Goodman v. McCoy et al, No. 7:2012cv00186 - Document 33 (W.D. Va. 2013)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge James C. Turk on 02/26/2013. (kab)
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I TH E U NI N TED STA TES DI STR I T C O U RT C FO R TH E W ESTER N D I STRI T O F V I G I I C R N A R oanoke D i s on vi i TH O M A S L .G O OD M A N ,#1008318 Pl ntf , ai i f 53. M AJO R K .M CC O Y ,e al, t . Dee f ndant . s CLERK SOFFI U.S.DI COURT CE ST. ATROANOKE,V A FI LED FEB 26 2 1 93 JULI C. A DUDLE CLERK X )CASE NO.7:2CV00186 1 BK KB ) DEPUTY CL ERK ) )M EM OM NDUM OPI ON NI ) ) )By:Jame C.Tur s k )Se orUniedSt e DititJudge ni t ats src ) Thom a L.Goodman,a Vigi a i ae pr e di pr K ,fl t sci lrght aci s r ni nm t oc e ng o ied hi vi i s ton . ptruan t 42U. C.j 1 algi t thi Ei h Ame ls t o S. 983, le ng ha s ght ndmentrght weevi aedbyprs i s r olt ion gua dsa ofi i l a Re Oni Sut Prs The Cour dim is s m e ofGood a sca ms r nd tc a s t d on e ion. t s s ed o m n' li a s ede e nt i aM e or ndtm Opi on e e e o J y 1 20l ECF No.1 la ng nd om f nda s n m a l ni nt r d n ul 3, 2, 3, e vi i t ca e t Ei h Am e n he s wo ght ndme cai sa t e de e nt- Def nda sLoo y,M ccoy, nt l m nd hr e f nda s e nt ne a St nly.Bot r m ani cli sa ie fom t i i t on Augus 1 2011,onef l ng nd a e h e i ng am rs r wo ncden s t 0, olowi c os l a trt ot r l e y fe he he . Fis, Goodma a lges t t De e n Co r c i Ofi e Loone ya rt n le ha f nda t r e tons fc r y nked hi a m s r t r u ht eta so i h sc l d o wih u p o o ain, a sn ij r t h sn m.S c n , e h o g h r y lt n i el o r t o t r v c to c u ig nu y o i r e o d h camsta Dee d n M ao K.M c y ma e t d cso t plc Go d n i a uao y li h t fn a t j r co d he e iin o a e o ma n mb lt r r sr i sf 27 hour wihou batloom br a ,c usng hi t de e a t a urna e o hi s f e tant or s t t lr e ks a i m o f c t nd i t n m el. De e ntLi utnantSt nl wa t i vi lwho s r ie Goodm a s pl e e i t f nda e e a ey s he ndi dua upe v s d n' ac m nt n he r sr i sa a co di t Goodma pur ef l plce a s c iy s k on ba kwar s t t e tant nd, c r ng o n, pos uly a d e urt moc c d o ha Goodm a waspr ve e fom usng t t ltt oughoutt pe i ofhi r tai .Go a s n e nt d r i he oie hr he rod s esr nt odm n' Compl i s e a t mpor r r sr ni o de agans De e nt ,1a per anent tans er som ant e ks e a y e tai ng r r i t f nda s m r ç t r on i whi h hei c r n l hous a $50, i dn a . he egi n c s ur e ty ed, nd 000 n m ges ECF No.1a 1 t. Pendi bef et Co ti Def nda s M oton f Slm ma y J m e ,ECF No.22,t ng or he ur s e nt ' i or l r udg nt o whi h Goodma ha r s c n s e ponde ECF No. Alhoug Def nda sc d ha fl d ar pl t d, 26. t h e nt oul ve ie e y, hey di not d . Addii l on Fe u r 6,201 t Clr r c ved fom Goodman t m o i ns a s tonaly, br a y 3, he e k e ei ' r wo to , lo pe ng bef r t Cour a a es e he en. n t frt tted aç oton i Li ne,' ndi o e he t nd ddr s d r i I he is, il s i n mi 'ECF No. M 31 Go d n s e st i a e giji t uin fl e cud d fo t i c s . I . t1 Hed e n t , o ma e k o 4 v h s nsi to ie x l e r m hs a e' d a . o s o h t ' f t re ai wha he i s ki o wha ba i t ei f re l i Thus i i no cla t t urhe xpl n t s ee ng r t ss her s o xcuson. , t s t e r o he Cour whehe hei tyi t ba t Cour fom r e ngt fl ( c ha no bee pr ded t t r s r ng o r he t r eviwi he ie whih s t n ovi t t Co r i a y e n)frp r o e o s mma yj dg n ,o h se t e l ei fo o he u t n n ve t o u p s s f u r u me t r e e ks o xcud t r m bei i toduce a any til i t s c s I t s c ng n r d t ra n hi a e. n he e ond m oton,doc t d a a t o i f i ke e s t ton or M Se te en H e rngy ECF N o.32,Goodm a r ques s t tt Co tor r a s t l m e t he r ng, tl m t a i ' ' n e t ha he ur de e te n a i a s t f t hi l t t me 'ast wha hewoul ac e i s tlm e ofhi cai . nd e s orh s l a e nt' o s t d c pt n e te nt s l ms Upon r viw of t r c d, t Cour fnds t t Defnda s moton s d be e e he e or he t i ha e nt ' i houl GRANTED.Goodm a smotonsa et r f eDENI AS M OO T. n' i r he e or ED 1 . FACTUAL BACK GROUND A. Exce s veFor C l m A gai tO f i e L oo y si ce ai ns f c r ne The pa te pr ent difr nt veri as t wha oc ured bewe n Goodman a ri s es fe e sons o t c r t e nd Def nda Looney on Augus 1 2011,at h t y a e on s ef t . ta a st s e e nt t 0, lhoug he gr e om ac s l ppe r mdiput d t ton t tda e Loone a Core tonsOfie W .l e we eplci aha ufe Goodman ha ha t , y nd r c i fc r ngl r a ng ndc f d i o hi ce l nt s l. 1 The r eques f at t or empor y r tai ng or pr ousy w asdeni by t Cour. SeeECF ar esr ni der evi l ed he t N o. l 4. 2 G oodm an a r t t ashe w asbe ng e c t t hi c l ot ri a esas hi w hy he ve s ha , i s ored o s el, he nm t ked m wa t ti l ke up.'W he he r s nde t tCo r ci Ofker Br k a Loone we e s i tng oc d ' ge n e po d ha r e tons t s oc nd y r s ti hi up on a t e tng m ç bogus c r 'a t t he woul be ba k out Ofi e Looney alege y ha ge' nd ha d c , fc r l dl s d,t no you won' ni .'Goodman r s ai d oh t gger' e ponde E d, i an' t l ng a You i t aki bouts t...Thi s t hi s hi a n' goi t w or ' i t ng o k. ' Acc di t Goodm a a r he was pl ce i hi cel a hi l t ha uf wa or ng o n, he a d n s l nd s ef ndc f s r moved,he vol a iy plce hi l ta m on hi hea snc t ti s ei r que t d by e unt rl a d s ef r s d, i e ha s om tmes e se g r .The Ofi r Loone alge y ç nke ( s rg cufe am t ough t ta sot uads n fce y le dl t d hij iht fd r hr ya he ry l sai g (j o rme rt i n g e'a s et se (n jp ldo (ts a 'ECFNo 2 a 2. ttn , ty u e mbe h s i g r s h witd a d ul n l q nn. e i ' .6 t Go d nalg st i c usd ij re t h sn m, ita s o d r o ma le e hs a e nu is o i r wrs, nd h ule . Alhough De enda sdo notpr vi a s t f nt o de ny wom sa e e tfo any wines t t e nt tt m n r m t s o he ve s a t c l,t i ûlngs wih t Cour t l a dif r n ve son ofe t .They cli t ta tr t he e l her i t he t el fe e t r i ven s am ha fe Goodm a s lf ha uf wa r m o d,i wa Good a who pule hi rg a i o hi c l, n' e t ndc f s e ve t s m n ld s i ht nn nt s e l c usng Ofi e Loone t srke he ha a f e m on t lt h oft ta sot Ofi e I l a i fc r y o ti r nd nd or ar he a c he r y l . fc r ng e a r nty wasa e t mait n c r oft lnya d sr p.N et rGoodma no De e nt ppa e l bl o n ai ontol he a r ta ihe n r f nda s s iy whehe Goodma wasr ha ufe a t ttmeorno . pecf t r n e- ndc f d t ha i t B. Fac s U nde l ng G oodm an' Ei h A m endm e C l i Bas d on Us of t r yi s ght nt a m e e A m bul or Res ra nt at y t i s Afe t i de a hi ce l Goodm a cli he wa i o ry r sr i tr he nci nt t s l, n a ms s mpr pe l e taned i n a bul t y r s r i s f a e es i pe i of tm e w iho be ng pe m i t t us t m a or e t a nt or n xc s ve r od i , t ut i r ted o e he bahr ,a t tt swasc ue a t ua punihme .He a a st be a gung bot t t t oom nd ha hi r l nd mus l s nt ppe r o r i h ha : ()te ewa n ba i f rp a i hm i t ec l b c u eh ddn tce t adsmb n e a d ( ) 1 h r s o ss o lcng i n h el e a s e i o r ae it a c ; n 2 t r s r i s c bi d w ih Def nda S a e s ac i i pur e u l puti o G o he e t a nt , om ne t e nt t nl y' tons n pos f ly tng n odm a s n' s cliy gown ba e trt ckwa d and t de a o balr m br a ,pr ve e hi fom be ng a e t r he ni l f tloo e ks e nt d m r i bl o us t bahr e he t oom f t t nt s ve hou pe i hewasi r sr i s or he we y- e n- r rod n e tant . De e f ndant a lge t t i me ael f l ng t i i s le ha , m di t y olowi he ncdent a Good a s c l wih t m n' el t Def nda Loone De t nt Stnly wa c le t t pod a i or e nt y, f nda a e s a ld o he nd nf med a t wha ha s o t d ha ne Acc di t St e he or r t tGoodma be es rt t t A- , 3 ve tbul ppe d. or ng o nnly, de ed ha n co td o he 12, si e. Oncet r ,Goodm a w a srp s a c d a plce i o a s oc a n he e n s ti e r he nd a d nt m k nd mbult r r tai spe a o y esr nt r t dieci n ofDef nda M c he r to e nt coy.St nly a t o he c r c i ofi e spl c Goodman a e nd wo t r ore tons fc r a ed i o t a bult y r tant , t nure c ke t r sr nt a dee m i t tt y we e nt he m a or esr i s and he s hec d he e tai s nd tr ned ha he r a pidc re ty. en reas a k d Go d n i heh da ijlis a whc tmeh sae p le o rcl Th u s lo s e o ma f a ny n t e , t ih i e ttd r hi n m gotc ug i t ta sot The nur enot d as al a e ofa a i ofGoodm a si r s r a ht n he r y l . s e m l r a br son n' nne rg f e r butnobledi Goodma wast tke i o c l A- wihoutf t ri de . i ht or a m, e ng. n hen a n nt e l 204 t urhe nci nt l i a r nty undiput d t tt c lhad at lti i. t s ppa e l s e ha he el oie n t The pa tes ag e g r ly on t lngt of tm e Good a wa i t a ri r e ene a l he e h i m n s n he mbul t r aoy r t a nt a i c lA - ,2butdi ag e as t how r ti tve t c r um sanc s of hi r t a nt es r i s nd n el 204 s re o esr c i he i c t e s es r i 3 di o f nda t , w ere. A ccor ng t D e e n s 2 Goodman aleges i wast nt se hour ;Def l t we p ven s endant cont i w ast nt si . Thi one s end t we p x s hourdif e i notl l sgnii nt butt Cour w ilconsr t f s i t lghtmos f a e fer nce s egaly i fca , he t l tue he act n he i t avor bl t Goodm a asi m us,a cr tGoodm an' aver o n, t t nd edi s mentt i wast nt s hat t we p even hour . s 3 N o o t pa i des i t s ock or t r tai s i a det l Anoh rj geoft s f he rtes crbe he m he esr nt n ny ai. ne te ud hi Cour,however hasdesc i ambul or r tai sasf l s t , rbed at y esr nt olow ; ()i t i a aor r tan sh shi ha dsc f d i fo t d bl a nma e n mbult y esrit a s n ufe n r n , ou e l ocked,w ih a bl box coverng t ce erkeyhol pori oft cufs. t ack i he nt e ton he f He alo wea l ions w ih a s urt waitc n nmni t ough t s rs eg r , t ec iy s hai ng hr he bl box on t handcuf sa down t t 1 ions. ack he f nd o he eg r Hole v. oh o No.708c 6 9,2 0 W L 26 28 a *1 ( . Va. 0 .TheFou t Cic th s ly J ns n, : -v- 2 01 403 , t 0 W D. 201 ) rh rui a r ecogni dif r esbet zed f e enc ween a bul or r s r nt ,on t one hand,and f and fve- ntr tai s m at y e t ai s he our i poi esr nt , on t ot .I t l tr a i e' handsand l ar appar nty sr pped t a bedaeiherw ih a ches he her n he ate a n nmat s egs e e l ta o t t t sr p (i - nt orwih t(o - i ) Se .eg, a k onv. o Ma ,1 F.Ap x 97,1 2- ( h Ci. ta fvepoi ) t ou f urpont. e ..J c s M r n 9 p' 0 03 4t r 20 ) ( pu ih d)(xplii t twhie çou - n me ha c lr srit' a is e i W ila v. 01 un bls e e anng ha l s rpoit c nia e tan s' t su n lims f Be imi,7 F.d 7 6(t Ci.1 9 ) p e e tdtep io e fo e t j rq ie hm t uiaeo na n 7 3 5 4h r 9 6, rv ne h rsn r rm ai , e urd i o rn t n n hi s l,and di notalow hi t was m ace of hi f tzee- ntr tal sr ki ed movem ent but m ef d l m o h f s ace; lr poi es r nt es ct , di no tt l p e ntaprs ne fo ei re tngo fo b nga et r mo hi u e we r. d t o al r ve y io r r m t ai r r m ei bl o e ve s nd r a) he 4 Goodma wasplce i a n a d n mbult y r sr i s on Augus 1 2011 aor e ta nt t 0, a 1:2 p. .and wa r m o fom n t 0 m s e ved r mbul t y r sr i s a 3: aor e tant t 00 p. .on Aug t 11 2011 whe hi dir i be vi s i d. m us , n s s uptve ha or ubsde Dtrng t ttme, he ewa at lti Goodm a sc l. li ha i t r s oie n n' e l Ambul t y aor r sr i s do not r tit t ofende fom usng t r toom . e ta nt esrc he f r r i he esr Addii nal Goodma sc l wasche ke pe pr edur whiehe to ly, n' e l c d r oc e l w a i n btl t r r s r i s Pr e e r quies obs r a i a s n m la o y e t a nt . oc dur e r e v ton t ffee m i e i t r l and t s f co m a ri r s i t n nut n e va s he hi t m nde s e pons bl f i e or obs r ton of t of e r a l as t i e dm i a s f t e va i he f nde t e t w c ng hi t o dee m i i r tai ngi silne es a y. tr ne f esr ni s tl c s r ECFNo. 3 2 S a lyAf. 6 2 - , tne f ! . I hi r pons t t s n s es e o he ummayj r udgme moi Goodma a r t tafe hewa srpnt ton, n ves ha tr s ti s a che he was pl e i a ç ue s cliy s oc 'a t tt gown wa i e to l a e r d, ac d n d bl e trt m k' nd ha he s nt n i naly nd pur e u l pl e on hi ba kwa d.ECF No.26 a 3.He co ai d whie i wasbeng put pos f ly ac d m c r t mpl ne l t i on hi bec us i wa ba kwa dsorç ong, a De e m a et s c r ç wr ' nd f ndantStnl y alege y t d hi ,çl si ' a e l dl ol m s- s -hi how i' goi on. I Goodm a a s a r t t oncei hi c l De enda St nl yt d a he ts ng ' d. ' n lo ve s ha , n s el, f nt a e ol not r guad t te vei o lke t ts g ma c to n i a la i on tl t r ' 1 r o d a t n i ha o Good n) an' pe t nd e ve t il omorow. d. l ' Go d n f rh r e pans G ft e s c h d b e a p id p o e l 1c ul v o e e lte o ma u te x li : ç h mo k a e n p le r p ry o d'e p nld h l vel r sr p a a e s d t t l t but due t i i e i ly be ng pl e on m e ba kw a d,I c o t a nd cc s e he oie o t nt ntona l i ac d c r wm e f tvey r tit d'f o a e sng t t l t I a 4. s feci l esrc e ' r m cc s i he oie . d. t Goodm a alo con e t t whie i hi cel he r pe t dl as d f ar sr n s t nds ha , l n s l, e a e y ke or e toom br a e k, buthi pl s we e i nor d by De enda Phi ,who has be n dim is fom t s t He s ea r g e f nt pps e s s ed r he ui. e t ly urnae on hi el a s d Defnda Phi ,butt hi wa done. L. He venual i td ms f nd howe e nt pps t ng s not ' ds ' z ltrdeec tdon Mms l a trhec dnott i a l r'1.4I hi Compli ,Goodma ae f ae ef fe oul t t ny onge . 4 n s wa ' . ant n alege t tl vi hi i t r sr i sf s h alng hy n ot oftm ewihoutal ng hi l s ha ea ng m n he e tant or uc e t m mt i t lowi m 4 G Oodman does not s f a what tme he urnaed or def t d, how l t r was i peciy t i i t eca e ong he e n be wee t e t event ,orhow l he r m ai i r t a nt a ert e event Def ndant have not t n hos wo s ong e ned n esr i s ft hos s. e s pr ded any s i or i eihe ,a no r er ovi uch nf maton, t r nd ef ence t t e e s a o hos vent ppear i Goodman' m edi sn s cal r ds ecor . t us t r t oo co tt e c u a t us puni hm e , i vi ato of hi Ei ht o e he esr m ns iut d r el nd m ual s nt n ol i n s g Am e ndme rght . a y,he doesnotal get tt r tant t m s vesc e hi pan, nt i s Not bl le ha he esr i s he el aus d m i or t t h p ro o r sri o h r s rs le i a y ij e t hm. ha t e ei d f e tant t e wie e utd n n nmi s o i Goodm a s medialr co ds r fec t ,whie Goodma wa i t r sr nt,a ntr e n' c e r e l t hat l n s n he e tai s ls not d t thi ha we e ç lg l s ln' a he wa a s d t m ove hi ha a fnger . e ha s nds r t i hty wole ' nd s s dvi e o s nds nd i s ECF No. 26- a 5.Fi da lt r on Augus 1 2011 Goodm a was s e by m e ca 1 t ve ys a e , t 6, , n en di l pe s la n.The medi lr or a e no e ie y l bl a t difc tt r a butt r onne gai ca ec ds r t ntr l egi e nd hus fi ul o e d, he not a a t r er nce Good a c es ppe r o ef e m n ompl i ng ofbot rghts de and rghtar pan a ani h i houl r i m i nd r pori t thi % i htn m wa pule a t sed l tW e da '1 Addii nal a x-ay e tng ha s d g r r s ld nd wit as dnes y. d. ' to ly, n r of hi rght s de wa or e a t t tme. 1 I a a s ba e on Goodma s own s i houl r s der d t ha i d. t ppe r , s d n' sae n st me c l ro n l t tte e ijlisa erlt dt t eatr ain a t c l wi ttme t o dia pes n e,ha h s nt e r eae o h l c to t he el t r e h Def nda Looney a nott t us oft r t a nt . e nt nd o he e he esr i s I. l A NA LY SIS I t i s mmayj d me tmoin, fn a t r iet reds r a g me t. is,h y n her u r u g n t Dee d n s a s h e icde r u n s Frtt e o c e t t Pl ntf ' e es i f r c am a i t De e nt Loone s d be dimis d ont nd ha ai ifs xc sve o ce l i ga ns f nda y houl s se be us Goodma f ie t e us hi al i sr tve r medi .Se nd,t y a gue t tt ca e n a ld o xha t s cm nita i e es co he r ha he undiput f c sa a l ed by Goodma do note t bls a Ei t Ame s ed a t s leg n sa ih n gh h ndme vi ai Thid, nt ol ton. r a tnal t y co e t tt y a e e il t qua ii i uniy i of r a dn nd i ly, he nt nd ha he r ntted o lfed mm t ns a s mage a e s r s ug ta an tte a ta t r i n b ssf ra r n ijmci er le h r . c u t l o h g is h m, nd h t hee s o a i o wadig n t tv eif e e The o r wil b itystf rht es mmayj d me tsa d r , n t na d e sDee d ns ag me t. rel e o t h u r u g n tn ad a d he d r s fn a t' r u n s A. Sum m ar Judgm e St y nt andar d Summa yj r udgme ti pr rwheeçheei noge neis a t a maeilf ta n s ope r t r s t nui sue s o ny tra ac nd t emo a ti e tte t j d me ta amatro lw. Fe R. v. 5 () A g n n is eo h v n s n ild o u g n s te f a ' d. Ci P. 6a . e uie su f ' 6 m a e i f c e s s w hen a r tona ti of f c , c i r ng t e denc i t r c d as a t ral a t xi t a i l rer a t ons de i he vi e n he e or whol ,c d fnd i f vor oft no movi pa t Ri c v.De e a 557 U. 557,586 e oul i n a he nng ry. c i st f no, S. ( 00 ) i mmay j dg n i a p o it o l i tk n t e d n e a d a1r a o be 2 9. ç su r u me t s p rprae n y f a i g he vie c n 1 e s na l i e e sdr wn t r fom i t lghtm os f vor bl t t nonm ovi pa t ç m a e ilf c s nf r nce a he e r n he i t a a e o he ng ry, no t ra a t a edip td a dt emo i p ry i e t ld t j d me ta amatro 1w.'He r v. ur l, r s u e n h vng a t s ni e o u g n s te f a ' n y P nel t ' 65 F.d 5 4 5 ( t Ci.2 1 (n ba c (uoig Aus ema v.Ba o Am.Co p,3 2 2 3 2 , 31 4h r 01 ) e n ) q tn hr n nk f r. 5 F.d8 6 8 9 (t Ci. 0 3) Pu dfe e t s mmayj g n s ul b e tr di t eCo r 3 9 , 9 4 h r 2 0 ). t ifr nl u r ud me t ho d e n ee f h u t y, fn , fe arviw o t er c r a awh l ,ha n ra o a l j r c ul rt av r itfr ids a tr e e f h e o d s o e t t o e s n b e u y o d et ml e dc o t non- ngpa t SeeEva v.Te hs Applcains& Se v Co.80F. 954,958 5 ( h he movi ry. ns c . i to r. , 3d - 9 4t Ci.1 9 ) r 9 6. To d fa as p re moin f rsl r j g n , h i p o n mus d mo et a e e t u po td to o l mmay ud me t t e d p ne t t o r h n o smpl s w t tt r i s m em ea i y ho ha he e s o tphysc ldo tast t m a e ilf c s....W he et r c d i a ub o he t ra a t r he e or t ke asawhol co d notl d ar tonalti roff tt fnd f t nonmovi pa t t r i no a n e ul ea a i re ac o i or he ng ry, he e s g n n is f rtil'S o t Ha s 5 0U. 3 2 3 0( 0 7 (iaina d itma q tto e uie sue o ra. c t v. ni, 5 S. 7 , 8 2 0 ) ctto n n e l uoain ' o te ) mitd . B. W het her G oodm an Faie t Exhaus H i Exc s i For Cl m Agai t ld o t s e sve ce ai ns D efendantLooney 1.Exhaus i R e re e s ton qui m nt Asnotd,De enda s fr tar e f nt ' s gume i t tGood a f l t e us hi a nita i nt s ha m n aied o xha t s dmi sr tve r m e eswih r gar t t e es i f c cli a i tOfierLoone The Prs Lii to e di t e d o he xc sve or e a m gans fc y. ion tgai n Re om Ac (TL1A',n n ohe t ig ,p o ie i 4 U. C.j 1 9 ea t a a p io e fr t ç t ' mo g t r hn s r vd s n 2 S. ) 9 7 () h t rs n r ca nnotbrng a ci laci co e ni prs c tons untlhe ha fr t e used a lbl i vi ton nc r ng ion ondii i s is xha t vaia e admi srtve r medis Nus l v. Pore , 534 nitai e e . se tr 51 5 ( 6, 24 2002) Thi e usi . s xha ton r qui e enta i t ç li a e s t ,whe he t y i ve ge r cic s a sorpa tc a e rm pples o 6 nm t uis al t r he nvol ne al r um t nce r i ul r e s s ... t rt y al gee s i f c ors m e o he wr 'a whe he t f m o piode , whehe he le xce sve or e o t r ong,' nd t r he or f r le t i t s ksi a ia e unde t a nita i pr e e 1 ç r i no que to e if he nma e ee s va lbl r he dmi sr tve oc dur , d. The e s si n t te usi i ma t r t rt PLRA a t tune used c am sc ha xha ton s nda o y mde he nd ha xha t l i anno bebr t oughti n c u t' o e v. c ,5 9 U..1 9 21 ( 0 7 .To c mpy wih j 1 9 ea,a imae mu t o r. J n s Bo k 4 S 9 , 1 2 0 ) ' o l t 9 7 () n n t s f l e c se oft e tbls d ad i sr tvepr e e t tt f c lt pr de t prs r olow a h t p he sa ihe m nitai oc dur ha he a iiy ovi s o ione s a me ta1 de dlneswihi t tpr e e be oe flng hi j 1 aci Se W oodf d v. nd e 1 a i t n ha oc dur f r ii s 983 ton. e or Na 5 8 U. 81 9 - 4 ( 0 6 .The d f n a t b a te b r e o p o ig te afr tv o, 4 S. , 0 9 2 0 ) ee d n s e r h u d n f r vn h fimai e de e e t tGoodman f ie t exha taval bl ad i sr tve r medi r gar ng hi cai s f ns ha a ld o us ia e m nitai e es e di s lm . J ne ,5 U . a 21 o s 49 S. t 2. Oper tng Pr dur 8 1 s t out t a i sr tve pr dur i aes i Vigi a ai oce e 66. es he dm nita i oce e nm t n r ni De rme to Co rcins( pa t n f re t VDOC)p io smu tf lo t r s l eg iva c s An imaemu t o rs n s o lw o e o v re n e . n t s fr tm a agood f ih e f tt i or l r ol hi gre is ke at for o nf maly es ve s ivanc a e bouta i i ntby s itng n nc de ubm ti a i or a c pli .I dis tsi wih t r s e t hi i o ma c n nf m l om a nt f s a ifed t he e pons o s nf r l ompl i ,t i t ant he nma e may t n ûl ar a greva e wihi 30 da oft i de ,wih t i br a c he e egulr i nc t n ys he nci nt t he nt m l ompli a ant nd rs n eatc e . e ECFNo. 3 1 M uln Af a ! 4, & Ex. epo s ta h d S e 2 - , lis E t ! 7 A. OP 866. pr vi s tlee l l of r vi w f r gulr gre nc . The W aden or 1 o de lr eve s e e or e a iva es r Supe i e ntoft f iiy c nd t Le l1r viwsa mus r pond t t r ulrg i va rnt nde he aclt o uc s ve e e nd t es o he eg a re nce wihi 30 da .W he t Le l1r viw pa r k i r t ne t t i ae,i i l st tte tn ys n he ve e e pe wor s e ur d o he nm t t ncude he il a addr s whe e t i ae ma f war hi a ali he i dis ts id wih t Le l I nd es r he nm t y or d s ppe f s s a ife t he ve r s ns The Re o lDie t pr des Le 1 r viw of g i va s notr lt d t medial e po e. gi na r c or ovi vel 1 e e re nce ea e o c c r ortmecomputto a Le l1 i t fna lvelofrviw.#a!8& Ex. Ce ti is ae i ain, nd ve 1 s he i l e e e J. A. ran sues ar al o appeal e t Level 1 1, w her t r ew i conduct by t D eput D iect or e s abl o 1 e he evi s ed he y r or Die t oft VDOC.#. rcor he J dent I vi nvol ng 2. Pl ntf' Gre e as t t Augus 1% 2011 lnci ai ifs ivanc s o he t D ef endantLoone y Bo h Goodm a a De e nt ha s itd c e of pe tne g i vawe f r i t n nd f nda s ve ubm te opi s ri nt re l o ms n t sc e Thos r c dsr fe tt tGoodma i ta l s hi as . e e or e l c ha n niily ubmil atm ey i or a c ted i l nf m l ompl i ,on ant Augus 25,2011 a lgi t tOfi erLoone a s uled hi o Aug t1 2011 by ya ng hi t , le ng ha fc y sa t m n us 0, , nki s am a s de t oug t ta soti hi cel The I tga o r s r nd houl r hr h he r y l n s l. nvesi t r e ponde on Se e r 9, d pt mbe 2011,sa i t tt vi s v il t tng ha he deo ur e lmwe s wed t ew a a sr e a hi c l a t tLoone ho her s tuggl t s e l nd ha y sae tnd a he ofie winese Pli ifpuli a y,c i Loone t s rpeherha ttd a not r fc r t s d) antf lng wa ausng y o ca nd ha nve tga i he nf mal om a n s ni on t ta sot5Ba e on t ti si ton, t i or c pli twa de ed.See ECF No. he r y l . s d 2 - , ln Af. t!9 1 & Ex. 3 1 Mul s f a - 0 i B. On a f m da e Se t or t d p embe 1 2011,i a a e ate pt t c i wih t r 4, n n ppar nt tm o ontnue t he greva i nce pr s , Pl i t f t oce s a n i f hen s i t a r gul r g i va e a l gi t t Of i e Loone ubm ted e a r e nc le ng ha f c r y as a t d hi by yn ng hi n m t ough t ta sot i hi c l,ca i s r pes c s a s ule m nki s m hr he r y l n s e l usng c a , ut nd b ie o hsm it Thi g iv n ewa rj ce f ritkeb c us i sae t a t ed t o te nzs s n i s. s re a c s ee td o na e a e t ttd h t h ae f h occ r nce wa Se e be 9, 2011,but t i o m a compl i ha r f r nc a i de ure s pt m r he nf r l ant d e e e ed n nci nt occ ng on A ug t 1 2011 The a c d i or a c pl i , how e r w a t s m e uai us 0, . da he nf m l om a nt ve , s he a c pl n t t Goodm a ha s om ait ha n d ubmit r e e ng t Augus 1 2011 i i nt Thus i ted ef r nci he t 0, ncde . ,t a ppea se de t tGoodman wa a tmptng t c tnuehi gre nceoft Augu t 1 2011 r vi nt ha s te i o on i s i va he s 0, i de a ha sm pl i l nci nt nd d i y ncuded t i ore tda e o t r gul gre nce f r . he nc r c t n he e ar i va o m None he e s t ls , te itk c o dnao rj ce i wih te e p a ain t a çhe is e i t e giv n e'wa h n a e o r i tr ee td t t h x ln to h t % su n h re a c ' s t l ifrn ta t is ei t ei fr lc mplit'b c us o tedfe e c i dae .d. t! 1 ç fee t h t he su n h n o ma o an , e a e f h ifr n e n t s I a 0 d ' & Ex.B. 5 N o vi r di hasbeen pr ded t t Cour,a none oft pa i r e encet vi deo ecor ng ovi o he t nd he rtes ef r he deo a maeilodeemiai oft isesons s tra t tr n ton he su ummayj dg nt r u me . De e nt c e t tGoodman' f l e t i l t c r ctdae oft i i nti f nda s ontnd ha s aiur o ncude he ore t he nc de n hi r ulrg iva e mea t thef ie t e us hi r me e .Ale na i l , t a gue t t s eg a re nc ns ha al d o xha t s e di s t r tvey hey r ha t r gulrgre nce wa nottme y,e n i i ha pr ry r lt t t i or lgre nce6 he e a i va s i l ve f t d ope l e aed o he nf ma iva . The Cour nee nota es De e t d ddr s f ndant'frtgr s is ound f a gui a f lle t e us be us i or r ng aitr o xha t ca e t tndst s c l he e ond pe s sve.Tha i ,Pli tf wa r quie t s r ua i t s a n if s e r d o ubmi hi r ul r g i va no t s eg a re nce lt rt n Se e r 1 2011 whi h wa t ry da a trt Augus 1 2011 i i nt Eve ae ha pt mbe 0, , c s hit ys fe he t 0, ncde . n c s pt mbe 4 c e tng asa c laet dae Goodm a wr t on t gre nc 1w hi h wa Se e r 1 , 2011 r dii c tr t he t n o e he iva e, , t t i mor t n t ry da a t rt i i nt a tm s i no a tm ey-ubm itd gre nc ha s e ha hit ys fe he ncde nd l , s t i l s te iva e. A c or ngl t Co te ude t t Goodm a ha f ie t pr pe e us hi d a m a i t c di y, he ur oncl s ha n s a l d o o dy xha t s i ga ns De e d n Lo ne a dt tcam i tee o eDI M I fn a t o y n ha li s h r f r S SSED,md rj 1 9 ea . t e 9 7 () C . Cl m R egar ng A m bul or R e t ai s ai di at y s r nt 1 Ei h A m e . ght ndm entSt andar and Exc s i For e Cl m s d e s ve c ai Goodma c hes hi c am r ga di t a n ouc s l i e r ng he mbult r r sr i s a a ca m unde t a o y e tant s li r he Ei ht Am e e t t t Unie St t Consiu i whih pr bis Sc e a t ua g h ndm n o he t d aes tt ton, c ohi t tnz l nd mus l punihm e s' U. Co t, Amend. VII He doe not s ciy whet r he i a s ri a s nt.' S. ns. 1. s pe f he s s e tng c tonsofconfne e c am ora e es i f ce cai ,buti a a st t Co tt thi ondii i m nt l i n xc sve or l m t ppe r o he ur ha s s c fc a l to ft m or e iy i o t lte c t gor a s t Cour teas i a a pe ii legai ns i e asl nt he a tr a e y nd o he tr t t s n t mec s r nd nt ntiton n e s i f c c am . l i wel e t bls t tû heul es a y a wa on i lc i ofpai . xce sve or e l i 8 t s l sa ihed ha t 6 D ef endant f rt r post t t Goodman f ld t appeal t s i a deci on, but he has s u he i ha aie o hi nt ke si s it f m s i ca i t t he as ubm ted or ndi tng ha ked f a r vi of t i a decii fom t Regi or e ew he nt ke son r he onal Om buds man,who uphel t i ake de son on Oct 4,2011.SeeECF No.26-1at1d he nt ci i ober 4. 1 Def da scont t tt greva w asnots it orr ved untlSe ember16,2011. end ha he i nce ubm ted ecei i pt en nt EcF No.2 1 M ulisAf. t5 1 .Forpu p e o r lng o t s mma yj g n moton t Cou t 3- , ln f a 0 r os s f ui n he u r ud me t i , he r t e s Sept r at emberl4,2011 ast s ison dae. he ubm s i t 8 The cl m coul alo be vi ai d s ewed t ough t lns of a c tons ofconfnementcl m . See. hr he e ondii i ai eg.Hole v. oh on Ca eNo. 0 . , ly J ns , s 7:8CV00 29 2 0W L 26 28 a *1 1 ( . Va J e30 201 , 6 , 01 403 , t 2- 3 W D. . un , 0) asDef endant s s eem t do. See ECF No.23 at5.The anal i oft cl m as a condii cl m woul o yss he ai tons ai d dfe sihl i ,Goo n wo d h vet esa ih t tDee a satd wih sbe tv d lbeae ifr lg ty, . e. dma ul a o tbls ha fnd nt ce t u jcie ei rt 10 . . c tt e c u land unus lpunihme f bi n by t Ei h Ame e 'Huds v. onsiut s r e ua s nt or dde he ght ndm nt' on M c ila ,5 3U. 1 5( 9 2 (uoig W hte v Ale s 4 5U.. 2, 9( 9 6 Cli M l n 0 S. , 1 9 ) q tn i ilv . b r , 7 S 31 31 1 8 :. ams unde t Ei h Ame m e ha t c r he ght nd nt ve wo ompo nt,bot ofwhi h mus be s tsi d t e il a ne s h c t a ife o ntte p io e t rle :( )a o j cie c mp n n ,wh c a kswh te aprs n o fca' alg d rs n r o eif 1 n b e tv o o e t ih s eh r io fiils le e wr n d ig wa S be tv l h r u 'e o g t e tb ih a c n tt t n lvo ain,a d ( )a o g on s ç j ciey amf l n u h o sa ls o siui a ilto n 2 o ' o s b e t ec mp n n , ih a k wh t e t eo ûca ç c ld wi as fiinl c l besae u j ci o o e t whc s s eh r h f il t te ) t u fce t upa l tt v a h y ofmi '1 a 8( i W is v.Seie ,501U. 294,298( 991) Thes ngr rdf nd.'d. t quotng lon tr S. 1 ). howi equie or e h oft e c ac hes omponent va i wih t contxti whih t pl i ifscl m a ies I s res t he e n c he antf ai rs . d. Th o j ci ec mp n n o al x e sv f r ecam ç a b me b t ep i is l e e e be tv o o e t f re c sie o c li t n e t y h an tet v n c l i a imaeh sn e dli ij r 'W iln v. nn n 7 F.d 7 6 7 2 ( t Ci.1 9 ) f n n t a o n t ng nu p' l ms Be imi, 7 3 5 , 6 4h r 9 6 r i ( mit itr a q oains.On t e ohe h n Sthe Ei hh Ame me tsp o i iin o o ti n en l u tto ) ng h t r a d, ç l g t l nd n ' r h bto f çr a unus 'punihme sne sa iy e l fo c tt i lr c ton# mi mi cuel nd ual s nt ce srl xcudes r m onsiutona e ognii ni s us sofphysca f r e pr vi d t tt us off cei notofa s tde e i l o c s o de ha he e or s or r pugnan t t c ce e t o he ons inc ofma nd.'Huds 503 U. a 9- 0( ti cttons.The Ei h Amendme tusdoes nki '' on, S. t 1 omitng iai ) ght nt h notpr bi al a i a i of f r t ti lc pan a ns prs r .Unie St t s v.Gor , ohi t l pplc tons o ce ha nfit i gai t ione s td a e . e 5 2 F.d 48 ,4 4 (t Ci.201 ) M o e v r p io a miitao s ae e t ld t b o d 9 3 9 9 4h r 0 . r o e , rs n d n sr tr r ni e o r a t de e e e i de e m i ng wha polc e a pr tc s a e ne s ar t pr e ve orr t r s c ui y f r nc n t r ni t i i s nd ac i e r ce s y o es r es o e e t t a or r St e v.Heirka 1 F. 629,634(t Ci.1 . nd de . anly ii , 34 3d 4h r 998) he fc a s Th s b e tv c mp n n o a e c sie f re cli as whet r ofi i l, e u j cie o o e t f n x e sv o c a m ks s b e tv l, p idf r etnag o fi ef r t man an o r so eds iln o maiiu l u j ciey a pl o c < o d at fo t o iti r et r icp ie r l o sy e i h c a s ditc ly fr t vey pu pos ofca i ham. Huds 503 U. a 7- ( ti nd a sial o he r r e usng r ' ' on, S. t 8 omitng idifr n et a s bsa ta rs o açsrou o sg fc n p ia o e ton lij r ' Se Fa me v. n fe e c o u tn il ik f sei s r iniia t hysc l r moi a nu y. e r r ' Br n n 511 U. 8 83 ( 994 ;Sh k v.Smih,71F.d 1 2, 1 ( t Ci.1 95 .The Co r e na , S. 25, 7 1 ) a ka t 3 6 66 4h r 9 ) ut concl udes t tt r ul oft cl m ,howeve woul be t s e.Tha i even ass i Goodman ha he es t he ai r, d he am t s, um ng coul esabls a consiutonal vi a i Def d t ih tt i olton, endant w oul nonet es be entted t qualfed s d hel s il o ii i uniy. mm t 11 i er lquotto ) I W hilv,t Suprme Colr rc niedt tr e n fcor t co i r nt na ains. n te he e zt e og z ha elva t a t s o nsde i ma ig t e s j cie iq iy ae ( )t ene d fra piain o f re ( )t rlto s i n kn h ube tv n ur r : 1 h e o p lc to f o c , 2 he eai n h p bewe n t n e a d te n u to f re ta wa u e ,()te e tn o te ij r ,( )te t e he e d n h mo n f o c h t s s d 3 h xe t f h nu y 4 h t e tr s hr a ea onabl pe c i d by t r pons bl of i i l bm e on t f t known t t m ,and y r e ve he es i e fca s s d he ac s o he ()a ef t ma t tmpe t sveiyofaf c ulr pons 475U. a 321. 5 ny fors de o e r he e rt oref es e. S. t I s o tt e& o ej dca iq iy(s . .h n tr o t ef r e s cfc l wh t e i n h r,h l r u iil n ur i) . te aue f h o c pe ii al eh r t c y, wa nonti aland wa a id . ..m ai i l a s ditc l t ca e hn m.'W iki v. s rvi s pple lcousy nd a sialy o us r ' l ns Ga ddy,559 U. 34, 13 S.Ct 11 11 ( 0 (iai a itr quotton maks S. 0 . 75, 79 201 ) ctton nd nenal ai r o te ) Th e tn o t eij r t ei maes fee i r lv n t b t o te ed tr nains mitd . e xe t f h nu y h n t u fr d s ee a t o oh f h s eemi to : asa f c o i de e mi ng Gwhe he us off r eco d plusbl ha be n t htne s a y i a a t r n t r ni s t r e o c ul a i y ve e houg ce s r n pa tc a st ton' a asts e i cai oft nmountoff r e a i ' 1 a 11 I t riul r iua i ' nd tom ndi ton he o c ppled. d. t 78. f he ' c tc nnot fnd t t ihe evi nce viwed i t lg mos f vor e t t pl i if wil our n i ha t t de , e n he i ht t a abl o he antf l s uppor ar i e i e e e ofwa onne si t i lci n ofpai unde t st pa tsa r ' t elabl nf r nc nt s n he nfi to n r hi wo- r t nda d,' t ed fnd n saee tte t sl r j d me o t is eo e e sv f r e W hte ,4 5 h ee a t r ni d o l l mma y u g nt n he s u f xc s ie o c . ily 7 U . a 322. S. t 2. Qual e I m d mmuniy t De enda sa gue t t i a yi t e prncpl she e t Cour s d c l bot f nt r ha , n ppl ng hos i i e r , he t houl oncude h t t Go d n c n t stsy et r t e o j cie o s be t c mp n n o h s Eih ha o ma a no aif i he h be tv r u j ci o o e t f i g t ve Ame m e c am a t tdim is li war nt on t tgr nd nt l i nd ha s s a s r a ed ha ound.The alo c e t tt y y s ontnd ha he a e e il d t qualfe i muniy. Be a e qua i e i m iy r quie a de e mi to of r ntte o ii d m t c us lt d mmt t e r s i t r nai n whehe a c tt i lrg ha be n vi aed,t s a gum e s a e i e r a e a t Cour t r onsiutona i ht s e olt he e r nt r nt relt d, nd he t t nsfr tt qua ii i uniy. ur is o lfed mm t 12 G lfe i miypr tcsofier who c l iid mmt t oe t fc s oua ommi consiutonalvi ainsbutwho,i t tt i olto n lg ofcea l esa ihed lw,c d r s na y bele t tt i aci we e lwf .'He r i ht l ry t bls a oul ea o bl ive ha her tons r a ul' n y v P mzl, 2 F.d 5 4 5 1( t Ci. 01 )(n b n ) Th d crn i itnd d t e sleta . t el 65 3 2 , 3 4h r 2 1 e a c. e o tie s ne e o n t h t r ofi r a ehe d pe s l la e o y f rtta gr sng brghtlne ' a notf ( g s e fce s r l r onaly i bl nl o çr ns es i i i s' nd or t bad ue s s i g a a e s' M a irel v S l e,9 3 F.d 2 5 2 8 (t Ci.1 9 ) se as Br u v. n ry ra . ca ilo . l r 7 2 9 , 9 4 h r 9 2 ; e lo a n ' mn Ma nad 6 2 F.d 5 7 5 0 (t Ci.2 1 (uoig s me a d ds u sn b sc p i ilso v r , 5 3 5 , 6 4 h r 01 ) q tn a n ic si g a i rncp e f q aiid i nt ) Th , a g ven n o fca p ro n a d srto ay f n to i u lte mmu iy . us o r me t fiil ef nnig icein r u cin s ge r l entte t qualfe i muniy t t e e t thi ç onduc doesnotvi a e c e ry ne aly ild o ii d m t o he xt nt ha s ç c t olt l a l e t bls d s a u ov or co tt tonalrght of whi h a r a ona e pe s w oul ha known. s a i he t t t ns iu i i s c e s bl r on d ve ' ' Ha lw v.Fi g rl ,4 7 U..8 0 8 8 ( 9 2 .Th S p e Co r h sfrh rs e iid t a ro t ead 5 S 0 , 1 1 8 ) e u rme u t a u te p cfe h t z çh c n olso t rg tgtis )mu tb s fkin l ce rt a a ra o a e ofca wo l ç e o tt f he ih a sue s e u t e ty la h t e s n bl fiil u d t r unde sa t twha he i doi vi a est trght'Ande s v.Cr c o 483 U. 635,638 rt nd ha t s ng olt ha i . ' r on ei ht n, S. ( 986) The pur e oft ç e l esabls 'rquieme i pr di notc t potntal 1 . pos he i ary t ihed' e r nt s ovi ng ie o e i cl dee nt; çthe rlva , dipostve i r i dee mi ng whehe a rght i ce ry fnda s t l ee nt s ii nquiy n tr ni r t r i s lal e t bls d i whehe i woul be c e rt ar as bl ofi e t thi conduc wa unl wf i sa ihe s t rt d l a o e ona e tc r ha s t s a ul n t estain h c n r ne . S u irv Kaz 5 3U. 1 4 2 2 ( 01 (iig W is n v La n , h i to e o fo td' a ce . t, 3 S. 9 , 0 20 ) ctn lo . y e u ' 526U. 603,615( 999). S. 1 ) Qualfe i iid mmuniy i ve at se i r t takslis whehe aconsiutona t nvol s wo-tp nquiy ha s ç rt t r f tt i l vi a i oc ured a s c whe he t rgh wa c e ry e t bls d. He y,652 F. a 531 olton c r nd e ond t r he i t s l a l sa ihe ' nr ' 3d t (iainso te ) TheSu rmeCo r h sas ca i e t a c u t h veteds rto t d cd ctto mitd . pe u t a lo lrf d h t o rs a h icein o e ie i ( c oft t pr s h he wo ongsoft qua ii i mt t a ysss ul be addr s ed fr ti lgh of whi he lfed m miy nal i ho d e s is n i t t c r l sanc i t pa tc a ca e a hand.'Pea s n v. Ca l ha 555 U . 223, 236he ictm t es n he ri ul r s t ' ro la n, S. 37 ( ) 2009 . 1 3 I t sca e a e ane m or f ly be ow, heCour bei ve i i a oprat t e r s n hi s , s xpl i d e ul l t t le s t s ppr i e o xe cie t di c ei n dic s d i Pe mon.Thus a t he s r to s us e n a , lhough t Cour dic s s t is t pr de he t s us e he s ue o ovi f rhe e a i n, i wil o y a s , but doe not de i , t t Goodman ha s t f t u t r xplnato t l nl s ume s c de ha s e orh s fiin f csfo whc aj r c ud c ncu et a ac nsi to a voain h so c re I u fce t a t r m ih u y o l o ld h t o tt in l ilto a c u rd. t u none he e s c ude t t D e e t l s oncl s ha f ndan s M c t coy and St nl a e e il d t qua ii d i m uniy, a ey r ntte o lfe m t bec us t c tt i lrghta lgedl vi aed wasnotcea l esa ihed. a e he onsiutona i le y ol t l ry t bls a. W het A Cons iutonalV i at on H as O c ur d her tt i ol i c re l de e mi ng whet r a c tt i lvi aton hasocc r d,t Cour fr tnot t n t r ni he onsiutona ol i ure he t is es he a e a t rt ( c o i fo t e W e tr Ditito Vign a h dn ta t e u e o mpl uho iy mu h f t r m h sen src f r ii) olig h t h s f a bult y r sr nt f extnded pe i of tme doe not ge r ly co tt e a Ei h m a or e tai s or e rods i s ne a l nsiut n ght Ame d n voain b c us s c u e d e n t s tsy t e o j cie c mp n n o te n me t ilt e a e u h s o s o aif h b e tv o o e t f h o e s i f c i r Se Hole v.J ms Cas No.7: xce sve or e nquiy. e l v ol on, e 08CV00629,201 W L 2640328,a 0 t *1 1. ( . Va J 30,201 (t- sc tha rpe tdl hed t tt e e d us of 4 122 W D. . une 0) l-hi our s e ae y l ha he xtnde e l a uao yr sr it whih d e n tr s l i sg iia tp y ia ij r . . o sn ts tsyt e mb lt r e tan s c o s o e ut n infc n h sc ln u y . d e o aif h o j cie c mp n n o a Eih h Ame d n e e sv fre camll' a d c l ci be tv o o e t f n g t n me t xc sie o c li ,' n ol tng e a t o i ) s eas M a io v Kib u n ,No 70 -v 6 9 2 0 W L 2 37 7 ( . Va J l u h rt ; e lo ds n . lo r e . :4 c - 3 , 0 6 y 0 5 2 W D. . uy 1 ,2 0 ) a fd i r lv n p r,2 8 0 6 , f n ee a t at 28F.Ap x 29 ( t Ci.M a .2 ,2 0 )( en h l i p' 3 4 h r r 7 0 7 b ig ed n n ultr r sri sfrfure n holsdi notvi aeEiht Ame mb ao y etant o o te tr d olt g h ndme ) I d,t sCour nt. ndee hi t r c ty hel t tbeng r taned i n bult r r tai sf ra pe i ofsxt n hotr i a c l e en l d ha i esr i n m a o y esr nt o rod i ee ls n el wi o ta c s t a t ie dd no s tsy t e o j ci c mpo n o a Eih h Ame d n t u c e s o olt i t aif h be tve o ne t f n g t h n me t e c si f recam. e Hi v. ' in 2 1W L 1 8 3 ( . Va Ap . , 01 )9 x e sve o c li S e l O Bre , 01 l 23 0 8 W D. . r 4 2 1 . 9The H ilcas wentt ki on ot cl m s i t cas and i cur e l on appealand s l e o al her ai n he e s r nty chedul ed t be ar o gued bef et Unied St t Cour ofAppeal f t Fourh Cic t See g alv docketi Hil or he t a es t s or he t r ui. ener l n l v. u No.1 67 ( t Ci. (el cig c s i c ln rd fro a a g me tonM ac 2 201 ) Cr m, 2- 05 4h r) r fe tn a e s ae dae o r l r u n rh 2, 3 . 14 l a es i w he he t e e d us of a bul t y r t a nt gi sr s t a e s i n ddr s ng t r he xt nde e m a or esr i s ve i e o n xce sve f r c am ,t Hole c ur e ane o ce l i he ly o t xpl i d: I r s ns t a i n e po e o n nmat ' ad itdl dir ptve m ic e s m te y s u i s onduc ,a t t m porr lm ia i of a i t s ac es t hygine pr t , e a y i t ton n nma e' c s o e oduc s be ng,e i ut ns l ,an fee ddi atng e is d r dom of m ove e ,whi h ca es m nt c us t eimaen p sc lij r o h rt a tmp rr ds o o t n h n t o hy ia n u y t e h n e o ay ic mf r a d e br as m e , s m pl c nnot qua iy a a us of f ce t t i m s nt i y n lf s e or ha s ir pugna t t c c e eofm n nd. çe nt o he ons i nc nki ' ' Holy 2 0 W L 2 4 3 8 a *1 (r ni s mmay j g n fr d fn a t o e e sv le , 01 6 0 2 , t 4 ga tng u r ud me t o ee d n s n xc sie f c cli wheei t wa manti d i a ao yr tant f 48hotr) Ast Hole ore am r nmae s i ane n mbultr esri s or ls. he ly c tr a one nmbult y r sr i s a a c r m e ha s ,pr ry a i d a mai a ne our e s d, a or e ta nt, s ontol c nim ope l pple nd nti d e n f al ngt pe i m' û taus off r et tofe c t m por r sa r ofde enc ve or e hy rod, e ç no e o c ha f nds on e a y tnda ds c y s a t s tsyt o j ciec mp n n o a e c si f recam . I o s o aif he be tv o o e t f n x e sve o c li ' d. ' The i r i t s c s , how e r i s i l dif r ,due t G oodm a s a l ga i nqui y n hi a e ve , s lghty f e ent o n' le tons r ga di t s urt s oc ' t i,t Cour m us i r whe he t us of n e r ng he ec iy m k.Tha s he t t nquie t r he e mbult y aor r tai sf a ex e esr nt or n t nded pe i oftme,c ed wih ofk i l t ki se t pr vtn a i t rod i oupl t t as a ng tps o e t n nma e fom beng a et r ivehi el i at lt( c naur lyr ulsi a i t mi tng a r i bl o ele ms f n oie whih t al es t n n nmae nai nd d fc tn o hms l ,q ai e a f r et a i Ee ug a tt t e c n ce c o mn kn ' o ee aig n i et u lt s s o c h t s ç p n n o h o s in e f n id' r ) i r t fe c e r r sa r ofdec nc 'l I pa tc ar Def nda sha wholy f ie t ; f nds ont mpo a y t nda ds e y. o n ri ul , ' o e nt ve l al d o rs e pond t Goodm a st tmony t tDe e ntSt nly pur ef l o de e t tt s c iy o n' esi ha f nda a e pos uly r r d ha he e urt s oc bepl c ba kwar on Goodm a i or rt pr ve hi fom usng t t lti t c l m k a ed c d n n de o e nt m r i he oie n he el. The ha pr de no vi o e de et s w t tGoodma c d havepr ry us t t lt y ve ovi d de vi nc o ho ha n oul ope l ed he oie i t c la no e de r r ng how t s oc waspl c d o hi .I Goodm a i t be n he el nd vi nce ega di he m k ae n m f nso 1 A snot , Go ma h sno alge p i o ote ij y a ar s to beng rsr i d, he 0 ed od n a t l d an r h r nur s e ul f i e tane ot r e ta sih s li Al ug h ltr s ug tme c lte t ntf hi ij e am a d s ule ,h h n lg t welng. t h e ae o h dia rame or s n urd r n ho d r e ho a i t tos ij ist t e riratrai wi Dee a tLo e m bued h e nure o he ale lecton t fnd n on y. h 15 be ived,t n,De e nt St nl y' a tons pl c hi i s h a poston t he woul be le he f nda a e s ci a ed m n uc ii hat d vit ly c rai t mi t a o de e t o hi s l ove ape i of27 holr .l rual e t n o na e nd/ r f ca e n m e f r rod zs l I t s r s ct t sca e dif r fom ca e lke Hole a m os oft ot r t Cour n hi e pe , hi s fe s r ss i l y nd t he he s he t ha f s ound,i w hi h t r w e e t c ly eiher ba hr n c he e r ypi a l t t oom f ciii s a ia e or t i a e w a a lte va l bl he nm t s gi nr gul balr bra .SeeHole 201 W L 2640328,at*1 ( i t tt rsri s ve e ar tzoom e ks lv, 0 3 notng ha he e tant d dn tp e e tHoly fo t e o iln lhsb dl wa t i atie ;j.a *1 n.3 (idn i o r v n l r m ' p stig i o i se n olf) .s t 5 2 fn ig e d y J . t sfc sg fc n i dsi us n tec s b fr i fo oh rc ss .M o e v r i a ay ig hi a t iniia tn it ihig h a e eo e t r m te a e ) ro e, n n lzn ng t pl i ifs tme i r tant a a condii of c i me cli , t Hole c t he antf ' i n esr i s s tons onfne nt am he l v our d sig ih dt ec s b f r i fo Ho ev Pez r 5 6U.. 3 ( 0 ) i p r, ynoigt a itn u s e h a e eo e t r m p . le, 3 S 7 0 20 2 ,n a tb tn h t ç he e i le f ctofnotbeng a e t wi hi s f die thi urne ore twih utnsl does l motona fe t i bl o pe m el, r c s i , a t e is notc ompar wih t l lofhu iiton atis i Ho ,whe et i t ha no i pende e t he eve m la i s ue n pe r he nma e d nde nt a es t a t l t' The f ct asa l ged he e,a l as a t t i s oft l ta c s a e m or a n cc s o oie .' a s le r t e t s o he s ue oie c es , r e ki t Hope. 1 I s or,i i a cl e c l whehe unde t pa tc a f t alege he e f c sl r l o 2 n h t t s os a l t r r he riulr ac s l d r - a t a ge y t ip tdd et alc o ame nng u rs o s b Dee d ns ajlyc u dfn Dee d n s md s u e u o a k f a i f l e p n e y fn a t- t o l i d fn a t' r a t t fe dc ne o ay sa d r so d c nc , t u stsyn teo j ciec mp n n . cs i fn o tmp rr tn ad f e e y' h s aif ig h be tv o o e t o ' Si ia l t Cour c l s i i a s a difc tque ton ast whehe Goodm a c n m lry, he t oncude t s lo f ul si o t r n a e tbih t e s j cie c mp n n o hs cam. tby t ee i n afd vi b a y n wi sa ls h ube tv o o e t f i li Noa l, h r s o fia t y n o e t h 1 W hie t Courtunde sands how a t i t font of a gown coul make i easer f a 1 l he rt lap n he r d t i or ha ufed prs rt urnat i a t l ,i i notcl rt t Cour wha dif ence t gown pl m ent ndc f ione o i e n oiet t s ea o he t t fer he ace woul have m a i t m s of Goodman acces i t t lt f a bowelm ovement That i,eiher he d de n er sng he oie or . s t coul lf hi gown whie r tai orhe coul not l he coul t he s d ha bee abl t a s d it s l es r ned d .f d, hen houl ve n e o cces and pr rl us t t l r dl ofhow t gown waspostoned on hi .I any event and notng ope y e he oiet egar ess he ii m n , i agai t f l e ofDef nt t r pond t t alega i r di t gown a al,t Cour c udes n he aiur enda s o es o he l ton egar ng he t l he t oncl t e i at l t a diput of f ct as t whet r t gown and is pl em e pr her s eas s e a o he he t ac nt event Goodman fom ed r pr l usng t t lta al. opery i he oie t l 1 The ove al f t i H ooe. however dif r sgnii nty f om t f ct oft cas a bar As 2 r l ac s n , f e i fca l r he a s he e t . des ri by t Holey courq t Supr c bed he l he eme Cour i Hope f tn ound t an Ei e' alegatons of bei hat snmat s l i ng ha ufe t ()hi hi p ti (h qho s f s v n ho si (n)a t r p iin wi lmie ndc fd o a t ng os n te t un or e e ur n a wl d osto t i td c wa h acces t bahr s o t oom f ltes a drnki wat ,as punihm ent afe bei dir i durng a w or aciii nd i ng er s tr ng s uptve i k deal stsid (h qs j c i a d obe tveee n sofEihh Ame dme tc ndiinscam. Holy, t i, aife t e ube tve n j ci lme t gt n n o to li ' le ' 2010 W L 2640328,a *12. t 16 pe s lknowldge diputng Goodm a st si ony t the wa no dir ptve et rbe or o rona e s i n' e tm ha s t s u i ihe f e r whie i t r sr i s nor a vi ot pe oft al ge e nt .l t a t r i onl a sngl l n he e tant , ny de a he le d ve s nse d, he e s y i e a fda tr ga di Good a s dir tve be vi .Tha a fda ti f o Defnda St e fi vi e r ng m n' sup i ha or t f vi s r m e nt anly, who wasnote n pr enta t tme oft a r ntdinl i t tnec s iae t r sr i s ve es t he i he ppa e s pton ha e st td he e ta nt. No i a y a e fom hi a fda t mor ove , a e a f t o de c i i of tce bl bs nt r s fi vi, e r r ny ac s r s rpton Goodm a sbe vi whiei t r tant ora co e r ne r cor orr tr e e i n' ha or l n he esr i s ny nt mpo a ous e d epor ef r nc ng hi obs r d be vi whie i t r tant .1 Thus whie De e s e ve ha or l n he esr i s 3 l f ndan St nly ofe st vague t a e f r he , a c l or sa e e t tGoodm a waske i r tai sun i 3: p. .t f l ng da nd onc us y tt m nt ha n pt n esr nt tl 00 m he olowi y t n hi dimptvebe vi s i 'ECF No.23- StnlyAf.a ! 6,t r i not ngt t whe s s i ha or ubsded,' 2, a e f t hee s hi o i c t why t tt 27 hotr orwha Goodma wasco i ngt do whier sr ne t twa ndi a e ha ook ls t n ntnui o l e tai d ha s ç s t i ' l e t onl r f r nc si De e ntStnly' a fda tt Good a sbe vi r t rz ve. nde d, he y e e e e n f nda a e s fi vi o di pt ' m n' ha o a tr he wa pl ed i r tai s s fe s ac n esr nt ugges t the wa compla a no dinz i ç oodm a t ha s i nt nd t s ptve; r n wa ... so td a d p a e it c l A- 0 wih u f rh ricd n . e eween ijzist s e c re n lc d no el 2 4 t o t u te n i e t Th r r o nl e o r my efo safwi t e e c p in o Ofie Lo n y. I a ! 5 I s o q t ee i d s u e s l r tf t h x e to f tc r o e ' d. t . n h r h r s ip td h ' e denc a t whehe Goodm a wa e rdir ptve,a no f c sbef e t Co tt s vi e s o t r n s ve s u i nd a t or he ur o uppo t r a c am t thewa dir ptveonc i r tant ,s h t thene dedt beke i t r sr nt ny l i ha s su i e n esr i s uc ha e o pt n he e tai s f r 27 ho ls 1 o tr . 4 Def nda s alo ha wholy f ie t r pond t Goodm a s a r e s r ga di t e nt s ve l a ld o es o n' ve m nt e r ng he plc me to te sc t s c a e n f h e miy mo k.Th s aj r c u d ce i Go d n' tsi n t a he dd u , u y o l r dt o ma s e t y h t i mo no hi t wa r ntbei puti r tai s t thedi not ng t war ntbeng ke i r tant t ng o ra ng n esr nt, ha d hi o ra i pt n esr i s 1 The afi vi s a es t Goodman' cel was çchecked pe pr 3 fda t t t hat s l t r ocedur ,' whi çr r e ' ch çequies obs vaton at ffee m i e i er s and t s f c er i it n nut nt val he hit omm ande i r ponsbl f obs vaton of t r s es i e or er i he of e ratl tt ce durng a s r t det mi i r tai ng i silne a y.'ECF N o.23- St ey f nde eas wi i hit o er ne f esr ni s tl cess r ' 2, anl Af. t!6. fa 1 Thi i anot way i whih t s cas i ditnguihabl f om bot Hiland Hole , wher i 4 ss her n c hi e s si s e r h l ly et was undiput t t prsone pl ntf had engaged i diru i beha or war a i t us of s ed hat he i r ai if n s ptve vi r ntng he e r tai st begi w ih. esr nt o n t 17 f r27 ho ls a t the wa pur e u l pr ve e fom a e sng a t ltf 27 hour , sol y o tr , nd ha s pos f ly e nt d r cc s i oie or s el as a wa on a tofpunihme .Unde t r l va W hil y f cor ,t n, t Cour c l s nt c s nt r he e e nt te a t s he he t oncude t r i a la tac lrbl agl n t a aj r c udc n l et t h s b e tv c mp n n i hee s t e s oo a e r t t h t u y o l o cud ha t e u j cie o o e t s me s ts i d.l aife 5 For al of t e r as ,t Co twilas tme,wihoutdecdi , t t Goodma ha l hes e ons he ur l sl t i ng ha n s a qua ey pr s nt f c s s t intt esa ih an Ei ht Am e e vi a i . Nonehels , de t l e e ed a t ufk e o t bls g h ndm nt olton t es Def nda s a gu - and t Cour a e - t tt y ar e ild t qua ii d i t t be a e e nt r e he t gr es ha he e ntte o lfe mm miy c us t rg he ewasnotcea l esa ihed. he i ht r l ry t bls b. W he he t Ri t r he ght Vi at by D e endant ' C onduc W as C l l ol ed f s t ear y E s a i hed t bls The Fo t Cic tha e ant t ta rghti cea l e t bls d whe e <he c om sof urh r ui s xpli d ha i s l ry sa i he r ç ont t t rg ... vebe n s concusvel dr he i ht ha e o l i y awn a t l a no doubtt tt c lnge a ton was s o e ve ha he hale d c i u c nsi to a. Ed r sv.Ci o God b r ,1 9 F.d 2 ,2 (t Ci.1 9 )(nen l n o t u in l' wad t ' t f ls o o 8 3 31 51 4h r 9 9 itr a y q o ain mak a d ctto o te ) Th Co r e sl c n ld st tsa d r i n tme h r . u tto r s n iai n mitd . e u t aiy o cu e ha tn ad s o t ee As i e dentfom t Cour' dicus i above ast whehe t r e n ha be n a vi a i s vi r he ts s son o t r he e ve s e olton, vit ly a lt c est tDef nda sco d ha c ule a t tm eoft si de ,ha hel rua l l he as ha e nt ul ve ons t d t he i hi nci nt ve d ta t eus o n u ao y rsr it ( so po e t mo er srci tpe o rsrit) e nf r h t h e f mb ltr etans a p s d o r e tit y s f etans, ve o ve lngt pe i ,di notofe t Ei ht Amendme .Atlas s e hy rods d f nd he g h nt e t ome oft e,i udi one hos ncl ng f om t s Cour ,ha c l r hi t ve onc uded t e n t hat ve hough a pr s ne ha no a es t a t l durng t io r d cc s o oiet i he 1l a drsi t (ubetvei ui 'ii wot n i t ti i t rao bl pec pino 5 n d esng he d jci nq l t s rh otng ha t s he e sna e re to f s y' t e o fc asr s on i e f ror e i t d tn in ta i r lva t Se W hily,47 U. a 3 ( e h fii l e p sbl o d rng he ee to h t s ee n . e te 5 S. t 21 on f ori t ext oft t eatSasr onabl pe ei by t r ponsi e of i a s on t bass oft act s he ent he hr s ems y rc ved he es bl fcil he i he fc skn t te '. ,at o h Go ma sr sest th wa no b i dinztv a ddnohi a t own o h m' Thus lh ug od n te s ha e s t eng s p ie nd i t ng ) t wa r bei r tai d,Def nt St ey and M ccoy had r t fom t of t r cor ec i o r ant ng esr ne enda s anl epors r wo hei r tons ofk er t t contar l t s o he r y. ndeed,bas d on what De endant St ey and M ccoy w e e bei t d and e f s anl r ng ol ras na ybeiv d, d n h dpu p e ul ij e asafme e . to l e ni Go ma s e o bl le e Goo ma a r os f l nurd t f mb r Addiinal ve f od n' y y, ver on of eve s i cr t he adm is t diap eei ver l w ih Def ndantLoone pror t bei si nt s edied, t o s ng baly t e y i o ng pl aced i hi cel.Thus,t e i s n s l her s ome evi e i t r or t s denc n he ec d o upportDef nda St ey' as eri t t e nt anl s s ton ha Go ma wa ben dirptvea t trsrit weeara o bl rs ns t prve tfrh rij r od n s ig su i nd ha etans r es na e epo e o e n ute nuy. 18 tm e he wa i n i s n mbul t r r tant ,no Ei t a e a o y esr i s gh h m ndme vi ai n occ r d.Se Hil s a nt ol to ure e l, upr . I a smia c s a e s d by t Fo t Cic t t tco tc uded t t de e nt we e n i lr a e ddr s e he urh r ui, ha ur oncl ha f nda s r e tt dt moi nf r u me ta amatro 1w o panifse c sief recam, eete nil o to o j dg n s t f a n litf x e sv o c li wh r h e e prs rpl ntf wasr pe t dl s aye wih pe rs a a t n he d i t e - ntr sr i s ione ai if e a e y pr d t ppe pr y nd he l n hr e poi e tant fr t da .Se e. ,J cks v.M or n, 1 F.App' 97,9 ( h Ci.Se .24,2001 o wo ys e. c. a on ga 9 x 4t r pt ) (mpubls d) Noa y,morove ,t iolton c l wheet pl nifi J cks wa hel ha t ihe . tbl e r he s ai el r he aitf n a on s d d not lt oie--onl ahol i t foo c r by a f ce -a bl e m sed gr t- a ac or ng y e n he l r ove ed e s nd ood- nc t a e nd c di t t dis ntng o ni n,t pli ifwasuna e t us hi ha t a ss i urna in.l a o he s e i pi o he a ntf bl o e s nds o s it n i to d. t 105,1 The Fou h Cic thasalo r s d t ti aeswho we e hed f r sx mont i 09. rt r ui s ea one ha nm t r l o i hs n cel t twe e hot toode wih wa e fom a l k i t t lton a to a ls ha r ,l d t tr r ea n he oie l or bove i ese wih , nf t d t ve m i and s e r wih m i a f ce ,di notsa e an Ei ht Am e e dam ba e on r n, m a ed t ne nd e s d tt g h ndm nt i sd t c tonsoft rc i me . Se Be r t v.Smih,1 F. 500,50 505& n. ( h he ondii hei onfne nt e ve ai t 20 3d 4, 5 4t Ci.1 9 ) Th s c s s to, etil wo l n th vetl Dee d n st a teralg dc n u t r 9 7 . e e a e ,o c rany u d o a o d fn a t h t h i le e o d c i t scm e w a c ea l t c tt i l n hi s s l ry m ons iutona . I e G oodm a ha no poi e t a c e i whi h t us of a bul t y r s r i s nde d, n s t nt d o as n c he e m a or e t a nt c e wih pr ve i orlm ii a c st a t ltf a pe i oftme wa hed t vi ae oupld t e ntng i tng c es o oie or ny rod i s l o ol t t Ei ht Am e he g h ndmen , wh r te eween oh ra g a aig fco so ijl e .6 Gi t s t ee h r r o t e g r v tn a tr r nt is1 ven hi r de rh of ca e lw,t Cour e iy c ude t t Def nda s alege c at s a he t asl oncl s ha e nt ' l d onduc he e di not t r d vi a e a t l ry esabls rg . I t d,t Cou c ude t tno t i t lne'e sed olt t ea l t ihed i ht' nsea he c ' rt oncl s ha t gh i ' xit br t twoul ha t d De e n s St nl and M cco t tt r c ha d ve ol f nda t a ey y ha hei onduc was t onsiutona , t mc tt i l asumi i wa .Se Maca ilo,973 F. a 298 (uaiid i miy wilnots ed ofie s s ng t s e irel 2d t q lfe mmt t l hil tc r who ta grs t iht lne y' bu does pr e t agans ç d gue s i gr ae .) r ' ns e s t g i s' t br otc itç ba ses n ay ras'. ' 1 w hie Goodm an i pr s and t hel t a mor lni sandar i t m sofhi flngs,t 6 l s o e hus d o e e ent t d n er s ii he Cour' own r ear h hasnotf ts es c ound s acas eiher uch e, t . Acc di y,bot De e ant a e e ild t qua iid i or ngl h f nd s r ntte o lfe mmun t a t i m oto f s iy nd her i n or ummar y j d me ti GRANTED o ta g o n a t Go d n' cams a ans te f rmo ea y ug n s n h t r u d s o o ma s li g i t h m o n tr r le ei f 3. Cl i f rI j nci eReif am o n u tv le Fial t t e tn Go d ni s e i ij n tv rlelteCo r c n ld sta h i n l o he xe t o ma s e kng n u ci e eit h u t o cu e h t e s y, notentte t i.Eve as umi he c d sae a cli f a Ei h Am e e vi ai n and ild o t n s ng oul t t am or n ght ndm nt ol to t j r woud fn i h sfv r ijmcierle wo l n tb war ne h r .I p riua,h he u y l id n i a o ,n l tv eif ud o e ra td ee n a t lr e c hasnots hown t lkei he i lhood oft r ure oft e nt asalege i t sl ui.SeeCivof he ec r nce he ve s l d n hi aws t t LosAnceesv.Lvons 461U. 95 ( 983)( malwho came t tLosAngee polc ha l , S. 1 a r li d ha ls ie d p a e hm i ac o h l lc e sa ig t pls eij n tv r le a an tft r c o e o d lc d i n h ke od a k d tndn o t u n u ci e eif g i s uu e h k h l s r a e tara a di daetr a o a an b i c o e ) Baa tv. n y 9 4 F.d 5 5 5 9 bsn e l n mme it h e t f g i eng h k d ; n Che e , 2 2 2 , 2 ( t Ci.1 91 ( ic sn sme . rh sh de n tae t therme isa ia l a 1w ae 4h r 9 ) d susig n ) No a e mo srtd ha t e de valbe t a r i a e u t o t a h ha s fee a irp r beij r s a t wa a tapema n ij ncin. n d q ae r h t e s u fr d n re a a l n u y o s o n' n r ne t nu to Se e g. W e nbe ge v. Rom e o- r e o,4s U. 3 5 ( 9 2 (et g f rh p r n n e. . , i r r r Ba c l 6 S. 0 1 8 ) s ti o t ema e t n ijmcinsa ad . u , i camsf rij n tv rle aeas d s se a wi o t rt n t to tnd r ) Th s h s li o nu cie eif r lo imis d s t u mei. h 11 1. CO N C LU SI N O Fort f r goi r a ons Def nda s M o i f r Slm ma y J he o e ng e s , e nt ' ton o l r udgme ,ECF No.23,i nt s GM NTED .Goodm a sr mai ng m o i ,ECF Nos 31 32 a e DENI AS M O OT. n' e ni tons . , r ED The Cl r i dieced t s nd c e oft s me or ndlm o ni a ac ompa ng ek s r t o e opi s hi m a z pi on nd c nyi or rt Pli tf a c de o a n if nd ouns lf Def nt . e or enda s E E T i h( a oFbur,03 NT R:hs % y f eray21. ' J J J m C . lk a Ttr Seni Unie St t Diti tJ or td aes src udge 20
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