Gemaehlich v. Deputies John Does et al, No. 7:2012cv00263 - Document 54 (W.D. Va. 2013)

Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Samuel G. Wilson on 2/14/2013. (eot)

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CL : OFFI U, . :m X URT ERK' CE : DI ATRX NOKE, VA FI LE: F 1i 2 1 EB 23 I TH E UNI N TED STATES DI STRI COURT CT FOR TH E W ESTERN DI STRI O F V I CT RGI A NI ROANO KE DI SI VI ON M IC H A EL G E M A EH L ICH . J AC ULI BY: o . ct Ã Ci lA ct on N o.7: vi i 12cv00263 Pl nti , ai ff M EM OM NDUM O PI ON NI O C TA V I L .JO H N SO N eta . A 1, By:Sam ue G .W is n l lo Unied St e Dit i tJudge t at s s r c D e endant . f s Thi i a a tonbypl ntf Miha Ge hlc purua t 42U. C.j1 3, t s s n ci ai if c el mae ih s nt o S. 98 wih s p e n a jzid ci na s re t e 2 U. C. 1 6 o e sae lw a s uta db tey u plme tlt s ito s etd md r 8 S. j 3 7 v r tt-a s a l n atr r c am s agans RoanokeCiy Sherf Oc a aL.J m s a de te Ke t Fe r l Fr nk li , i t t if t vi ol on nd pu i s nneh rel, a Pore ,J nnie Cala tr e f r lhan,a Stphe Sou he l nd,a 1i t i ofk i a i vi lc pactes nd e n t ra 1 n her t al nd ndi dua a ii , . @ a lgi t tt de i us exc svef r agans Ge a hlc whiehewasapr ti le ng ha he putes ed es i o ce i t m e i h l e ral de aneea t Roa ti t he nokeCiy J i.J t al ohns a t de i sha m ove t dim is on nd he pute ve d o s s Ge hlc sc antf fiur t saeaplusbl j1 cli t r i .Theco tfnds mae ih' ompli or al e o tt a i e 983 am o elef ur i t tGe hlc hasa lged s f en f ct t s ha mae i h le ufki t a s o uppor a e es i f c cli a ns t t n xc sve-or e am gai t he de i i t i i vi ua ca cii s Howe r t co tdimi s t i vi lc pa t putes n her ndi d l pa te . ve , he ur s s es he ndi dua - a ciy c am sagans J li i t ohns a i ufi e l pld, s is sa1ofi i lca ciy cli sa ba r d by on s ns tcinty e dim s e l tc a- pa t am s re t El nt Am e he eve h ndme ,a dim is t sa e lw as a ta ba tr c am sa ba r byt nt nd s s es he t t -a s ul nd te y l i s red he one yea saut oflmia i t ta ist Vigi apr tildeai s a s ta ba tr - r t t e i ttons ha pple o r ni e ra t nee ' s aul nd te y c am s li . 1. I t lg r tf vo a et Genae i h,t f c sar a f l w s On t nihtof n he i ht nos a r bl o r hlc he a t e s olo' . he g N ove ber 1 201 of i r a r s ed Ge a hlc a t k hi t t Roa ke Ciy J l W hie m 6, 0, fce s r e t m e i h nd oo m o he no t ai. l RK he w ass a ng a t docke i c e ,De i Fe r la Por e a l edl t e t ndi t he tng ount r putes r el nd t r leg y hr w Ge a hlc ont t c era he dhi down by hi ne k.Fe r l,Pore ,a Cala n t n m e ih o he ount nd l m s c r el tr nd lha he ha ufe Ge a hlc and e c t hi t ac l Calha r m ove am ate sfom t m eal ndc f d m e ih s ored m o el. la n e d tr s r he t benc i i t c l,a t de ist Ge a hlc i o t c l a t e hi f edown h nsde he el nd he pute ook m e ih nt he e l nd hr w m ac ont t bm' me a be h.Ge a hlc al st ther m aned ha ufe whieFe r l Pore o he e t l nc m e ih lege ha e i ndc f d l rel, tr and Ca lha ki ke and punc hi on hi hea ba k,a n ms De y So he l la n c d hed m s d, c nd r . put ut rand alege y pa tci t d i t be tng orwa c d i oc trwihouti t r eni Ge a hlc a l es l dl ri pa e n he a i t he t c l t n e v ng. m e ih leg t the s e f hep a f hi as al nt t sop, t tt b tng c i d f s ha hout d or l nd or s s ia s o t but ha he eai ontnue or ome tme. Eve ual t depute r move Ge a hlc sha ufsa l thi aonet i t ne i nt ly, he is e d m e ih' ndc f nd ef m l mtl he xt m o i whe hewa r l as d on bond.Ge a hlc a l est thes f r d a fa t et hi m ng, n s ee e m e ih leg ha ufe e r cur o s r g ffh m e a a pa a m l e ous c us o and a a i . i ht i t t c r l nd m r ont i ns br s ons Ge hlc fl d hi tr tcompl i o Jme 1 201 a i tÃ§ pute J m Doe 'a mae i h ie s i s ant n t 4, 2, gans s De i s ol s' nd S e i J ne Doe .' Gem a hlc fl a n e d co pl nton A ugus 1 201 nn i Ã§ putes a D s' e i h ied n m nde m ai t 0, 2, m ng She ifJ ms a i ntf ng Fe r l,Pore , nd Cal ha ast e oft f t J m Do . On rf ol on nd de iyi re l tr a la n hr e he otr ol es Nove r1 201 Ge hlc fld as co a mbe 3, 2, mae ih ie e nd mende c d ompli ,i tf ng Sout ra a ant den iyi he lnd s t fna de e nt Thatt r ve son oft c he i l f nda . hid r i he ompli a s con ansar ct ton ofsmia ant lo t i e ia i i lr c ant a ns t Roa CiySheifsDe rme .( Am . ompli s gai t he noke t rf pa t nt See Compl7 ECFNo.30. . -8, ) Ge hlc s e at t lof$30 milo i c mae i h e ks o a li n n ompe aor a punii da a s aswelas ns t y nd tve m ge , l a t ne s f esan c t . tor y' e d os s I I. De i sFe r l,Pore ,Ca lha a So he l nd ha m ove t dimist i vi pute r el tr la n, nd ut ra ve d o s s he ndi dual capaciy excessve- or cl m sagai tt t i f ce ai ns hem on t ground t t alegatons i t com pl nt he hat he l i n he ai a e am bi uous conc us y,a boie pl t The cour di ag ee ,fndst tG e ae i h' r g , l or nd l r a e. t s r s i ha m hlc s 2 compl i c ai enough f c st sa eaf i l pl usbl cai t r le a ns t de i s ant ont ns a t o t t acaly a i e l m o ei f gai t he pute , a de e t m o i t di m i s nd ni s he ton o s s . TheDuePr es Clus oft Fouree h Ame m e g nsÃ§Ã§xce svef c cli oc s a e he t nt nd nt over le s i or e a ms o ap era d tie (rarse )' e v. p a n, 2 F.d4 2 4 6( t Ci. 0 8 f rtil ean e o re te .'Orm Re h n 5 3 3 4 , 4 4h r 2 0 ) ' ( l rto i o ii a)(uoigYomcv. rn eGe r e sCn y. , 5 F.d75 , 8( t at ai n n rgn l q tn t e P i c o c ' t .Md.3 5 3 1 75 4h Ci. 0 4 ) Tos c e du d rt ed epr c s a ay i, plitf mus s w t theo fc r r 2 0 ). u c e n e h u - o e s n l ss a an if t ho ha t fie ttnf i t Inne s a y and w a t pa n a s f rng.' Ta orv.M c fe,155 F. 479,483 di lc ed l ce s r n on i nd uf e i '' vl Dufi 3d ( hCi.1 )( i W hilvv. bes 475U. 31 320( 986).I a yzngt e 4t r 998 quotng te Al r, S. 2, 1 ) n nal i hes cli s c t f uson Ã§ t rt f c wa a i i agood f ih efo tt m ant i a am , ours oc Ã§ he he or e s ppled n whe a t f r o i an nd r t e di c plne orm a i ous y a s di tc l f t ve y pur e ofca i ha m . Or m , es or s i i lci l nd a s i aly or he r pos us ng r ' e ' 5 F. a 446. 23 3d t Un e Ru e8 a( )o t eFe e a Rue o Ci iPr c dle ap e digmu t o ti a d r l ()2 f h d r l ls f vl o e t , la n s c n an r Ã§s ta pl n sa e Ã§hor nd ai t t mentoft cai s he l m howi t tt plade i e ild t r i .'To s vve ng ha he e r s ntte o elef' ur i aRue1 ( )6 moi nt ds s,h cama tsÃ»ta t a alg to smu t ee ug t riea l 2 b () to o imis te li n ' i l cu l le ain s b no h o as g rgh t r i a i t o elef bovet s c a i l ve y a t pl di mus cont n t ug f c st sae a he pe ultve e l' nd he ea ng ' t ai t eno h a t o t t cli t r i t ti pl i eon isf c ' BelAt. am o elef ha s ausbl t a e. l l Com . Twom bl 550 U. 5 555,57 ' v. y, S. 44, 0 ( 2007)( ttonomitd) Ã» le dbar r iasoft ee nt ofac us ofaci s ciai te . Tlra e ectl he lme s a e ton, upporedby t meeco l or sae s donots t .'As r tv.qba,556U. 662, ( r ncus y ttment, ufke' hcof l l S. 678 2009) . Plitfsmu to fre o hf cs$on d ejt i camsa r s t ln fo c n ev bet anif s fe n ug a t % u g l her li co s he i e r m o c i a l o p a sb e'Two v 5 0U. a 5 0 a dfo wh c tec u tc ligu o tt j d ca lu il, ' mbl, 5 S. t 7 , n r m ih h o r, aln p n Ã§s u iil i e re e a c m on s ns , c n c l t tt pl ade hasÃ§ how n' t the i e il d t xpe i nc nd om e e ' a onc ude ha he e r ' t s ' ha s ntte o r i ,Fed.R.Ci P.8() I l556U. a 679. elef v. a ;nba, S. t 3 He e c e tng hi ve son ofeve s Ge hlc hassa e apl usbl e s i -o c r , r dii s ri nt, mae ih t t d a i e xce sve f r e c am a i tt de i i t ri vi lc pa te . He al gest tt de ist e hi , l i ga ns he putes n hei ndi dua a ciis le ha he pute hr w m ha ufe ont am e a benc a t punc d a kike hi r pe t dl whiehe s ed ndc f d, o tl h nd hen he nd c d m e a e y l hout f he p. Ta n a t ue t e a l ga i de c i Ã§ a on' a Ã§ or l ke s r , hos le tons s rbe l nt ' nd s w unnec s r ' es a y' cond tr t r uc a he t n :agood f ih e f t o m ant i a r so edic plne.'Or m ,5 F. a 446.Theco t ha $ at for t i an nd e t r s i i ' e 23 3d t ur t r f efndst tGe a hlc hasnudge hi ca msa r st lnef o c he e or i ha m e ih d s li c os he i r m onceva et i bl o plusbl a deni t de is'motont dimi sGe hlc si vi lca iy a i e nd es he pute i o s s mae ih' ndi dua - pact e es i f r e cl i s 1 xc sve- o c a m . 111 . Gema hlc cai t tSheifJ oni la ei he i vi lc pact unde j1 e ih l ms ha rf ohns s ibl n r ndi dua a iy r 983 f t de i 'alege c or he putes l d onduc . She ifJ t rf ohns a guest tt c ts d dim i st on r ha he our houl s s he i vi - apa iy c am a i the bec us Ge a hlc hasf ie t a lgef c spl usbl ndi dualc ct l i ga ns r a e m e i h a ld o le a t a i y esa ihi s vs y la lt Bec us Ge hlc hasdone ltl t r nd t cli t bls ng uper ior i biiy. a e mae ih ite o e er he am pl usbl ot rt n boot t a pr vi com pl nt a a i e he ha s r p e ous ai s boutde a ne t e t e a t Roa t i e r a m nt t he noke Ciy t J l t c ta e wih She ifJ on a dimis st cl m . ai, he our gr es t rf ohns nd s s e he ai Bec et r i nor pondea s rorlabiiyt rj 1 Ge e ih sekst hol aus hee s es t upei i lt mde 983, ma hlc e o d She ifJ ms pe s l la eby s rf ol on r onaly ibl ugge tng t r wa ape va i a unr a ona ers of si he e s r sve nd e s bl ik c n ttto ln u ybe a eo e riri tn e wh r d p te us de c siefr e a t a o siuina ij r c us f ale nsa c s ee e uis e x e sv o c , nd h t 1Thedefnda scl m quaiid i e nt ai lfe mmuniyfom Gema hlc si viua- pact cl ms i aiid t r e ih' ndi d lca iy ai . s l e ou f i mmuniy s el gove nme ofk i spe f mi dic einay f nc i fom pes - pa t labiiyf ci l t hi ds r nt t al ror ng s r to r u tons r ronalca ciy i lt or vi d ma e u e j 1 8 ,ns f ra t i c n u td e no v o aece rye t b ih dsa o y o c n t ui n l ih s a g s nd r 9 3 i o a s her o d c o s t i lt la l sa ls e tmt r r o si to a rg t t o whc arao a ep ro wo l h v k own. Ca bel . l wa 4 3F. 2 , 7 (t Ci. 0 7 f ih e s n bl es n ud a e n ' mp lv Gal y, 8 3d 58 2 0 4h r 2 0 ) ' o ( iainsomit ) Ã§ rg i cla l e tbls d i t co o soft rghtar s fcinty cl rs t ta ctto ted . t iht s e ry sa ihe f he nt ur he i e ufi e l ea o ha A r as bl ofk erwoul have t de sood,unde t cic s a satha t thi be vi vi a e t rght' e ona e t d m rt r he r um t nce nd, ha s ha or ol t d he i .' Ba lvv Ke n d , 4 F.d7 , 41( t Ci. 0 ) i . n e v 3 9 3 31 7 4 h r 2 03 . e Ã§T1 sr ieaq aiidi ni sd 1 ()6 moint ds s ( ma hih muth v pa sby t o u vv u l e mmu t e 2b () to o imis Ge e lc ) s a e lu il ( f pba alege i hi c pl ntt hi consiuto lrg swe evi aedv'Tobe v.J s - F. - 201 W L 286226, l d n s om ai hat s tt ina iht r olt ' y one , - 3d -, 3 a * (t Ci. 01 ) Hee Ge e ihh sd n s .Bu c .t a *1 ( tn ta d fn a t i a riete t 5 4h r 2 3 . r , mahl a o e o t fi t 0 noig h t ee d nsl n as h c . k c q aiidi ni d fn ca bohtemoint ds s a s mmayj d me tsa e'. u l e -mmu t ee s t t h to o imis nd u r u g n tg ' f y ) 4 J hns kne oft tr s and f ie t ac unde c r um s a st tg ve r s t a i e e of o on w ha i k al d o t r ic t nce ha i i e o n nf r nce de i r t i f e e e ort c ta horza i n oft c lbe a e ndif r nc a i ut i t o he onduc . The s a tng poi , he e or i t t t ri nt t r f e, s he a t la i ai off c Ast c thasnot d,t c tsa l i ofapr ti ldeai e' c ua pplc ton or e. he our e he our' nayss era t ne s e s i -or e cai f e o whehe t f c alege t bt e es i wasa i i a xce sve f c l m ocus s n t r he or e l d o xc sve ppled n good-at e f t o mai ai a r t edicplne o m a ii usyand s ditc ly f t ver f ih for t nt n nd esor s i i r lc o l a si a l or he y pm pos ofc usng ha m .Pl di a e es i f r ec am s ul notbe,a i not o r us t a i r ea ng n xc sve o c l i ho d nd s , ne o . l e t c tha ar a co l d t tGe a hlc sbrefr ct ton a uthi e unt r nde d,he our s le dy ncude ha m e ih' i e ia i bo s nco e wih t de isi s fcenta t t e de is Hene ded onl pl d s fc e f t t he pute s ufi i s o hos pute . e y ea ufii nt acual m at rf t c t o c udecon e ua l f e te or he our t oncl t xt ly, or xnmpl t thear a wa r sr i d a t e, ha le dy s e ta ne t he tmet ed p te a pl ds bsa ta,n u iusf re i h e u is p i u tnilij ro o c . e Buti i nots fcintt a lge sm pl t tot rpr ti lde a ne bef e Gema hlc ts ufi e o le i y ha he era t i es or e ih weeijze o e e d e i atrainsa t ej i, rt c lt a p iaino f r ei ohe r nl d r v n id n lec to t h al o o alhe p lc to f o c n t r r i t nce Ã§a s uls' ihouts yi t co e a de a l t twoul pe tt c t o ns a s Ã§ s a t ' w t uppl ng he nt xm l t is ha d nni he our t unde t ke isow n i pe nta l i oft c a m t te s i f c w asi f tus d. Thos ra t nde nde na ys s he l i ha xce sve or e n ac e e ki oft e dba er ct l donotÃ§ how'prori t nc ofe e svef ce butr t ronl nd hr a r e ia s Ã§ s ' i nsa es xc s i or , a he y al gewiho s wi prori t nc ofe s i f c Bute n i Ge hlc a lge le t ut ho ng i nsa es xce sve or e. ve f mae i h le d s f c e f c s f rt cou tt m a is own i pe nta s s m e oft c a m t tJ hns s uf i i nt a t o he r o ke t nde nde s e s nt he l i ha o on' de tesus d e es i f r epr vi l Gemae i h silmus aleges tcintf t f t pu i e xc sve o c e ousy, hlc tl t l ufi e acs or he cou tt concudet thehas' hown't tJ r o l ha Ã© s 'ha ohns n kne ofape v i a unr s o w r asve nd ea onabl rs of e ik c n ttto a ij r a dfie t a t nd rcr u tnc sta gv rs t a ifrnc o o si in ln u y n ald o c u e ic msa e h t ie ie o n n ee e f u delbe a e i f e e e. He e he alege t i r t ndif r nc r l si upon i or a i a be i f ' butof e sno s c fc nf m ton nd le , ' fr pe ii f sshow i t t deputeshad Ã§m alci 't act ng, hat he i s i ous' endenci t Sherf Jol son knew i,and es, hat if m t t ts f l t t ke c r tve a ton. See e. ,Skilt m . nc. El c.D a a Svs .LLC , ha he aied o a or ec i c i . c. ls or I v. e t . 666 5 F. u p. d61 , 9 2 ( D. . 0 9 ( od n t a t eplitf salg to su o S p 2 0 61 - 0 E. Va 2 0 ) h li g h t h an if le ain p n Ã§nf m ai a bei f'wer Ã§ xa tyt t ofpl a ng t tI ba a Two bl s htt i or ton nd le i e Ã§ c l he ype e e di ha q l nd m v oug o f ecos '.Acc di y,t c twildimist c1i . or l e' ) or ngl he our l s s he am 2 I . V Thedef nda sha movedt dimi sGe a hlc sofk i lca ciy cli sbe a et e nt ve o s s m e i h' t a- pa t am c us he Elve h Amendme pr cl st co tfom hemi t m .Bec us a ofi i lca c t cli e nt nt e ude he ur r ng he a e n fc a- pa iy am i s m pl a t rw a ofpl a ng a ac i n a i tt e iy t tem pl yst ofk e ,a s i y no he y e di n to ga ns he ntt ha o he t r nd be a et c tc ude t tt Ofk eofShe ifi Vigi ai asa eofi f Elve h c us he our oncl s ha he t rf n r ni s tt fce or e nt Ame ndmen pupos sa i i t e nd s mmunefom s ti fderlc ti s t frda st rj1 r ui n e a our n uis o mage mde 983 a sa elw ,hec tgr nt t de e nd t t a t our a s he f ndan s moton. t' i An ofk i - a c t c am a i ta i vi lofie i sm pl Ã§ a he way of t alc pa iy l i gans n ndi dua fc r s i y t not r t pladi a aci n a i ta e iy ofwhih a ofk e i a ag . Asl a t go r m e e ng n to gans n ntt c n t r s n ent' ong s he ve n nt entt r ce vesnotc a a oppor uniy t r s iy e i i e nd n t t o e pond,a of i i l c pa t s ti ,i a 1r pe t n fc a - a ciy ui s n 1 es c s o he t n nn e t be t ea e a a s taga ns t e iy.' Stc e v.Sut rv, F.Supp. t r ha m , o r t d s ui i t he ntt ' i kl v he l 667 2d 6 4 6 2n7( . Va 2 0 )( u t Ke t c yv. a a 4 3U. 1 9,1 .6 ( 98 :. 6 , 7 . W D. . 0 9 q oi ng n u k Grh m, 7 S. 5 65- 6 1 5 Ã§f eElve t Ame d n l t t Aril Il u id ci no tef d rlc u t t he rc s s t' e nh -h n me t i s he t e I j rs ito f h e ea o rs o a a e mi c a i tSt t s a s a e of i r a tng i t rof i i c pa ii y K ic n v. ps w ,286 F. ga ns a e nd t t fce s c i n hei f c al a c tes' t he U ha ' 3d 1 1 -84(t Ci. 2) a Ã§hi pr e tone e ...t Gr s oft Stt,'Cas v. 79, 83 4h r 200 , nd Ã§ s otci xtnds o a mll he ae'' h t GrnvleCn y Bd. fEd c, 4 F.d21 , 2 (t Ci. 0 1 ( l rto i o ii a)( u tn a i l t . o u .2 2 3 9 2 3 4h r 2 0 ) at ai n n rgn l q o ig e Mt He lhyCiy Sc Dit Bd.ofEduc. Dovl 429U. 274,280( 977:.Howeve, . at t h. s. v. e, S. 1 r Ã§ e nt Am e e i m t iy doe note e t m e e poltc ls vi i ofa St t s h s ve h El ndm nt m m t s xt nd o r ii a ubdi s ons a e uc a c mt e o m uni pa ii s ' K ic n,286 F. d a 18 The que t o he e i w he he t s ot i s r ci lte .' t he 3 t 4. si n r s t r he 2w he et c rt gonebe r he ou has yondt ba eale tonsa l he r lgai nd ookedt t publcr or t s wha coul be o he i ec d o ee t d gen db t c u ta dpe u bySh rf J h s n , ohigsp rsa ifrn eo k o e g . la e y he o r (n rs ma l eif o n o ) n t n u pot n nee c f n wld e Ofk eoft She ifi Vigi ai a sa eofk ef Elve h Ame e pur esorwhehe i t he rf n r ni s tt t or e nt ndm nt pos t rt i munii li c r c e . Thec tc ude t f m e . s cpa n ha a t r our oncl s he or r The ei c i r bl a hort hol ngt tt Elve hAme r s onsde a e ut iy di ha he e nt ndme pr l j1 3 nt ecudes 98 ofi a - a iy s t a i tVigi a She if a t rde i be us t y a e sa e, fcilc pact uis ga ns r ni rfs nd hei putes ca e he r tt not l lofi al.See e. ,Smihv. c rhv,349F. x 8 ,8 n. ( h Ci. oca, fci s . g. t M ca t App' 51 58 11 4t r 2009) (Ã§f h d src c u t i no eri dimisn t eg an if ' camsa i tgh d p t s eifj t- e itit o r dd t r n s s ig h plitfs) li gans t e e uy h rfs gl i t i ofii c pa ii , t yaeaf de i n her fcal a ctes as he r for d mmuniybyt Elve hAme t he e nt ndme . Blnd nt' a ); v.Robe t,8 F.Supp. 599,609 0( D. 201 C1Ajs ta ns t She ifi hi rs 57 2d -1 E. Va. 2) ( ui gai t he rf n s of i i lca ciy i i f c a s taga ns t St t U nl s t St t hasabr t orwai d fc a pa t s n a t ui i t he a e. es he a e oga ed ve i mmuniy,Elve hAme me pr tci a i . Sne dv.Aleg ny SheifDe tNo. t e nt nd nt oe ton pples' ); a l ha rf p', 7: v00198,2009W L 2003399,a *1( . Va J y7,2009)(Ã§nVigi a,edea ditit 09c t W D. . ul 1 r ni f rl src I c t ha c it nty he dt tas df a as rf sde rme a e ( r oft ours ve onsse l l ha he f nd he if pa t nt r a ms he Comm o a1h ofVigi aandt tt y, he e or a ee ild t i nwe t r ni ha he t r f e, r ntte o nvoket def e of he ens i mmuniyfom s tpurua t t Elve t Ame t r ui s nt o he e nh ndme .'. Thec ts esnor s t nt'' 3 ) our e eaon o 3Se as Fr nci v. W o d , . 0 c 2 5 2 0 WL 14 5 a * ( D. . y2 20 9 (- dn e 1o a s o y No 3:9 v 3 y 0 9 4 201 , t 4 E. Va Ma 2, 0 ) t ig m t (i Vigi a alw s ta ns as rf i hi oo ci c pa t i a t l alw s tagai tt Stt y' a hat s r ni, a ui gai t he if n s n al a ciy s cualy a ui ns he a e'and Vigi aShe ifi hi ofkilc paciy i i r ni rf n s t a a t s mmunet rt Elve h Ame mde he e nt ndme fom labiiy f da gesa nt r i lt or ma nd n taS es n' nd rj1 8 )Boknv Fih rNo. : c 0 0 8 2 0 W L7 01 4,t* ( . Va Ma. , 0 9 o l ro 'u e 9 3 ; ti . se, 508 v 0 5 , 0 9 p 9 4 a 5 W D. . r25 2 0 ) (idngta tnVigni, ut a an taS eifi hso t a cpa i aes isa is tesae' n b re b te fn i h ts r i a s is g is h rf n i fkil a ct r ut gant h tt'a d ard y h i y Elv nhAme d n wi rs ett camsfrmo eayd ma e) Da sv Cnv o Amh rtNo 60 c 0 01 , eet n me t t e p c o li o n tr a g s; vi . t. f es, . :7 v 0 7 h 2 08W L5 1 5 , t*1( . Va Ma . 2 08 (idigt tnVigni aSh rf n teS ei d p rme t r 0 9 2 3 a W D. . r3, 0 ) f n ha i r i a eifa d h h rt e at n ae n rs Ã§ n iee ap r o teSaefr1 t Ame d n p r ss'a dn tat es n'u jc t l blyf rd g s ko sd rd at fh tt o 1h n me t upo e, n o Ã§ ro 'sb eto i it o mna e ' p a i u de j1 3 ; pe trv S eifo Ro n k Ciy No 705 v 0 6 , 0 6WL 1 9 7 0 a * ( . Va Jme n r 98 ) Ca ne . h rf f a o e t, . : c 0 6 7 2 0 6 9 3 , t 1 W D. . t 1 2 0 ) Harsv Ha tr 9 0F. p . 0 , 0 ( . . . 9 7 (idn as ia ans aVignaS eifi hs 2, 0 6, ri . ve, 7 Su p 5 0 5 2 W D Va 1 9 ) fn ig ut g i t rii h rf n i . ofiil a ct b re b teElv nhAme d n) Bln e s i v WarnCnv, 31F. u p 4 7 4 9( D, fca cpa i ard y h e e t y n me t; a k n hp . re t.9 S p . 4 , 4 W. Va 1 9 )(i igt tt eS eifa dteS eifsDe rme t( Vigniqaeamso tesaea dcn o be . 9 6 fndn ha Ã§h h rf n h h rf' pat n i r i a r r f h tt n a n t t n h l la l frmo eayd ma e t e j1 8 b cus te aee tt dt Elv nhAme d n i nY '. ed ibe o n tr a g s md r 9 3 e a e h y r nil o e e t e n me tmmu i ) l Cas v.Gr leCnt Bd.ofEduc, F. 219( h Ci. ) t Fourh Cicui Co tofAppeas n h anvil y. .242 3d 4t r 2001,he t r t ur l e ane t fctr t tfgur i t El nt Amendme am- -he saea l i.1 a 223 xpli d he a o s ha i e n he eve h nt r oft -tt nayss d. t -24;s eas e lo U nied S ae e r l Obe g v.Ky.Hi rEduc.St ntLoa C0m- 6 1F.d5 5 5 0(t Ci. 1 ) Th e t t ts x e . r Rhe ude n . 8 3 7 , 8 4h r20 2. os , none usvef t sae: xcl i acor r - - . ()whehe a yj g n a an th e tya d fn a twil p i b teS aeo wheh ra y 1 t r n ud me t g is te ni s ee d n lbe ad y h tt r te n t r ove yby t entt a pli ifwili et t be ftoft Stt ec r he iy s antf l nur o he ne i he ae; 7 de tfom t ta ho iy he e pm' r ha ut rt r .Ac or ng y, heco tc ude t tt de e c di l t ur oncl s ha he f ndan si t r t n hei ofk i lc pa ii sar e ild t Elve t Ame e i miy a dim is sGe a hlc s t a a cte e ntte o e n h ndm nt mmt t nd s s e m e ih' ofi i lca ciy cl i s a i tt m . f c a - pa t a m ga ns he V. Thedefnda sase tha t one-ea saut oflmiainsi Vigi aCod j8. e nt s r t t he y r tt e i tto n r ni e 01 243.2ba sGe a hlc , sa e-a a s ta ba tr c am s4 Thec ta e a dimis s r m e ih s tt l w s aul nd te y j i . our gr es nd s s e Ge a hlc ss a e l w c ai s m e i h' t t - a l m . TheSu e Cour ofVigi ahasc e ry he dt tt one- rsa ut oflm iai i pr me t r ni l a l l ha he yea tt e i t tons n Vigi aCodej8. - 2a i t aprtildeane sa s ulandbatr cli .SeeBi r ni 01243. pples o era ti e' s a t tey ams na v. y o , 3Va 3 , 5 8( 01 ) s eas Harsv. r ii , . 0 c 01 2 0 W L Ha wo d 28 . 81 38 -8 2 2 ; e lo ri Vign a No 3:7 v7 , 0 8 1 279, * ( D. .Apr 24,2008) Her,t alge asaula batr oc ure o or 869 at 5 E. Va . . e he le d s t nd tey c r d n a boutN o mbe 16, 0,a Gemae i h fl d hi orgi lco pl nton J 1 201 ve r 201 nd hlc ie s i na m ai une 4, 2, a oxi at y s ve m ont a t rt one- rs a ut of lm ia i e r d. ppr m el e n hs fe he yea t t e i t tons xpie Ge e ih ag st tt c ts dnota pl j8. - 2t ba hi sael ma hlc rue ha he our houl p y 01243. o r s tt-aw cl m sbe us i woul beaE er pe tve'a ia i oft saut ,i t tt Bi cour onl ai ca e t d Ã§ tos c i ' pplc ton he t t e n ha he nc r t y ()ted ge o a tn mye ecs db tee tt,icu igs c cru tn e a wh a pons 2 h e re f uo o x rie y h n i n ldn u h ic msa c s s o p it y t e iy' die t sorofi e s who f he ntt s r cor tc r , undst e iy,a whehe t Stt r ansave oove t he ntt nd t r he ae eti t r he entt sa tons iy' c i ; ( ) wh te te e tt i i ov d wi sae c n en a ditn t fo n n sae c n en , 3 eh r h n i s nv le t tt o cr s s sic r m o -tt o c rs y h i udi l alc r ;a ncl ng oc oncens nd ( )h w tee tt i tetd u d rsaelw,s c a wheh rte e ty' r lt n hp wihte 4 o h niy s rae n e tt a u h s te h ni s eai s i t h t o Stt i s t inty cl et m a t e iy a am oft S ae. ae s ufk e l os o ke he ntt n r he t t Obe c,681F. a 58 He e, ve t lnglneofca estndi t tVigi aShe if a eamsoft saef r 3d t 0. r gi n he o i s i ng ha r ni rfs r r he tt or Elve hAmendme pur e ,t c twilnotbel t ef cor . e nt nt pos s he our l abor hos a t s 4TheV igi aGene a A se bl ha no atr d Secin 8.01 243. snc 1 r ni r l sm y s t le e to - 2 i e 999. I sa es t tt : Nope s c i d i asaeorl alco rcto lf clt s l brngorha br tonhi be f r on onfne n tt oc re ina a iiy hal i ve ough s hal a pe s la to r ltng t t co tonsofhi c i e untlal avalbl a i sr i ny r ona c in eai o he ndii s ontnem nt i l ia e dm nitatve r medi a e e e es r xhaused.Such acin s l be br htby oron behafofs peron wihi one t to hal oug l uch s tn yea ate c us of a ton ac nzs o wihi sx mont afe al a i s tve r r tr a e ci c e r tn i hs tr l dm nikai emedis a e e r e used,whiheve oc lslt r xha t c r ct a e . r 8 r ce l e es l a id t sa ut t pr ti ldea ne 'as a ta ba tr ca ms W e et e nty xpr sy pple he tt e o era ti es s ul nd te y li . r he c toa our t doptGe a hlch' r s ng,t c u'w oul be gi ng a pr pec i - y a i ton m e i s ea oni he ot t d vi os tve onl pplca i t ad cso o t eVig naS p e Co r t a f ya pid%er a tv l't ap an if o, o e ii n f h r i i u rme u t h t ae p le Ã§ to ciey'o litf wh r j tl eGe e lc flds i mo et a o ey a b tls t a t y asa trt ec u eo us i ma h ih,ie ut r h n n e r u e s h n wo e r fe h a s f k a ton a r e Thi c ti no fe t i et Vigi aSupr m eCour' a ia i of c i cc u d. s our s t r e o gnor he r ni e ts pplc ton Vigi alw.Se eg.C.. v.Bos h' Esae,387U. 45 46 ( )(Ã§ nc otr1 r ni a e. . , IR. c s tt S. 6, 6 1967 t e t 938 si de son i EreR.Co. Tompki ,a t oken lneofc eshashe d t tt f de alc t cii n i v. ns n mbr i as l ha he e r ours m us l k t s a e l s a i s a e de s ons s a e a i s r tve pr tc f t s a e l t t t oo o t t egi l ton, t t ci i , t t dm nit a i ac i e, or he t t aw ha i t bea id.'( ttonomitd) Ac or ngy,t c tfndst tj8. -43. a isand s o pple ' ciai ) te . c di l he our i ha 012 2 pple di m i s s G e ae i h' s a e-a as a ta ba t r cl i s s se m hlc s t t l w s ul nd te y a m . VI. Fort r as sa e t c tde est de e nt 'moton t dim isGe a hlc s he e ons tt d,he our ni he f nda s i o s s m e ih' e s i f c cli sa ns t de i i t ri vi lc pa te ,butdim is t xce sve-or e am gai t he putes n hei ndi dua a ciis s s es he r ai ng cl m s.5 em ni ai . .A . V ENTER:Fe u y 1 201 br ar 4, 3. .4 . . p' -, z . > ' ' ' . +' . . z UN I TED STATES DI STR I J D GE CT U 5Ge hlc as cl mst tt defnda sc piedt vi aehi ci lrght.I t c tsviw,t t mae ih lo ai ha he e nt ons r o olt s vi i s n he our' e ha cai i nobr dert t unde l ng e s i -or cam. lm s oa han he ryi xce sve f ce li 9

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