Cox v. Capt. Keller et al, No. 7:2012cv00154 - Document 58 (W.D. Va. 2015)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 6/3/15. (eot)
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r FDm oFFI U.. sm cod ce : DI ATR- OKE, VA Fu D J 23 2 5 UN 2 I TH E UN I N TED STATES DI STRI COU RT CT FOR THE W ESTERN DI STRI OF VI NI CT RGI A RO AN O KE DI I ON V SI J % ' , D ' . CLERK CL D EW A Y NE J ACK SON CO X Ci lA c i N o.7: 2CV 001 vi ton 1 54 Pl ntf, ai if M EM O R AND U M O PI I N N O CAPTAW CHAD KELLER,e a1, t . H on. l n E.Corr d Ge ta ChifUnied St t sDititJ e t a e src udge De e f ndan s t. On Aprl 1 ,2011 w hie i a ce a ed a t W es e n V igi a Regi lJ li Sal m , i 1 , l nc r r t t he t r r ni ona ai n e V igi a D e a J ks Cox w a a s uled by a f low i a e. Cox s eq nty fl t s r ni , w yne ac on s sa t e l nm t ubs ue l ied hi a to a ans Ca t i Ch dKelr S r e n W i i S t , ao GrgW iso , fc rBr de cin g i t pan a le , eg a t l e mih M j r e n t n Ofie a ly l Qur Ofie J s u Pn r n, fc rBe j mi Ba ly a dJ si M ie , se t cams i m, fc r o h a ikema Ofie n a n x e , n u tn ls a sri li ng unde 42U. C.j1 a Vigi alw. Thec ei prs ntybeor t c tont r S. 983 nd r ni a as s e e l f e he our he d fn a t' to sf rs mmayj d me tl F rt er a o stf rhb lw,h mo in wil e ee d n s moi n o u r u g n . o h e s ns e o t eo t e to s lb gr nt d i pa ta de e i pa t a e n r nd ni d n r . Fact Backzround ual The f l ng f t a e et rundiput orwher diput a epr entd i t lght olowi acs r ihe s ed, e s ed, r es e n he i mos f r bl t Cox. Se Andes nv.Li ryLo l .477U. 242,255( 986 . t avo a e o e ro bet bby.nc, S. 1 ) Cox, tfy- a - d Ca a i n m a w a i r e a e a t W es e n Vi gi a Re onal a i t ye r ol uc s a n, s nca c r t d t he t r r ni gi Cox v. Capt. Keller et al Doc. 58 Jai f appr m at y f t m ont begim i i J me of2010,aft bei convi ed ofa l or oxi el oureen hs, r ng n t er ng ct 1Th frtmoinf rs mmayj d me t( k t 2 )wa fldb J si M ie . M ies owa e is to o u r u g n Doc e No. 8 s ie y utn ls ls wh s worig a a un etfe c re ton l fc rd rn tetmep ro a is ,snol g re lye b tej i. kn s n c riid o rci a ofie u ig h i eid t sue i on e mpo d y h al Thesc dmoinf s mmayj dg n ( c e No 31 wm fldb Ca ti Kelr Seg a tS t, ao e on to or u r u me t Do k t . ) s ie y pan le, r e n mih M j r W iso Ofie Qui , tc rPike n, n Of c rBa ly alo wh m aesi e ly db tej i(h n tn, fc r nn Ofie n nna a d t e xe , 1 f o r tl mpo e y h al te i l ç i d f n a t' . jal ee d ns' ) Dockets.Justia.com flnyo fns i saec r. Fo temao i o h str o ic r eain, xwa h usdi Po eo fe e n tt ou t r h j rt f i em f n a c rto Co s o e n d y 3A wih 52 ot rma ei aes Cox r i i Ce l1 on t s ond te ofPod 3 . t he l nm t . esded n l 8 he ec ir A Cox' f low i a e i Pod 3A i l s e l nm t s n nc uded a d lque' ofm unge A f i an- e i a ti ' c r rc Am r c n i aes M iesDe Tr 40. The lade oft c i wa Sher Ha s Ot me be s nm t . l p. . e r he lque s on ni . her m r i ude Davi Ca l,Te r eJ c on, ncl d d be l renc a ks and,a al e tm e,heas a lnt Br ndon Reddi See t atr i t s ia , a x. i a 40( s rbi Ha rs Ca l,J c on,a Re xa i ltl ci 't tlawa hu out d. t de ci ng ri, bel a ks nd ddi s $ ite lque'ha il ys ng a t t ' ogeher). Cox a ot i aesi t pod c i e Hanis Ca l a J ks t beagg es i nd her nm t n he onsder d , bel, nd ac on o r sve, l a i i datng. SeeCoxDe Tr 33;s as Rut ror De l2(llri , Ca lrja oud, nd ntmi i p. . ee lo hef d c. s-arsrj bel, nd l J ks ( r co tntyl da i i dai a mor orl sg r i ag alt i own.) ac on weej nsa l ou nd ntmi tng nd e es weeq n ang l her '. ' Fori t nc Ha rs Ca l,a J cks S de t e t ni r mar ...i t y coul notco r nsa e, r i, be l nd a on i ma hr a e ng e ks f he d ntol t (eevii a t ne pape whe i c mei ot pod,' ndt yS d s tht TV he tl sonq nd he ws r n t a nt he 'a he t woul nac he r efom ot rljha ,a tker i orunpl he dphones.... Ga lcDe .12;se emot r hes' nds nd a ados ug a ' ri cl - e ' as Rut f dDec. (ç t k t news pe fom ot ri ts (ndjt yt t rmoe lo heror l2 s oo he The pa r r he nmae , a he ook he e t a c nge TV cha swhent y wa e e n t nd ha d nnel he nt d ve hough weha desg t da t c e n up t d i naed ys o l a he pod ...n o de t ha aTV dayt ma if rf e r ' . i r r o ve o ke t ai or ve yone.) ' OnM ac 8 2 1 , ao Gr gW i tng veCa ti Cha Kelra a n mo sl le rh , 0 1 M j r e nso a p an d le n no y u ç u b si 'ha ha bee s m it by a i t whi i caed t tHa rswa c usng pr e si lp't t d n ub ted n nma e, ch ndi t ha r i s a i oblm n a n l o nve tga e he t t ep d2 Mao W i son dieced Capti K elert i si t t m ater Ca ti Kelr h o . j r nt r t p an le . s e nty m e wih H a r sa s ve alo he i a e ,i l ng Cox,i vi l Co ubs que l t t r i nd e r t r nm t s nc udi ndi dualy. x a it d t a horngt bl si a a s d Ca an Kele t tHa rswasha a snghi a dm te o ut i he ue lp, nd dvie pt i lr ha ri r si m nd ot i at i t pod,and t he w asihavi t ngst her nm es n he hat ' ng hi aken.' Cox D ep.Tr.125. Cox as t ' ked o 2 Acc di t t r or ,at uesi 'i af m t i aesus t m a r or ng o he ec d t bl lp' s or hat nm t e o ke equessorvoi c t ce ompl nt . ai s Seecox D ep.Tr 36. . 2 e t rbe m oved f o Pod 3A ,o t have Ha r sm o d f o t pod. Acc di t Cox,Ca a n ihe rm ro r i ve r m he or ng o pt i K e l rr ponde a f l s le es d s olow : E es i (-ow a ti Ikee She o g-a s o ac na kee hi l ke HJ ad,il bou f p r n l ni ) n hai nd p m oc d l l dow n? Ikno She on i l w r s oud,1know he i a a s e. Iha ha hi s n s hol ve d m e e y e ei t s al Hec e tsp o lmse ey eeheg e i ter a o we v r wh r n hij i. rae r be v r wh r o s s h es n puthi i t spa tc a pr a . I 1ke p hi on a c i c n 1kee you a li m n hi riul r ogr m f e m han, a p 1 n t pod t t ri It l t She on?' he ogehe f ak o r ' Cox De Tr 1 p. . 25. I r pons ,Cox s i lsur ,i i w ilkee t toubl dow n,go r g a ad. n es e a d, ç e f t l p he r e i ht he ' ' I d. Afe Ca ti Kelrç o o glrilf rt wa hewa a tn , Ha rssb ha ir tr p an le i t n lars o he y g s cig' ri' e vo ' wo sneda hebega t t e tnCox. Lt a 11 Hec l Co aés th'andaS e eof re nd n o hrae ts t 5. aled x snic ' t c pi s t' a i c t d t the ç asgoi t ge ' Cox. 1 a 11 11 1 hi,' nd ndi a e ha s w ng o t' d. t 4- 5, 26. A f w wee afe Cox' m e tng wih Ca ai Kele ,a i i ntoc uredwhieCoxwa e ks tr s ei t pt n lr n ncde c r l s plyi po rwih a g oup ofi e ,i udi Ha sa Ca l. W he Cox won ahand, a ng ke t r nmats ncl ng ni nd be l n H a rs a Ca lyele a c s a hi . Ca l t n r a he a r s t t bl ,knoc d t r i nd bel l d nd ur ed t m be l he e c d c os he a e ke he ca dsou ofCox' ha ,a s i t ) s ehi punk,s y a hi you ol t hl ss ofa r t s nds nd a d,c o om t ng l a nyt ng d oot es on bicha 11 somp yourwhiea sa1 ove t spod. Rut ror De . t2- Ca l t nt e t nd '1 t t s 1 r hi ' ' he f d cl a 3. be l he hr w ac ra os t foora is d ac le t t e iepod:ç hai cr s he l nd s ue ha lnge o he ntr û Anybody s y one f ki wor a uc ng d a ti lwilf k e up. Go on,a bou t l uc m nybody, e e s y s t ng s lca be ts m eas . l a plas a ome hi o n a o s' d. t ' Ca l s e ntyt s ve a ca ofs fom Cox,whih Co hadwon d i t poke bel ubs que l ook e r l ns oup r c x urng he r game, t d Cox t td be trge t m 20 m o es and ol ha i he te t he r oupsby c omm is r da ore s t y' be t s a y y le he d a hi as . Js s' J. ' C o m a nt i t the s it d s ve albl si ove t t o t tlee w e k pe i x i a ns ha ubm te e r ue lps r he w o lr e r od l a ngup t t Aprl11, 1i i nt Cox t siid t the i caedt theç sbeng e di o he i 201 ncde . e tfe ha ndi t ha E wa i 3 t rae e a dr b e a dt t(e wa tdt bemo c fo t ep do gh oh rimae )t b h e tn d n o b d n ha h l n e o v d r m h o r t e te n ts o e m ove ' Cox D e Tr 37. d. ' p. . OnAprl1 , 0 1 Ofie Brd e Quin Ofie Bej mi Ba ly, ndJ tnM i s i 1 2 1 , fc r a ly n , fc r nn n xe a usi l e we e o dut i Pod 3A. W he M ie e e edt pod t tm or ng a ound 9: or9: Cox r n yn n l s ntr he ha ni r 00 30, a oa hed hi a as hi l ha t y w e e goi t do a utwha w a g ng o i t pod. ppr c m nd ked m s t he w r ng o bo t s oi n n he ' ' Cox D e Tr 61. Cox a s a ke M iesç p. . l o s d l s m a bl s i t ha r ce ved co e ni w ha how ny ue lps hey d e i nc r ng t wa g igo gn tep dwi Ca el n J c o a dHars' J l r s o s , i sidc td s on n i) h o t b la d a ks n n ri. Z n e p n e M l n iae h ' e t a çh yh drc ie ablesi fo r x a da ohe imae Ch itp e Had n . .' 1 h td e a e ev d u l r m co ) n n t r n t, rso h r r i g . . d. t p ' A tM ie 'r ques ,Co w a ke outi t ha l a w ih M ie t t l a ls e t x l d n he lw y t l s o a k boutw ha w asgoi t ng on i t pod. Cox w a a com pa e by a he i a e J r y Ga lc. Cox a Gari a s d n he s c ni d not r nm t , e r r i nd lc dvi e M ie t tt y wer bengt ea e d,t tCa l a Hari hadbee se i c mis r ie s ls ha he e i hr t ne ha be l nd rs n t alng om s a y tm , a t tt y we e a r i t tt y we e goi t beha nd ha he r fa d ha he r ng o nned. 1 a 62,64;Ga lcDec.2. d. t ri l frquese t tet rt ybemo dorg )bemove 'a S ri rque tdt s met ng. ie td ha ihe he ve he d, nd l lc e se he a hi ' ' Ga ' Co De Tr 62. ri De . x p. . , lc cl 2. Ga Bef eM ieshadt o runiyt rs or l he ppo t t o e pond,Ofie Qui a a e a M ie a ke fc r nn ppe r d, nd ls s d Coxt r pea wha Coxha j tt dhi W hieCo wastl ngt Ofie Qui Ofie oe t t d us ol m. l x aki o fc r nn, fc r Baxlyaloa oa he fom t c r r e s ppr c d r he ontol oom. Coxçt dt m a1t s met ng. J .t63. ûol he lhe a hi ' Jza ' Bef eCox wa fnihe s ki Ofi e J huaPi ma a oac d a wasi onnedoft or s i s d pea ng, fc r os nker n ppr he nd nf he st to M ie a s d Cox t Ha rs Ca l a J ks n t r goi t r c, a t thea iuai n. ls dvie hat ri , bel, nd ac o ç e ng o e ' nd ha we ' nd t o he o t c r t oul ha e i. 1 a 64. l r s he t r fi e s t w d ndl t' d. t ' n e pons Co i r a t how t y w e e e, x nquied s o he r goi t ha et st ton,a e phasze t tSs ng o ndl he iua i nd m i d ha somebodyne dst be move 'o S om e e o d' r t s body i goi t ge hur.' l ;seas jza 1 Cçdi tl t m t tlwa e t bemove fo t s ng o t t' d. e lo . .t 23 l d el he ha l ntd o d rm he pod. lwa bei r s ng obbeda wa ari t ts hi ba wa goi t ha nbe nd i.) nd s fad ha omet ng d s ng o ppe hi t' . ' 4 M ie a t c r tona of e sdiece Co t r t nt hi c l a t dhi t tt ls nd he oreci l ûc r r t d x o eur o s el, nd ol m ha he of i e swoul t l t t o he i a eswhe t y r t ne f om t r c ea i a e I r pons fc r d a k o he t r nm t n he e ur d r he e r ton r a. n es e, Co s d,S o tdo t tbec us t tw ilputa X on m e a m a t st to w or e t n w ha x ai l n' D ha a e ha l n nd ke he iua i n s ha t i i . 1 a 65. Cox r t r t t the woul lke f t of i e st m ove hi ort ot r t s' d. t ' eie a ed ha d i or he fc r o m he he i ts a Galemadet s rquet 1 ;s eas Gari Dec.2(ç eake C/ M ie , nmae , nd ri he ame e s. d. e lo lc l iW s d Os ls Ba ey, nn, Pi ma t hepusbyrmovi t ef i t , r movi usfom t xl Qui and nker n o l e ng hos ournmaes or e ng r he p db c u ewefl l eweweeg i gt e du g tigj mpe o a dbe te qu b t e eme o eas et i k r o n o n p etn u d n n agn p y h s n ore u hu'byt ' . nd p l hem.) t ' Afe s a ngwih Cox a Ga lc t ofi r dic s d t m at rwih a s r s , tr pe ki t nd ri, he tce s s us e he te t upe vior Se ge ntW ile Sm ih. M iesc l Se ge ntSm ih o rt r o,a a s d hi t tt r r a li t l aled r a t ve he adi nd dvie m ha he e wasa i s i Po 3 a t thene de t know wha Smih wa e t ofi e st do. n s ue n d A. nd ha e do t t ntd he fc r o Se gea t Sm ih' e d r pons i i d s e M iest tfed t tSer a Sm ih C a pr ty r n t s xa es e s n i put . l es ii ha ge nt t t s e t w bus a t m ome ' ndt tSm ih advie hi t ha t ce tfe core tona ofi e swih y t he nt'a ha t s d m o ve he riid r c i l tc r t w hom he w asw or ng ha e t s t t o M iesD e Tr 45. Se gea Sm ih t s ii d t the ki ndl he iua i n. l p. . r nt t e tf e ha ad s d t ofie st t(fCox i bei t e t ned i a wa ori a vie he fc r ha ç i s ng hr a e n ny y f nybody i be ngt e t ned, s i hr a e r ove t m outoft pod,l k t i a esdow n,l k t w hol pod a que t o a 1oft em he he oc he nm t oc he e nd s i n 1 he i mae i tepo t 5n o t a gs g i o ' S t De Tr 8 . n ts n h d o d u wh t ij ong n. mih p. . 8 ' Thepa te a s diput whehe Coxw a gi n t opporuniy t movet a t rpod. ris lo s e t r s ve he t t o o nohe M iestsiidt teihe Ofi rQui orOfierBa eyofee t moveCoxt a he podon l e tfe ha t r fce nn fc xl frd o o not r t mor ngofAprl11 2011 butCox t e us d t l a ' M ie De Tr 8 8 Cox,on t he ni i , , s f e o e ve. r ' ls p. . 2, 5. he Ot hand,e tfe t hedol t m t t( wa edt bemove 'a t tt ofi r i t d her tsiid hat l d he ha heq nt o t d, nd ha he fces nsea ' s nthi a Ga lcba k i t t pod. Cox De Tr 65;s ealo Ga lcDe . C' wa a 1 e m nd ri c n o he p. . e s ri cl 2 De yne nd t l d t t f C/ sf a l a tfve t t n m i estyi t e a n t pr e s a as ng f a ke o he our O or t e s i o e nut r ng o xpl i he obl m nd ki or 5 t i hel i pr e tng usf o t m . C/ M ie t d ust r t n t ourpod a t tt y w oul he r p n ot c i r m he O l s ol o e ur o nd ha he d tl t t ei t conc r ngt s pr e onc t yrt ne fom rceai ' ak o hos nmaes eni he e oblms e he eur d r e r ton.). W he Cox r t ned t t pod, c l hi gil re on t pod' t l phone. W hie Co n e ur o he he aled s r f i nd he s ee l x wast ki t hi gilre i a e bega t r t n fom t r c ea i a ea. Co no i e t t al ng o s rfi nd, nm t s n o e ur r he e r ton r x tc d ha Ha s Ca l,a J c on di no c eba k t t podwih t r toft i t s buti t d ni , bel nd a ks d t om c o he t he es he nma e , nsea r ur d t ve ors x m i e l t r A ss n asH a r s Cabe l a J c on e e e t po H a et ne i i nut s a e . oo r i, l, nd a ks nt r d he d, nis yeled,t ou a e a f ki s t h a w e a e goi t ge your a s' Cox D e Tr 68. l k Y r uc ng nic nd r ng o t s. ' p. . Ahe t soc ured,Co we bac t hi c l,whe eher m aned of andon f t r tof r hi c r x nt k o s e l r e i f or he es t da W hiehewa i hi c l Ha rs J c on,a Ca lye ld t oug he y. l s n s el, ri, a ks nd bel le hr houtt pod t tCo he ha x wasaS nic 't tM ieshadt d t whatCox ha s i a tt m ,a t tt y ç r goi ç t h,'ha l s ol hem d ad bou he nd ha he ç e ng we t ge g s a s' 1 a 71. J c onofe $5 00t a o t cox'l s . d. t ' a ks fr 0. o nyonewhowoul t a g x')as.' d t t co s s' be I a 7 . Ha sas a p o c dGalca dt l hm ih tt o yra o t yr r n t g ig d. t 2 ni lo p r a he ri n od i ' a he nl e s n he we e o) on t t be tg s a sdo wa be us of( s ag ' GalvDe 3. o a hi) s wn s va e hi) e. ri d. ' Cox eve ual l f hi c l t go t di r He a oac d M ie ,who wa s r i t nt ly et s el o o nne . ppr he ls s e vng he i t s me st te ni nma e ' al ha ve ng. W he as d wha het d M ies Cox t tfe a f l ws n ke t ol l , esii d s olo : 1s i t r M ies why di you a1 t k t t s guys W hy di yo s y anyt ng a d,C . l , M d l al o he e ? d u a hi t t e g ? ' ls i S ow t y a e tte t ni m e, ng t do s e hi t o hes uys ' a d, t N he r lr a e ng goi o om t ng o m e' 1s d,(Iwa o ofhe e,M ies You a1g t do s t ng. .' ai : nt ut r l . 1 ot o ome hi ' ' Cox D e Tr 74p. . 75. Cox f r he t tfed t t i r s u t r es ii ha , n e pons t t r ques f r a s s a e, ie e o he e t o s it nc M l s çu ttrw hsh n u wiht ecib a da ds i S ha n w, x ' 1 a 7 . M ie te j s h e i a ds p t h l o r n ad,W t o Co ? ' d. t 5 ls h n p ' çur daound a wakedof awa 'r Co l ;seas i a 77(dxkeIs d,Mr M ie û ne r t nd l f y'fom x. d. e lo d. t l i ai . ls l t e hi handsupa lf.'. hrw s nd e t' ) 6 Cox t k hi m e la s ta a t bl w ih G a lc W hie t y w e e e tng, a r ss ood up oo s a nd a t a e t ri . l he r a i H ri t a yele tW e a egoi t ge yo s t h,wea egoi t ge you. W e a egoi t be tyo nd ld,t r ng o t u, nic r ng o t r ng o a ur a sbe o e l kdo n. 1w a e r s f r oc w nt ve ybody i t pod t know t tShe on con r st s s ti he e. n he o ha r t ol hi hi n r W e don' ne a s t h i he e. W e a e goi t ge hi a sou ofhe e o w a ora he .' t ed nic n r r ng o t s s t r ne y not r ' I a 75. d. t Cox l tt di ng ar a a we ba k t hi c l. He e nt ly c m e outofhi ce la ef he ni e nd nt c o s e l ve ua l a s l nd sood ag ns t te r ii t s ewha wasgoi on i t pod. Cox s w Ca l a J ks t ai t he ir alngs o e t ng n he a be l nd ac on waki i hi dieci n. Ast y wa ke by hi ,J ks n war d Cox t hewa S ngt ge l ng n s r to he l d m ac o ne hat sç goi o t f kedup'beor t daye d. Ll a 79. uc ' f e he nde t, t W hieCox waswa c ng Ca la J ks wak a l thi bel nd ac on l way, Reddi wih who hehadne r x, t m ve ha a pr vi pr em s a oa he Co fom t l f sdeandi c t d t thewa e t t k d ny e ous obl , ppr c d x r he e t i ndia e ha nt d o al t hi . AsCox wa en e i hi celt s a t Re x,i da d on hi t tRe x i ki o m s t rng s l o pe k o ddi t wne m ha ddi i was nd ofbuddybuddy'wihHa s Ca la J ks JJ a 80. W he Coxatmptdt rve s ' t ni , bel, nd ac on. I. t n te e o e re . diec i Re x punc d Cox i t bac oft ne k a knoc d hi a r st ce l Reddi r ton, ddi he n he k he c nd ke m c os he l. x t r pe t dl punc d Cox i t rbs hea a ba untla he i a eyel d t t hen e a e y he n he i , d, nd ck i not r nm t le ha c r c i ofi r we eo t wa Cox e tm aedt tt e ieat c lsc be we n 45 a ore tonal fce s r n he y. si t ha he ntr ta k a td t e nd 75 s c e onds . Cox s f r d br n rbs al e t h, uii s li a a a i asar ul of ufe e oke i , oos ned 00t br sng, we lng, nd br sons es t t i i . Ashewasbei hepe outoft pod a trt a tc Cox r m i d M ie a he ncdent ng l d he fe he ta k, e nde ls nd Ofie Qui t theha çol (he s t ngba wasgoi t ha n. M ie l i nt fc r nn ha d s d t mj omehi d t ng o ppe ' ls ncde ' Re t1 Quim De Tr 5 por ; l p. . 4. 7 ProceduralH i t s orv C0Xfldt i tnta tonunde 42U. C.j 1 onAprl1 201 3OnAprl11 201 , ie he nsa ci r S. 983 i , 2. i , 3 Co tlda a nd de mp an a ans Mie , p anKelr Se g a tSmih, ao W iso , x èe n me e o lit g i t ls Ca ti le , r e n t M j r n t n Ofie Quim,Ofie Ba e a Ofi rPi r n. Thea ndedc anta s t t fc r r fc r xly, nd fce nkema me ompli sers he f l ngc am s f iur t pr e ti vi a i oft Ei ht Amend e t t Consiuto oft olowi l i : a l e o otc n olton he g h m nt o he tt i n he UniedSttsa Ari e1 j9oft Consiuto ofVigi a c piac t vi aet pli ifs t ae nd tcl , he tt in r ni' ons r y o olt he antf' , f de alc tt t o r ght ;a di and abe tng a c pi a y t c m i as a tand ba t r a e r ons iu i nal i s i ng ti nd ons r c o om t s ul te y; nd i e to li lc i ofe otona dite s nt n i na nfiton m i l sr s . OnFe r a y5 2 5 M i sa dt ej id fn a t mo e f rs mmayj d me t Th b u r , 01 , l n h al e e d n s v d o u r u g n . e e c t d ahea i on t m o i on M a c 6,2015. On M a c 1 201 t c ti t d t our hel rng he tons rh r h 6, 5, he our nvie he pa te t s m i s plm e a b if i lghtoft i e ve ngdec son byt Unie Stt sCo t ri s o ub t up e nt l re s n i he nt r ni ii he t d a e ur ofAppea sf t Fourh Cic ti M a s iv.Fi l , l or he t r ui n kde s eds F. 3d ,201 U. App.LEXI 5 S. S 3883,201 W L 1 5 062747(t Ci. a .1 2015 . Th s mmayj dg n mo in aeno rp 4h r M r 2, ) e u r u me t to s < w ie f revi . or ew St andard ofR evi w e -- Ana r o s mmayj d me ti a p o raedftemo a ts wsta teei no wa d f u r u g n s p r p it s h v n ho h t h r s i g n ieds u ea t a ymaeil a ta dt mo a ti e tte t j g n a amatro lw. e un ip t s o n tra fc n he v n s n ild o ud me t s te f a ' ' Fe R. v. 5 () l d tnnii wh t r og a t moinf rs mmayj d me tt ec u t d. Ci P. 6 a . n ee nng ehe t rn a to o u r u g n ,h o r m us vi t r c d i t lghtm os f vor bl t t non- ova . A nde s 477 U . a 255. t ew he e or n he i t a a e o he m nt r on, S. t Towi tn as mmayj d me t to ten n mo a t t r d c s fi in e d n efo t a d u r u g n moin,h o - v n mus p o u e u tce t vie c r m hs whc ara o a l jlyc udr tl av r iti h sfv r 1 . t2 . t n l o yo ih e s n be t o l eu. e dc n i a o . d a 48 d cus r r r n co s pecul i alegatons do nots fce,nor does a t er s ntla ofevi atve l i uf i m e ci il dence'i s n upportofhi s 3 Thecasew asori naly assgnedt Se orUnied St esDit itJ gi l i o ni t at src udge J amesC . Tur Thecas k. e wa r a sg e t t u rin d ditit ud eonJ y 2 2 4. s e s in d o he ndesg e src j g ul , 01 8 c e. Thom ps v.Po om a El c. as ' ' on t c e Pow e Co., 31 F.d 6 6 ( hCi. r 2 3 45, 49 4t r 2002)( i quotng Philpsv.CSX Trns .l ,1 F. 285,287( hCi.1 ) l ase sngas li a p. nq. 90 3d 4t r 999). n ss i ummay r j d me t to ac u tse t ldt c n i e o l t e ie eta wo l b a misbea til u g n moin, o r i n i e o o sd r ny he vd nc h t u d e d si l tra. t Se M avlndHihwa Co rdor As nsl ,v. aylnd, F. 1 1 (t Ci.1 ) e ra g ys nta s s' nc. M r a 933 2d 246, 251 4h r 991 ( tngt tç as ye denc whihi i dmisbl a ti ,c l bec i e o amotonf noi ha s ra vi e, c s na si e tral amot onsderd n he i or s mmayj d me f) u r ug n' Di scussi on Cl m sunde $ 1 ai r 983 Cox fld s ta i tt defnda spurua t 42U. C.j 1 whi i e cvi ie ui gans he e nt s nt o S. 983, ch mposs i l la lt on a pe s a i unde c orofsa e1 w t de i a herpe s ofrght a ibiiy ny r on ctng r ol tt a o prve not r on i s nd prvieg s ur d by t Cons iuto a l w s oft U nie St t s A spr vi l s a e Cox i l es ec e he tt i n nd a he t d a e . e ous y t t d, cli t tt de e nt vi a e hi rght unde t Ei h Ame a ms ha he f nda s olt d s i s r he ght ndme by f ii t pr e t nt alng o ot c hi fom t at k,a t tt c pie t vi aehi f r c tt i na rg s m r he tac nd ha hey ons r d o ol t s ede al onsiuto l i ht . A. Faiure t Protect l o TheEi ht Am e e pr bist i lc i of' r la d unus punihme s' g h ndm nt ohi t he nfi ton i ue n c ual s nt .4 ' U. Cons.n e VII d n ispr hi ton oflr ela unus lpunihm e s't Ei ht S. t m nd. I . t t o bii l c u nd ua s nt, he g h Amend e pl c r sr nt o prs ofii l,who ma not f e m nt a es e tai s n ion fc a s y , or xampl us e es i physca e e xc sve i l f c a i tprs r.' Fame v. el n,511U. 825,832( ore gans iones' r r Br ma S. 1994) t-heAme . ç' f ndme alo nt s i e dutesont eofiil .... L Ones hdut i dt pr ec prs sfom vi e mpos s i hes fcas ' 4, ' uc y s ço ot t ioner r olnce a t handsofot rprs r.' 1 (ntr lcttona quot i maksomit ) t he he iones' d.i ena iai nd aton r ted . 4Beca et pa alelpr son oft Consiuton ofVigi a,Artcl 1 j9, r vd sn g e tr us he r l ovii he tt i r ni ie , p o ie o rae pr eci t i e t n t c ueland unus punihmentcl eoft Ei h Ame ot ton o nmats ha he r ual s aus he ght ndmentt cour wilnot , he t l s ael addr sCox' sat consiutonalcli epar t y es st e tt i am. 9 Note r ij y s fr dbyaprs ra t ha ofa he irnsaesi o vey nur ufe e ione the nds not r l a lt nt t c tt i lla lt f prs ofii l r s onsiutona ibiiy or ion fc a s e ponsbl f rt vi tm' s f t ' I a 834. To i e o he ci s a ey. d. t ' pr va lon a Ei ht Am e e i n g h ndme dam o t snaur ,aprs rmus s tsyt e e e s nt i f hi t e ione t aif wo l m nt . ç rtt ede rvainalg dmus b , be v l tu f e tys ro s' 1 . q tn W is nv é s,h p i to le e Fi t e o jdiey,s fkin l eiu .' d (uoig lo . ' Seier 501U. 294,298( 991) Spe ii al ç prs ne mus esa ih as rousde i ton t, S. 1 ). ctc ly,t io r t tbls ei a prvai o hi rg t i t ef r of çe iu o sg fc n p sc l re to a ij r ' Da s rv f s ih s n h o m a s ro s r iniia t hy ia o moi n l nu y.' n e . ' Stns rvs772F.d 3 3 ( hCi.201 ( i Br v. C. p' ofCo r,61 F. a ber 3 40, 46 4t r 4) quotng own N. De t r. 2 3d 7 0 7 3(t Ci. 01 :. l ti c s ,ti u ip tdt tCo sp y ia ij re q aiya 2 , 2 4 h r 2 0 n h s a e i s nds ue ha x' h sc ln u is u lf s t i nii a ' unde t s fr te e e . s g f c nt' s r hi i s l m nt Thes c eeme ,o whi h t pa te f ust i a gume s r quiest tapli if e ond l nt n c he ri s oc her r nt , e r ha antf s t tt de e how ha he f ndan sha at ufi e l c pa esa eofmi ' Far r 511U . a 834. l t d ç fcinty ul bl tt s nd. ' me , S. t n t sc e ,hesa eofmi t tmus bee tbls d i one ofSdei r t i fe e et i ae hi ont xt t t t nd ha t sa ihe s û lbe a e ndif r nc o nm t he lh ors f t ' l A c r c i lofk i a t w ih delbe a e i f e e w he he t at a e y. d. ' or e tona t al c s t i r t ndi f r nce n s know sof a dir r a e es i rs t i a ehe lh ors f t ' l a 8 nd sega ds n xc sve ik o nm t at a ey. d. t 37. d n o he wo ds çhet t ' t t r r ,t es l i whehe t g fca knows t pli ifi t fce as rousda ert hi s ft a ... s t r he ofiil l he antf nmae a s ei ng o s aey nd c da r t da re sl ye ...aiglt do s ' Br 61 F. a 723(ntr lctton oul vet he nge a iy t f ls o o.' own, 2 3d t i ena iai a q ai maksomitd) nd uotton r te . Delbe a e i f e e e i ' ve y hi s a r ' ha ca tbe m etby a s i ofû e e i r t ndi f r nc s ç r gh t nda d't t nno a how ng i r m ne ienc ' Gr onv. ed,1 F. 692,695( h Ci.1 . l i as j tvesa r glg e.' ays Pe 95 3d 4t r 999) t s ubeci tndad, Fa m e ,511U. a 828,whih r r apli ift pr t tt core tonalofii lS d r r S. t c equies antf o ove ha he r c i fc a ç ha a ta k wld eo a e e sv rs t g i) aey' Da e , 7 F3 a 3 7 Th c re to a cu l no e g f n xc s ie ik o hs s ft . ns r7 2 .d t 4 . e o rcin l ' of i i lç us bot be a a e off t f om w hi h t i e e c d be dr w n t ta s t nta fc a : t h m w r ac s r c he nf r nce oul a ha ubs a i l rs ofs r ousha m e s s a he m us a s dr w t i e enc ' Fa m er 511 U , a 8 ik e i r xi t , nd t l o a he nf r e. ' r , S. t 37. The 10 Fourh Cic thase ane t tla lt unde t ssa r r uiesç wo s t r ui xpli d ha i biiy r hi t nda d eq r d t howi ': ngs' Fis,h e i e c mu t h w t th o fca i q sins b e tv l r c g ie a rtt e v d n e s s o ha te fiiln ueto u j ciey e o nz d s t nta r s ofhm' . I i note ugh t tt of i e s s d ha r c ze ubs a i l i k m ts no ha he f c r houl ve e ogni d i; he acua l mus ha pe ceve t rs Ri hv.Br e,129F. 336, t t y t ly t ve r i d he ik. c x 3d 340 n.2( hCi.1 . Se ond,hee de emus s t tt of ili queto 4t r 997) c t vi nc t how ha he ûca n sin s be t l r c g ie t a h sa to wee(n p r p it i lg to ta rs ' u j ci y e o nz d h t i cins r d a p o rae n i h f h t ik. ve i ' 1 Aswihtes b e tv a r n s ee n ,t sn te o g ta teo fca d. t h u j ci e wa e e s lme ti i o n u h h t h fiil s dha r ogni d t thi a tonswe ei ppr it t ofi ila t ly houl ve ec ze ha s c i r na opra e; he fca c ua l m us ha r cogniedt thi a tonswer i ufi e . Se Br t ve e z ha s c i e ns fcint e own v.Ha s 240 ni , F. 383,390- ( h Ci.2001. 3d 91 4t r ) Pars v. e lnd,372F, 294,303(t Ci. 4)(mphassomitd . rih Civea 3d 4h r 200 e i te ) Alho h t delbe aei fe e esa r r quie as wi ofa t lknowl east t ug he i r t ndif r nc t nda d e r s ho ng cua edg o bot ee e s die tevi nc ofacua kno e i notr quied. I ;s ea s M a s i 201 h lm nt, r c de e t l wl dge s e r d. e l o kde s, 5 U. Ap LEXI 3 8 , t#1 . I ta ,d çsaq sino fc s b e t od mo srto i t S. p. S 8 3 a 5 nse d dt i ueto f a t u j c t e n tain n he i us lways i udi i e e fom cic sa i levi nce '' Pa rs 372 F. a 303 ua , ncl ng nf r nce r r um t nta de .' rih, 3d t ( i Fa me ,511U. a 8 . Fori tnce $aplitf ca makeaprmafcec s unde quotng r r S. t 42) nsa ,t anif n i ai ae r t ssa r bys ng Cha as tnta rs ofgeroushamjwa lngsa ng,pe v i hi tndad howi t t ubsa il ik s i r s o tndi r asve, we ldoc l- umen e ore es l not byprs ofi i si t pa t a t cr um sa ss t d, xpr sy ed ion fcal n he s, nd he ic t nce ugge t s t tt de e ntofi i beng s ha be n e ha he f nda - fcal i ued d e xpos d t i o ton c e ni t rs a e o nf nna i onc r ng he ik nd t mus ha knowna i.' Pars 372F. a 303(uoi Fame,511U. a 842) hus t ve bout t'' rih, 3d t q tng r r S. t . tsi ia l af c fnde m a c udet tt ofi a ' r pons t ape cevedrs wass d m l ry, a t i r y oncl ha he fcils es e o r i ik o p tn l ia e uaea t j siya i e e c t a t eo fca a tal r c g ie ta h sr s o s ae ty n d q t s o u tf n nfr n e h t h fiil cu l e o nz d h t i e p n e y t t rs wasi ppr it unde t cr umsa e .' I o he ik na opra e r he ic tnc s' d. l t sca e Cox cl i st tea h oft na e def nda s a e w ih de i r t n hi s , a m ha c he m d e nt ct d t lbe a e i f e e e t a s gnii ntr s t tCox woul be s rous y ha m e by a he i a e. The ndif r nc o i fca ik ha d ei l r d not r nm t cou twile l t t sc am a t ea h i vi lde e r l vauae hi l i s o c ndi dua f ndan ,vi ngt evi nc i t lg t ewi he de e n he i ht mos f vorbl t Cox. Se Odom v.S. Dep' ofCor.349F. 765,77172(t Ci. 3) ta a e o e C. t r, 3d - 4h r 201 11 (s e sngwhet rt pli ifprs nt e denc whi i beived, detbls t te c a s si he he antf e e ed vi e ch,f le woul sa ih ha a h dee ntvi aedhi consiutona rg s;s eas Br v. ri,240F. 383,390( h Ci. fnda olt s tt i l ihtl e lo own Hars 3d 4t r 2001 (éndeemi ngt s t taiy oft rs t t( oft de e ntc r ci l ) ( tr ni he ubsanilt he ik ha one he f nda ore tona 1 ofkes kne a t r s na e sofhi r pons t i, mus consde e r hi t the t rj w, nd he ea o blnes s es e o t we t i r ve yt ng ha wast da obs r ed.) Daev.Poso 5 F. 563,570( h Ci. )(i c ca emus be ol nd e v ' ; l ' tn, 48 3d 7t r 2008 k h s Ea t e mi di viual wih patc a f uso wha t ofie knew a how hers xa ne ndi d ly, t riulr oc n t he fc r nd e ponde ' . d.) ' 1. M ai W i t or ns on Tu nn frt oM ao W iso ,h r c r rv ast thi d fn a trc ie a r ig is t j r n t n te e o d e e l ha t s e e d n e ev d n a nonymousbl si onM a c 8, 1, c i c t dt tShe on Ha rst sapr e i Pod ue lp r h 201 whi h ndi a e ha r ri t wa obl m n 3 . PlsBr i Opp' t J i De e nt 'M oton f rSum ma y J A ' ' .n ' n o a l f nda s i o r udgm e 5;s e a s Cox De nt e lo p. 1 ($ h dwrte alte t M ao W i tnr q e t gt t o t i b d n a o tS eo 25 ç a i n etr o j r nso e u si ha s mehng e o e b u h r n, I t n et rmovehi ormoveme, wa haa sngt pod, shaasi me.) Uponrcevi t ihe m he s rsi he he' r sng ' . ' e i ng he blesi Mao W i tnc l dCa ti Kelrit hso fc a ddrce Kelr oi v siaet e u l p, j r nso al p an le no i fie n ie td le t n etg t h e m a t r w hi Kele pr e de t do. te , ch l r oc e d o I h sb if i o po iint t al ee a t' u z u g n moin, xp it t n i res n p st o heji d fnd ns s mmayj d me t t Co on s o o o n oh re ie c o k o e g o a to o b h l o M ao W iso Hed e no alg t a o te vd n e f n wld e r cin n e af f j r n t n. o s t le e h t MaorW i t wa awa eofori ve i a s e j nson s r nvol d n ny ubsquente nt,ncudi t ela ngupt ve s i l ng hos e di o teatc o Aprl1 , 01 . Ont i rc r ,h c u t o cu e ta n r ao a l j r c ud h ta k n i 1 2 1 h s e o d t e o r c n ld s h t o e s n be u y o l fn ta M ao W i tna t dwihd lb rt id fee c t Co ss ft i d h t j r nso ce t eieae n ifrn e o x' aey. 2. C aptai K eler n l Ca an Ke lrsonl i ve e i t smaterOc ure t M ar h 8,2011 whe he pt i le ' y nvel m nt n hi t c rd m c , n i si t d t bl si t tCoxha s te Cap a nKele me wih Cox i t j i lbr r nve tga e he ue lp ha d ubmitd. ti lr t t n he al i a y. Durngt me tng, i he e i Cox t d Capti Kele t tHa rswas( r s i hi 'a ot ri aesi ol a n lr ha ri t a sng m ' nd he nm t n ha 12 Pod 3 ,ha he S havi t ngst ken,' nd t thewa e Ca an Kele t et rmovehi A t t t was ng hi a 'a ha nt d pt i lr o ihe m orHa rs Cox De Tr 1 ri . p. . 25. Acc di t Co Ca ai Kel ra knowl dge t the was or ng o x, pt n le c e d ha a r t tHarswa aSo ... s e, a t tHarsha ahit yofiee ti pr e y wae ha ri s t ud ashol ' nd ha ri d sor sragng) oblms' l ' ' whi hl dt Ha i b ngpl e Sn t spa tc a pr a . 1 Ca an Kel ra kedCoxi he c e o n's ei ac d l hi riulr ogr m ' d. pt i le s i ' f a Ha rsc dr mai i t s mepod i Kel rt ke t Ha rs Co a r e t t sc s of nd ri oul e n n he a f le al d o ri . x g e d o hi our e a ton a r t ne t t pod. c i nd e ur d o he On t sr c d,t c tc l st tt e de pr s nt by Cox c nno s hi e or he our onc ude ha he vi nce e e ed a t uppor a t fndi t tCa an Kel racedwih dei r t i fe e et Co ss ey. Eve a s i t t i ng ha pt i le t t lbe a e ndif r nc o x' af t n s um ng ha Ha sh dah so yo c usngp o lmsi t j i,h r i n e d n eta wo l j tf a ni a it r f a i r b e n he alt ee s o vie c h t ud usiy n i e e t tCa a n K e l rkne t tH a r sora o he i a e pos d a s t ntalrs of nf r nce ha pt i le w ha r i ny t r nm t e ubs a i i k s rousha m t Co ort tCa a n Kel ra t ly r c z d t tt ag e d upon c s of ei r o x, ha pti le c ua l e ogni e ha he r e our e a ton w a i ppr i e unde t c r um s a s M o e r w hie t e de e i c t st t ci s na oprat r he ic t nce . r ove , l he vi nc ndi a e ha Ha ssbe vi worene afe Ca an Ke lrs de hi f t m n ri whih hewa ni ' ha or s d tr pt i le col d m or he nne n c s te tng ot ri es t r i no i c i t Ca an Kele wasm a awa eofHa rs s r a i he nmat ,he e s ndiaton hat pt i lr de r ri' s eq ntt e t ni ac st w a d Cox,o o he w i e e ubs ue hr a e ng t o r r t r s xpos d t i or a i s e o nf m ton ugge tng t t s i ha Cox' s f t wasi da r l t a e e ofs h e de e, hecou tc ude t tno s a ey n nge . n he bs nc uc vi nc t r oncl s ha ra o a l u yc u dfn t a Ca ti Kelrd cu lyk e o a dd se ad das b tnil ik e s n bej r o l i d h t pan l t t al n w f n ir g r e u sa ta rs e a o s ro sij r 't Co Pa i h 3 2F.da 3 3(mph sso te ) f eiu nu y'o x. n s , 7 3 t 0 e a i mitd . 3. M ie .Ofi erOui Ofi rPi rm an.a Ofi e Ba e ls fc nn. fce nke nd fc r xlv M ie ,Ofi rQui Ofi rPi r a OfierBa eys t Coxa hi pod ls fce nn, fce nkeman, nd fc xl poke o nd s m a e, e r G a lc, A pr l11 2011 t day t tCox w a a t c by R e x. By t tpoi , t J r y r i on i , , he ha s ta ked ddi ha nt Ha r sha bee r pea edl r f r i t Cox a a s t h,a bot Ha sa Ca l ha t e t ned r i d n e t y e e r ng o s nic nd h ni nd be l d hr a e t physc l ha m Cox. Cox t dt edef nt t thewasbe ngt eae d,t thef a e o ialy r ol hes enda s ha i hr tne ha erd f hi s f t a t thewa e t bemovedou oft pod. H o e r r t rt n r m ovi Cox or s a e y, nd ha nt d o t he w ve , a he ha e ng fom t pod,asSe gea tSmih t sii t tt y we ei t c e t do, t s de e nt r he r n t e tfed ha he r nsnz t d o he e f nda s a l e y die t Co t r t n t t pod,a t d hi t tt y w o d t l t H a r sa t leg dl r c ed x o e ur o he nd ol m ha he ul a k o r i nd he ot ril t sa he lma e boutt i beha or Alhoug Cox wa edt m t tt sc s ofa to woul her vi . t h m he ha hi our e ei n d t anX on ( mj' onl ç ket st tonwore'CoxDe Tr 65,t edefnda s l put hi 'and y é ma he iuai s ,' p. . hes e nt nonet e spr e t s a t t i t swho ha be n t e t ng hi , a t d t m t t hels oce ded o pe k o he nma e d e hr aeni m nd ol he ha Cox had r pored t i m ic e t he r s onduct Laert tda afe Ha rs J c on,and Ca l ye ld . t ha y, tr ri, a ks be l le t oug hr houtt podt tCox wa as th, ha t y we egoi t ha m hi ,a t tt y woul he ha s nic t t he r ng o r m nd ha he d pa a y nyonewho wa wilng t do s Cox a oac d M ie a i i t di ng a eaa pl de s li o o, ppr he l s gan n he ni r nd ea d f rM ie t heph m. Ac o dn t Co , lsius t rw hi ha d u ' n lf ter o 1 o ls o l i c r ig o x Mie j t h e s n s p'a d e th o m. d. a 75. Shorl t r fe ,Cox wa at c by Reddi t ty he ea t r s ta ked x. V i w i t r co d i t lg m os f vo a e t Cox, heco tc l e ng he e r n he i ht t a r bl o t ur onc udest ta r as bl ha e ona e j r c u dfn ta M ie , fc r in, tc rPik r n a dOfie Ba e we eS x o e t u y o l id h t ls Ofi e Qun Ofi e n ema , n fc r xly r s p s d o e i or ton c nf ma i once ni t rs ' s ro ha t tCox f ce i Pod 3A,a t r f eç us r ng he ik'of e i us nn ha a dn nd he e or l t m ha known a ve bouti. Fa me ,511U . a 8 t' r r ' S. t 42. Li wie t e de epr f e by Cox,f ke s , he vi nc ofer d i c edied,s r t upporsar s bl i e e et tt s de e nt kno ngl dir ga dedt trs by t ea ona e nf r nc ha he e f nda s wi y se r ha ik f ii t r m o Cox fom t pod a trher pore be ngt e t ned,a pr ee ngt t l t a lng o e ve r he fe e td i hr a e nd oc di o e l he i a esw ho ha v c t t r a st tCox had r pore t i m i c nm t d oi ed he h e t ha e t d he r s onduc . I ot rw or , t n he ds a ras ej yc dtndt tt s dee nt kne t tCoxfc as i da ert hi s ey, e onabl ur oul i ha he e fnda s w ha a ed erous ng o s aft 2 3d a t tt y c d ha e s l a re t dange ye f ie t do s Se Br nd ha he oul ve a iy ve td he r t a ld o o. e own,61 F. at 723. I mo ngf s n vi or ummayj r udgmen,t edee t aguet tCox ma nome i of t hes fndans r ha de nton R e x w he he r que t t i a s s a e on A prl 11 2011 a t , ha t y c d notha ddi n e s ed he r s i t nc i , , nd, hus t t he oul ve 1 4 known t tRe x pos d at z a t Cox. Thi a gum e howe r i f e l ed by e si ha ddi e heto sr nt ve , s or c os xi tng pr e . Ast Fourh Cicui r ce l obs ve t r e make cl rt t prs ofi al ec dent he t r t e nty er d, d m r Fa s ea hat a ion fci (a n t ec p la iiyfrd lb rt id fe e c b s o ngt a, ieh wa a r o a c n o ) s a e ib l o ei eae n ifrn e y h wi h twh l e s wa e f n t obvi us s t ntalrs t i a e s f t , hedi notknow t tt c o ubs a i i k o nm t a e y d ha he ompl i ntwa e pec al ana s s i ly lkel t beas a td by t s cii prs ne who e nt lycommit dt as a t'' M a i yo s ule he pe fc i o r ve ual te he s ul.' kdes i s, 2015U. App. S. LEXI 3883, t* ( i Fame,511U. a 843) seas Glzev. d, S a 20 quotng r r S. t ; e lo a Byr 721F. 528,531(t Ci. 3 (sns a a Chidsrle onBoyc sf iur t i ntf t 3d 8h r 201 ) çl ofr s l eis e' al e o de iy he wo l- ea s ia t hsag me th sb e rj ce b t eS p e Co r.) ud b saln , i r u n a e n ee td y h u rme u t'. ' M iesaloaguest tti i sbl f aj r t c udet tr wasdelbeaey l s r hati s mposi e or u y o oncl ha hej i i rtl i fe e t Pl i ifss f t 'sncehe a anon- e tfedeo r c i lofie ,d d no a t iy ndif r nt o antf a e y,' i ,s c rii r e tona fc r tha u hort t do wha Pl i ifc am swoul haveke hi s f - t ti m ovePl ntf o t ot ri t o t antf l i d pt m a e ha s ai if r he he nma es outoft pod. M ies Br i Supp. Sum m . .1 Ho ver e n asumi t tM ie lc d he ' ' l ' .n of J 9. we , ve s ng ha ls a ke a ho iy t m ove a i a e t a dif r hous ng uni, hi w oul nota ol hi f om la lt i ut r t o n nm t o f e ent i tt s d bs ve m r i biiy f hekne t tm ant i ngt c r nthousnga r nge e pos as tntal ik ofs rousham w ha i ani he ure i ra m nt ed ubsa i rs ei r t Cox, di not ng t a e i a e t r s Se M a s i 201 U . App. o but d hi o m lor t he i k. e kde s , 5 S. LEX I 388 a *21 S 3, t (ii Fame,511U. a 8 . Viwi t e de ei t lghtmos fvorbl t Cox,a ctng r r S. t 42) e ng he vi nc n he i ta a eo ra o a ej r c udfndt a Mie ddj t h t atrCo a p o c dhm i tednn h lo e s n bl u y o l i h t ls i us t a, fe x p r a he i n h iig al n t nihtoft a tc a pl de f hel Ac di t Co sde ii t si o Cox t d he g he ta k nd ea d or p. cor ng o x' poston e tm ny, ol M iest tHa rsa o he i t swer t eae ng hi f rs t hi ont m , ha t i a e l ha ri nd t r nma e e hr tni m o nic ng he t t he nm t s we egoi t ha m hi a t thene de M ie a t ot rofi r t :do s ehi 't hel r ng o r m, nd ha e d l s nd he he fce s o k om t ng' o p hi . Cox De Tr 74m p. . 75. l r pons M ie sm pl t e hi ha u i t arandl f t n es e, l s i y hr w s nds p n he i e the r . The e i no e de e t tM iesr l ye Cox' c oom r s vi nc ha l e a d s once ns t a s r s , M ie c a m s r o upe vior as l s l i w oul ha be n hi onl dut unde t c r um sanc s a a non- ri i d cor e tona ofi e , d ve e s y y r he i c t e s ce tfe r c i l fc r or 15 t tM ie t a o he se t i tga e t m a t rora s s Cox. B a ed on t sr co d, he ha l s ook ny t r t ps o nvesi t he te s it s hi e r t m e e f c t tM ie m ay ha l ked au hort t r s i n i a e doe note il hi t r a t ha l s ve ac t iy o ea s g nm t s s ntte m o s mmayj d me t u r u g n. Fi l M ie ,Ofie Qui Ofi rPi r n,a Ofi rBa e a g t tt ya e naly, ls fc r nn, fce nkema nd fce xly r ue ha he r e il d t qua ii d i m uniy. The de e e ofq lte i m uniy ç ot c sofi r w ho c m i ntte o lte m t f ns ua ii d m t ç e t tce s pr om t co tt i lvi a i butw ho,i lghtofcl a l e t bls d l , d r as bl be i ve t ns iutona ol tons ni e r y s a i he aw coul e ona y le hat t raci weelwf . He yv.Pu nel 652F.d 5 531( h Ci. 1 (nbanc (ii hei tons r a ul' nr ' r l, 3 24, 4t r 201 ) e ) ctng Sa rv.Kaz,533U. 1 206( $. ç-hebur nofpr a pes sonwihrs c t ude t S. 94, 2001 il de oof nd rua i t e pe t o a def ns ofqualf e i m uniy r t on t of i a as e tng t tde e e. M e r v. tm or e e ii d m t es s he fci l s r i ha f ns ' ' ye s Bali e Cnt ,71 F. 723,731( h Ci.201 . Toprvalunde t sdee e,hedee nt ha t v. 3 3d 4t r 3) e i r hi fns t fnda s ve o is ûhow et rt tt r wa no c tt i lvi a i ort tt rg vi a e wasnotcea l ihe ha he e s onsiutona olton ha he iht olt d l ry e tbih d' Gr c v. m, 7 F.d 3 3 3 n. (t Ci. 01 )(ii He r 65 F.da sa ls e . e : Ha 6 8 3 3 , 41 7 4 h r 2 2 ct ' ng n y, 2 3 t 531. ) l t sc e t c tha ale deer i t tt e de eciedby Cox, n viwe n hi as , he our s r ady t m ned ha he vi nc t whe e d i hi fvor i s fce t ce t age nediput off tast whehe M ie ,Ofie Qui n s a ,s ufiint o rae nui s e ac o t r ls fc r nn, Ofi rPi r a a Ofi rBa e a t d wih dei r t i fer ncet as tntalrs of fce nke m n, nd fce xl y c e t lbe ae ndif e o ubsa i ik s ro ha m t Cox. Cons que l t c tmus de i whehe t co tt i lrg a e i us r o e nty, he our t c de t r he nsiutona iht t is wa cea l esa ihe l dee m i ngwhe he arghtwa cea l e tbls s ue s l ry t bls d. n tr ni t r i s l ry sa ihed,t key he i r i ( t ri woul bec e rt ar as bl ofi e t thi c nquiy s t he t whe d l a o e ona e fc r ha s onductwa unlwf i t s a ul n he s t to he c r ed. Sa i r 533 U . a 202. iua i n onf ont ' ' uc e , S. t A tt tm e ofCo s de e i n i Apr lof2011 i w a c e r y e t bls d t tc r c i l he i x' t nto n i , t s l a l s a ihe ha or e tona of i a sha a dut l o pr e tprs r f om vi e e a t ha efot rprs r y Fa m e , fci l ve y s ot c i one s r t ol nc t he nds he i one s ' r r ' 511U . a 8 a t ta ofi i lm a be hel la e i he know s ofa di r a dsan S. t 33, nd ha n fc a y d i bl f nd s eg r 16 e es i rs t a i t she lh ors f t l a 837. l t i t ntc e,her c dco ans xc sve ik o n nma e' at a ey. d. t n he nsa as t e or nt i e de t ,whe viwe i Cox' fvor s sst tMies Ofie Qui Ofie vi nee hat n e d n s a , ugge t ha l , fc r nn, fc r Pi er a a O f i erBa e w e e a a e ofa di r ga de t s t nta r s ofs rous ha m nk m n, nd fc xl y r w r nd s e r d he ubs a i l i k ei r t tCox f ce i Pod 3A. Acc ptng Cox' ve sonoft e nt ,hec ti unabl t c ude ha a dn e i s ri he ve s t our s e o oncl t tt s def nda sc d ha r a ona y be i ved t tt i c ha he e e nt oul ve e s bl le ha he r onduc w a l w f . A cc r ngl t s a ul o di y, M ie ,Ofs e Qui Ofi rPi r n,a Of e Ba e aeno e ildt qualfe ls tc r nn, tce nkema nd ic r xly r t ntte o iid i ni , n t mo in f rs mmayj d me tmu t ed ne wihrs e tt tepan ifs mmu t a d he to s o u r u g n s b e id t e p c o h litf y cons iutonalc a m aga ns t s de e nt . tt i li i t he e f nda s 4. SerzeantSm ih t Thefnalde e ntname i t a e d c i f nda d n he m nde ompl i i Ser a Sm ih. Se ge nt ant s ge nt t r a Smih' onl i ve nti t sma trocc r d on Aprl11 201l whe M iescal hi t t s y nvol me n hi te ure i , , n l led m o ad s hi o t s t to i Pod 3A i vi Cox. Ther i s e diput ast Se g n vi e m f he iua i n n nvol ng e s om s e o r ea t Sm ih' e c r pons W hie Smih t sii a hi de ii t the ga t ofk e se i t t s xa t es e. l t e tfed t s poston ha ve he t r xplci i t c i on how t ha et st ton i Cox wasbe ng t e e d,M iest tfedt tSmih nsnltons o ndl he iuai f i hr atne l esii ha t t d hi t ha t ce tfe co r c i lofie swihwhom hewa wor ng ha et ol m o ve he riid r e tona fe r t s ki ndl he st ton. U li a e y, ho ve ,t sdiput i notm ae i lt t r ol i n ofCo scli iuai 5 tm t l we r hi s e s tra o he es uto x' am a i tSe gea t Sm ih. The e de s it d by Cox i c t s t tt c r e tona ofi e s ga ns r n t vi nce ubm te ndi a e ha he o r c i l f c r on dut i t pod ar or narl r ponsbl f r s y n he e di iy es i e or e pondi t a i ae' s e y c ng o n nm t s aft once ns Se r . e 5I hi bifi o po iint t ej idee a t' to , xag st tç eei e ie c t a, s t n s re n p sto o h al fnd ns moin Co r ue ha çh r s vd n e h tdepi t e ( s c mpant, fnd n S t e p e syt l t c re to lotc r t tte c l no mo eMr Co . hil o li s Dee a t mi x r sl od he or cina fi es ha h y oud t v . x' h ' Cox' Br i Opp' 21. Howe r t onl e de et Cox ciest s s .n n ve , he y vi nc he t o uppor t sas e ton - Cox' t tm ony t hi s ri s esi t M iesa ot def hat l nd her endmzst d hi t tSmiht d t notm ovehi - i i t ol m ha t ol hem m - s nadmisbl hea s y unde si e ra r Ruls8 la 8 2o t Fe r l e o Evie ea ,h , a no bec n i rdo s e 0 nd 0 f he dea Ruls f d nc nd tus c n t o sdee n ummayj d me t r u g n. Se e. .Gl 721F. at533 CG' s e, :. aze, 3d -he econd sa e f tt ment- Chidssr t ha Andr wss d % coul tdo - l ' epor t t e ai he dn' a hi abouti'-i alo i nyt ng t- s s nadm i i e. Thi saementi he s wihi he s y. Boycet tfe abouta ssbl s tt s aray t n ar a esiid saementby Chidst r poredasatm e byAndr tt l hat e t t e nt ews. Thi t ofevi s ype dencei a isbl onl $fea par s dm s i e y i ch t o tec ie sae nsc f n wi a e c pint ter l (g is h asyj' F d. Evd. 05 f h ombn d ttme t on o ns t n x e to o h ue a an t e ra . e R. i 8 . h Alhough Andr ' saeme woul beadmisi eagai thi asanadmisi i Chidss ts ii t ei no t ewss t t nt d s bl ns m s on f l o e tfed,her s e c pt alwiga sino Boy cssae n a ou wh t l t dhi ' . x e i lo n dmiso f c ' ttme t b t a Chi ol m.) on ds ' 17 W i t De 29. Thus e n a s i t tSe gea Smih smpl advie M ie t ha t nson p. , ve s um ng ha r nt t i y s d l s o ve he cetfe core tonalofier ha et st tonwihCo nora ona ej yc dfndfom riid rci fc s ndl he iuai t x, e s bl ur oul i r s h e de t Se ge ntSmih knowi y dir ga d a e e svers ofhar . Li wies uc vi nce hat r a t ngl s e r ed n xc s i ik m ke s nor a o a l j r c ul fn t tS t i s b e tt s p r io yla iiyf ra yc n t uina e s n b e u y o d id ha mi s u j c o u e vs r ib l o n o si to l h t t ijzisi fitdb h ss b r i ts S eSh w v S r u ,1 F.d 7 , 9 (t Ci. 9 4 nt e n l e y i u o dnae . e a . to d 3 3 91 7 9 4 h r 1 9 ) r c (etn f rhrql e n sfretbihigs p r io yla lt) Ac o dngy tej i sti g o t e trme t o sa ls n u e vs r ibi y . c r i l,h al i i def nda s m o i wilbe g a e ast Cox' c tt i c am agans Se g ntSmih. e nt ' ton l r nt d o s onsiutonal l i i t r ea t B. Cons r v pi ac Cox as s e t hol t de e nt la eunde j1 3f c pii t vi aehi lo e ks o d he f nda s ibl r 98 or ons rng o olt s f r c tt i rg s Toesa ihacvic piac unde j1 3,hepl ntf ç t edeal onsiutonal iht. tbls i l ons r y r 98 t ai if ç mus p e e t v d n et the( ee a t)a tdj ityi c nc r a dt a s meo e t c wa d n i r s n e i e c ha t d fnd ns ce on l n o e t n h t o v r a t s o e n f rh rn eo tec n pr c whc r s le i ( ) e rv to o ac nsi to a rg t' Hikl u tea c f h o s ia y ih e utd n t d p iain f o tt in lih . n e he u ' v.CiyofClr bur 81F.d41 421( hCi.1 6) Thi i aç iht buden.' l W hie t aks g, 3 6, 4t r 99 . s s s g y r ' d. we l t pl ntf k e notpr he ai i f ç d ne oduc di e te de ofa m e tng o t m i ,' t us co e f r r e r c vi nce e i f he nds' he t t m o wa d m wih s ii c r um s a i e de e t tea h m em be oft a l ge cons r c s r d t s m e t pec tc i c t ntal vi nc ha c r he le d pia y ha e he a c n piao ilo j cie' l . l ohe wo d , os r i s mmryj d me t t panifs o s rtra b e tv v d n t r r s t u vve u ' u g n,he li t f e de ( t a l s,ras yladt t i ee et tt g f nt)postveyortcty vi nce ç , teat e onabl e o he nfrnc ha he deenda s ii l a il mus ca t am ut unde sandi t ty t a compls a c me o ual r t ng o r o c ih omm on a unl ulpln. Lu nd awf a ' ds ' U pon r vi w oft r c d, he e ti c nce t tCox hasf ie t pr f re denc e e he e or t our s onvi d ha a l d o of e vi e fo wh c ar ao bej r c udfn t a t a s c amu u lu d rtn i wa ra h di ti r m ih e s na l u y o l i d h t h t u h t a n e sa dng s e c e n h s c s Ac or ngy,t dee nt'moto f s a e. c di l he fnda s ins or ummayj r udgme wilbegrntdwihr pec nt l a e t es t t Cox' cl m . o s ai 18 1. I Cl m s unde s at l w ai r t ea l a tont hi cli unde j1 Coxaset s e nt saelw camso n ddii o s ams r 983, s rs upplme al tt a li f cons ia y t c p r c o omm i as a ta bat r a i e i li lc i n ofe otona dite sd t s ul nd te y nd nt ntona nfito m i l sr s . A. C ons racv t com m i ass tand bat erv pi o t aul t Cox fr tas e t a c a m f rco pi a y t c m i a s ul a ba t r Suc c a m hasnot i s s r s l i o ns r c o om t s a t nd te y. h li bee r c n e ogni ed by t Supr m e Cour ofV igi a a l w e c t t ve ye t c us ve y z he e t r ni , nd o r our s s ha t o oncl i l de det matr' Fule v. if 990F.Supp. 5 58 ( D.Va. 3)(ii ca e ) ci he te.' lr Alf, 2d 76, 2 E. 201 ctng s s. Eve a s i t tc pia y t commi as a ta bat r i a vibl c e ofa ton,t cou t n s um ng ha ons r c o t s ul nd te y s a e aus ci he r c ncu e t tt d fn a t aee t ldt s mmayj d me ti t isa tc s . Si l o ld s ha he ee d ns r ni e o u r u g n n he n tn a e mpy t sae , xh sfie p o fre ie efo wh c ar a o a l j r c ul fn t th d fnd n s ttd Co a ald r fe vd nc r m ih e s n b e u y o d id ha te ee a t ç m bi t a ompls b s ec ç co ned o cc ih, y om once t a ton,' het t ofas a ta batr red c i 't ors s ul nd te y. CommecilBusnes Svs.l v. lsouhSe vce .l .453S. 2d261 267( 1 . r a i s . nc. Bel t r i s nc, E. , Va. 995) Ac r i y,t de e nt 'motonswilbe g a ed wih r pe tt t sc am . co d ngl he f nda s i l r nt t es c o hi l i B. Int onali cton ofem ot onaldi t enti nni i i s ress Cox' fnalc a m i one f i e i li lc i ofe oto ldi t e s Suc c a m sa e s i li s or nt ntona nfi ton m i na s r s . h li r notf r di Vigi a. Se Supevau-l .v. ohns 666S. 2d335,370( 2008 . To avo e n r ni e r l nc J on, E. Va. ) pr vai on a cai ofit ntonali lc i ofe i ldites ,apl i ifmus pr t e l lm ne i ntiton motona sr s antf t ove he f l ngee nt bycl .a co ncnge de e: 1 t tçhewr olowi lme s ea nd nvi i vi nc ( ) ha t r t ongdoe ' c rs onduc wa t s i e i lorrckl s'( t tdhec ntntona e es'' 2) ha t onduc wasouta ousori olrbl''()t tçheewa a , t t r ge nt ea e' 3 ha d r s 5 t ca a c us l onneci bewe nt wrngdoe' co ta t r uli e i ldites';a ( ton t e he o rs nduc nd he es tng motona sr s' nd 4) t tç he r uli e oto ldi t e sw ass ve e. I ha t es tng m i na s r s t e r ' d. ' 6 Cox alo cl m e t tt def nt ai and abete t c mison ofan as aul and bate y. s ai d ha he enda s ded td he om s i s t tr Howe r hewihdr t tcl m i hi i talbre i opposton t t pe ng motons. ve , t ew ha ai n s nii if n ii o he ndi i 19 As u ng, t de di t tar a ona ej yc dtndt tCoxs tsidt frt s mi wihout ci ng, ha e s bl ur oul i ha aife he is t e el m e sw ih r pec t a one oft de e nt ,t c tc l hr e e nt t es t o ny he f nda s he our onc udest tCox' c a m f ha s l i or itn in lnlcino e to a d srs i i s tce t owih tn s mmayj d me tsn eh ne to a ifit f mo in l ite s s n uf in t t sa d u r u g n ,i c e o i has f l d t pr f rs fci nte de e t the ha s f r t de r e ofe otona dit e s aie o of e uf i e vi nc ha s uf e ed he g e m i l sr s r quie t m e tt f t elment W ih r s c t t tee e , heSu eme Cour ofVigi a e r d o e he ourh e . t e pe t o ha lm nt t pr t r ni hasempha i d t tl ibiiy a iesonl whe t e o i dites i e r me,a onl whe e sze ha i a lt rs l y n he m tonal sr s s xte nd y r t dite si lc e i s s ve et tnor as bl pe s n c dbee he sr s nfit d s o e r ha e ona e r o oul xpede t e ur i. Rus o d o nd e t' ' s v. hie, S. 2 1 1 ( 1 ) W t 400 E.d 60, 63 Va. 991. I Rus o, he Supr m e Cour he d t ta pl i ifc pl i ng ofne v ne s s e p n s t e t l ha a ntf om a ni r ous s , l e de i ton,sr sa isphysca s prva i tes nd t i l ympt ,wihdr wa fom a tvii , a i biiy t oms t a l r c i tes and n na lt o co e r t a wor f ie t al get t o e r m te o i ldite st tgi srs t nc ntae t k, a ld o le he ype f xte m tona sr s ha ve ie o la lt 1 Appl ngRusoi Harsv. e ze,624S. 2d24( 2006) t Suprme ibiiy. d. yi s n ri Krut r E. Va. ,he e Cour lke s hed t tt pl i ifsal gai ofds ve eps hol ca tal a m e a t i wi e l ha he antf le tons te r yc ogi l r tma nd nt l a uih a f c i he m e a andphysc lwel- ng,' t s ng s fe tng r nt l ia lbei 'wih ympt si udi tni m a es om ncl ng s ght r , ditc t se pi exte el sofs l- se m a de es i r quii a tona ps hol ca fi uly l e ng, r m os e fe t e nd pr son, e rng ddii l yc ogi l t e t e and c r a m nt ouns lng,' e e ii uf i i ntt s i f t f t e e e ' oft t tf r e i ' w r çns fc e o ats y he ourh l m nt' he es o i e i li lci n ofe i ldites . Ha rs 624 S. 2d a 34. nt ntona nfi to motona sr s ri, E. t M or rce l i Al v.Grs m,639S. 2d 1 ( .2007)t SuprmeCour f e e nty,n my iha E. 82 Va ,he e t ound t t pl i i fhad a qua e y a l ge s ve e e otonaldi tes w he e s as e t d t tt hat he a ntf de t l le d e r m i sr s r he s r e ha he de e nt c f nda s' onduc ç us d he t s f rfo s ve alde lt tng c tons i l ng t d e r o uf e r m e r biiai ondii , nc udi ca de es i ne vo nes ,and a i biiy t se p,whi h uli ael c us ac pr son, r us s n na lt o le c tm t y a ed omplt ee dii e a i ofvit ly e r as tofherlf ' Al 639 S. 2d a 1 snt gr ton rua l ve y pec ie.' my, E. t 88. l ditnguihi n si s ng 20 c s ss c a Rusoa Ha s teS p e Co r n tdta Swj i b t Al a dt p an if a e u h s s nd ni ,h u rme u t oe h t ç hl o h my n he litf g e i Hari al ge t tt y r quied c n rs le d ha he e r ouns lng a s f r d fom s ve eps hol ca tal e i nd ufe e r e r yc ogi l r tma, de e so , u laina ij r t rpuain Al a dto al alg dt a t ed fnd n s prs in h miito nd nu y o e tto , my d i n ly le e h t h ee a t' i a tonsr nde ed he f tona l i pa e ofc r yi ou a ofherw or orf m iy ci e r r unc i ly nca bl a r ng t ny k a l r s i ltes' 1 TheSuprmeCour frhe e eponsbiii . d. ' e t u t r mpha i dt t (l c or ngt Al he sze ha,ûalc di o my, r e to a dsrs r a he s c alv lo sveiyta çev r a p c o (e jl e( s mo in l ite s e c d u h e e f e rt h t ll e y s e t f h r i wa q f f unda e a l a s ve e y a t r dy s h t ts ç d t o e e n w a ki outoft f ont m nt ly nd e r l le e ' uc ha he ha r ubl ve l ng he r doo .' I (leai i orgna) r'' d. atrtons n ii l. Appl ng t f e ngdec sons t c tco l yi he or goi ii ,he our ncudest tCox hasf l t pr f r ha aied o ofe s fce e de et e t ih t the s f r t deg e ofe otona dite sr uie t ufi int vi nc o sabls ha ufe ed he r e m i l sr s eq r d o s e d o t sc am . Dtrng hi de ii Cox t sii d t thehad t ca i na ba d e m s ucc e n hi l i li s poston, e tte ha s so l d r a oc a o tg atc , a dt a h b c me( e v u aomdp o l i c n e s to . Co De Tr b u t ta kl' n h t e e a s r o s r t e pe n o v rains' x p. . he ' n ' 1 00. W hie Coxa s t tfe t thet Pa l ohel wih a e y,hi m e ca r co dsc im l lo esii d ha ook xi t p t nxit s di l e r ontr t tt sm e ca i n w aspr c i d t ye rbef r t i i nti q s i ha hi di t o es r be he a o e he nc de n ue ton. Se Pl' Ex.8;s e .s ee as Co De Tr 1 (twa o s Pa ld ugors mehi Ia note cl f s ei Iwa lo x p. . 00 $ s n ome xi r 1 o t ng. m xa ty or ur f s t ki t tbef eorafe t si de .... outi oft t no, have tt ke anyt ng. a ng ha or tr hi nci nt But sde ha , I n' a n hi Don'tkea hi ' . W henakedi hee re e a s o ot rt nne vo nes a t a nyt ng.' ) s f xpeinc d ny ymptms he ha r us s nd oc asona ba dr a s Cox t tfedt thewa nota r ofa a tonal o e s a t the c i l d em , esii ha s wa e ny ddii pr blm , nd ha h dn t e nad co snc h wa r la e fo ji. Ont i rc r t c u tsc n ic dta a o s e o tr i e e s ee sd r m al hs e o d,he o r i o vn e h t t ee i e c p o frdb J c s nwo l n talw ara o a ej r t fn t a h e einc d h v d n e r fee y a k o u d o lo e s n bl u y o id h t e xp re e emotona dite sçs s r t tno r s i l sr s so eve e ha ea onabl pe s n c d be e c e t e ei. Rus o, e r o oul xpe t d o ndur t' ' s 400 S. 2dat1 E. 63. Ac or ngl t c ur wilgr ntt de e nt m o i f s ma y c di y, he o t l a he f nda s' tons or um r j d me twi r s e t ot i cam. u g n t e p c t h s li h 21 11 1. Punii D am aee tve s Th d fn a t h veas mo e f rs mmayj d me t nt panifscam f r e e e d n s a lo v d o u r u g n o he litf li o puniieda ge . Punii da tv ma s tve mage aeç valbl i j 1 a tonsf rc s r t ia e n 983 ci o onduc t ti ve a t ha nvol s ûe kl s orca l i fer nc t t f de aly pr e t rght ofot r y a wel asf co rc e s lous ndif e e o he e r l ot ced i s he s' s l or nduc t mo iae b e i itn . Co p rv Dy e 81 F. 9 , 4 (t Ci.1 8 )(u tn S t v tv td y v ln e t' o e . k , 4 2d 41 9 8 4 h r 9 7 q o ig mi . ' h W a ,461U. 30,56( 983:. Att ssa oft pr ee ngs t c ti oft opi ont t de S. 1 hi tge he oc di ,he our s he ni ha t ee ie ei t es mmayj dg n r c r , e ve di Co sfv r i s fiin t ce t h vd nc n h u r u me t e o d wh n iwe n x' a o ,s u fce t o rae atibl is ast whehe M ies Ofi e Qui Of erBa e a Ofie Pi r na td ra e s ue o t r l , tc r nn, fc xly, nd fc r nkema ce wih r c e sdir ga d f Cox' rght unde t Eiht Ame e . Ac r ngl t e t e kl s se r or si s r he g h ndm nt co di y,hes d fn a t aen te tte t s mma yj d me ta t p ntv d ma e . ee d n s r o n ild o u r u g n s o u iie a g s Co l in nc us o Fo t er a o ssae ,h d fn a t' to f rsz r j d me twi b g a tdi r h e s n tt d t e e e d n s moins o l mma y u g n l e rn e n l pa ta de e i par, nd t ca ewilpr e t tilon Cox' consiutona cai r nd ni d n t a he s l oc ed o ra s tt i l l m a i tM ies Ofke Qui Ofke Ba e a OfkerPi r n. gans l , t r nn, t r xly, nd t nkema The Cl r i die t d t s nd c esoft sm e o a e k s r c e o e opi hi m r ndum opi on a t ac om panyi ni nd he c ng or rt alc de o l ouns lofr or e ec d. ENTER:Thi SM s da o u e 2015. y fl n , Chi fU nied St t sD i t i tJ e e t a e s rc udg 22
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