McGhee v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA et al, No. 7:2013cv00123 - Document 73 (W.D. Va. 2014)

Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Samuel G. Wilson on 2/24/14. (eot)

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CLERK' OFFI U. . A . . I S CE S DI PG r ATROANOKE, VA FI LED I TH E UN I N TED STATE S D I STR I C O U RT CT FO R TH E W ESTER N D I STR I O F VI G I A CT R NI ROANOKE DI SI N VI O BU RR ELL A .M CGH EE, FEB 2i 2 1 29 JULI B) t Y x* V 2 Q ( Ci lA cton N o.7: C V- 23 vi i 13- 001 Pl ntf ai if M EM ORAND UM OPI ON NI U N I D STA TES O F AM ERI A ,e al, TE C t . D efendant s. By:Sam ue G .W is l l on Unied St e Dit i Judge t at s s rct Thepl i if Bure lA.M cGhee fl d t sm e c m apr c i a i agans t Unied antf, r l , ie hi dial l a tce cton i t he t S ae u d r h Fe e a To t amsAc ( tts n e t e d r l r Cli t FTCA) 2 U. C. j 1 46b)2 - 6 0 a d , 8 S. j 3 ( , 6712 8 , n Loc umTe . LLC (1 um' ( physcansafngage y)a t docor t rt nenscom, t Loc ' a ii tfi ) nc nd wo t s mde he c u tss ppe na, 8U. C. 1 6 , n /rdv ri j rs ito 2 U. C. 1 3 o r' u lme tl2 S. j 3 7 a do ie st u id cin, 8 S. j 3 2. y M c e a s rscl msa i tt doc or i vi ly a a e oye oft Unied Stt Ghe s e t ai ga ns he t s ndi dua l nd s mpl es he t aes a Loc . TheUnied St t sha m ove t dim iscli sa i ti arsng outoft doc o s nd um t ae s d o s s am gans t ii he t r ' a tonsbe us ,i a s rs t y we e i pe ntco r c or rt rt n empl yee . Fort ci ca e t s e t, he r nde nde nta t s ahe ha o s he r as t tf l t c tg a st Unie St e moton. e ons ha olow,he our r nt he td ats' i M c efld acompl i i t scou t a lgi t to M ar 30,2011 whie apai nt Ghe ie ant n hi r, le ng ha n ch , l te a t Veea Afar M e ca Ce e i Salm, ri a(E C',t doco sneglge l t he trns fis di l ntr n e Vigni 1 VAM ' he tr ) i nty pe f med hi a tr c cs de slge y, es tngi pe mane ner edn a con i ror s rl os opi houl r lr r r uli n r l nt v m ge, tnuous pan i hi l rbody,a s ani on hi ne a f ce. i n s owe nd c ng s ck nd a l 1M c ealo al ge ne i nceby ot rVAM C sa fme be swhos e oy e saust Ghe s le s glge he tf m r e mpl m nt tt he Unied St t doesnotdiput t aes s e. Th Uni dS ae mo dt d s s p ru n t 1 ( )1 a d 1 ( )6 s se t gt a i e t tts ve o imis u s a t o 2 b ( ) n 2 b () a s ri h t t e n wa i munefom la lt f t doct s'a tonsbe aus t y we e i pende co r c or , sm ' ibiiy or he r or c i c e he r nde nt nta t s notVAM C e oye s a i hasnotwai d s r i n i t t f t a i nsofi mpl e , nd t ve ove e g mm miy or he cto ndepe nt nde co r c or . Theco the d ahe i t t moton t rad s me ,a e t r a or r nta t s ur l arng, ook he i mde vie nt nd n e ed n de pe mitnglm ie dicove y on t is Aferc r ti i td s r he s ue. t onduc i dico y,t Unie Stt smove tng s ver he t d a e d f sl r j me and,i s or lmmay udg nt n uppor ofismoto s te fvede iinta ci sa t t in, ubmitd i posto rns rpt nd nlm e o e bis and M cGhe r s nde z r us xhi t , e e po d. Acc di t t undiput d e de e,t doc or be n wor nga t VAM C a or ng o he s e vi nc he t s ga ki t he bouta ye rbef eM c e' s ge y,mde c r ct:be we n t VAM C a Locd ;a bewe a or Ghe s ur r t r onta s t e he nd lm nd t en Locz a e c doc or TheVAM C- = c r tsa e fl i e e sy a e a lm nd a h t . LOC ontac tt d:lt s xpr s l gr ed nd unde sood t tt s i a non- r ona s vi escon r c ,a de i d i Fe a A c ston rt ha hi s pe s l er c t a t s fne n der l qui ii Re u ain ( AR)3 .012u d rwhc p o e so a sr ie rn e e b t Co ta tro is g lt F o 7 1 , n e ih r fsi n l e vc s e d rd y he nrco r t he t c r pr desaer ndee i isca ct asani pe tc rcon'( 64- a 27) alh-ae ovi r r e rd n t pa iy nde nden onta t 'ECF 9 t Ac r ngt t tco r c ' e es pr vii , heUnie St t r t i d t c r o r co di o ha nta ts xpr s o sons t t d aes ea ne i ontol ve no pr es i a pe t oft s r i esr nde ed,i udi by e m pl t Co r c o soris of sonal s c s he e v c e r ncl ng xa e, he nta t r' t h at- aep o i es p o e so a me ia j dg n , ig o i, rs cfcme ia te t n s' e l c r r v d r' r fsi n l dc l u me t da n ss o pe ii dc l rame t. h ' ( 6 - a 2 ) Ea h Lo u d co c n rc,nt r p o ie t t a h d co wo l b d t ECF 4 9 t 7 c c m- o tr o ta t i un, r vd d ha e c o t r ud e % a altmesa tngandpef mi a a i pe ntc r t ofgw tmj'a rquie t l i ci ror ng s n nde nde ontacor loct , nd e r d o ' ç x riljme ia j d me ta (e d e e la p o rae'( 6 9a 1 3 i ecse d c l u g n s h j e mld p r p it . ECF 4- t , ) e ' The VAM C s e t d t doc or afe Locum pr s r e d t m a s t i c c a elc e he t s tr e-c e ne he nd ent her uni ul via t t VAMC, ongwiht eofohe docor whome t quaiyi crtra.cutl te o he al t hos t r ts t he lf ng ie i t te 2Fede alA c ston Re a i 37. 101 defnes a tnon- onals cescont act'asta cont r qui ii gul ton i t pers ervi r ' ç ract u d rwhc t ep ro n l e d rn tesr ie a en t u jc, i e b t ec n rc ' tr o n e ih h e s n e rn e ig h e vc s r o s be t et r y h o ta ts e ms r h by t m a ro isa i sr ton, ot s r ii a c r us ly pr va lng i he nne f t dm nita i t he upe v son nd ontol ua l e ii n rlto hi bet e t Unie Stt a ise oye . 48C. R.j3 1 eains ps we n he td aes nd t mpl es' ' F. 7.01. 2 De a 1 Ac or ngt J sCutl,af ra ounte utvea r c utrf Locum,i p. t 3) c di o ame te onne cc xec i nd e r ie or f t VAM C nol rwant dt wo k wih apa tc a doc or Loc woul smpl fl t he onge e o r t riulr t , um d i y il he va a ywiha t rdodor t 4eDe a 61 W he t t doco sbega wor nga t c nc t nohe .cutl p. t ) n he wo tr n ki t he VA M C, he V A M C pr de c pu e t a ni a di t ton s t m ,a I f na ga i t t ovi d om t r r i ng, c a i ys e n D or vi tng he b li g a do sc s c t a ted co sr rl us d3( o r on Dep a 45 7 51 Mo tz ui n , n f e pa e h t h o t r aey e . R be s d t - , ; io a . De a 38, ) Alhought VAM C sheduldpaint,hedocor c d s yt i own p. t 41 t he c e te s t t s oul uppl her me c lt s a d r f rpatent w ihi t VA M C S( t Dep.a 20)Acc di t Lar dia ool4 n e e i s t n he Moioza t or ng o ry . Li c ps omb, . ,a VAM C e pl yee t docor i r e t ms l s- a VAM C sa f M D. m o , he t s ntoduc d he e ve nd tf i r uc d t m - t pai nt a t oc y' t r c ntod e he o te s s l ums'a e m omm o y us d a t VAM C t i ntf nonl nl e t he o de iy p r n n p ysca . ( ps om b D ep a 2 ) ema e t h iins6 Li c t9 . The VAM C di notpayt doc or .Rahe , heVAM C pai Loc ba e on t d he t s t r t d um s d he doc or 'tm ec r , a t n Locu pa d t doc or a houry r t w ih a tona t s i a ds 7 nd he m i he t s n l a e t ddii l c mp n ainf rç nc 19t a d c rane p n e . ( tl De a 1 ) Nete t eVAM C o e s to o s a1'i n e ti x e s sB cu t p. t 5 ih r h o me e norLoc wa rs i efrwihbol ngt doco s t e .( oio De a 22- Robes um s e ponsbl o t di he tr ' n s M tza p. t 3; ron De a 1 Loc padfrt i me c lmapr ciela lt i lr nce a t docor wee p. t 8) um i o her dia l a tc ibiiy nsza , nd he t s r r ponsbl f t i own wor r sco pe ai be ft ,he lh i ur nc a r tr m e plns. es i e or he r ke ' m ns ton ne is at ns a e, nd e ie nt a ( ot z De a 2 - ; b ro De a l ) M io a p. t 2 3 Ro e s n p. t 8 3Thedocor di nothol a nitai postons( g. e ofOrhope c )a t VAM C. ts d d dmi srtve ii e. Chif t dis t he 4D f M oiozas id hi o l upple s wn oupes szge y ca ,a ope a i r . t r r ps nd r tng oom s . hoes , l 5Aut i ton wa o y r quied whe r f ri apa intou sde o t VAM C ast sçc t horzai s nl e r n e e rng te t i f he hi çoss money.'Li co De At26'( ps mb p. 7) 6Loc Te nsme nsçonefli a ofie f ratm eort mpor rl t ki t pl eof um ne a i ilng n fc o i e a iy a ng he ac a he - us es ci ly ofa doc or' S oc Te ns. M e r am - e t not r ed pe a l t .' i um ne ' r i W bs ercom , ' hlp:/ /- . ai - bsercoe ditone /oc %zo e ns(as viwed J r 26,201 . me a we t . ci l um t ne l t e anua y 4) Se Blvn v S s d i3l F. p 2 5 8 6 0( . Va 20 4 ( dn t tants ç l a e e is . heha r, 3 Su p. d 9 , 0 W D. . 0 ) fn ig ha t e t d r he l ocum tne (e ayfl-n)postona t hos tl). e ns tmpor r ili ii t he pia' 1Thedocor wor d e g hourda a t VAM C . t s ke i ht ys t he 8Loc1 a s pai f t docor r nt lhousng and ar nt lca . t tl De a 31 1m lo d or he t s' e a i e a r cu4e p. t ) 3 1. l Th Untd Sae ha mo e t ds s a df rsz r j d me , r u n t a t e e ie tts s v d o imis n o ' mmay u g ntag i g h t h doc o swe ei pe t r r nde nden co r c or , VAM C e oye ,be us t VAM C di notha t nta t s not mpl es ca e he d ve t pow e unde t co r c st s r i e t rda t da ope a i nsa c r t e r i e of he r r he nt a t o upe v s hei y-o- y r to nd ontol he xe c s t erme ia j d me t.Th c u t idsta t er lto s i b t e t VAM C a dte h i dc l u g n s e o r fn h t h eain hp ewe n he n h docor be snone oft hal a ksofa e oye - m pl e r ltons p and gr nt t t s ar he lm r n mpl re oye ea i hi a s he gove n ntsmoton t dim isM c e' FTCA cai a ii ou oft tr ai ns p. r me ' i o s s Ghe s l ms rsng t ha elto hi g The FTCA pr de ç lm ie w a ve ofs r i i m t iy,m aki t Fede a ovi s 1 i t d i r ove e gn m m t a ng he rl G o r e la e t t s m e e e a a prva e pa t f r c r a n t r s off de ale pl es ve nm nt i bl o he n xt nt s i t r y o e t i o t e r m oye a tng wihi t s peoft re oyme .' t d St t sv.Orea ,425 U. 8 81 ci t n he co hei mpl nt'Unie a e l ns S. 07, 3 ( 976) Thepli lnguageoft FTCA prcl i i labiiyf a tonsofi pe nt 1 . an a he e udes mputng i lt or ci nde nde 0 c n rco s1 W o d v. andar Pr t Co.m l c, 71F.d 8 , 2 ( t Ci.1 8 ) W h t e o ta tr . o St d oduc s n .6 2 25 8 9 4h r 9 2 . eh r a i vi li a g nme e oye o an i pende co r c ori aquesi off de al n ndi dua s over nt mpl e r nde nt nta t s ton e r lw. a Loguev. tdSuts 41 U. 521 528( 973) TheFourh Cic tha a ida Unie e , 2 S. , 1 . t rui s pple t nt olt s ' t phys c a c r t r ,sa i So y whe e t G o r enthast po e unde f r e t' o co i i n- ontac o s t tng: l nl r he ve nm he w r r 9Thepa tesha a ee t tno e de i yhe rng i r quie a s ri ve gr d ha vi ntar a i s e r d nd ubmit t is f a ted he s ue or de sonbasdonde iinsa exhi t.Thec t i r t is unde Rul 1 b)1 cii e posto nd bis our consde s he sue r e 2( ( ) b c u eç if h p ro i q sinweei e e de tc nr co sa dno g v r me t e a s t l t e e s ns n ueto r nd p n n o ta tr n t o e n n l e ly e ,he teg v r me h sn t i e isi n t a di n ts b e t os i i ti mpo e s t n h o en nt a o wav d t mmu iy n s o u j c t utn hs c t' e ont i co tKrme v. t Stt .843F.Supp.1066,1 ( D. our'basd her nduc. n r Unied aes 068 E. Va. 1 ;Robbv. td Stts 80F.d 88 887( hCi.1 ;seas W ila v.Unie 994) Unie ae , 3 4, 4t r 996) e lo lims td S ae , 0F.d29 , 0 0 (t Ci. 9 5 ( odngt a t ed src c u t h udh veds se tts 5 3 9 3 4- 5 4 h r 1 9 ) h li h t h itit o r s o l a imis d f rwa t f u idcinu d r1 b ()rt e ta g a tn sl r j d me twhe te o n o j rs ito n e 2() 1 ah r h n rn ig ' mmay u g n nh gove n ntdi no waveisi r me d t i t mmuniyu rt FTCA) Eve t ht c twilgrntt t nde he . n houg he our l a he Unie Stts moto t dimisunde 1 b)1,t c thasafr dM c et bt i ofal td ae ' in o s s r 2( ( ) he our fo de Ghe he nett 1 o tepr c d r l r tci n o amo infrsI r j d me t S eLu tv. tdS ae , . f h o e u a p oe to s f to o ' mmay u g n . e fi Uni tts No e 11 1 201 W L 1 - 966, 3 749526,a 4- ( hCi. i24, 3 ( tngKe sv. tdStts 585 t 6 4t r Aprl 201 ) cii m Unie ae , F. 1 1 ( hCi. :. U3d 87, 95 4t r 2009 1 ç-he FTCA , a a w a ve ofs r i n i m t iy,i s r c l cons r d,a al am bi uii ar u ûl s i r ove e g m m t s ti ty t ue nd 1 g tes e r ol i fvoroft s r gn. Robbv. t Stt ,80F. 884,88 ( h Ci.1 ) es ved n a he oveei ' ' Unied aes 3d 7 4t r 996 ( tngUnie Sttsv. r cVilcesnc.503U. 30,33( 992) cii td ae Nodi la I , S. 1 ) 4 t c r c t s r s a co r c or s C t da ope a i ns a 1o c r t de aied he onta t o upe vie nt a t ' day-o- y r to ' nd t ont ol he t l physc pe f manc oft c r c or c n i be s i t tt con r c ori a e oyeeora nt i al ror e he onta t ' a t a d ha he ta t s n mpl ge o teUntdSttswihnt e( f h ie ae ti h FTCAI'W oo 6 1F.da 8 , 3 Th sd e n t a , s . ' d, 7 2 t 29 8 2. i o s o me n a t tc t sa e < ha aphysc a mus al ysbede d a i pe ntcon r c orsmpl ha our has tt d,t t t ii n t wa eme n nde nde ta t i y b c us o t en c s i t a ap sca e ecs i e n e t r f sina j d me ti e a e f h e e st h t hy iin x r ie nd pe d n p o e so l u g n n y p o di me ca te t ntt hi orhe paint.' r vi ng di lr ame o s r te s'Robbv. t Stts 80F. 884,889(t Unied ae , 3d 4h Ci.1 .Rahe,t Fo t Cic thasc i rdamuliudeo potntal r lva f t s r 996) t r he urh rui onsdee tt f e ily ee nt acor i e d t ditl t a i a i oft c tolt s i t physc a co e .1 I . nt nde o sil he pplc ton he on r e t n he ii n nt xt 1 d Gui d by t s fam e or t c t m i s t r l tons p be w e n t VA M C a de hi r w k, he our exa ne he e a i hi t e he nd t docor . I t tr ga ds heVAM C hadno c r twih t doc o s a t doc or ha no he t s n ha e r t ontac t he t r , nd he t s d oblga i n t t V A M C. Bo h t VA M C- um c r ta t Loc - c orc r t i to o he t he Loc ontac nd he um do t ontac s 1 1Hol ngt tt physc a we ei pe ntc r t s t Fourh Cic tc i r d: di ha he ii ns r nde nde ontacor , he t r ui onsde e ()t tt physca t rt c r c wm rf r d t asa 1 ha he iin mde he onta t s eere o t ontac physcin, ( t t t physcin was t pr de t r t c i a ' 2) ha he ' ia o ovi S t te ' c e ( ge r l sae nt c r ng t t paint' ar, 3) ne a ttme s onceni he ou mn ra qualt ofs vie rquiedunde t c r t ( nne nd iy er c e r r he ontac, 4) t l k ofco r by t gove m e o rt pr s rpton of he ac nt ol he m nt ve he e c i i dnz a me ca s is ( t a ho iy oft physcin gs nd di l upple , 5) he ut rt he ia t ma r erl,( c rcua r quie nt frofkehotr o ke efras 6) onta t l e rme s o t ls a t a lt oft physcin t deci t s paint,( nd he biiy he i a o lne o ee te s 7) t physc a s r ponsbiiy t pr de ofi s ce s ppo t he ii n' es i lt o ovi fce pa , u r saf, s i , a e pme , ( ) t pece age of t t f upples nd qui nt 8 he r nt he physc a s t t l pr c i whih was de ed t a tvii ii n' o a a tce c vot o c i tes t rt conr t ( t nalr oft c mde he tac, 9) he tze he ompe ai t t ns ton o he physca i l ng mehod (e she e a r t (i lr iin, ncudi t fe c dul) nd aes smia t te p y iin s u u lfe ) ( 0 ( e alg d e o e ') o h h sca ' s a e s, 1 ) t le e mply rs h rco dke pi rquie nt, ( 1 pr s rbed mehods of e r e ng e rme s 1 ) e ci t ve iyi paintei biiy f teame ,a ( 2)t e ent rf ng te lgi lt or r t nt nd 1 he xt of(healgede oye ')r viw oft physca sofkes t le mpl rs e e he iin' t . Robb,80F. a 88 ( tngW ood,671F. a 830& n.1 ) Usngsmiara l i,numer 3d t 9 cii 2d. t 0 . i i l nayss ous c t havehe dt tphysca pr di me c s r iesa f der lf iiisa e i pe nt ours l ha i ins ovi ng di al e vc t e a ac lte r nde nde c rco sunde t FTCA. e, c.Carlov. t Stt ,5F. 1 1 ( hCi. onta tr r he Se e. , ril Unied aes 3d 302, 305 9t r 1 )Br s r v. t Stts 989F. 1 ,1 ( hCi.1 ;Leonev. t Stt , 993) ousad Unied ae , 2d 71 78 5t r 993) Unied aes 91 F. 46,51( Ci.1 . 0 2d 2d r 990) e e sy pr de t tt docor we ei pe ntc r t s a t doc or aced a s h xpr s l ovi d ha he t s r nde nde ontacor , nd he t s t s uc b man anngs l ds rto o e t erme ia j d me t Th r i noe ie c s g e t t a y itii o e icein v r h i dc l u g n . e e s vd n e u g si h t ng t VAM C t r s d m o et n m i m a c tolo rShepe i r l admi sr tvede al' he xe cie r ha ni l on r ve t t rphe a , nita i t is' i i nt lt t docor 'da t da pr son ofmedials r i s Robb,80 F.d a 888ncde a o he t s y-o- y ovii c e vce . 3 t 91 (ii W ood,671F. a 8 ;s as Cie e v.l Heat Svs Se v ,11 F. 256,260 ctng 2d t 32) ee lo lc k nova-- lh . r s. 5 3d ( t Ci.1 9 )( odngt a ap y iinwa a id p n e t o ta t ru d rTi eV1 e e 4h r 9 7 h li h t h sca s n n e e d n c n rco n e t 1 v n l t ht hos t c r l l dmi srtvedeais). houg he pial ontoled i nitai t l' a Apa tfom l ki co r oft doc o s'pe f m a e oft c r a pe t oft i r r ac ng ntol he t r ror nc he o e s c s her r ponsbiii ,a alo i c r s t at pi le oye - oyeer l tons p,t VAM C di es i ltes nd s n onta t o y ca mpl rempl e a i hi he d notpa t d t s wihhol t doc or 't xes orpr det doc or wih e pl y he ocor , t d he t s a , ovi he t s t m oymen be is t neft lktm e ca m apr c i ei ur nc Se Kr m e v. t Stts 8 F. i di l l a tc ns a e. e n r unt ed ae , 43 Supp.1 1 ( D. 066, 070 E. - Va.199 (c me fom t g nme t aheat c r e iywhih i tunc 4) t pay nt r he over nt o lh ae ntt c n t' ompe aest ns t he i vi heat ca epr de on isown t r i a i c t ofi pende conta t ndi dual lh r ovi r t e ms s n ndi a or nde nt r c or sat .);M ac t us' Donal v.Unie Stts 807F.Su 775,779- ( . Ga 1 .Bec us c e d td ae, pp. 80 M D. . 992) a e or a pec sofa e pl r e pl e r l tons p w e t abs nt t c t i t tt doc o sw e e s t n m oye - m oye e a i hi r e , he our tnds ha he t r r i pe ntc r dor . nde nde onta s M c e a gue t tt docor we ee pl sbe a et VAM C s hed e pa int , Ghe r s ha he t s r m oyee c us he c uld te s s tt i da l wor hour pr ded s gia f c lte a equi e her iy k s, ovi ur c l a iiis nd pment a r r d t docor t , nd equie he t s o us t V AM C di t ton s t m . Thi a p l e ,how e r i pr r y f e t co r e he c a i ys e s r m nt ve , m ope l ocus s he nt ol ana ysson ç hepe i r l a nita i dea l whi h we ei i nt lt t r nde i of l i t t rphe a , dmi sr tve tis c r ncde a o he e rng m e c ls r i es' noton û he co r ove t pe f m a e oft m e c ls r c . Robb, di a e v c ' and t t nt ol r he r or nc he di a e vi es' ' 80F.da 888- ( i fo W ood,6 F. a 831.'-'er lts i c r ove t 3 t 91 quotng r m 71 2d t ) I h ea et s ontol r he f pr m a y a tviy c r t f r a nott pe i r l a i s r tve ac s r l tng t s h i r c i t ontac ed o nd he rphe a , dm nit a i t e a i o uc 6 a tviy. I at889;s eas Cie ek,11 F. a 260(e ognii t tç hos tlmus a sr a ci t ' d. ' e lo lc 5 3d t rc zng ha % pia a t se t d g e o c n lci c nr l v re e yd co ' wok-wh t e a e ly e (r a e r e f o fit o to o e v r o trs r ng eh r n mp o e , o ) n i pt ntco r t ' . nde nde ntacor' ) M cGheea s as e t t dodo swe eempl yee be us t VAM C r uie t m t lo s rs he r r o s ea e he eq r d he o c ompl wih isbylws polci ,a pr d e i e ha f m e c lprviege . But a one y t t a , i es nd oce ur s n xc nge or di a i l s ,s c u t a n td f st ey b i s be t o(1h s tlsr lsa ac n to o safp iie e o r h s o e ,ç ll l , eng u j c t a o pi ' ue s o di n f tf rv lg s l r a i doe notr m otl ma aprva ephyscin anempl eeoft hos t l'Lil v.Fil t s e e y ke i t ia oy hat pia . ly ' e dsone, 8 6F. 8 7, 6 (0 hCi. 9 9 ( o dn t a ap y iinwa a i e n e tc nr co ) se 7 2d 5 8 0 1 t r 1 8 ) h li g h t h sca s n nd pe d n o ta tr; e as Orea ,425U. a 815(tTl q si heei no whehe t g l dgovenme t lo l ns S. t fl he ueton r s t t r he alege r n e oye )r eve fde a moneya mus co ywih f rlsa r a r gultons but mpl e ec i s e r l nd t mpl t edea tnda ds nd e ai , whehe isda t da opeai aes r ie b t Fe r lGo r me a Robb,80F.da t r t y-o- y rtons r upe vsd y he de a ve n nt' ); 3 t 888.1 2 1 M c ealo mant i t tt c ts d a y a û ge y by e t 2 Ghe s i ans ha he our houl ppl n t nc a soppel'heor a r le 't y nd e is onGa ev. td Stt , F.Supp. 43 ( D.Ohi 1 ,i whi t mbl Unie aes 648 438, 9 N. o 986) n ch he a i sr ti ofapai ntse tt br dm nita rx te ' sa e oughtam e c lm apr c ie a ton a ns t Unie Stt s di a l a tc c i gai t he t d a e ba e on t a lge neglg eofa a t i ogitdurng a ope ai n o t pa inta aVA s d he le d i enc n neshesol s i n r to n he te t hos tl I a 439- l hol ng t tt Unied St t wa e t bl e t d fom a s ri pia . d. t 40. n di ha he t aes s quia y soppe r s e tng t tt a shesol s wa nota g nme e oye t tcou ts ciialy sa e t tt ha he ne t i ogit s over nt mpl e, ha r pe fc l tt d ha he a t i ogithedhi efoutt bet c efofa t sol s r ie a t VA ( t t neshesol s l ms l o he hi neshei ogy e vc s the wih he VA' c e ) l a 441.Unlket doct i Ga e,hedoco si t sc edi nothol o s ons nt.d. t i he or n mbl t tr n hi as d d r pur tt hol a a i sr tve pos ton w ihi t VA M C. G n bl i t r or i ppost por o d n dm ni t a i ii t n he m e s he ef e na ie a i anyc e,tequia ee t li rrl vai a i tt gover nt' ndse i1fte nd,n as igl tbl soppe s aey ld gans he nme 'a e ms 1 itd t e tbihj rs ito . e e2, n o sv Un td Sae ,1 2F.d2 , 7 ( t Ci. 9 ) o sa ls u idcin Se , ..Lik u . ie tts 4 3 71 2 7 5h r 1 98 ; De Val v.Sa he ,1 F.Supp. 1 4,1 2 ( D. a. ) Theque tonbeor t l le nc z 70 2d 25 27 S. Fl 2001. si f e he c ti aj idi i lquesi a t whehert Unie Sttsha wai d s r gninmuniy. our s urs ctona ton s o t he td ae s ve oveei r t Tha que to t nso whe he t t docor a e e oye unde prncplsofe t l t si n ur n t r he wo t s r mpl es r i i e soppe . The r m a n pr c s l w ha t y a e Ra he ,whe e t y e i e i ey t he r . t r n s oppe i a i d,i pr c ude o e t bl l s pple t e l s n quia e gr oundst es o d pa t f o t ki a co r r pos ton. I doesnota t rt tpa t ss a us he t ppe r y r m a ng nt a y ii t le ha r y' t t . Cons que l i i nota s t intve cl t e f c awaverofs egn i e nty, t s ufk e hi e o fe t i over i mmuniy. t 7 Att e oft da unde t c r c sa i pr c i ,t docor ha a1 oft he nd he y, r he onta t nd n a tce he t s d 1 he halm a ksofi pende c ta t s a M c ehasm a s l no hi s t nta t l r nde nt on r c or , nd Ghe rhaed t ng ubsa il o ove c e t tconc uson. r om ha l i 11. 1 Fort f r goi r s ns t c t l gr ntt g nme ' m o i n t dimis he o e ng ea o ,he our wil a he over nts to o s s M c e' camsf undedont aci o t t doco st r1 b)1. Ghe s li o he tons f he wo tr mde 2( ( ) X . z/ . z' .. ENTER:Feb ua y 24, 4. r r 201 '' . M - , , z' ' . A '. .t w ' v < o ' . < UNI TED STATES DI STRI J CT UDGE 8

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