-RSB Broderick v. Clarke, No. 7:2012cv00064 - Document 16 (W.D. Va. 2012)

Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Jackson L. Kiser on 12/3/2012. (tvt)

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CL SOFFI U. DI tour ERK' CE & SQ ATM NM L VA LE, A Fl I THE UNI STATESDI TRI COURT N TED S CT - 2 FO R TH E W ESTERN DI STRI O F V I I I CT RG N A J I . U ULA BY: R O AN O K E DI SI N VI O # . d FRK r E M I A EL W I I M BR O D ER I , CH LL A CK Pett oner, ii C i lA c i N o.7: 2- vvi ton 1 c 00064 V. M EM OM NDUM OPI ON NI H AR O LD CLA R K E, R espondent . By: H on.Jaclson L.K i er t s Se or Uni e St esD i t i tJudge ni t d at s rc M i ha lW iln Br r c a V i g ni pr s rpr e ng pr K ,tl d ape ii f ra c e li m ode i k, r i a i one oce di o ie tton o . wrto h be sc r u , u s a t o2 U. C. 2 5 ,oc l n ej d me t e tr db o e i f a a o p s p ru n t 8 S. j 2 4 t hal g u g n s ne e y n e j d ea o etmef rteCic i Co r o Ro n keCi ,heCic i Co r o Ro n k Comt u g t n i o h ru t u t f a o t t r ut u t f a o e t y, y a t Cicu tCour oft Ciy ofSa e .The c tco ii nal fl t peii d r ced nd he r i t he t lm our nd to ly ied he tton; ie t t Clr t o n t e s pa aeci la tons e chwih t s m epe ii c lengi a sngl he e k o pe hr e e r t vi c i , a t he a tton hal ng i e Cic i Co r' j d me t p rua tt Rue2 e o t eRue Go enngj2 5 Ca e ; n rut u ts u g n , u s n o l () f h ls v r i 2 4 ss a d die t d r s r c e e ponde t r s nt o e pond t t pe ii tl d i t sa ton.1 R es de t l d a m o i t o he tton i e n hi c i ton o pon nt i e dim is a pe ii rr ponde ma ng t m a trrpef diposton.Afe r vi ngt s s , nd ttone es d, ki he te i or s ii tr e ewi he r o d,1dim ist pe ii bec us peii ri note il d t r le . ec r s s he tton a e ttone s ntte o ei f 1. On J y 1 2009, heCic tCour oft Ciy ofSaem s nt nc d peii ne t affe nul 4, t r ui t he t l e e e tto r o ite ye ra tvetr ofi r er ton a trpe ii ne plade g ly t tvef oni : hr e c t of a ci em nca c ai fe tto r e d uit o q el es t e oun s saut y b glr a t c sofgr nd l r e .2 Pettone a a e t t Cour ofAppe l t t or ur a y nd wo ount a a c ny ii r ppe l d o he t as ofVigi a a gui t tt co te r byi r ni , r ng ha he ur red mposng as nt nc i e e soft s nt i i e e e n xc s he e encng 1 Thsato c n en tej d me te trdb teCic iCo r o t Ci ofS lm. i cin o c rs h u g n nee y h rut ut fhe t ae y 2 Th jd ewh sne c dp tto e wa n th smej g whoa c pe p tt n rsg iype . e u g o e tn e eiin r s o te a ud e ce td eii e ' ul la o t g dei s TheCour ofAppe l ofVigi ade edt a ui lne . t as r ni ni he ppea ,a t Supr me Co tof l nd he e ur Vi gi a r us pe ii r s s e nta al r ni ef ed ttone ' ubs que ppe . Pe ii rtl d a ha asc puspe ii n wih t Supr m e Cour ofVi gi a a gui ttone i e be or tto t he e t r ni , r ng ca msa tt c c i entr byt Cic tCour oft Ciy ofSa e .TheSupr m e li bou he onvitons e ed he r ui t he t lm e Co tofVig ni dim is d t pe ii be a et cai we e et rde auled or ur r i a s s e he tton c us he l ms r ihe f t unm e io i . rt r ous Peii ne tm ey tld t i t ntf der lha spe ii n,al gi t e cli t twe e tto r i l ie he nsa e a bea tto le ng hr e a ms ha r ar adypr s nt d t t Supr le e e e o he eme Cour ofVig ni Fis , ttone uni eli nty e e e t r i a. rt pe ii r nt lge l nt r d g ly pl sund c r i a undue i l nc f rt c r s i t Cicui Co toft Ciy uit ea er oe c on nd nfue e o he ha ge n he r t ur he t o S lm.Se o d t j d eç o uce hi ef(t igs n e cng i awa t a ln t f ae c n ,he u g t nd td ms l dl n e tn i ) n y h t e t o c r q e to a l i a t ly, a dt ej dg ' fi r t rc s hms l d p ie p t in ro d e u sin be mp ri i ' n h u e s al e o e u e i ef e rv d ei o e f u at ' u t pr es . Thid, ttone ' c ms r nde e i feci a ssa ,a c e nty, ttone oc s r pe ii r s ot el e r d ne f tve s it nce nd ons que l peii r ç a uni e lge de s ons l adi t l s l ni ntc e nce ofpe ii r s l galc us s ' ç de nt li nt ci i e ng o e s e e ons que s m ttone ' e a e. ' I I. A peii rpr dlr l de a t a f de alha ascl m whe iasa ec tha de lne ttone oce zaly f uls e r be ai n t t t our s ci d t c i rt cli ' m e ison t ba i ofa a qua ea i pe ntsaepr e a r l .' o onsde he a m s rt he ss n de t nd nde nde t t oc dur l u e' He ikv. ue 443F. 342,359( hCi. drc Tr , 3d 4t r 2006) A saeco tsfndi ofpr durld aul . tt ur' i ng oce a ef t i e il d t apr um p i ofc r dnes , o de t f mda i lr quie s ntte o es ton ore s pr vi d wo ot tona e r ment a eme .28 s r t U. C. 2 5 4 ; a tnv. n y 8 5F.d 1 38 1 41( t Ci.1 8 ) Fis,h saec u t S. j 2 4 * Cln o Mu c , 4 2 2 , 2 4h r 9 8 . rt te tt o r mus explcil r y on t pr ed a gr t i ty el he oc ur l ound t den peii rr le .Y1tv. o y ttone ei f s Nunne a r 501 m ke , U. 7 8 03( 991 ; ri v.Re d, 9U. 255, 9- ( 98 .Sec t sae S. 97, 02- 1 ) Hars e 48 S. 25 61 1 9) ond,he tt pr ce a nze us d t de a tpe ii r s c ai m us be a i pe nta a qua e s a e o dur l l e o f ul ttone ' l m t n nde nde nd de t t t go n f rd n i r le .Fo dv Ge r i, 98U. 41 , 3 2 ( 9 ) Ha s 4 9U. a r u d o e yng eif r . o ga 4 S. 1 42 -4 1 91; ni, 8 S. t 260.A sa epr ed alr ei çnde nde 'i i doe notde nd u af de a c tt tona t t oc ur ul s t pe nt'f t s i pe pon e r l onsiu i l r i a S dequa e' fi i fr y e t bls a r gulry orco it nty a i d by t sa e ulng nd t a t 'i t s iml sa ihed nd e a l nsse l pple he tt c u t Ye tsv. g l n ,1 6F.d2 5 2 3 6 (t Ci.1 98 . o r. at An eo e 6 3 5 , 6 -4 4 h r 9 ) Pei o e ag e i hi s c n cam t a t es ne cn j g wa n tmp ril n tt n r r u s n s e o d li h t h e tn ig ud e s o i a t a d i a s o l h v r c s dh ms l.T Su rmeCo r o Vignarj ce t i cam pls n t h ud a e e u e i ef he p e u t f r ii ee td h s li t ua to r Slvt v.Pa rca 215Va.27,205S. 2d680( 97 ,bec us i c dha be nr s da til a on ri n, E. 1 4) a e t oul ve e aie t ra o o dr c a p a b twa n t nddi n t o c r aj rs ito a is eo ief ci ea ssa c r n ie t p e l u s o a d o c n e n u id ci n l su r n fe tv s itn e ofco e . The U nie St t s Cour ofA ppe l f t Four h Cic thasçr pea e y uns l td ae t a s or he t r ui çe t dl r cog z d t tt pr dur lde a tr l s tf t i Sl v on c tt e a a uae a e nie ha he oce a f ul ue e orh n a t onsiut s n deq t nd i e n e tsae1w g o n f rd cso . Fih rv Ang lne 1 3F.d8 5 8 4( t Ci. nd pe d n tt a r u d o e iin' s e . eo , 6 3 3 , 4 4h r ' 1 )(ntm a quottonsomitd) 998 i e l ai te .Theeor t s c cli i pr dlr l dea td. rf e,he e ond am s oce zaly fule A c tm a no r vi w pr dur ly de a t d c a m a e a s i ofa fm da e a our y t e e oce a l f ule l i bs nt how ng t m nt l mic ni g o j sieo c u ea dp eu ie Hars 4 9U. a 2 2 Th e itn eo c us s a a e f u tc r a s n rj dc . ri, 8 S. t 6 . e x se c f a e or na iy t nsupon a s di rl ur howi ofi feci a ssa eofco e , f c ore e na t t ng ne f tve s it nc uns l a a t xt r l o he de e et ti f ns ha mpede c pla ewih t sa epr dur lr e ort novely oft cai . d om i nc t he tt oce a ul, he t he l m Co e nv. mp o 5 U. 7 2, 3 5 ( 9 ) Cl z av. u rv, 3F.d 1 9 ,1 0 lma Tho s n, 01 S. 2 75 - 4 1 91; o z M ra 91 2 0 2 1 4 (t Ci.1 9 ) S eKo n h e v. t, 6F.d 1 5 ,1 5 ( t Ci.1 9 )(e og iiga 4 h r 9 0 . e r a rns Evat 6 3 3 0 3 9 4h r 9 5 rc n zn c u t o sn tn e t c nsd r h is eo p eu iei tea s n eo c us ) Ero so c t e o r d e o e d o o ie t e su f rj dc n h b e c f a e . r r f omsl maysr ea c us t e us apr e r ldef ti apeii de nsrt ( )t tt er s e v s a e o xc e oc du a aul f ttoner mo taes 1 ha he ror we es e eg o t tt y vi a e pe iine ' consiutonalrghtt e f tveas it nceof r o gr i us ha he olt d tto rs tt i i o fec i ssa c t e3a d( )ta teie fciea ssa c cam i efi e h u tda dn t r c d rly omsl n 2 h t h n fe tv sitn e li t l s x a se n o p o e u al s dea td.Edwa dsv.Cape e,529U. 4 45152( fule z r ntr S. 46, - 2000) . Peii ne me i i t pe ii t thewasuna et a guet sis on a al tto r ntons n he tton ha bl o r hi s ue ppe b a ec ec us ouns lr nde e i f ec i as it nce by no a l i pe ii rt a ove orve o t e e r d ne f tve s s a t low ng ttone o ppr t he camsr ie o a p a.( t 8)Th ss cfccam i no e ha se b c u ei wa n t li as d n p e l Pe. . i pe ii li s t x u td e a s t s o pr e e t t Supr es nt d o he eme Cour ofVigi a M o eove ,pe ii rdoesnotha ;ac tt tona t r ni. r r ttone ve ç onsiu i l rg t c iht o ompel... ot elt pr snonfi o poit ( )rquesed .... J v. r s c ms o es rvolus ns he e t ' ones Bane , ' 4 3U. 7 5 7 ( 9 3 .i o j g st . .mpo eo a pone c u s lad t t riee e' 6 S. 4 , 51 1 8 ) û r ud e o . i s n p itd o n e uy o as v l F y tol a e'ca m s c or bl li ugge t by ac intwoul dis r et ver goa ofvi ousa e f tve sed le d s e v he y l gor nd feci a dvoca y....' I a 754.Thus t f c t tc c ' d. t , he a t ha ouns ldi notc ul wih pe ii ra e d ons t t ttone boutw ha t c am st r s on a l i o aie ppea doe notc tt ei fe i as it nc ofcouns lo c us l s onsiut ne f ctve s sa e e r a e. Ac o dn l , tto e fist e tbl haf n a na mic rig o j tc o s fkin c u e c r ig y peiin r al o sa i u d me tl s ara e f usie r u t e t a s s a p eu iet e u etep o e u a d fu t nd rj dc o xc s h r c d r l ea l. 3 A peii rcli i i fe i as itnceofc e m us stsy t t o- ongedt ts tf t i Stiklnd ttone am ng ne fctve ssa ouns l t a if he w pr es e orh n rc a v W ahiao , 6 U.. 6 ( 9 4 .Th trt r n o Src a rq ie ap tto rt s o çh tc u sl de . s n tn 4 6 S 6 8 1 8 ) e is p o g f tiklnd e urs eiine o h w t a o n e ma t e r ss s roust co e w a nothm c i ngast t uns 'gua a ee t deenda byt Si h ror o e i hat uns l s toni he co el r nt d he f nt he xt Ame me ty' a i ta c u e' rpe e tto flb lw a o jciesa d r o ra o be es nd n g'me nng h t o nsls e rsnain el eo n b etv tn ad f e sna ln s. l Srcklnd,466U . a 687- The s ond pr ofSrc a r uie apettone t s t tc elsde i e ti a S. t 88. ec ong tiklnd eq r s ii r o how ha ouns ' fcint p roma c p eu ie hi b d mo taigaçe sn bl p o a ii ta, u frc u slser r,hers lo efr n e rj dc d m y e nsrt ç ao a e r b bly h tb t o o n e' ros t eut f n r t t pr ee ngwoul ha bee dif e . l a 694.ç r s bl pr he oc di d ve n fernt' d. t ' ç ea ona e obabiiyi apr biiys tci t A lt s oba lt ufi ent o unde m i t c i nc oft outom e. l r ne he ontde e he c ' d. ' I apeii rha nots tsid onepr oft Sti andt t acour doe notne t i r wheherhehas f ttone s aife ong he rckl es, t s ed o nquie t stsidtcoh rpo .1 a 69 .1Aj atr c sa t o o sin ta m'n u c nsiuin ln iiu l aite h te rng d. t 7 ç n ton y' cs r miso s h t e ot n o ttt a idvd al ( o y c n o b a d dtg te t cet ac nttt na voain. Fse v An eo e 1 3F.d8 5, 5 - 3(t Ci. a n t e d e o eh r o rae o si i l ilto ' ih r . c ln , 6 3 3 8 2 5 4h r uo ' 1 9 ) Src a etbl h datto gp eu to ta c u s lsc n uc flswihntewiern eo rao a e 9 8 . tiklnd sa i e ç rn rs mp in h t o n e' o d t al ti h d a g f e sn bl s s pr e so asitnc .' Sti a 466 U. a 689.t udi als r tnyofcouns lspe f ma emus behi y ofs inal ssa ell' rcklnd, S. t t ci c ui l e ' ror nc t ghl d frnil a dç v r e fr ( t b ma et ei n t tedso t gefcso hi sg t. . n t e au t te eee ta' n t ey fo tmusl e d o lmiae h itri fet f ndih . a d o v lae h ' e n (h le g d c nd c fo c u e'pese tv a tet . I tl fe tv rp ee tto i n tsn n mo s c aln e l o u tr m o nsls rp cie th i ' d. tF fcie e r sn ain s o y o y u me ' ll wiherresrp ee tto . S rna rv Coln , 8 F.d3 , 3 (t Ci. 9 8. t ro ls e r snain' p i e . l s 5 6 2 29 3 2 4h r 1 7 ) ' i 4 111. A fd rlc u t yg a th b a r le fo asaec u tu me tl nyo tego n e ea o r ma r n a e s eif r m tt o r j dg n t l n h r u d o t tghepeii r i i c t yi vi ai oft Consiutonorlwsorte tesoft Unied ha t ttone l s n usod n olton he tt i a rai he t Stts' 28U. C.j22544 Afe asaec r a e s t meisofacli as rie i a ae .' S. *. tr tt ou t ddrsed he rt am lo asd n f de a ha speii a f de a co tma notgr ntt pe ii n unl st sae c ts e r l bea tton, e r l ur y a he tto es he t t our' a j dc to o acam i c n rr t , ra u ra o a ea p iaino , lal e tbih d du iain f li s o tay o o n n e s n bl p lc to f ce ry sa ls e fd r la o b s do a u r ao a ed tr n to o tef cs 28U. C. 2 5 4 e e a lw r a e n n n e s n bl ee miain f h a t. S. j 2 4 *. The e ua i ofw he he a s a e c tde i i i C ont a y t 'orta um e ona e val ton t r t t our c s on s t r r o' t n c as bl a i a i of'f de a l w i ba edon a i pe n r vi w ofe ch sa d. W iln v. pplc ton e rla s s n nde nde t e e a t ndar li ms Ta o , 2 U. 3 2 41 - 3( 0 0 .A saec u t eemi to i G o tayt 'fd r la i vlr 5 9 S. 6 , 2 1 2 0 ) tt o r d tr nain s l n rr o'e e a lw f c it n v sa ac n lso o p iet t a r a h db (h Uni dS ae S p e )Co r o a tt i e t o cu in p ost o h t e c e y t e t tts u rme u t n a e q eto o 1w o i t esaec u t e ie ac s dfee tyt a (h UntdS ae S p e l u sin f a r f h tt o r d cd s a e ifrn l h n t e ie tts u rme Cour hason as tofm a e i l i si uiha ef t. l a 41 t e t raly nditng s bl acs' d. t 3. ' A f der lc tm a a s is t wrtunde t tl e s bl a i to 'c a ei t e a our y l o s ue he i r he t a ona e pplcai n' l us f he mr fd r l o r tn st a t esaec u ti e tfe tec re tg v r i lg l rn il fo (h e e a c u ti d h t h tt o r çd n iis h or c o enng e a p icpe r m t e i Su eme Cour' de sonsbutunr s bl a i t tprnci et t fcsoft prs rs pr l ts cii ea ona y pples ha i pl o he a t he ione ' c s . l .Thsra o a e e ssa adi a o jcieo e l a 41 .A Vignac u ts a e' d i e s n bln s tnd r s n be t n . d. t 0 ' v r ii o r' fndi c nnotbede d unr a ona eme ey be us i doesno c t e t bls d Unied i ngs a eme e s bl r l ca e t t ie sa ihe t St t sSupr me Cour pr ce ae e t e denton a i s i t r ul r a he i notc r r t t t n s ue f he es t e c d s onta y o ha etb ih dp e e e t S eM i hel . p ra 5 U. 1 ,1 ( 0 3 .F rh nno e ta sa ls e rc d n . e t l v Es az , 40 S. 2 6 2 0 ) u te r ,t l c g sae- our f c ua de e nai i notunr as bl me ey bec us t f r lha asc t t t c t a t l t nni ton s e ona e r l a e he ede a be our woul ha r c adif r ntc l i i t frti t nce' W ood v.Ale 558U . 290, d ve ea hed f e e oncuson n he is nsa .' ln, S. 1 S. .841 849( 0) 30 Ct , 201 . A fderlc 'r e ngaha speii ç e umeg)t (ttlc tsfcual e a oul eviwi t bea tton d s s he sae our' a t pr fn ig t b s u du ls g t in r r b t l ep e u to o c re t s b ce ra d idn s o e o n n e s pei o e ) e us t r s mp in f or cne s y la n t h c n icn e ie e' M i e- v Drt e 5 5U. 2 , 4 (0 )(uoi 28U. C. o vn ig vd nc .' l rEl . ek , 4 S. 31 2 0 2 05 q tng ' l S. j2 5 ()1) Se . ..Le zv. a hngo 4 4F.d2 5 3 0 01( t Ci. 0 6 .Fial , 2 4 e( ). e ec, n W s i tn, 4 3 9 , 0 - 4h r 2 0 ) n ly te e unde j2254( ( )i lmie t t rc dt twa beor t saec tt t d viw r r d)1 s i td o he e or ha s f e he tt our ha a j d c tdt ecam o t me is' Cu lnv. n o se , 6 U. du iae h li n he rt. le Pih ltr 5 3 S. ,1 S. .1 8 ( 01 ) ' 31 Ct 3 8 2 1. I t tr tcli a apori oft t r cai pe ii ra gue hi guit plasf t n he i s am nd ton he hid l m, ttone r s s ly e or he Sae cha ge we enotknowi y a vol t rl ma be us hi a t ne m ia s d hi , lm r s r ngl nd un a iy de ca e s tor y s dvie m whi h r s td i peii ne r cevi agr a e s nt nc t n heexpe t d.Pe ii ra lge t t c e ule n tto r e i ng e t r e e e ha ce ttone le s ha her c ve al te fom c e ei d e tr r ouns lbef et plahe rng, vii hi t plad g ly t f e or he e a i ad sng m o e uit o our f l esa o mide e nori e ha f t Comm o a1h nolepr sngt r m ani eoni nd ne s m a n xc nge or he nwe t l os i he e i ng i d he e t r hi ng ha he e tr c r . Peii ha ges4 ttoners gne t l te , t nki t tt lte consiu edt plaag e men ,a tt t he e r e t nd ma ld i ba k t c ms l5 ie t c o ot e . Att pl he rng,howe r peii rl a nedt thewasg ng t bepl di guit t he ea a i ve , ttone e r ha oi o ea ng ly o tve f o e ,notf t , t r s i t tco elc nged t t m s oft l terby sr ki t i el ni s otr afe ee ng ha uns ha he er he e t ti ng he wor ( tt'a i e tng çgr nd'be o et a c ny. Pe ii rque toned c d t i' nd ns ri t a ' f r t r e ' ttone pe l ' si ouns labo t e ut he c nge, nd c elr pled,t tdoes tmat r' Pe ii rt a knowl dge durngt pla ha a ouns e i t l n' te . ttone hen c ' e d i he e 4 Peii rw a orgi l c r i Salm w ihelve ofens s butt Commonwe t a ee t nol pr esx t e n f e, ttone s i naly haged n e he a1h gr d o l os i c r s i l nggrndlr eny,sau or bur ay,es pewihou f c a t mide norvi atonsofa ha ge , ncudi a a c ttt y glr ca t t or e, nd wo s mea ol i pr e tveor r i e ha f peii ' guit pl st fvef onis:hr ec sofsauor bur a ya t otci de ,n xc nge or ttoners ly ea o i el e t e ount t tt y glr nd wo c sofg a lr ny. ount r nd ace 5 The lte , whi h wa pr ent t t Supr m e Cour ofVigi a wasnotsgned by a a toft e tr c s es ed o he e t r ni , i n gen he Co mmon at.S eUni dSttsv Bo , 57F.d3 6 3 5(t Ci. 0 )(e o niigpe a re nsae we1h e t ae . we 2 3 3 , 4 4h r 2 01 rc g zn la g e me t r e g o n e i c nrc lw) Th r i n idc t ni terc r ta awrte pe a re n e itd r u d d n o ta ta . ee s o n iai n h e od h t i n la ge me t xse , o t 6 c l quy t the f l unde s ood t f ve f l ny cha ge a i thi t w hi h he w a pl a ng olo ha uly rt he i e o r s ga ns m o c s e di g ly, t e ha e ane t hi e r hi t Co m o a1h wasr r d t pr t uit co ms l d xpli d o m ve yt ng he m nwe t equie o ove o c c hi a he ha had e onvit m, nd d nough tm et c ul wih co ela i o ons t t uns bouta pos i e d e eshe ny sbl ef ns m i ha Pe ii ralo a fr e heha dic s wih c ght ve. ttone s fim d d s us ed t ouns lwhe he t pl d g ly, d e t r o ea uit ha de i f hi eft plad guit a wa doi s fe l and vol a iy be a eheha cded or ms l o e ly, nd s ng o r ey unt rl c us d co mitd t ofe e . Peii m te he f ns s ttonera s s i t thehadno be n t e t ne f c o tike lo ad ha t e hr a e d, or ed, r rc d it pl di guit a he a fr e t heunde soodhi g ly plascoul beus a gr n o ea ng ly, nd fim d hat rt s uit e d ed s ounds f r voki hi pr vi l i pos d pr ton o pa ol Pe ii rf t rac or e ng s e ousy m e oba i r r e. ttone urhe knowldge t the e d ha unde sood hewaswavi c ti rght by pl di guit a t tt m a m um punihme rt i ng eran i s ea ng ly nd ha he xi s nt f e ch ofe ewa 20yea si prs at h t c t or a f ns s r n ion lhoug he our woul de i t a t ls nt nc d c de he c ua e e e. Pe ii ne t d t c the wass ts i w ih t w or hi a t ne had do on hi be l a tto r ol he our a i fed t he k s tor y ne s ha f nd ta h h dth b s d fns a tm e si te( a o lValy .' De pt h ss r sae n s h t e a t e e t ee e t y n h Ro n ke l ll' s ie i won ttme t t o e t t Cic tCour, ttone c o he r ui tpe ii r ompl i t thewoul no ha sg d t lte i c ms ha aned ha d t ve i ne he e tr f ot el d not( oe c 'a ç e szed'pe ii ri opladi guit t fve f l esa i heha t r ed' nd i s lr ' ttone nt e ng ly o i e oni nd f c pr d known he woul r ei har hers nt nce. d ec ve s e e Th S p e Co r o Vignarjde t eealg to s h l n ta p tto rddn t e u rme u t f r ii ee d h s le ain , odig h t ei ne i o i stsyter q ii sa d r se tbihe i S rc a dv. ahigo 46 U. 6 8( 9 4 , n aif h e ust tn a d sa ls d n tikln W s n tn, 6 S. 6 1 8 ) a d e Hi v. c h r, 4U.. 2( 9 5 . TheS p e Colt fVigna sa j dc to o t e e l Lo k a t47 S 5 1 8 )6 l u rme t o r i i' du iain f h s r c ai s i ne t rc r r t ora t r as na e a i a i of cl ary es a i hed f de al1 w l m s ihe ont a y o, n m e o bl pplc ton , e l t bls e r a norba ed o an unr as s n e onabl dee m i ton oft f t.Peii ne ' sae e su roah e tr na i he ac s tto rs t tm nt nde t 6 Hil edta apeiin ralgn iefcieassa c o c u s lo ag iyplamu t r v p eu ieb lh l h t t o e le ig n fe tv sitn e f o n e fr ul e s p o e rj dc y t t de monsr tng t tt r wasar as bl pr biiyt tt peii rwoul notha pld guit a woul ha tai ha he e e ona e oba lt ha he ttone d ve e ly nd d ve i i t d on goi t t i butf c else r . 474 U . a 59. nss e ng o ral or ouns ' r or S. t 7 durngt plahe rng a epr u e t betu Blc e v. ls 431U. 63, 74 i he e a i r es m d o r e, a kl dce Alion, S. 73- ( 977) a peiine' s nsae nsi r pons t t Cic tCour' quetonscle a 1 , nd tto rs wor ttme t n es e o he rui ts si trd ny ale y i ore advie gi n by c lgedl nc r ct c ve ouns l Se e. , t d Stt sv. e . e, c.Unie a e Lambe 974 F. 1 y, 2d 389, 1 ( hCi.1 2)(ec zi aplac l c e anyi o ra c gve pro t t 394 4t r 99 r ogni ng e oloquy urs mpr pe dvie i n ir o he pl a knowi t potnta co eq nc ofpl di guit .Se as Unie Sttsv, ea bout ng he e il ns ue es ea ng ly) e lo td ae Bo e 48 U. 5 3 5 2( 9 9 (6 d fnd n i n t n ildt wi d a h splameey c , 8 S. 6 , 7 1 8 ) û ee a t s o e tte o t rw i e rl A h be us hedic r l ng a t t pl aha bee a ce edt thi c c usm ia e nde ... ca e s ove s o fer he e s n c pt ha s alul s ppr he d t lkel pe li at hedt atr tvec s ofacin.)( tngBr dvv. tdStts he i y nates tac o lenai oures to ' quoi ' a Unie ae , 3 7U.. 4 , 5 ( 9 0 ) Ac o d n l, eiin rfie t e tbih a t n wigo 9 S 7 2 7 7 1 7 ). c r i gy p tto e ald o sa ls n mk o n r i un a y guit pl ort co elr nde edi feci a ssa e wih pe ii rsde ii n nvol t r ly ea hat uns e r ne f tve s it nc t ttone ' c so t pl d g lyt t fve f l e . o ea uit o he i eoni s Pe ii rf rhe a l ges i t r m a ni pori oft t r c a m t tc ttone u t r le n he e i ng ton he hid l i ha ouns lr nde ed e e r i feci a ssa e whe c ne f tve s it nc n ouns lf ie t s r n pe ii e a ld o c ee ttonerf s t nc a ebe or t or ubsa e bus f e he s ntncng he rng;f ied t co muni a ewih hi ;f ie t t oughl r e t pr s n e e e e i ai al o m c t t m al d o hor y eviw he e e t nc r por ;f ied t ca lA ndy St a t n,a vi tm ofpe ii r sc i es a a w ines 'f ie t i i t e t al o l r to ci ttone ' rm , s t s a l d o ns s , o t ej d e sr c s l mia vs dp tto e ta h c u dno tl amoi nfrr c nsd rto , n h u g ' e u a; s d ie eiin r h t e o l t ie to o e o ieain' a df i dt c n ulwihp tto e a o t h a p a.Th S prmeCo r o Vig narj ce n al o o s t t ei n r b u t e p e l e u e e i u t f r i i ee td te ecamsbe a epeiine ddn t x li h w t s alg to sc us dp eu ieo h w h s li c us tto r i o e pan o hee le ain a e rj d c r o c u s lsp ro ma c fl b lw a o j ciesa ado r a o a e e s o n e' ef r n e el eo n b e tv tnd r f e s n bln s . Th S prmeCo t fVigni' a j d c to o t e ecamsi n i e c nrr t , ra eu e ur o r i a s du iain f h s li s et r o tay o o n h unr a ona e a i a i of elary esa ihe f der ll w no ba e on a unr a ona e e s bl pplc ton , e l t bls d e a a r sd n e s bl de er i ton oft f c s Pe ii t m na i he a t . ttonerdi notale how a s t nc abus e ua i woul d l ge ubs a e e val ton d 8 havei mpace hi s nt nce;di notalegewhats c fci or a i woul hav s fcen l td s e e d l pe ii nf m ton d e ufi i ty i ce pe ii rss nt e i c mpa td ttone ' e enc f ouns lwa mor ac s i e' nd di nots c fc l de c i e s e ce sbl , a d pe ii aly s rbe t i o r c pori oft pr s nt er r dlrng s e i ori hi ha speii or he nc r e t tons he e e enc epo t zi entncng n s bea tton e t bls t ta dicr panc ha ar as bl pr biiy ofr i t i sa ih ha ny s e y d e ona e oba lt educng he mpos d s ntnc . e e e es Peii ralo di no des rbewha t tm ony Sta tn woul ha pr de t twoul ha ttone s d t c i t esi r to d ve ovi d ha d ve c us d ar s bl pr biiy t tt r s toft pr ee ngwoul ha bee dif r n a a e ea ona e oba lt ha he e ul he oc di d ve n fe e t nd di note an wha i or ton co els ul ha dicl e t pe ii rt twoul ha d xpl i t nf ma i uns ho d ve s os d o ttone ha d ve c n ic dp tto e t n t o s n t t ej dg p e iigo e t es n e cn he rn .P tto r o vn e eiin r o o c n e t o h u e r sdn v r h e tn i g ai g ei ne i as di no ha arghtt co elt fl a moto f r onsde a i and hef l t esa ih a lo d t ve i o uns o ie i n or ec i r ton, ais o tbls r s na epr biiy t thi s nt nc woul ha be n dif r ntha t tm otonbe n fld. ea o bl oba lt ha s e e e d ve e fe e d ha i e ie S eEvtsv. e 4 9U. 38 3 ( 9 5 (e o n zn ac i n ld f n a t a arg tt e i Luc y, 6 S. 7, 93 1 8 ) rc g iig rmia ee d n h s ih o t co e d i tila durnga a al.Asdic s ds a peii rdoesnotha arght unsl urng ra nd i n ppe ) suse upr , ttone ve i t tl c ms lwha is st rieona al J nes 463U. a 751-2 (e og zi c e o el ot e t sue o as ppe . o , S. t 5 r c ni ng ouns l n e n t r uee eyno rv luscam rq e tdb apat) Ac o dn l ,h S p e Co r e d o a g v r nfio o li e u se y ry . c r ig y te u rme u t o Vign asa j d c to o t e ecamsi n ih rc n rr t , ra u r a o a l a piain f r ii ' du iain f h s li s ete o tay o o n n e s n be p lc to of cla l e t bls d f de a lw norba e on a t ea onabl dee mi to oft f t . , e ry sa ihe e r l a sd n mr s e t r nai n he acs IV . Fort f eg ng r s ns lgr tr s nde ' moton t dim isa dim ist pe ii he or oi ea o , an e po nts i o s s nd s s he tton f a w rtofha asc pus Bas upon m y fndi t tpe ii rha no m a t r qui ie or i be or . ed i ng ha ttone s t de he e s t s tnta s ngofadeni ofac tt i lrghta r quiedby28U. C.j2253/) a ubsa il howi al onsiutona i s e r S. , ce tfc t ofa albiiy i de e rii a e ppe a lt s ni d. TheCl r i diecedt s nd a c py oft sM emor ndum Opi on a t a c ek s r t o e o hi a ni nd he c ompan ng yi Or rt peii de o ttonera co elofr or f r s nd uns ec d or e pondent . E T R:h 1 dyf eebr21. N E Ti aoDcme 02 , k z Se i Unie St t DititJ e or td aes src udg 10

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