Karavias v. Commonwealth of VA et al, No. 7:2012cv00624 - Document 34 (W.D. Va. 2013)

Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Jackson L. Kiser on 7/26/2013. (tvt)

Download PDF
CLERK' OFFI U. DI . S CE S, ST COURT AT M NVI E, LL VA I T EU IE SA E DSRC C U T N H NT D T T S IT IT O R FO R TH E W ESTER N D I STR I O F VI G I A CT R NI R O A NO K E D I I O N V SI j 2LX Wt E'j 'g zg 2 UL BY: E C RK Y * D JA SO N S.K AR AVI S, l A l, Pl nt f , ai i f cu K Ci lA c i N o.7: 2- vvi t on 1 c 00624 M EM O R AND U M O PI O N NI COM M ONW ER TH OF VA,e aI, t . D ef ndant . e s By: H on.Jac t on L . i e ls K sr Se or U nie St t D i t i tJudge ni t d a es s r c J on S. z vi s aVigi ai aepr e ng pr K ,fl d aci lrght a ton pur ua as Ka a a , r ni nm t oc edi o ie vi i s c i s nt t 4 U. C. 1 3wi ti dcinv se i 28U. C. 1 4 .Plitf iiil n me a o 2 S. j 98 t u s ito e td n hj S. j 3 3 an if n tal a d s y dee nt t Commonwe 1hofVigi a Core i Ofke (ç O' D. r r a Nure fnda s he at r ni, rctonal t r I ' Fame, nd s C/ ) W ht, n Ip e o syd s se camsa an t reW ht wi o t rj d c a dtr nae ita d rviu l imisd li g i s Nu s it t u p eu ie n emi td h he a ad fnd n , u s a tt 28U. C. 1 5 e( )B)i a d j1 5 b ( ) P an if r s ee a tp ru n o S. j 91 ()2 ( (i n 91 A( )1. litf ) a l ge t tC/ Fa rus e es i f c ,i vi a i oft Ei ht A m e le s ha O nne ed xc s ve or e n ol ton he g h ndm e oft nt he Unie Stt sConsiuton.TheComm onweat ofVigi a a C/ Fa m e tl am o i f td ae tt i 1h r ni nd O r r ied ton or s mmayj dg n ;h c u t n ee is tc , ls n t Ro e o ov. rio 5 8F.d 3 9 u r u me t te o r e trd t Noie pt ua t o s b r Gars n, 2 2 0 r (t Ci.1 ) a t c tne rcevedaflngfom pli ift tt Clr dockee a a 4h r 975 ; nd he our xt e i ii r antf ha he ek td s r s ns i o p sto t d fn a t ' to f rs mma yj d me t Be a s tec s wa epo e n p o i n o ee d n s mo in o u r u g n . c u e h a e s i c i r rpe f di pos ton,lr vi w e t r c d a g a t de e nt m oton f ons de ed i or s ii e e d he e or nd r n ed f nda s' i or sl r j g n .In tdi t eM e rn l Opn o t a tedo u n d c ee a t mmay ud me t o e n h mo a dz ii n h t h c me t o k td s m plitf srs o s i o p iint t es mmayj d me tmo ind dno c n anv rfe an if e p n e n p osto o h u r u g n to i t o ti e iid Karavias v. Commonwealth of VA et al e de e a t , r le on t ve ii d Com pl i t oppos t e denc s vi nc , nd hus I e i d he rt e a nt o e he vi e uppori tng Doc. 34 d fn a t' to f rsl yj g n . ee d n s moin o l mmm' ud me t Howe r t c tha now rceve pli ifsmotonf s ve ,he our s e i d antf i or ummmyj udgmen a t nd a fda t w hi h he a l gedl s gne on J y 11 201 a wihi t tm e pe m it by t f i vi, c le y i d ul , 3, nd t n he i r ted he Dockets.Justia.com c tsRos bor notc A s a c tcu tng m e tr i r pons t t c r tbudge a y our ' e o i e. os- ti asle n es e o he ur en tr e r e , heClr r c nty t r na e t pos ofk ebox t whi h pl i ifs nthi m o i nvionm nt t e k e e l e mi t d he t t o c antf e s ton f rs mma yj d me t a dr -o tn o temal e utdi t ed lyf risd l r t te o u r u g n , n er u ig f h i r s le n h ea o t ei y o h ve Clr sOfi e Be a eplitf i e tte t h v h smoinf rs mmayj dg n a d ek' fc . c us anif s nild o a e i to o u r u me t n a tdavi co i r d i lg oft docke i a pos a de ay,Iva a e t prorM e or ndum fi t ns de e n i ht he tng nd t l l c t he i m a Opi on a Or r Bec us eve wih t ne e de epli tf i note il d t r i ,Ig an ni nd de . a e n t he w vi nc a n if s ntte o elef r t d fn a t'a dd n p an ifsmo in frs mmayj d me t ee d n s n e y litf to s o u r u g n . 1 . Dee a t p e e t h f l wi f csi s p o t ft ermoinf rsl r j d me t fnd n s r sn t e ol ng a t n u p r o h i to o l o mmay u g n . On Nove mber1 2011 C/ Gi on a C/ Buc na r tived l h ta fo e h i ae 4, , O bs nd O ha n ere unc r ys r m ac nm t i p anifsp da t eRe On o S aePrs n(ROS '. Toa c mpiht i ts t o t r n litf o t h d i n tt io E P' 1 c o ls hs a k,he fke s C ) us atr y sotbox, whi h i am ealbox wih a o n sdepl c a i tac ldoo a ed t a l t ' c s ' t t n pe i a ed gans el r nd a hersd t tha ahi ed l t s cte ie si i .2 The ta so box i afi d t t ta not i e ha s ng ock o e tr tm nsde r y lt s fxe o he r y s oton a ce ldoorby l e i t tay s o i o t bo a by s i ng t t p oft box ove t l l ow rng he r l t nt he x nd ldi he o he r he ta sotlt h. Theta sotbox t n be omesaba e bewee t i t a sa fde piet ry l ac r y- l he c ni r t n he nma e nd t f s t he ope ta so on t c l door n r y l t he e l . W he C/ Gi on putt t a s otbox on pl i if s doo t r t i ve pl i i f sl n O bs he r y- l a ntf r o ere a ntf unch ta pl i ifsuc hi handsi i t box. C/ Gi o o de e pl ntf t r m ovehi ha r y, antf t k s nsde he O bs n r r d ai if o e s nds 1RO SP i co i r a t d i srtveLong Tem Segr to Uni,'m ea ngt tm os ofisi ats lke s nsde ed n ç m nitai A r egain t ' ni ha t t nm e , i pli if a eke i t rsnglantf, r pt n hei i e bunkcel f ra oxi t yt nt hr holspe da Thi t ofs c e ls o ppr mael we pt ee tr r y. s ype e ur housngi de i i s sgnedf t VDOC' mos vi e o defa i t . or he S t olnt r int nmaes 2I e e tngl , onl pl ntf des rbest t a sotbo aswei ng t ry- i pounds Pl i tf doe note a n nt r s i y y ai if c i he r y- l x ghi hit fve . anif s xpl i how heknow show muc t box weghs a Leve- i aesa RO SP ar notper it t w akar h he i , nd ls nm t t e m ted o l oundt pod he wih t boxt fedot ri aes Plitf ' knowldgeoft bo sw eghtc d oc by,f e t he oe he nm t . an ifs e he x' i oul cur or xampl lfi o e,itng r pus ngt boxof ofaceldoor hi he f l . 2 f om t box,butpl ntf e u e a t i d t knoc t box oft ce ldoor C/ G i o ca l d r he ai ifr f s d nd re o k he he l . O bs n le C/ Fn m e f as i t nc bec us C/ Fa m e w a a s ni of i e w ho w a a hor z t c r y O r r or ss a e a e O r r s e or f c r s ut i ed o a r pe rs a W he C/ Fn m e a rve a t c l he s w pl i if s a m si t ta sot ppe pr y. n O r r r i d t he el, a a ntf ' r n he r y l , t yi t pus t ta s o box f om t door s w pl i ifhol ng wha l r ng o h he r y- l t r he , a a ntf di t ooke lke a pl s i di a tc ba a he r pli ift z a e t t ow f eson t ofie s C/ Fa m e ti d t r ta h t g, nd a d antf h e t n o hr ec he fc r . O r r re o eat c he bo t t doo s ve a tm e t s clet ba re be wee t ofk e sandpl n if sa m s x o he r e r l i s o e tr he ri r t n he t r aitf r . Alhoughpli ifc i t antf ontnued t pus t bo a y fom t door C/ Far rwasuli ael o h he x wa r he , O me tm t y a et l k t ta sotcos d afe s c i t ta sotbo bl o oc he r y l l e tr e urng he r y- l x. Pl i ifm e el a lgesi t ve ii Co pl ntt tC/ Fn me r peaedl hi antf r y le n he rted m ai ha O r r e t y t pli ifsa msa ha wih t bo c usng br n fnge s bnzs s a s r pes Pl i if antf r nd nds t he x, a i oke i r , ie , nd c a . antf a gue t tt s f c w ase e s ve be us pl ntf wasl ke i i a ce l a he r r s ha hi or e xc s i ca e ai if oc d ns de l, nd eque t ss $ 00 0i d ma e .I hi afd vii s p o t fhsmo inf rsl r j d me tplitf 3 ,0 n a g s n s fia tn u p r o i to o l mmay u g n , an if ad isha ng hi ha i i t ta sotbox, hedoesnotdenytyi t dil m t vi s nds nsde he r y- l but r ng o sodget ta he r ysotbox fom t doo .Pl i ifde e t tapl tcbagoff ese se but no a y,doe not l r he r antf ni s ha asi ec xit d , t bl s a rt thene rtle e d t t o f eson sa f ve ha ve lr atne o hr w ec tf. II. A. A p ry i e t ldt s mma yj d me ti t epe dng ,h ds o ey a dd sl s r a t s ni e o u r u g n f h la i s te ic v r n ico u e t m a e il on fl,a a afi viss t ra s ie nd ny fda t how t tt r i no ge nedipu e a t a m aera f c . ha he e s nui s t s o ny t il a t Fe R. v. 5 () M aeil a t aet o en c s ayt e tbiht ee n so apat s d. Ci P. 6 a . tra f cs r h s e e sr o sa l he lme t f ry' s ca eofa ton.Andes v. be t Lo l ,477U. 242, ( 986 .A ge neis of us ci ron Li ry bbvsnc. S. 248 1 ) nui sue m a e i lf c e s si , n vi w i t r cor a al r as bl i e e s dr wn t r f o i a t r a a t xi t f i e ng he e d nd l e ona e nf r nce a he e r m n lg m os f vor bl t t noni ht t a a e o he movi pa t ar as bl f tfnde c dr tu' ave ditf ng ry, e ona e ac-i r oul et n r c or t non- o n .L. Themovi pa t hast bur n ofs ng tha t r i a abs nc of he m va t ds , ng ry he de howi t t he e s n e e t e de e t s vi nc o uppor t nonm ovi pa t sca e ' Cel e Cor v.Ca r t , U . 31 325 t he ng ry' s .' ot x p. te t 477 S. 7, ( 986) l t mova ts tsi st sbur n,he t no mova mus s tf t s cfc 1 . f he n aite hi de t n he n- nt t e orh pe ii, a s i ef c st tdemonsr t t e se e ofage ne is off c f ti .I a 322dmisbl a t ha ta e he xit nc nui s ue a t or ral d. t 23; s eW iln v Grfi 95 F.d8 0 8 3( t Ci.1 91 ( oigalg to i av rfe e l ms . ifn, 2 2 2 , 2 4h r 9 ) n tn l ains n eiid i e c ompl i ba ed onpe s lkno e a e t e valntofa o ant s r ona wl dge r he qui e n pposng a fda tf sl a y i fi vi or tmm r j d me t u po e) A p ryi e tte t s mmayj d me t f h r c r a awh l c udn t u g n p r s s. a t s n i d o u r u g n i t e e o d s oe o l o l lada r tona tiroff tt fnd i f voroft no m ova . W ila s 952 F. a 823. A e a i l re ac o i n a he nnt lim , 2d t pa t tc nnotcr a eagenui i s ofm a e i f c tlough m e es c a i ort buidi of ry ln et ne s ue t ral a t lr r pe ul ton he l ng o i e e euponanot r' Be ev. r 769F. 21 21 ( hCi.1 .The eor, ne nfr nc he . al Hadv, ' 2d 3, 4 4t r 985) r f e çml r t u po tds c ain. .sn te o g t d f a aml r j d me t to . t e e ms p re pe ulto . i o n u h o ee t mmay u g n moi n' l ' En i v. tlAs ' o Bu . Ed c Ra i. n .5 F.d5 , 2( t Ci. 9 5 . n s Na' sn f s & u . do l c, 3 3 5 6 4h r 1 9 ) B. Pli ifc nnotrco rdn gesa ns deenda si a ofiilca ciyvi j1 3. antf n e ve ma gai t f nt n n fca pa t a 98 N et asa enorisofi i sa tng i t i ofk i lc pa ii a epe s f rpup os of iher t t t fcal c i n her t a a ctes r r ons o es j1 983.W ilv. ihi nDe tofStt Polc 491U. 58( 989) c di y,Fnme , n l M c ga p' ae ie, S. 1 .Ac or ngl r r whe s i a ofi ilc pa iy,a t Comm onweat ofVigi a a ei mt fo t ss t 1 ued n n fca a ct nd he 1h r ni r m me r m hi ui. d. C. C/ Fa me a gue t tt e es i f cec am a s re agans hi i a i vi l O r r r s ha he xc sve or l i s e td i t m n n ndi dua c pact i ba e byt docrneofqualfe i miy.Quaii di a iy s n'd he ti iid mmt t lte mmuniype mis t r t 4 r me ofki spef mi dicei r fmcins...(obe s el dfom la lt f t n nt t al ror ng s rtonay t to gove t 1 hi de r ibiiy or c vi dn a i of ra t i c i l m ges ns a s her onduc doesnotvi ae cea l esa ihed saut yor t olt l ry t bls t t or 4 c tt i rght ofwhih ar as bl pe s woul haveknown. onsiutonal i s c e ona e r on d ' row v. t r l 'Ha l Fizge a d, 457U. 800,81 ( 982) Quaiidi miypr d i S. 8 1 . lfe mmt t ovies mmuniyfom s trt t namee t r ui aher ha r de e et la lt Thus whet ra de e f ns o ibiiy. , he f ndan ca c am q lfe i mt t i apur que ton t n l i uaii d m miy s e si o 1w a di p o el d tr n dp era.S u irv. t, 3 U. 1 4 2 0 01( 0 ) f a n s r p ry eemie rtil a ce Kaz 5 3 S. 9 , 0 - 2 01, o ruld pqohe g omd h P as nv. la a , 5 U.. 2 ( 0 9 ( e tiglwe c t t ve r e t r r t s y e ro Calh n 5 5 S 2 3 2 0 ) p nnit o r ol s n r . t dicetont deenni whihqualfe i he sr i o t ne c iid mmuniypr t a l efrt. t ong o nayz is) Onc ade e ntr s st q lfe i muniy de e e,apl n ifbe r t btr n t e f nda aie he uaii d m t f ns aitf a s he lde o s how t ta de e n ' c ha f nda t s onduc vi a ed t pl i if sr ght H e ly v. ne l 501 F. 374, t ol t he a ntf i . rr Pur l, 3d 3 8(t Ci. 0 7 .çf eu lwf l e sofhea to mu tb a pae t e a s se fo t e 7 4 h r 2 0 ) s' na u n s t cin s e p rn wh n se s d r m h -h p rp ci o a o j ciey ra o a eo fca c a g dwihk o e eo etbl h dlw. e s e tve f n b e tv l e s n bl fiil h r e t n wldg f sa i e a ' s ' Lo zv. bns n, 4F.d4 6 4 9( t Ci.1 9 ) s eAn e s nv. eg t n, 3U. 6 5 pe Ro i o 91 2 8 , 8 4h r 9 0 ; e d ro Cr iho 48 S. 3 , 6 ( 9 7 (i-i i n t os yt a a o tca a to i p o e tdb q lfe i mi u ls 40 1 8 ) çl s s o t a h t n fi il cin s r tce y uaiid mmt t n e s -h y t ve y aci n i quesi ha pr vi l bee hel t a u ... i i t s yt ti t lg he r to n ton s e ousy n d mlwf l but t s o a ha n he i ht o p e e itn 1w teu lwf l s mus bea p r n .l s eas Ed r sv Ci of ls o o f r -x sig a h na une s t p ae t'; e lo wad . t God b r , ' y 1 8F.d2 , 51( t Ci.1 9 )(ttn ce ry etb ihe 1w i t eFout Cic i rfr t 7 3 31 2 4h r 9 9 saig lal sa ls d a n h t' rut ee s o h de i i oft Supr e Co toft U nie St t s t Co tofAppe l f t Fo t Cic t c s ons he em ur he t d a e , he ur a s or he urh r ui, a dtehihe t o r o tesaei whiht c s ao e. n h g s c u t f h tt n c he a e r s ) A p io e algn e e sv f r emus o j cieys o ta ad fn a tSntitd rs n r l ig xc sie o c e t b e tv l h w h t e e d n t lce i ul c s r a wa onpana s frng. W hilvv. ber, U. 31 320( 986) s e me esay nd nt i nd ufei ' ' te Al s 475 S. 2, 1 ;e W is nv.Seie ,5 U. 294,298( 991 ( di t tanEi hAme lo tr 01 S. 1 ) hol ng ha ght ndme tcli f n am or e c siefr er q r sa o j cied prv to o ab sch ma n e a dta p io o fcas x e sv o c e uie n b e tv e iain f a i u n e d n h t rs n fiil s j ci l a tdwihas tcenl c pa esaeofmi .The eo e t pr ri uiyi ub e tvey ce t ufi i ty ul bl tt nd) r fr ,he ope nq r s whe he t f c a i d w a C n a good f ih e f t o m a nt n orr s or di c plne or t r he or e pple sç i a t f or t i ai et e si i 5 malciusy a s ditc ly f t ve y pur eofc i hn m . W hilv,475U . a 3 21 i o l nd a si a l or he r pos ausng r ' ' te S. t 20- . Th s be t c mpo n e c mp se ( u h fco sa ten e f rt a pl ain o fr e te e u j ci o ne t n o a s s t c a tr s h e d o he p i to f o c ,h ve s c rlto hpb t e t n e a dten t o f ret a wa u e , n t ee tn o ij r eains i ewe n he e d n h mo mt f o c h t s s d a d h x e t f nu y ifitd' l . t3 1(ne n l u tto maks atrto s a dctto o te ) Th o j cie n lce . d a 2 i tr a q o ai n r , leain , n i in mi d . e be tv ' a l ee ntge r l rquiesmoet naX mi mi us off ce.Huds v. c ila 503U. lme nealy e r r ha ni s e or on M M lin, S. 1 9 1 ( 9 2 .Cor cin l tf mus a tt h se u d rp e s r, ndfe u n l wi o t h , - 0 1 9 ) re to a saf t c dn a t, n e r su e a rq e ty t u t e i h lz y ofa s co c nce ' and t cou tm us g ve pr s ofk i l twi - a ng de e enc i lxur e nd ha ,' he r ti i on t a s ç de r ngi fr e n tea o to a e e u ino p lce a dp a tc st a i ter u g n a en e e t p ee v h d p in nd x c to f o iis n rcie h t n h ij d me t r e d d o r s r e i e na or ra dicplnea t m ant i i tt tona s urt ' W hil y,475 U. a 320* nt r l de nd s i i nd o i an nsiu i l ec iy.' te S. t , Huds 503 U . a 7. on, S. t Afe r l ng on t ve ii d Compli a r ce afi vi,pl ntf f ist pr de tr eyi he rfe ant nd e nt tda t ai if a l o ovi s ii ,a isbl f t t tde onsr t how C/ Fa m e us d f c malci l a pecfc dm s i e ac s ha m tae O r r e or e i ousy nd s si a l t pu pos l ca eha m. Cons que l C/ Fa me i en il t qua ii aditc ly o r ey us r e nty, O r r s tted o lfed i uniy bec us t r cor e nce C/ Far r sus off c a agood f t e f t o m ant i mm t a e he e d vi s O me ' e or e s aih for t i an orr s or di ci i . e t e s plne Pl i ifsa gumen t tt f c wase e svebe us hewa l ke i i t c l i antf r t ha he or e xc s i ca e s oc d nsde he e l s s i be us he f l t ofe a e de e t e a n w hy hi n w e e o s de t c la pec ous ca e ais o f r ny vi nc o xpl i s nns r ut i he el t a i e. Pl ntf sa nyt m ai i f nns di notbe ong out i ofhi c lw he r t ni t l d l sde s el n e ur ng he unch t a a hi r y, nd s pe sse r u a t c r itnt ef s l o ompl wih sa f sor r r quie s y t t f ' de s e r d omet peoff c t r t e dicplne y or e o esor s i i a or r C/ Fn me ' f c f la tmpt t hi t tay sotbox on t c ldoort ke p nd de . O r rs or e u te s o nge he ' l r he el o e pl i tf s ha s c el a a f om t ofi e sw a a diec cons ue e ofpl i t f sr f al a n if nds e ur y w y r he t c r s r t eq nc a n if e us t r tr hi ar si de t cel and hearng pl ntf st o etzn s m nsi he l i ai if hreatt t ow f o hr eces on t of i , he fcers r ga dl s t t ac ua e s e ofa pl s i ba off ce . A n i a e' t e tt t o f e on e r e s o he t l xit nce a tc g e s nm t s hr a o hr w ec s 6 c r tonalsa fundoubt dl c us ssa ft a ti ha t a t rpr s ur ,a C/ Fa m e ' oreci tf e y a e t f o c n se nd mde e s e nd O r rs de i i t qui y a f c f ly s tr t box i w o t ofdef r nce c s on o ckl nd or e u l ec le he s r hy ee . Al o g pan ifalg d ys tie b o ntn e s b us s a d sr p s te eijzis t u h litf le e l usan d r ke i g r , r ie , n c a e ,h s nl e h r c d onl ha ha ne i pl n ifr us t r t r hi ha i i t c ldoo . Pl i if s oul y ve ppe d f ai t f ef ed o e ' n s nds ns de he el u r a ntf alge ybr nfnge sa X mi mi br s a sr pesaeno c le dl oke i r nd ni s uies nd ca r t omme urt wiht ns ae t he dskl e n t tc u dh v be nc u e i t tit-i epo ndse l xweerp ae l if z me tha o l a e e a s d f he h ry fv u te bo r e e tdy r s a he ma ii l a s ditc l ac os pl i ifsha a a msaspl i ifa lges m s d lc ousy nd a sialy r s antf nds nd r antf le . Alhough C/ Fn me c dha us d pe t O r r oul ve e ppers a ordie tphysc f c t c pr y rc ial or e o ompe pl i ifs l antf obe e e C/ Fa m e pe s sed i s c li t t a s otbox t r s or or w ihouta gr a e di nc , O r r r i t n e tr ng he r y l o e t e der t e tr rs o ij r t p an ifo saf Ac o dn l , ant ff i t p e e te i e c t a C/ Fn r ik f nu y o litf r tf c r ig y pli i al o r sn v d n e h t O me f s us f cemalci l a s si ly,a C/ Fn me i e il t qua ii i t t ed or i ousy nd aditcal nd O r r s ntted o lted mm miy. 11 1. Fort f e ngr a ons 1va a et prorM e a he or goi e s , c t he i mor ndum Opi o a Or r gr nt ni n nd de , a d fn a t' to f rsl r j dg n , e ypanifsmoinf rs mmayj d me t a ee d n s moin o l mmay u me t d n lit f to o u r u g n , nd de a m ootpl i if s m oton t com pe .3 ny s a ntf i o l TheCl r i diece t s nd c e oft sM e a e k s r td o e opi s hi mor ndum Opi on a t ac mpa ng ni nd he co nyi Or rt pl ntf a c de o ai if nd ouns lofr c d f def nda s e e or or e nt . ENTER : Thi da ofJ y, 3. y ul 201 f . 4 e o Unie St t Diti tJ ni t d aes src udge 3Pl i ifs moton t c pela ks me t or rno de enda st pr de pl i ifwih pe a pa a tr a ntf ' i o om s o de n- f nt o ovi a ntf t n nd per fe c r c i safaleg y r ore tonal t f l edl evoke pli ifspos e sonoft eie sbec eaw om a c d antf ssi hes tm aus n ompli d a ane boutalte e tr plitf s nthe .Ther co dr ve spli ifhasbe n a et f l rpl t defnda s m oi a cou o de s anif e r e r e al antf e bl o uly e y o e nt' ton nd rt r r , a t r que tf pe a pa i mootbe us t smate i r s vedandnor po e fom pl ntf i r quied. nd he e s or n nd per s ca e hi tr s e ol es ns r ai if s e r 7

Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.

This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.