t c fup, antf l o ef ed tpl de s o uf- sa i û t tng, i F you, ' goi t t a t sf i cela l '$ Im ng o e r hi ng l pat' t F i lm gonnage you rg no ' t ' t i ht w,' a :Y ' lc i up i he e t y. Pl i iffna l c ple afe r ei ng t o bur t ofpe r nd ç a1 om ng n r oda ' a ntf i ly om i d t r ec vi w ' ss ppe s a a saf de ont m i t d hi a pl e hi i ambul t y r tant . pr y, nd t f c a na e m nd ac d m n aor esr i s On M a c 18 201 a a r h , 3, t bout1 10a. .sa fs w t Pli ifhad dn a d 2: m , t f a hat antf m ge t lf ha uf ofhi a he e t ndc f s mbult yr sr i s r a or e tant , emovedt dnma a he ged mbul t y r tant a aor esr i , nd pl e Pl ntf i fve poi r s r i s Ata ac d ai i f n i - nt e t a nt . bout 1 00 p. . saf s w t Pl ntf ha f e d hi l f : m , t f a hat ai i f d r e s e t ha fom t r sr i a s r d ort e f ce onhi c lnd r he e tant nd mea e hr w e s s e ldoorwi ndow. St f m a ge t a f na d o s c ePli ifi fve- ntr tant de piePl i ifi endi t s tf ce att m . e ur antf n i poi esr i s s t antf nt ng o pi e s he 2 Atabout3: 1p. . Swi y sood a Pl i ifsc l doo whieFr nkln, ccoy,a Pay 2 m , ne t t antf e l r l n i M nd ne e e edt celwih a s ed t gi Pl i ifamea a r sr nt r he l t hi l o ve antf l nd e toom br a Duet Pl i ifspro e k. o antf ir a t m pt t s ta s a f Pa hel t s e d above Pl ntf sf e f pr e ton,a M c te s o pi t t f , yne d he hi l ai i f ac or ot c i nd coy us d e a c 0t t c rt s ta f c s i t ce l Fr nkln,M c 1 h o ove he pi nd e e n he l. a i coy,Pa yne,a Swi y e t d t c l nd ne xie he el aa t bout3: p. .a trPli tf t e t ne t m whe as i hewa e t ber l s d fom fve 23 m fe a n if hr a e d he n ked f nt d o eea e r i - poi r tai s Fr nkln,M c nt esr nt . a i coysPa yne,a Swi y a rt tt y di no a s ul Pl i if di nd ne ve ha he d t s a t antf, d nott ouch Pl ntf orhi r tai s and di nott t harm hi . A lhough M ccowan r l t ki ai if s esr nt , d ry o m t ecals al ng t Pli tf dtrnghi r o a n if li s oundst te ni M cco n de est tPl ntf a ke hi f me c l ha ve ng, wa ni ha ai if s d m or di a te t nta t ttm ea de ess yi hewo d notr ue tm e c sa fi M c ha a hi r a me t ha i nd ni a ng ul eq s dial t f f coy d nyt ng t do wih ane d f te t e . o t e or r am nt On M a c 1 201 a about4: am .Pl ntf wasr e ed fom fve- ntr sr i s r h 9, 3, t 00 . , ai if elas r i poi e tant be a ehesoppe bei dir ptve.A nur ee c us t d ng s u i s xami d Pli if di no fnd a dite sor ne antf , d t i ny sr s tal , n t u , i n t o ea y ij re i Plitf me c l e o d Al o g Plitf rt a d,h s dd o n t n nu is n an ifs dia rc r . t u h anif ma h c ompl i ofpan i hi rg - l s no s li ordicol a i wa no ed,a Pl i ifdi not aned i n s i htpevi, we lng s or ton s t nd antf d s y he w a a s ule orf l pai whie m ovi Pl ntf s m e ca r or doesnoti c t t t a s s a td et n l ng. ai i f ' di l ec d ndi a e ha Plitf s san dp y ia ijlisfo tealg db ai . anif u t ie h sc l nt e r m h l e e tng r e Pl i i fdi notcl i t be be t n untlM a c 22,201 whe he a l ged i a greva e a ntf d am o ae i rh 3, n le n i nc t tsa fca e hi f et s l by be i hi whiei tve poi r sr i t . TheROSP ha tf us d s ac o we l atng m l n i - nt e ta n s l tt i ll tga orw a c d a vi o r co di ofPl i tf s r l as f o fve- ntr s r n s ns iutona nves i t t he de e r ng a n if e e e r m i poi e tai t a di n t e a yijlyt Plitf. nd d o s e n n t o anif r Il. A p ryi e t ldt s mmayj d me t f h p e dn s t ed so r a dd s ls r a t s n i e o u r u g n i t e la ig ,h ic vey n ico u e t m a e i l on f l a a af i vis s t r a s ie, nd ny fda t how t tt e i no ge ne di put ast any m a e i lf c . ha her s nui s e o t ra a t Fe R. v. 5 () seW iln sv. ifn, 5 F.d8 0 8 3( t Ci.1 91 (e o n zn a d. Ci P. 6 a; e l m Grfi 9 2 2 2 , 2 4h r 9 ) rc g iig i pat i e tte t s mmayj d me ti t erc r a awhoec udn tla ar to lre o fc ry s n ild o u r u g n f h e o d s l o l o e d aina tir f a t t tndi fvo oft non- nt.tM ae ilf cs'aet efcsnec s yt etbls t o i n a r he mova ) d tra a t' r hos a t esm' o sa ih he elme sofapat sc eofa ton.Andes v. beryLobby.l ,477U. 242,2 ( 98 . e nt ry' aus ci ron Li t nc. S. 48 1 6) A ge nei s ofm aeralf c e ssi,i vi ngt r or a a1 r s bl i e e esdr wn nui s ue t i a t xit f n ewi he ec d nd 1 ea ona e nf r nc a t r fom i alghtm os f vor bl t t non- o ng pa t ar s he e r n i t a a e o he m vi ry, ea onabl f c -i rco d r tm za e a tfnde ul et veditf t nonr c or he mova .L. Themovi pat ha t bur n ofs ng- çha i, ntng nt ds z ng ry s he de howi ç t s poi i t outt t diti tco t t tt ei a abs eofevi ncet s o he src ur - ha her s n enc de o uppor t nonm o ng pa t s t he vi ry' c s . Ceo e Co p v. tet4 7U. 31 , 2 (98 ) ft mo a ts tsist i bld n,he ae' ltx r . Cart, 7 S. 7 3 5 1 6 .I he v n aife h s t e t n ' r t non- o ntmus s tf t s ik ,a isbl f ct t tde o taet e se ofage ne he m va t e orh pect dm s i e a s ha m nsr t he xit nce nui i s off c f rti .I a 322- A c tm a notr ol diput f c s we g t e de ,or s ue a t o ral d. t 23. our y es ve s ed a t , i h he vi nce ma deemi tonsofcedi lt Ruselv.M ir ke tr nai r biiy. sl codyneCop.65F. 1 1 ( hCi. r , 3d 229, 239 4t r 1 ) Sosbe v. ur hv,797F. 1 1 ( h Ci.1 .l ta ac t ce sa tuet 995 ; e e M p 2d 79, 82 4t r 986) nse d, our ac pt s r he e denc oft non- ovi pa t a r s vesal i e nalc lc sa i e e e i t nonvi e he m ng r y nd e ol 1 nt r onf i t nd nf r nc s n he mo i p ry' fv r Ch r oma e d Frn ev. mih 5 7F.d4 6 41 (t Ci.1 7 ) vng a t s a o . a b r g s e a c S t , 9 2 0 , 4 4h r 9 9 . De e d n sag et a t e aee tte t s mmayj d me tb c us Plitf p o d s fn a t r u h t h y r nild o u r u g n e a e anif r vie onl a ' oncl or a lga i 'ofe es i f r Howe r Pl i ifsalegai nsar ba e on hi y s c us y le ton' xc sve o ce. ve , antf l to e sd s pe s le re esa a epr de vi ave ii Am e d Compli a a a fda t whih r ona xpe i nc nd r ovi d a rfed nde ant nd n fi vi, c s ika l des i how one ofi e o e ved t eeofi r pum melhi whiei o l a pec f ly crbe tc r bs r hr fce s m l mm bie nd d fns ls i tv - itrsrit a dta a o h ro fc rltra k o e g dPlitf sijlis ee ee s n i epon etan s n h t n t e fie ae c n wld e an if nt e r a ve baly r f ed t obt i m e ca a ssa e.Furhe mor In co tanedt viw t f c s nd r l e us o an di l s it nc t r e, m nsr i o e he a t , a al i e e esd a t r fo ,i Pl i ifsf vor a Icn nd 1 nf r nc r wn he er m n antf a , nd nnotwe g t pa tes c edi lt i h he ri ' r biiy. W iht s r lsi mid, mus tn ta d s ue o maeilfcsp e l es t hee ue n n I ti d h t ip ts f tra a t r cud umma yj d me t r u g n. A. TheEi ht Am e m e pr hi t prs ofi i l fom i lc i lnnec s ar a wa on g h nd nt o bis ion tc as r nfitng l e s y nd nt pana s frngo prs r.W hily v. bes 475U. 31 320( 986) Tor ol acli i nd ufei n iones te Al r, S. 2, 1 . es ve am t prs sa fsexc sve f r vi a e t Ei h Am e hat ion t f es i o ce olt d he ght ndment t c t us de e mi , he our m t t r ne whehe t f r eappled wa ti a good f ih e f tt m ant i orr sor dici i ormalci l t r he o c i s tn at for o i a n e t e s plne i ousy a s ditcal f rt ve ypu pos ofc usngha m . l a 320- W hehe t f cewas nd a si ly o he r r e a i r ' d. t ' 21. t r he or ne s a y ori e i nal am e a i lc i unne s ar physc lha de ndson f c o ss h as ce s r nt nto ly i d t ntitng ce s y ia nn pe a t r uc t ne f rt a i ton off c t r ltons p be wee t ne d a t n he ed o he pplca i or e, he ea i hi t n he e nd he mountoff ce or u e ,hee tn o ij r i lce t e tn o t etr a t t es ft o safa imae s d t x e t f n u y nfitd,he x e t f h h e t o h aey f t f nd n ts r as na y pe c i d by r ponsbl ofk il , a e f t m a t t m pe t s ve iy ofa e o bl r e ve es i e t a s and ny fors de o e r he e rt f re u r s o s s o d a 3 . e . ..W iknsv. d v 5 9U. 3 ( 01 ) o c f l e p n e h w.I . t 21 s e e:, li Ga d , 5 S. 4 2 0 . , Viwi t e de ei t lghtm os f vor bl t Pl i if t f r a l edl us d by e ng he vi nc n he i t a a e o antf, he o ce leg y e Fr nkln,M c a i coy,a Pa w a m a i i and s s i a f t ve y pur e ofca i ha m . nd yne s lc ous adi tc nd or he r pos us ng r Eve i Pl i ifha bee co ba i a pr blm ai be or 3: p. . M a c 1 201 no o n f antf d n m tve nd o e tc f e 21 m on r h 8, 3, ne al ge t thewasdim ptvewhe Fr nkln,M c le s ha s i n a i coy,a Pa i taly en e edt c l nd yne nii l t r he el. Furhe m or Pl i ifw a de e el s i fve- ntr t a nt w he Fr nkln, c t r e, a ntf s f ns es n i poi es r i s n a i M coy, nd Pa a yne a l ge y pum m e ed hi f c s om a h,a ge t sw hie gaggi hi t kee hi sl nt Cl a l le dl l s a e, t c nd nial l ng m o p m ie . e ry, t alege e de epoi st t a e eofs h a ne d f t a ia i n ofs h f r ora he l d vi nc nt o he bs nc uc e or he pplc to uc o ce lgii aeba i f t a o off c al dl us e tm t ss or he m unt or e lege y ed. Pl i t f ave st the 1 y s r ppe i fve- ntr t a nt w ih a s l n f e asa r ul of a n if r ha a t a d n i poi es r i s t wole ac es t s eghtdee ee sbl t t f e. seeAnder on, 477U. a 255(e rngt e de oft i fnsls ows o he ac 3 S. t r quii he vi nce he 3A lhough prorl w i t scic twoul ha f us d t dipostve i r on t s gnii anc ofPl ntf salege t i a n hi r ui d ve oc e he s ii nquiy he i fc e ai if' l d ij r , et dlw a tet o tealg dbetn rieae ta tee tn o ij r wa n tds o iiea wa b t nu y stl a th i f h le e aig etrtd h t h xe t fnu y s o ip stv nd s u e me o eo fu fcost b c nsd rd Co r No a v. vo, F.d 1 9(9 4 (nb n )(idigapan if n f o r a tr o e o iee . mpae nn n Ta lr25 3 25 1 9 ) e a c f n litf n cz tpe al na EihhAme me t x e sv frecam ihsij r i J mi mi) wi Wikn ,1 S. . t amo rv io n g t nd n e c sie o c li f i nu y s . ni s, t lis 30 Cta ç h n n mo n f rs mmayj g n t b b l ve a dal u tfa l ifrnc saet bed a i o - va t o u r ud me t o e ei d n lj siibe n ee e r o rwn n e h sf v r.Th alg dij r o as le fc wa c u e b p y ia f r elc iga y i a o ) e l e n u y f woln a e s a s d y h sc l o c a kn n e p n o ia j siiai n Se . ..S a lyv. jrka 1 4F.d6 9(t Ci.1 9 )(e o nzn e olgc l u tfc to . e ec, tne Heii , 3 3 2 4 h r 9 8 r c g iig t t nimae sijliss san dwhl g r sq eldad su b n eaec n ttto al dsi c ha a n t ' n t e u ti e ie uad u le it r a c r o si in l itn t r u y fo a imae' ij re s san dfo g ad dei eaeyi l tn p n s me t u t av r a r m n n t s n u is u ti e r m u r s lb rtl nfi ig u ih n d e o eb l c ag u n) F rhcmo e tepani lce o ad fnsls ,mmo ie a dp a e u i mae r tne t. u t r r ,h i nfitd n ee ee s i b l, n e c f l n t, r g r ls o lsigp y ia ij r , a bep o el c n iee a t eij r .Se Hu s n v e a de s f atn h sc l nu y c n r p ry o sd r d s h nu y e d o . M c il n, 0 U. 1 1 - 4 (9 2 (% eCo r td y a p o itl p t t rs asro sy M li 5 3 S. , 3 1 1 9 ) 1 a Th u to a p rpraey u s o et ei u l m ig de vi w t tpan i lcedby a e s i us off c i a tona eunde t Ei ht s ui d e ha i nfi t n xce sve e or e s c i bl r he g h Ame d n o l whe c u e wi Siniia t nu y ' . ,n u yta rq ie me ia atn in n me t ny n o pld t sg fc n ij r n eg.ij r h t e u rs d c l te to h orl a pe ma ntm a ks nde d,we ewet hol t t c r r wem i pl c va i ki e ves r ne r .I e r o d o he onta y, ght a e rous nds ofsa e s t t - pons r t t ea a e- oft ki i ni l de i o ed orur nd bus he nd nge ousy sgnedt c epan butwihouta o aus i t tl aeSinfc n ij r ' e tr l b yo dt ep l o teCo si to ' ( a k n J, el l sg iia t nu y - niey e n h ae f h n tt in.) Blc mu , . t u ' co uri .M orove,t ofier'alege beai ofape ceuli t i fvepoi rsri s nc rng) e r he fc s l d tng a f nmae n i - nt etant whies he i hi wih as r c tt e c l mot rng m t hit onsiut s onduc ( e t t pugnan t t c c ousofm n nd. r t o he ons i nki ' ' S eL,a 1 (1 Ei hhAme me tsp o i to o Gr e a du u u l p n s me t e e s rl e ds t 0 $ . The g t nd n ' r hbi n f c u l n n s a' u ih n n c s ai i y e l sfom c tt i lr c tongqmi mi us sofphysc lf c pr de t tt us of xcude r onsiutona e ognii - ni s e ia ore, ovi d ha he e f c i notofas r Se na tt t co cinceofmn nd.' s as W iki ,559U. a 36 or e s o t rpug n o he ns e nki 'l; ee lo l ns S. t (s he prs ofii smalci l a sditc l us f cet ca eham,... ontmporr tW n ion fcal i ousy nd a sialy e or o us r c e ay sa d r so d c n yawa saeviltd . . eh ro n t in fc n ij yi e ie t' As tn ad f e e c l y r oae . wh t e r o sg i a t nur s vd n . ). s h, a c tai d t fnd t tPl i ifa lgess fc e f t t saet vi a i oft uc 1 m onsr ne o i ha antf le ufii nt ac s o tt he olton he l19(eetn t r ao i o No ma a dra srigta asg i c n ij r i n t trs l rq ie n fr 7 rjcig he e s nng f r n n e setn h t int a tnuy s o a h ehod e urme t o i saiga e c si frecam a di b to efco t c n iel seHil . u 7 7F.d3l (t Ci. 01 ) ttn n x esve oc li n s u n a tr o o sd r; e lv Cr m, 2 3 2 4h r 2 3 (xe dn qu lfe i nt t ofc r i teF u t Cic iwh h dalg dyb a imae wi u c u igmoe e tn ig aiid mmu iy o fies n h o rh rut o a le e l e tn ts t t a sn r ho ta é mi mi ij r b fr No ma wa a rg td . h n q ni s nu y eoe r n s bo ae ) Ei h Ame m e rghtt befeefom e e sve f ce whih wascla l e t bls d by t tm e ght nd nt i o r r xc s i or , c e ry sa ihe he i oft al ge be tng.Gi n t di r nceofPli tf ' a De enda s ve sonsofe nt , he he le d a i ve he ve ge a n ifs nd f nt ' r i ve s t d s u e o maeil a t mus bers le b tila dn tb s mmayj d me t ip ts f tra f cs t e ov d y ra n o y u r u g n . B. Pl ntf al gest tSwi y sood i t door y ofPl i ifsc l,obs r d t be tng, ai if le ha ne t n he wa antf' el e ve he a i a di not ngt sop i.De e nd d hi o t t f ndant c t u d t cli a a lgi s r s r la lt a gui s onsr e he am s le ng upe vio y ibiiy, r ng t tPl i i ff ie t des r be a s r s r r l tons p be w e n Sw i y and Fr nkln, c ha a ntf a l d o c i upe vi o y e a i hi t e ne a i M coy, a Pay Se Sha v.Stoud,13F. 791 799( h Ci.1 ( s rbi acam of nd ne. e w r 3d , 4t r 994) de ci ng li s p r io yla iiyt e j1 8 ) Dee d nsaec re ti t srg r a ds 1 on tfn ta a u e vs r ib l md r 9 3 . f n a t r o rc n hi e ad, n o d o i d h t t cli ofs r ior la lt a is I t a t c am i lbe al c t edasal ng bysa am upe v s y ibiiy pple . nse d, he l i s i r ly onsm legi t nder la iiy S eHan sv. r r 4 4U. 5 9 5 - ( 9 2 ( r ti l ea c nsr cino p o ib l . e ie Kene, 0 S. 1 , 2021 1 7 ) pemit i r l o tu to f r t ng b K p e dng wh nj sierq ie) A c re to a o fc rma bel beo at e r o b sa e la i s e u tc e ur s. or cin l fie y i l n h oy f y tnd r a la iiyi teo fc r : 1 k wsta afl w o fc ri v oaiga i iiu lsc n ttto a ib l f h fie :d ) no h t el fie s i ltn n ndvd a ' o si in l t ( o u rghs ( hasar a ona eopporuniyt pr ntt har ; nd()c e no t a t' Ra l v. i t' 2) , e s bl t t o eve he m a 3 hoos s t o c. ndal ' Prnc Ge g sCnt .M d.302F. 1 20 ( hCi. i e or e' v. , 3d 88, 4 4t r 2002) ai ifsal tonsabo .Pl ntf legai ut Swi y sa ngi t doo wa d li t be tng s tsi st eelm e s a t sc us ofaci n ne t ndi n he r y trng he a i aife hes e nt , nd hi a e to wascla l e tbls dbeor M ac 201 Seei. Howe r be a ePli ifmus pr a e ry sa ihe f e rh 3. .s l ve , c us antf t ove vi a i ofa c tt i nalrg a apr r st t esa ihi bysa rla lt W ilsv. olton onsiuto i ht s e equiie o t bls ng t nde ibiiy, li Oake ,493F.Supp. 776,78 ( . Va. ) t scam,oo,mus ber s ve bytil s 2d 4 W D. 2007 ,hi li t t e ol d ra. C. Pl i ifale t tM ccowan wasdelber t y i fe e t Pli ifss rousm e c antf lges ha i ael ndif r nt o a ntf' e i dial ne d wh nM c wa alg dyr c g ie Plitf sp y ia ij re a trteb aiga d e s e co n le e l e o nz d anif h sc ln u is fe h e tn n r us dt calfrme c a ssa .Se e. ,Eselev. mbl 429U. 97,1 ( 976) ef e o l o dial s itnce e. c. t l Ga e, S. 04 1 . Agai viwi t f t a i e e e i alghtmos f vor bl t Pli if M c n, e ng he ac s nd nf r nc s n i t a a e o antf , cowa wa n s pe s ly awa eoff t i c tng a s t ntalrs ofs rousha m whe hes w Pl i ifs r onal r ac s ndia i ubsa i ik e i r n a antf ij r d s le fc a a k dPlitf wh h dhefug tt s santeijzis S eI ov nu e , wo ln a e nd s e an if o a o h o u ti h nl e . e k . r Shrve 535F. 225,241( h Ci.2008)( tng as i media ne doc ur whe i e ai,i e , 3d 4t r noi erous c l e c s n,ntr la t i o oust alypes t tme ca asit ei nee d) M c s bvi o a ron ha di l ssanc s de . cowa ale dl e bie n lge y xhi td dei r t i fe e eby i e i ly r usngt c l medialas it nc bec us M c lbe a e ndif r nc nt ntona l ef i o a l c ssa e a e coy c us d a e t eij re , ihwa ce ry-sa ls e t a u c n u t e o eM ac 2 3 S e eg.Esel, h nu is whc s lal e tbih d mlwf l o d c b f r rh 01 . e . . , tl e s a. Li t e e sve f r ecli ,adiput ofma e i lf t e sswhe he Pli if upr ke he xc s i o c am s e t ra ac s xit t r a ntf de o tae as rousphysc ne a wheherM c m nsr td e i ial ed nd t cowa wa dei r t l i fe e t t n s lbe a ey ndif r nt o hat ne d. e 11 1. Fort f egoi r as ,lc r tM ccowa sna eon t doc ta denyDe e nt ' he or ng e ons orec n' m he ke nd f nda s mo inf rs mmayj d me t Be a s n p ryh sma eaj r d ma d ti matrwi best to o u r u g n . c u e o a t a d u y e n ,h s te l e l f abe h ti l or nc ra . V Ex r sR :Thi R. C O d yoxe ray 2014. a t bur r , *. . Se orUnied St t Diti tJ n' t aes src udge 8

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