Marvin v. Clark, No. 7:2011cv00609 - Document 71 (W.D. Va. 2013)

Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Jackson L. Kiser on 3/15/2013. (tvt)

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CL S OFFI U. II . ERK' CE S.AST COURT AT DANVI LE, L VA . F ED M â I T H E UN I N TED STA TES D I STRI T C O UR T C FO R TH E W ESTERN D I STR I T O F V I G I I C R N A RO A N O K E D I SI N VI O 2 G 2 J UL . DLE CL D M ERK BY; D SAM UEL A.M ARVI , N Pe ii r, ttone C i lA c i No.7: c 00609 vi ton 11- v- R. M EM O M N DU M O PI I N N O HAROLD CLARK , R es pondent . By: H on.Jac on L . i e ks K sr Se or U nie St t s Di t c Judge ni t d a e s ri t SnmuelA.M a v n,aVigi ai a epr ee ng pr K ,fld apetton f awrtof ri r ni nm t oc di o ie ii or i ha ascor ,purua t 28U. C.j225 Repond fldamoi t dimis a be pus s nt o S. 4. s ent ie ton o s s, nd r e e ng he e r i pe ii ne r s nde maki t ma trrpef diposton. Ahe r vi wi t r co d, lfnd tto r e po d, ng he te i or s ii 1 peii ri no e il d t ha a r le , nd ldim ist pe ii ttone s t ntte o be s e if a s s he tton. 1 . ? k. I t l s wee ofM a c 2006,St c Ros wa drvi he da e P. a he n he a t k rh ay e s i ng r ught r R. nd r da e ' sx- ro1 fi nd,who i t vi tm a lve wih peii ughtr s i yea d re s he c i nd i d t ttonera he m o he , o a nd r t r t poter sor Durng t c rrde t c l r be t tc e e c ot r a whe St cyt d t y t e. i he a i , he hid en gan o i kl a h he , nd n a ol t m t sop,t vitm r r t ts a pe ii rtc ed e c o he a1 t tme, ve he o t he c i ema ked ha he nd ttone i kl a h t r 1 he i e n whe ba hi t t r St c w asc e ne a as d w hy s w a ba hi w ih pe ii ne ,a n t ng oge he . a y onc r d nd ke he s t ng t tto r nd t vitm r ple t s di no r aly lkeba hi wihpe ii rbe a e l m a me do i he c i e id hat he d t e l i t ng t ttone c us t he kes t a hemake m ewas hi t ng.'St y a ke t vitm i pe ii ne e rwas d herbo t m , nd s h s hi ' ac s d he c i f tto r ve he to a t vitm si yesa t ts di tlkeibec us la onetme....g esrthe me nd he ci ad nd ha he dn' i t a e tt i hj cac d 1Thec rt e i d peii r' tm el r pons t t m oto t dim isonJ 4, 201 andr ceve peii r' ou r ceve ttone s i y es e o he in o s s une 2, e i d ttone s moint a n t tepo s sxe nd y ltr Pls n t Ruel ()Fe R. v. s g atp tto e' moin to o me d ha rs n e ite a s ae . t ua to l 5a, d. Ci P.1 rn eiin rs to r t a n ,a dtea n e rso s ( no 49 rpa e p t in rsoii l ep n e o me d n h me d d ep n e ECF . ) e lc s eio e' rgna rs o s . t down t r ' St cy s he e. a uggese t tt vitm 1the mot rgi he bahsfom now on a ' t d ha he c i e r he ve r t r nd a k dtevci t tl h rSift sha p nsa an. s e h itm o el e t l hi p e g i ' g ' La e t twe k,St y as t vi tm a t r ha e ac ked he ci boutha ng De ii C t r ' Thevitm s i vi stn t he e. put ' ci a d s wa afad i wo d bur E a ehe f t ha s r t he herwih hi fng na lup i he s r i t ul n t us r aher d c a c d bec t s i er i n t r ' St cy a s ove hea d t vitm t li P. t tpe ii ne wo d hur t vitm ' he e.' a lo r r he c i elng R. ha tto r ul t he c i s mot a wo d notalow t vitm t ply wih P. a m or i t vi tm t tld on her nd ul l he c i o a t R. ny e f he c i ate peii r ttone . On Aprl5, i 2006,St c t d t vitm ' mot rt ts t a y ol he c i s he ha he houghtpeii rha be n ttone d e s lyabusngt vitm . Sher pe t d wha t vitm ha s i t mot rbe n wee ng exual i he c i e ae t he c i d ad,he he ga pi a a ke f St cy' hel a St y t d he t ca lt De rme ofSocalSe vce . The nd s d or a s p, nd ac ol r o l he pa t nt i ri s m ot rcal d a m a an a nt ntf rs e t tl t t vitm ats hoolt ne da he le nd de ppoi me o om one o a k o he c i c he xt y. Themot rt dt vi tm t ts he ol he ci ha omepeopl we egoi t t l t he a s hoolandt t e r ng o ak o r t c ha s s d a we t i que tonsa he houl ns r her si boutwha s ha t d P. a t he d ol R. boutpeii r W hiet ttone . l he mot t l d,t vitm qui ty d ew a t ha d he m ot adr wi t ts her ake he c i el r nd hen nde r her a ng ha howe a d s altgtr t hi a lr fgtr be we n t l i alr e t Ast m o he l d a t m l i te ouc ng a ge i le t e he egs n a g ub. he t r ooke t he pit e s he r t ba doort t hous sn . Re lzngpeii rwoul bei t r c ur , he a d he ck o he e lm ai i ttone d n he oom i n s ondsandbei vi he wo d de a t know wha s wa doi i hec ec le ng ul m nd o t he s ng f aughthe tyi t r r ng o hi t dr wi t mot rqui y t e i i ot fe y he rh. de he a ng, he he ckl hr w t nt he i r a t On Aprl7, i 2006, hevi i t d ar pr e a i fom SocilSe viesand Liut na t ctm ol e es nt tve r a r c e e nt Co e Sm ih oft R a pa nnoc Coun y She if sO fi e t ts a pe ii rhad bat d nni t he p hn k t rf ' tc ha he nd ttone he t t ra t thehadt he he Ci i a outi ( lprvaes t'whi çt lkea ogehe nd ha ouc d r tnsde nd sde her i t po,' ch s ung i s be ' Thevitm a s s i t ts and peii ne s we edt t ra t the madehe wa h e. ' c i lo ad ha he tto r ho r ogehe nd ha r s 2 hi pe s Thevitm s i s wasafa dofpeii ra t tpeii ne ha t e t ne t kil s ni . c i a d he ri ttone nd ha tto r d hr a e d o l he m o he .The vitm a s s i pe ii rhadt e t nedt t kehe a y fo he m o he r t r c i lo ad ttone hr a e oa r wa r m r t r be us he mot rwa e l ca e r he s vi. Pe ii rw a a r t d t tni hta a ee t s a w ih Lt Sm ih. H e deni d ttone s r es e ha g nd gr d o pe k t . t e i ppr i t y t hi t vitm , vi he t h hi ,a e rs na oprael ouc ng he c i ha ng r ouc m nd ve howe i wih he . rng t r Alhough hea it d ba hi wihhe ,hecli e he wasc ot d i unde s t a aT- hit t dm te t ng t r am d l he n r hors nd s r. Howe r pe ii rt d adif r ntsor whiei a ce a e On t frtda ofhi ve , ttone ol fe e t y l nc r r t d. he is y s a r s,pe ii rt d f low i t Da r Br wn t theha bahe t vitm whiet y wer re t ttone ol e l nma e ryl o ha d t d he c i l he e bo h na t t s he vag na ar a.z Hea s t d Br heha t vitm was hi pe st t ked o û h r i l e ' wa ' lo ol own d he c i h s ni o te h he a c ac r boutbody pa t'a how t wa h,a he i it d hewasm o i t d onl by t rs' nd o s nd nsse tva e y i ahe l l ' E t ry ove.' f Afe peii r sa r s,t m ot ra ke t vitm t r dr w t pit es ha gi n tr ttone ' r e t he he s d he c i o e a he cm he d ve t m o he t ni bef e a t vitm dr w t c e oft fr td a ngt own i ot he t r he ght or , nd he ci e wo opi s he is r wi hr nt he fr The edr wi we eadmitd a ti l a t vi tm e aned t tt fgtr sr pr s nt d ie. s a ngs r te t ra, nd he ci xpl i ha he i te e e e e he a pe ii ra s r nd ttone nd howe pe ii rEma ng met h hi prva epar.'Thevitm f t r d ttone s ki ouc s i t t' c i urhe t tte t tpe ii rha whiena a ba hi wih he ,t t k hi fnge down my prvae esii d ha ttone d, l ked nd t ng t r t uc s i r s i t pa t' Thevi tm de o tat how pe ii rhad do t swih t a t m ialy- ore t r. ' ci m nsr ed ttone ne hi t wo na o c l c r c dols Shet tfedt tpe ii rpu hi fng alt wa i i he ,tE tr a l ba ' a i l. esii ha ttone t s i er 1 he y nsde r i d hur e ly dr nd t ' t tmg lkeabe ' Thevitm t tfe t sha nedm or t n onc a t ta tr r tt i s e.' c i esiid hi ppe e ha e nd ha fe wa d peii rt d he ,( e p t sas c e ,a 1won' hur you m om . Thevi tm f rhe tsi d ttone ol r X e hi e r t nd t t r ' ' ci ' t r e tfe u 2 o tsi e ta h wa i j io ac ag o voaigp o ain.Brwnas tsi e ta teCo n at Brwn ett d h t e s n al n h re f iltn r b to o lo ett d h th mmo we 1 i i h ofr dt n lep o s apej r c ag a rq etat - nhatv sne c frBrwn' pe o n c nett fee o ol r se ruy h re nd e u s wo mo t cie e tn e o o s la f o o ts o a o tu t no j tc c r eiBrwntsiida an t t in r n bsrci fusie hag f o etfe g is peio e. o t 3 t tpe ii rha s ha ttone d howe e wih he ,t we ebot nude,a pe ii rhadm a he touc r d t r hey r h nd ttone de r t h t hi prvaepa t' wi ehe ha on i a tra i w a ni he t ke p i a s cr t Thevi i s i t r'and ggl r nd t fe ga n r ng r o e t e e . ctm alo de s monsr t d t sac wiht dols Ba ba a Adoli alc ed ci c s i lwor r ta e hi t t he l. r r f, iens lnial oc a ke , t tfed t ts c es ii ha he ouns ed t vi tm a t rpe ii rwas a r s ed and di nos t vi tm w ih el he c i f e ttone re t ag ed he c i t pos-r tm a i sr sdior r whih t vitm wa sils f rng a t tm eofti . tta l tc tes s de , c he ci s tl ufe i t he i ral W e y Boyce t m ot ofa heroft vi tm ' finds t tted t ti 2006 s had nd , he her not he ci s re , esii ha n he ove he r t vi tm a k W endy' da ht ri s ha e rs n am a spe s W hen he r a d he ci s s ug e f he d ve ee n' ni . r da e s d s ha not t vi tm as d k te nyourda s ' W he he daugh e agan ught r ai he d , he ci ke t ve no ddy'?' n r tr i s i n ,h vitm sae : e1 (eiin r s o mehsa1h tme' Th vci t e lo d ad o te ci ttd,û 1, p tto el h ws i l te i . e itm h n o ke W ' u a sw W e p nd a ndy,t ew down t dol s washol ng,s i s di no wa t ply anymor , hr he l he di ad he d t nt o a e a we t t ot rsdeoft r . nd nt o he he i he oom Thevi i ha r pea e y as W e wha s woul do i s dic r d he ctm d e t dl ked ndy t he d f he s ove e r da e a hus nd ha a s r t- woul s bemad a orha ehe da e ? Eve ualy,t ughtr nd ba d ec e d he t t r ught r nt l he vitm a ked W e i W e y woul l a he da e i W e f md outhe da e a ci s ndy f nd d e ve r ught r f ndy ot r ughtr nd hus ndha as c e t tW e di notknow. ba d e r t ha ndy d W e e aned t ts ha notc d whe viii t vitm ' hom et tt vitm ndy xpl i ha he d ie n stng he ci s ha he c i awa ne dhe m o he t go wih he t t bat oom butt tt vi tm nor l di no l ys ede r t r o t r o he hr ha he ci maly d t ne d a e nyonet go t t ba hr o o he t oom wihhe whe viii W e y' hom e.W e y e ai d a t r n stng nd s nd xpl ne notbl e epton, a e xc i howe r t toc ur e whe pe ii r t m ot r and t vitm viie ve , ha c r d n ttone , he he , he c i std W e shomeon J y 4,2005. Thevi tm a oac d W e a s i s ne dedt go t t ndy' ul ci ppr he ndy nd a d he e o o he bahr t oom whiepe ii ra t m o he we eout i W he W e y t d t vitm he mot r l ttone nd he t r r sde. n nd ol he c i r he wasbus a t g t t ba hr y nd o o o he t oom a one, he vi tm r f s d,s yi s ne ded he m om . l t c i e u e a ng he e r 4 W e a ke i t vitm wantd he t ge peii ,a t vitm gotve y ups ta sa t ndy s d f he c i e r o t ttoner nd he c i r e nd t red t cr W e t k t vi tm t t bahr m a t l t he t oug t dooruntls was o y. ndy oo he ci o he t oo nd aked o r hr h he i he done.W hen t vitm ne d t us t ba lr he ci ede o e he tloom agan l e t tday,s C agg he m o i atr ha he l dr ed r m t t bahr 'wih her o he t oom ' t . B. The Cic tCour ofRa r ui t ppaha nnoc Count s nt nce pe ii ne on Se e be 1 2007, k y e e d tto r ptm r 4, t,n e ai, n a tv s n e c o 1 ye r 'mp io me ta raj r c n ce hm o tk n o itr la a cie e tn e f 2 as i rs n n he u y o vitd i f a i g i ce tlbe te wih t vitm wih who hehada c t alr a i hi i vi a i of nde n i ri s t he c i t m usodi eltons p, n olton Vigni Codej 1 2- 1 a agg a t sxua batr i vi ai ofVigi aCodej1 2ri a 8. 370., nd r vaed e l te y,n olton r ni 8. 67. Pe ii ne a 3. tto r ppeae t t Cour ofAppe l ofVigi a, gui t t ti c te r d by ld o he t as r ni ar ng hat he ral our re ()d n ighsp o o e j r i sn ci n a u ters o r li o t si n fo aj i o e 1 e yn i r p s d u y n t zto s bo t h ik f eyng n e tmo y r m al us h ifnna t a d( )o er ln p tto e ' o j cina drcighm t r s o dt te n o n , n 2 v ruig eii n rs b e to nd ie tn i o e p n o h pr e ut ' q s i a os c or s ue ton boutw hy pe ii ne t tt o r houghtt vi tm w a l ng.The Cour ofA ppe s he c i s yi t al a tnnedt c ci ,a pe ii ra fi he onvitons nd ttone ppeaedt t Supr m eCour ofVigi a,whih l o he e t r ni c r us t a ef ed he ppea . l Pe ii rtl d ape ii f awrtofha asco puswih t Supr m eCour ofVigi a, ttone ie tton or i be r t he e t r ni whi h dim is d t peii bec us t cli swe epr e aly def ule orme il s . c s s e he tton a e he am r oc dur l a td rte s Pe iin tm ey fld t i tntf de a ha aspe ii a gui 1 cli s: tto i l ie he nsa e r l be tton, r ng 01 am 1. The i tgaorwho i e vewe t vi tm wa notpr n quaii d t do s nvesi t nt r i d he ci s ove lfe o o; 2. Soca Sevi r vi ae Vigi aCodej63. 1 bynotma ngafndi ofa eo il r ces oltd r ni 2- 526 ki i ng bus r ne e tpr ort t i l gl c i o r a ; 3. Couns lwasi f c i f notr quesi ac e nefe tve or e tng hangeofve nue; 4. Soc a Se vce r c dsca i l r i s e or nnotbeco i r bec us t y a er da t nsde ed a e he r e c ed; 5. SocalSe vce r c dsc i r i s e or anno bec i r d bec us t vitm ' physca exn s t onsde e a e he c i s i l m howe d n ij r ; o nuy 6. The t i c ti pr l a it d e de e ofpe ii ne ' pr o c c i and m iia y ral our m opery dm te vi nc tt o r s i r onvi ton lt r di c r s ha ge; 7. Th j r wa n tp o el isr ce o teda g r o c n iei tetsi n o e u y s o r p ry n tu td n h n es f o sd rng h e t y f mo j i o ei oma t; al us nfr n s h 8. Peii rwasde e aheai by Soca Se vc s a rquiedbyVigi aCodej63. ttone nid rng il r ie , s e r r ni 29. 1 . 526, Couns wa i fec i f notc os e el s ne f tve or r s xami ng a1oft pr e uton' wine s ; ni 1 he os c i s t s es 1 Th Co r o Ap e l o Vigni er db alwi gartrdj d et stt b nc whih 0. e u t f p as f r i a re y lo n eie u g o i q a , c i p o iie b 2 U. C. 4 s r hbtd y 8 S. j 6 C; 1 . Coms l sief ci ef rn to j cigt u s cfe he ra tsi ny 1 t e wa n fe tv o o b e tn o n pe iid as y etmo ; 1 Cot elwa i feci f r f i t c os -xn net oft Commonwe t s 2. ms s ne f tve or e usng o r se mi wo he alh' wines e :St c Ros a Ba ba aAdoli t ss ay e nd r r f; 1 Couns wa i feci f a l ng t a s i oft s cii unt u t t 3. el s ne f tve or lowi he dmi son m pe fed r sworhy e de a t si ony; vi nce nd e tm Co elwa i fe tvef de i ng peii ne t rghtt pr s n uns cii wine s s uns s ne f c i or prvi tto r he i o e e t pe ted t s e a til t ra ' , 1 Co ms wa i feci f nottlng am otont c 5. t el s ne f tve or ii i o hangeve nue; 1 . Co ns l si efcief rn t b e tn t u s cfe h as ytsi n , 6 u e wa n fe tv o o o j cig o n pe iid e ra e tmo y' 1 Pe ii rwa de ed hi c c ofco elasgua a e by t Si h Am e 7. ttone s ni s hoi e uns r nt ed he xt ndmen ; t 1 . Co ns l sief ci f rn t b e tn t tea miso o t ev ci sd a n s 8 u e wa n fe t o o o j cig o h d si n f h itm' r wig ; ve 1 Pe ii rsa t ne di no r c vepettone ' c l ab te de ef ti ; 9. ttone ' tor y d t e ei ii r s als ou vi nc or ral 20. Couns wasi f e tve f nota el ne f c i or ppea i t dec s o ofSoc a Se vi es lng he i i n il r c ; 21 Co elwa i fe tve f notpr parng,t e mi sngan opporuniyt i pe ch . uns s ne f c i or e i her by s i t t om a A. ,awoma who t sii d dtrngt s ntncng he i t tpe ii rha a ed he H. n e tfe zi he e e i arng ha ttone d bus r whe s w asa c l n he hid; 2 . Co n e wa ief ci f rn t b e tn t Br wn' t si n o teg o dta n 2 u s l s n fe t o o o j cig o o s e t y n h r un h t o ve mo r c di wasa ia et ve iypeii r sco e sont hi a t tBr e or ng val bl o rf ttone ' nf s i o m nd ha own' s tsi ony wasi e byt Comm onwe lh' oferoflnincy; e tm nduc d he at s f e e Co elwa i fe tvef notr quesi pe ii rspr s nc whe t ti c t uns s ne f c i or e tng ttone ' e e e n he ral our a s r dt q eto fo teju n we e wo u sins r m h ty; Co s l sief ci f rn t e u si t etilud esr c s l c us t ej d ewa un e wa n fe t o o r q e tng h ra j g ' e u a be a e h u g s ve a sg dt he rpe ii nersdi c ca e; s i ne o a tto ' vor e s Co ms wa i fe tve f i onni SocilSer c ofhi i t ntt a a wihou t el s ne f c i or nf ng a vies s n e o ppe l t t i onni peii r nf ng ttone ; 2 . Coms l si fe t frn t b e tn whe teCo n at c le as r rs 6 l e wa nef ci o o o j ci g n h mmo we l ald u p ie ve h wine s t s; 27. Pe ii rwa wr ngl de e apos- onvi ton sa ofta f rt fnih hi di c ttone s o y ni d tc c i t y r ns e o i s s vor e pr e di ; oc e ngs 28. Co elwasi fe tve f no a uns ne f c i or t ppea i Soca Se vies fndi lng il r c ' i ng; 29. Co elw a i f e tve f nota g ng t tt i t l e oft vi tm vi a e uns s ne f c i or r ui ha he n e wi w he c i ol t d peii r srg sbe a et i t r i w wasnotr c de a t vitm wasi ope l ttone ' i ht c us he n e v e e or d nd he c i mpr ry asked l ng ques i eadi tons; 30. Pe ii r s fr ta l t ator y w a i f e tve f notc ttone ' is ppela e t ne s ne f c i or onduc i a a ua e tng n deq t 6 31. 32. 3 3. 3 4. 35. i si ton a nota e ng t peii n f ra alba e on uns cii new nve tga i nd m ndi he tto o ppe sd pe ted e de e; vi nc Pe ii nerr c ve i fe tve a ssa e ofc tto e ei d ne f c i s it nc ouns lo a a be aus ne c e n ppe l c e w ouns lwas e as i d t t a a ; sgne o he ppe l Cot e wasi f c i bec us he di notappe lSoca Se vies de e na i ms l nefe tve a e d a il r c ' t nni ton; Couns lwasi f c i f notr ii uns cii is on a a ; e nefe tve or a sng pe fed s ues ppe l The s c at r y a sgne t t a e ond to ne s i d o he ppea wasi fe tve f notc l ne f c i or onduc i a tng n i tga i n' nves i to , Thetilc t us isdic e i b alowi couns t wihdr w be or new c uns ra our ab ed t s r ton y l ng el o t a f e o el wa a nt d; s ppoi e 3 Coms l sie fcief rn to j cigt t ea miso o peiin rsmiiay 6. t e wa n fe tv o o be tn o h d sin f tto e ' ltr dic r s ha ge; 37. Thevi tm wa de edt rgh t ag r a g l e ci s ni he i t o ua din i i m; t 38. Couns wa i fe i f notade t l a g ngpe ii nersmoton f rbond,a t el s ne f ctve or qua ey r ui tto ' i o nd he ti c te r d by de ngt m oton f rbo ral our re nyi he i o nd; 39. Couns wa i feci f : el s ne f tve or . i No a g i ta t etilu g s o l berc e . t r ung h t h ra j d e h ud e usd, i. N o r s ng t i s on a al a i t aii he s ue ppe , nd ii No r quesi anew ti ; i. t e tng ral 40. Theti lco te r by de ng amoton t c i t pr lmi r he rng s ra ur red nyi i o ontnue he e i na y a i o peii rcoul hie ne c ms l ttone d r w ot e ; 41 Cot s lwasi fe tve be a ehe: . m e ne f c i c us i Di notha s c ai e tani i c l ps hol , . d ve pe i lz d r i ng n hid yc ogy' i. Di notr evetai ngi a nce que to ng t hni ;a i d ec i r ni n dva d si ni ec ques nd ii Di nothiea e r i s i a tt i. d r n xpe t n ocal tiudest diquaiy t vi tm ' t tmony on t o s lf he ci s esi he gr ound t ti wa i l nc d by pe ii ra t m o he ' ma ia pr ems ha t s nfue e ttone nd he t rs rtl obl ' , 42. i Peii ne wast vitm ofpr ec ora m ic . tto r he c i os ut i l s onduc i t tt pr ec or t n ha he os ut a itd i o e de et kniepeii us dt t e t t da ht r and dm te nt vi nc he f ttoner e o hr aen he ug e , i. Co n e wa i fe tv f rn to j ci t t ek iesa miso i u s l s nefcie o o be t o h n f ' d sin; ng 43. Appela ec lt ouns wa i feci f no pr pa i f or a gumenta no ha nga el s ne f tve or t e rng or al r nd t vi c tr por e tans rbe t a g e ; our e t r r c i he r um nt 44. Cot elwa i fe tve f nota ms s ne f c i or ppeai Soca Se vies fndi lng il r c ' i ng; 4 . Coms l si efcief rn to j ci gt temohe' tsi n o t egomdt a 5 t e wa n fe tv o o b e tn o h t rs etmo y n h r t h t s wa awine si t d vo c ca e he s t s n he i r e s ; 46 i Co n e wa ie fcief rn to j cigt A. ' t si n a p rt e , n . . u s l s n fe tv o o b e tn o H.S e tmo y s ejl d a d r i. Th p o e uo i r p ryprs ne t esmep rurdtsi n , i e r s c tr mp o el e e td h a ej e e tmo y' 47. Theti lco te r b no sa ngpeii r sta f rt t Vigi aDe rm e of ra ur red y t t yi ttone ' r ns e o he r ni pa t nt Coreci nspe ng t c l i oft di c pr e ngs r to ndi he onc uson he vor e oce di ' , 48. Thetilco te r by gi ng an ûmpr pe 'i or a i tuc i ra ur red vi c o r'nf m nt nsr ton; i 49. Theti lc te r by r f i t core tpeii r spr e e r por; ra our red e usng o r c ttone ' es nt nce e t 5 . T til o r er db fiigt watf rp tto e t sywh t rh wa tdaj r til 0 he ra c u t re y aln o i o ei n r o a ehe e n e u y ra i orbench t i ' ral , 5 . Thetil o r er db fiigt sa atr aej r r ; 1 ra c u t re y aln o e t len t u o s 7 5 Th til o r erdb s aiga alwht j r 2. e ra c u t re y e tn n l- ie u y; 5 Pe ii 3. ttonerwast vitm ofpr ec ora m ic he c i os ut i l s onduc be aus t pr e ut s t c e he os c or hookt he j r r ' a d a rv i dr ; u o s h n s he or ie 5 Peiin rwa t vci o j r n liiain; 4. t o e s he itm f u y ulfc to t 5 Th j r wa titdwh no epoe ta j r ra k dt bermo db c u es wa t e 5. e u y s an e e n tn il u o s e o e ve e a s he s h vi tm ofa s m ia c i e; ci i lr rm 5 . Th til u g wa ba e b c us h wa as tej d ei p tt n rsd v rec s ; 6 e ra j d e s is d e a e e s lo h u g n eii e ' i o c a e o 57. Couns wa i f e tvef alowi avi a i ofBr dv v. a vlnd,373 U. 83 el s ne f c i or l ng olton a M r a S. ( 9 3 , nA. tsiidta s h dn me r o a i ie tt whc s h d 1 6 ) whe H.e tfe h t he a o mo y f n ncd n o ih he a pr vi l t sii d hadoc ured; e ousy e tfe c r 58. Pettone wa i o ry de e t rghtt vot whieawaii ti ; ii r s mpr pe l nid he i o e l tng ral 59. I si t Sm ih wa bi s d be us s we t t s m eAloholcAnonymous nve tga or t s a e ca e he nt o he a c i me tngsa pe ii ra bec us s wasr nni f She if ei s ttone nd a e he u ng or rf; 60. Pe ii rsrghtt as ed tilwa vi a e ttone ' i o pe y ra s olt d; 61 Pe ii rwa de e t rghtt af i tilbe aus oft m e a r porsoft c i e; . ttone s ni d he i o ar ra c e he di e t he rm 62. Thetilc r e r by a n i apublc de e rt r pr e pe ii ne ; ra ou t red ppoitng i f nde o e es nt tto r 63. Pettone ' FOI r ques f J ii r s A e t or udgeHos 'de i ton or rwa i o ry de e s sgna i de s mpr pe l nid; 64. Pe ii rwa de ed t rghtt r pr s nthi efi t Supr m eCour ofVigi a; ttone s ni he i o e e e ms l n he e t r ni 65. Pe ii rsmoton f ne c ttone ' i or w ouns lon a alwa i ope l de e e ppe s mpr ry ni d; 66. The t i lcou te r by notcorec i uns ii d e r si pe ii r spr e e ra r r ed r tng pec te r or n ttone ' es nt nce r eport ; 6 . T til u g wa ba e be a eh wa as tej d ei p tto e ' dv r ec s ; 7 he ra j d e s is d c us e s lo h u g n eiin rs io c ae 68. SocilSe v c i pr ry denid peii rt opporuniy t pa tcpa ei is a r i es m ope l e ttone he t t o ri i t n t p oc e ngs r e di ; 69. Thepr e ut i o ry t mper d wih t e bis s c fc l t knie a t os c or mpr pe l n e t he xhi t, pe ii aly he f nd he vitm ' dr wi ' c i s a ngs , 70. The pr e ut : os c or i Obti d t knieil gal be aus t m ot rgavei t t pr e ut r . ane he f le ly c e he he t o he os c o , i. Di not pr dedico r oft knie a i d ovi s ve y he f , nd ii Di not e t bls ac i ofc t f t knie; i. d sa ih ha n usody or he f 71 The pr e ut : . os c or i l ope l mai ai d dolsus d b t vi i dtrng til a . mpr ry nt ne l e y he ctm zi ra , nd i. Re a s t vitm ' t tm o wih t dols i he red he c i s esi ny t he l; 7 . Th p o e u o i r pel a pe ldt tejzy' e to a df i dt a mit er s ls 2 e r s c t r mp o ry p ae o h l s moins n al o d t h e ut r e oft vi tm ' physc le m ; he ci s i a xa 73. Thepr e ut ri ope l a itd e de e ofpe ii ne ' m iia y d s ha ge, c os c o mpr ry dm te vi nc tto rs ltr i c r whih wasil aly obt i d fom t mot rbe a ei wasaprviege m a ia co i ncea leg l ane r he he c us t i l d rt l nfde nd s dbec i r d a a t ney- le prviege houl onsde e n tor ci nt i l ; 7 Theti lcou te r by s dulng ahe rng i t di cepr ee ng durngtil 4. ra r red che i a i n he vor oc di s i ra ; 75. Pe ii rwa f le y a r t be aus hes d ha be n r e ed when t vitm ' ttone s a s l resed c e houl ve e elas he c i s physca exn i ton s wednota a i l m na i ho r um ; 76. The pr e ut i pr pe l w r e a de og t y l te t t ps hol s w ho e ua e os c or m o ry ot r a or e t r o he yc ogi t val t d peii rf co pe e y; ttone or m t nc 8 77. The t i lc t m pr r y de e pe ii r' m o i n f r a c i ua oft pr i i r r a our i ope l ni d ttone s t o o ontn nce he elm na y he rng s peii rc d r t i c elt r plceco ta nt d co el a i o ttone oul e an ouns o e a ur- ppoi e uns ; 78. Thetilc t r d by alowi pe ii rt a a a t pr lm i yhe rng a a hi ra our ere l ng ttone o ppe r t he ei nar a i nd t s ps hol ca e l to i prs ga b a 1 g s c e ; yc ogi l vaua i n n ion r nd e ha kls 79. Thetilc t bus isdic e i by de ng pe ii rsmoton f ac i nceof ra our a ed t s r ton nyi ttone ' i or ontnua t pr i i r hea i s he c d r t i a a t ne t r a t c tappoi e he elm na y rng o oul e a n n tor y o epl ce he our nt d ator t ney; 80. i Theti co ta e isdic e i by a l ngt m ot ra he fi ndst t tf . ral ur bus d t s r ton lowi he he nd r re o esiy bec us t mot rwa di cngpeii r and a e he he s vor i ttone , i. Tra c u s l sie fcief rf ingt o j c t t etsi n o t e ewi se i il o n e wa n fe tv o al o be t o h etmo y f h s t s s i ne ont s m egr md; he n ot 81 Th til u g : . e ra j d e i Ab s dhsd srto b n trc sngh ms l b c u eh wa t til u g i . u e i icein y o e u i i ef e a s e s he ra j d e n pe ii r s di c c s , ttone ' vor e a e l ope l ba e pe ii ri o gi ngt mot rpowe ofa t ne ove t i mpr ry dger d ttone nt vi he he r tor y r her ma ia pr ry,a rt l ope t nd ii Al we t ej r i teci n lc s t o r a t ea o epr c e ig; i. l d h u y n h rmia a e o vehe r h b v o e dn o 8 T til u g er db fiigt r c s hms l fo p tto e ' dv r ep o e dn s 2. he ra j d e re y aln o e u e i ef r m eiin rs io c r c e ig ; 8 . T til u g i r p ry st d sg ain i v oaino 28U. C. j29 29 ; 3 he ra j d e mp o el a by e in to ,n i lto f S. j 4- 5 8 TheClr ofCour e r d by sm ula ousy s hedulng pe ii r sdi cea crm i l 4. ek t re i t ne l c i ttone ' vor nd i na cas es; 85. Thepr e ut i ope l ofe edBr wn co i a i a Br os c or mpr ry f r o nsder ton, nd own' t si s e tmony wa s i dm isbl he r ay; na s i e a s 86. Thel g ntDe e e Cot lvi a e FOI by f lngt pr depe ii rwih t ndi e f ns mci olt d A aii o ovi ttone t he tani r c dsoft at r i ng e or he tonwyswho r pr s nt hi ; e e e ed m 87. SocilSe v c e r d by c i rng hi c ci nsasfna be or t concuso of a r i es r e onsde i s onvi to i l f e he l in die ta r c ppea a habe co puspr e ngs l nd as r oce di ; 8 . Th j gewhop e ie o rpeiin rsp ei n r h a igwa ba e a dt r f r 8 e ud r sd d ve t o e ' r l ay e rn s is d n heeo e t mi i ope l de edpeii ' m o i f ac i nc mpr ry ni ttoners ton or ontnua e; 89. Thetilco te r by de ngpeii r sc ra ur red nyi ttone ' ouns ' m o i t wihdr w,des t t els ton o t a pie he f c t tt at ney- i r a i hi ha de e i r t a t tc a t ha he tor clent eltons p d t ro aed nd ha ouns lha aco lc e d nfit ofi e es; ntr t 90. Thepr e ut rwa bi s d bec us pe ii rha wor d wih hi , c us peii r os c o s a e a e ttone d ke t m be a e ttone ha a gue wih t pr ec orswie a be a epeii ra t pr ec orhad d r d t he os ut ' f , nd c us ttone nd he os ut c l e a t s m es hool andt , hepr e ut s ul ha r c e hi ef hidr n t he a c , hus t os c or ho d ve e us d ms l; 91 Pe ii rwa de ed duepr es be us hewa a r t d a c r d bef eSoc a . ttone s ni oc s ca e s rese nd ha ge or il Se viesc r c omplt d t i i si ton; e e her nve tga i 9 . Th j r r weee p s dt u p cfe e ti scifue c st tp eu ie te a an t 2 e u o s r x o e o ns e iid xrn i n l n e ha rj dc d h m g is peii r ttone ; 93. Theti lco te r by r f sng t admi doc ra ur red eui o t ument a s boutpe ii r sdi r ttone ' vo ce; 9 Th p o e u o i r p ryito u e t evci t tej d ebeo etilp eu iigt 4. e r s c tr mp o e l n r d c d h itm o h u g f r ra, rj d cn he j d eb fr h wa c le o t d tr nei tevci wa c mp tn t tsiy u g eo e e s ald n o eemi f h itm s o ee t o e tf ; 95. The pr e ut w ihhel e de e, pec fca l t Se lA s a tN ur e Exa i r os c or t d vi nc s ii ly he xua s ul s m ne 9 rp r, o sc i n l so y a dtepejze tsi n o A. , o ealg to e o tBr wn' rmia hit r , n h rt d e tmo y f H.wh s le ains r ofchid a e wer dee l bus e med unf unde by SocalSe vce ; o d i ri s 96. Thetilcou te r by fndi pettone i ge a a ntng c ms lt r pr s nt ra r red ng ii r ndi nt nd ppoi i ot e o e e e hi ; m 9 . Th til u g wa ba e be a eof so maia p o lms 7 e ra j d e s is d c us hi wn rtl r b e ; 9 . Th til u g er db fiigt akp tto e ' c u e i c u e h dac nlc o 8 e ra j d e re y al o s eiin rs o nsl f o ns l a o fit f n it r t n e es ; 99. Thequesi ng oft vitm vi a e pe ii rsFourhAm e toni he c i olt d ttone ' t ndme rght ; nt i s 1 Pe ii rsa r tvi a e t Fo t Am e 00. ttone ' res olt d he urh ndme be us t ewa nopr bl c us nt ca e her s oba e a e t be ivepe ii rhad c o le ttone omm itd a c i ea be us hi a r twa ba e on te rm nd ca e s res s s d uns ciid il ga l obt ne evi nce a pe fe le ly ai d de ; nd 1 . Pe ii rs d nothavebe n f c d t s ult a utwhyt vi tm le a 01 ttone houl e or e o pec a e bo he ci i d boutwha t peii rdi no do. ttone d t l. l A fd r l o r ma g a t a e srle fo asaec u tu g n C n yo tego n e e a c u t y r n h b a eif r m tt o rj d me t t l n h r u d o t a (h p tto r i i c t d i vo ainof h Co siui no lwso te te o t Uni d h t t e ei ne) s n uso y n ilto t e n t to r a r rais f he t i t e St es' 28U. C.j225 *.Cli 1 2,4- 8,1 20,25,27- 32,37,38,44,47,49,50at . ' S. 4( ams , 5, 0, 28, 5 , 8 6 -4, 6, , 0 i-i ) 71i, 3 7 , 6 81i) 8 8 , n 9 - 01d n t eaet a 1 5 , 36 6 68 7 ()(i , () 7 - 4 7 , (i, 2- 7 a d 9 1 o o r lt o ny i f de al1w a mus be dim is d. e r a nd t s se Cl i s2, 5,8, 25, 3 44,68, 87 r l e t t V i g ni D e r m e of am 4, 20, 28, 2, and e at o he r i a pa t nt SocilSe v c s i tga i a ci lpr e ngsa a r i e ' nvesi ton nd vi oc edi boutpe ii rsa eoft mi vitm . ttone ' bus he nor c i Cli s27,38, a 58 r l et t c tonsofpeii r spr -a pos- onvi i n am 47, nd eat o he ondii ttone ' e nd tc cto c i me .Cli 74,81(i,82,a 8 r aet peii rsdi cepr ee ngs Cl ms63 onfne nt ams i) nd 4 elt o ttone ' vor oc di . ai a 86 r lt t peii ne ' pos- nviton r que t f doc e sunde t Fr edom of nd e ae o tto rs tco c i e ss or um nt r he e l onnai n Ac .N o oft s cai sa e c za ei ha spr e ngsbe aus t y donot nf to t ne he e l m r ogni bl n bea oc edi c e he de c i how pe ii neri i cusody i vi ai off de a lw f c vi pr e di and ot s rbe tto s n t n ol ton e r l a or i l oc e ngs her is notr lt d t pe ii r sguit s ues ea e o ttone ' l. 10 Cl m s 50 a 51 r l t t a l d vi a i nsofs a e l ; tto rdoe notha a ai nd e a e o lege ol to t t aw pe ii ne s ve fd r l ih t abe c tilo t atmaejzo s S e ec, S. n ta n Vl( r vdnga e e a rg t o n h ra r o le t l r . e . ..U. Co s. me d. p o ii r c nsiuina rg tt aj r til u no ac n o tn rg tt abe c til; n e v. ie o t to l ih o u y ra b t t o c mia t ih o n h ra) Sic r Untd t S ae , 8 U. 2 , 4( 9 5 ( lign f d rlrg t oab n htil; . d j8013 0 tts 3 0 S. 4 3 1 6 ) hodn o e ea ih t e c ra) Va Co e . - 6 (uh rzn atilc u th d sr to t s lc a i o a, l r aejlo sf raci n l ra) a to iig ra o r t e ic ei n o ee t ddt n lat n t tr r o rmia til. i e Cli s 1 6 a 8 r l t t t c am 0, 4, nd 3 e ae o he onduc oft tila a lt co t. Specfc ly, t he ra nd ppela e urs ii a l p tt n ra g e t a t etilu g a daj dg o teCo r o Ap e l o Vign ai rpel eii e r u s h t h ra j d e n u e f h u t f p as f r ii mp o ry o s tby de i ton a t tpe ii rwasde e t rghtt r pr e hi s l i t Supr m e a sgna i nd ha ttone ni d he i o e es nt m e f n he e Co tofVigi a.The ecli sdo notsa eavi a i off de a l w.Pe ii rdoesnotha ur r ni s am tt olton e r l a ttone ve afd rlrg t orp e e thms l o a p a, n wh t e aVignaj d ema st y e ea ih t e r sn i ef n p e la d eh r r i i u g y i b de inai n i go r d by Vigni l w,no f der ll w. M a tnezv.Cour ofAnpea,528 U. sg to s ve ne ri a a te a a ri t l S. 15 161( 2, 2000) Va. 4 Codej1 1 1 7.- 05. Pe ii ra lgesi c am 1t tt i si t who i e viwe t vitm wasnot ttone le n li ha he nve tga or ntr e d he c i quaii d,a l esi cl m 37 t tt vitm wasde e a g r a gdl e alge i cli 49 lfe leg n ai ha he c i nid ua din i m, le s n ams t . a 66 t tt tilc te r d by f ii t c r ctuns c fe e r si hi pr s e er po t3 nd ha he ra our r e a lng o ore pe i d ror n s e entnc e r, alge i cam 71i t tt pr ec ori opel manti dt a t c ly-ore tdolsby le s n li () ha he os ut mpr ry i ane he naomial c rc l al wi i t st t h t m ,a a lgesi cai 7 t tt pr e ut rwr eade ogaor lo ng nma e o ouc he nd le n l m 6 ha he os c o ot r t y lte t t ps hol s who e l t d pe ii r sc et r o he yc ogit vaua e ttone ' ompee y. Pettone doe no des rbe t nc ii r s t c i an vi a i off de a 1 w f rt e ca ms a no s h c am i a r t y olton e r l a o hes li , nd uc l i s ppa en . Peiine alg si cam ( 0 ( ta t ep o e u o o tie t k ieilg lyb c u e tto r le e n li 7 )i h t h r s c t r ban d he nf le al e a s ) t mo h rg v i t t eCo n at , le e i cam ( 0 (i ta t ep os c t rf i dt he t e a e t o h mmo we 1h alg s n li 7 )i) h t h r e uo al o e 3Ats ntnci , peii ' c ms a kedt to c r c i bemadet t rpo t t updaepeii rsma ia e e ng ttoners ot el s ha ne ore ton o he e r: o t ttone ' rt l sausfom ( ared't t vor eda r mared. Thetilc ta ee t ma t c nge. tt r d ri ' o ' c nd e ri ' m di ' ra our gr d o ke he ha 11 pr dedicoveyoft knie, algesi cli ( (i)t tt pr ec orf l t e tbls ovi s r he f and le n am 70)ii ha he os ut aied o sa ih as ts a t ychan ofcusody f rt knie.4 Thes c a m sdo notpr en avi a i off de a a if cor i t o he f es t olton e r l e 1i lw.Se Grvv. t ra 51 U. 1 1 ( 996)( c tt i lrgh t dico r ; a e a Nehelnd, 8 S. 52, 68 1 no onsiutona i t o s vey) Hu c isv. rio , 2 F.d 1 25 1 7(t Ci. 9 3 (e o nzn t ea misb ly o thn Gars n 7 4 2 4 , 43 4 h r 1 8 ) rc g iig h d siii f t e denc i saeti si ama trofsae lw a pr dur noti vi f de a c tt to l vi e n t t ral s te t t a nd oce e nvol ng e r l onsiu i na is e u ls t e ie c r ltst mii ain frt ed ahp n l ) su s n e s he vd n e eae o tg to o h e t e at . y Pe ii ra lgesi cai 73t tt pr e ut vi a e m a ia co i nta iy a t ttone le n lm ha he os c or olt d rt l ntde ilt nd he at tonwy- le prviegeby obt i ng e de efom t m o he a ci nt i l ani vi nc r he t r boutpe ii ne ' diho r bl tto rs s no a e miia ydicha gef s li LSD.Thes t prvie a ie fom c ltr s r or e lng e wo i lges rs r omm on 1 r l sa aw u e nd ge r ly do no i i a et Consiuton. Se Tr mm e y, nie Stt s 445 U. 40,44 ne a l t mplc t he tt i e a l V td ae , S. ( 9 0 (e o nzn tep iie ea ans a v res u a tsi n a ac mmo 1w r l, 1 8 ) r c g iig h rvlg g i t d es po s le tmo y s o n a ue mo i db r lso e i n ea dd tr nn o l tsiyngs o ema iv k prv lg ) dfe y ue f vde c n eemi ig ny etf i p us y n o e iie e ; S t v. o r , 3 F.d8 8 81 (t Ci.1 9 )(e o nzn teatr e -le tp iie ei a mi M o e 1 7 3 0 , 9 4h r 9 8 r c g iig h to n y cin rv lg s h c ommon1w r ege r l noti iai t c tt i ) Peii rdoesnotde ci a a ul nealy mplc tng he onsiuton . ttone s rbe vi a i ofam a ia ora tr ci ntprvie ,a pettone f ist esa ih how t s olton rt l to ney- le i l ge nd ii r al o t bls he e c omm o 1 w prvie r l t t af r lrght n a i l ges e ae o ede a i . Pe ii ra gue i cai 85t tDa r Br ttone r s n l m ha ryl own s dno ha gi n he s t tm ony houl t ve ve aray esi me el be aus hemadeaf a e de lwih t Comm o a1h.Howe r t hea s nzei r y c e avor bl a t he nwe t ve ,he ray l s no i iatd by t Comm onweat sofe oflni nc t he r ayr edoesnota y t t mplc e he lh' fr e e y, he a s ul ppl o 4Thevitm tsiid durngti t tpeii rs ci e tfe i ral ha ttone howedherhi tto ofakniea t ts i t tttoo s r her s ato f nd ha eeng ha at caed ialtl bi.'TheCommonwea1h i r t ite t' t ntoduce t ac kniet twa t mode f t t t a wa ke i t d he mal f ha s he l or he atoo nd s pt n he fm iy' hom e. a ls 1 2 pe ii r s a i sonst Br n ors a e e s a i ti e e t ,a c a m 85 doe notr l t t a ttone ' dm s i o ow t t m nt ga ns nt r s s nd l i s e ae o f de a rg . e r l i ht Pettone alege i c am s99 a 1 t tt vitm ' i e viw vi aed t Fourh ii r l s n l i nd 00 ha he c i s nt r e olt he t Am e ndmen a ca e pe ii rt bea r t wihoutpr bl c e.Thes cai sa enot t nd us d ttone o resed t oba e aus e lm r c za eon f de alha sr ew bec us cli s99 a 1 we eca bl off la f i ogni bl e r bea evi a e am nd 00 r pa e ul nd ar l iaini saec u t So ev. wel4 8U. 4 , 9 ( 9 6 .Se Do e nv. u c 5 9 i g to n tt o r. tn Po l, 2 S. 65 4 4 1 7 ) e lma M n v, 7 t F. 1 8 1 6 ( t Ci. 9 )ts u t Ame d n cams s o l, n e t er l i S o ev. 2d 25 , 2 5 4h r 1 78 t rh Fo n me t li , h ud u d r h ue n t n Powe l. .fr ti uieast whe he ornott pe ii rwa a f de a opporuniy t r ie l . is nq r o t r he ttone s for d n t t o as hsF u t Ame d n camsu d rt ete e itn saeprcie'; . u CtR. A: i o rh n me t li n e h h n x sig tt a tc . Va S p. . 3 9 l ( emit d fn e a do j ci n t b rie b f r aci n ltil. p r ti e e s s n b e to s o e as d eo e rmia ra) ng Pe ii ra g i cai 101t thes d no ha be n f ce t s cult on t ttone r ues n l m ha houl t ve e or d o pe a e he 5 tto r ni d 1 he c i s c us tons i r c xa na i vitm ' t tmony. Pe ii ne de e a 1oft vitm ' a c a i durng die te m i ton, c i s esi a durng c os e m i ton,he pr e ut a ked pe ii ne ,S nd i r s xn na i t os c or s tto r l why i s l ng agans And s he yi i t yo ' Thetil o r o e z dpeii n rso j cinf rs e u ain a ddr ce hi t u?' ra c u t v m l tto e ' b e to o p c lto n ie td m o e a s r a dtep o e uo a k da e ûfy uk o wh i gh v ci . . r tsiyng n we , n h r s c t r s e n w,t o n w, y s t e it . hee etfi l mj unde oah a l ngagans you, hes me a s di a t pr i i r hea i ' Peii ne r t nd yi i t t n s he d t he elm na y rng?' tto r a we e t o e us ' The Cour ofAppea sofVigi ade e mi d t tt ti co tdi not ns r d, û xc e. N ' t l r ni t r ne ha he ral ur d a u ei d srto b o e zi c u s lso jcina dc mp lngpeiin r oa s ra d b s t icein y v m l o n e ' b e to n o el s ng i t o e t n we n t t t e n i i di e a e r wa anon- onsiutona ha ml s e r . Pe ii rdoesnot ha , ve f t d m ny ror s c tt i l r e s ror ttone de c i how hi own a we t t que ton vi a e af der lrght a no s vi a i i s rbe s ns r o he si olt d e a i , nd uch olton s appar . ent 5Peii rpr s nt t scai t t Supr meCou tofVigi aondiec a alafe t Cour ofAppeas ttone e e ed hi l m o he e r r ni r t ppe tr he t l rjce temei ofh cam. ee td h rt te li s 13 111. A. A f der lc tû a notg a a wrtofha ascor t ape ii ri sae c t e a our s y m r nt i be pus o ttone n t t usody t l st pe ii rhas fr te us e hi s a e r m edi by pr e i hi cl i st t hi s m es he ttone i s xha t d s t t e es es ntng s a m o he ghe t saec u t'Ba e v. r o a , 2 F.d2 6 2 8(t Ci. 0 ) S e2 U. C. 2 4 1 tt o r. k r Co c rn 2 0 3 7 , 8 4h r 20 0 . e 8 S. j 25 ( ' $ ( ndatnge usi .Thepur eofe usi i t gi tsaecoursaf la fi ma i xha ton) pos xha ton s o ve stt t ul nd ar op t t t r s vef r lc tt i na c am sbe or t ecli sa epr s nt d t t poruniy o e ol ede a onsiuto l l i f e hos am r e e e o he fdealc t. O' lva v. r ke,526U. 838,846( 999) Thee usi r quie nt e r ours' Suli n Boe c l ' S. 1 . xha ton e rme i s tsid byfndi t t t s nta l ga t ore a f c ua al ga i a nce i f r l s a ife i ng hat he E e il e l he is nd a t l le tons dva d n ede a es c t...gr t smeast ead nce a las oncet t hi tsaec t'Pr etv. our aeq he a hos va d t e t o he ghes tt our. u t ' Th mps n 7 F. u p. 4 , 4 6 ( D. . 99 ) afd, 9 F2 1 6 ( t Ci. 9 3 o o , 71 S p 1 28 1 3 E. Va 1 1 , f' 9 6 .d 5 0 4h r 1 9 ) (iigP c r v. n o , 4U. 2 0 2 5 7 ( 9 ).Th r f r, eiin rmus p e e tb t ctn iad Co n r 40 S. 7 , 7 - 6 1 71) e eo e p tto e t r s n oh t s me a gumen a f t ls he n r t nd acua uppor t t sa ec t i t flngt cli wih a f de al t o he t t our pror o ii he am t e r c t Andes n v.Ha l s 459U.S. 6- ( 98 . our. ro res, 4, 7 1 2) Pe ii rdi no pr e t t Supr m eCour ofVigi a cai 1 2,5- 8 1 1 18 ttone d t es nt o he e t r ni l ms - 6, , 0, 3, - 2 , 2 2 - , -2, 6 3 , 9i)(i) 41i-ii, - , (i, 7 4 - 5 5 - , 3 6 686 , 0 2 , 529 313 3 - 8 3 (i-ii, ()(i 4245 46 i 4 , 9 5 , 861 6 - 6, - 9 ) ) 7 ()(i) 71i-i) 7 - 4 7 , 8 8 ()(i, 2 8 , 0 a d9 6 Thefc ta tet tl yo 0 i-i , ()(i, 2 7 , 6 7 , 0 i-i) 8 - 7 9 , n 5. i a t h t h oai f t f c sa l ga a gume sa s re i peii ne ' e es i l vol nousflngsmay ha a t nd e l r nt s e td n tto rs xc sve y umi ii ve t hedupo s eoft e ca msi nots fcintt e tbls e ouc n om hes li s uf e o sa ih xhausi ton.M al yv.Sm ih, lor t 27 F.d991 995( h Ci.1 .Se Dunca v.Henr 51 U. 364,365- ( 995)(i ngt t 3 , 4t r 994) e n v, 3 S. 66 1 fndi ha 6Pe ii nerdi notpr s ntt Fis Am e tto d e e he r t ndmenta gum e sno r s i c a m s30,33, a 34 alhoug he di r nt w aied n l i nd t h d pr en t Si h Amend es t he xt mentar gume sf cai 30, a 34.Ac di y,cams30,3 a 34 a e nt or l ms 33, nd cor ngl li 3, nd r e useda t t algedSi hAme xha t s o he le xt ndme i fe tvea itnceofcouns lvoltonsbu note nt nef ci sssa e i ai t xhause frt td o he alge Fis A mendm e vi ai le d rt nt oltons. 14 aj2254cam i nottarypr e e 'f e usinpur esi peii rr i ondifrnt li s é il esntd' or xha to pos f ttone eled f fee fcsoradifrntr eof1w f asmia cai i saepr e ngs.tA ha a peii r at fee ul a or i lr l m n tt oce di ) é be s ttone c nnotsm pl a ie t saecour oft f c sunderyi a cai c tt i lvi a i n i y pprs he tt t he a t l ng l med onsiutona olton; t pe ii rmus alo e an how t ea lged e nt esa ih a vi a i ofhi he ttone t s xpl i hos le ve s t bls olton s c n ttto a rg ta M alr 2 F.da 9 4 (iainso te ) tl s(te r c g ie t e o siuin l ih s' l v, 7 3 t 9 ctto mitd . t- rl l e o nz s h ' o -hi l difc te t twoul ars i a f de a c twer t e l t whehe va whipe sofe e t fiuli s ha d ie f e r l our e o vaua e t r gue s r f r d o asae c tby a ha aspeii rs t e t alr t tc tt af de a consiutona t t our be ttone ufk d o e t ha our o e r l tt i l vi ai ' J.at995- l t Supr meCo tofVigi amirpr e e o o rookeda olton. #s ' 96. f he e ur r ni se esntd r vel ca m,pe ii rc dha tld apeii f r he rng, hedi no . Se Va.Sup. . li ttone oul ve ie tton or e a i but d t e Ct R. 53 ( emit gap tto frr h ai g ; a v. t elnd 9 F.d 1 8 1 6( t Ci. 9 6 :7 p r ti n eii n o e e rn ) Gry Neh ra , 9 3 5 , 6 4h r 1 9 ) (ec zi apeii f rheai i t mea t cor tana laec tsomisonof r ogni ng tton or e rng s he ns o rec ppelt our' s i mic n tun acam) J s e v. a tn, 7:1c 0 8 , 2U.. s. s o sr ig li ; a p r Br xo No. 1 -v- 01 8 201 S Dit LEXI 3 5 9 a S 9 4 ,t * - 0( . Va M a . 2, 2 tmne . 9 1 W D. . r 2 201 ) s l G ca m t thasnotbe n pr entd t t hi he tsa ec tne rhees m a be t li ha A e es e o he g s tt our ve t l s y te t d ase use i i i cla t tt cli woul bepr edur ly ba r d undersae 1w i rae xha t d f t s e r ha he am d oc a l re tt a f t peii ratmptdt prs ntit t saec t' Ba r 220F. a 288(ii Gry,51 he ttone te e o e e t o he tt our. ke , ' 3d t ctng a 8 U. a 1 ) VignaCo ej8016 4 B)2 , c p o i t s c e sv peiinsb sdo S. t 61. r ii d . - 5 ( ( ) whih r hbis u c sie t o a e n t cai t tc dhavebe rie i apro peii a j8. 65 A)2) whihbar peii l ms ha oul en asd n ir tton, nd 01- 4( ( , c s ttons fl beyondt lmia i pe i a ebot i pe n a ade t sa epr ed a r l st t ied he i t tons rod, r h nde nde t nd qua e t t oc ur l u e ha ba pe ii r ttonerfom pr e i t s une used c am st t Su e eCour ofVigi a.Se r es ntng he e xha t l i o he pr m t r ni e Mac l v.Anc one,131F. 442,446( h Ci.1 (e og zngVigi a' ba o kal el 3d 4t r 997) rc nii r ni s r n s e svepeii qualfe a a quaea i pe nt;O' 1v. t ra 95F. 1 4, ucc s i ttons iis s de t nd nde nde ) De1 Nehelnd, 3d 21 15 1 ( hCi.1 )(ec zi Vigi a' ha ssaut oflmiainsqualfesasade t 243 4t r 996 r ogni ng r ni s bea tt e i tto ii quae a i pe nt.Ac or ngl t eune usedcai aete tdastc cal e use nd nde nde ) c di y,hes xha t l ms r rae e hni ly xha td a pr ed a l de a t d. nd oc ur ly f ule B. A peii ralopr e lal def ulsa f de a ha scai whe Easa ec tha ttone s oc dtr ly a t e r l bea l m n ( t t our s de lne t consde t c am ' m e ison t bassofa ad ci d o i r he l i s rt he i n equae a i pe ntsa e t nd nde nde t t p o e t a nl . He rc v. u , 4 F.d3 2 3 9( t Ci. 0 ) A saec u tsfn igo r c dl l l ' d ik Tr e 4 3 3 4 , 5 4h r 20 6 . tt o r' i dn f r e' pr e alde a ti e ild t apr s oc dur f ul s ntte o e umpton ofc r t s pr de t f unda i l i orecnes , ovi d wo o tona rq ie n saeme.2 U. C. 2 4 * ; a t nv. u c 8 F.d 1 8 1 41( t Ci. e urme t r t 8 S. j 25 4 Cln o M n v, 45 2 23 , 2 4h r 1 8 ) Fis,hesaec u t s e lct r l o t p o e u a g o n t d nypeiine 9 8 . rtt tt o r mu t xpiiy ey n he r c d r l r u d o e tto r l rle.Y1tv. eif s Nunnema ,501U. 797,8 03( 991 ;Harsv. e 48 U. 255,259ker S. 02- 1 ) ri Re d, 9 S. 61 ( 9 9 .S c n ,h saep o e u a r l u e t d futp tto e ' cam mu tb a 1 8 ) e o d t e tt r c d rl ue s d o ea l ei n rs li s e n i i pe n a a qua esa egr nde nde t nd de t tt ound f de ng r le .For v.Ge ci 498U . 411 or nyi e if d or a, S. , 423- ( 9919Hq s 48 U. at260. 24 1 ) ni, 9 S. Th S p e Co r o Vigni d ci dt a j dc t cams1 , 5 4 , 6 6 , 7 7 , e u rme u t f r i a e l o du iae li 7 3 , 0 5 , 2 6 , 5 ne 7 , 9 8 () 81ii, 8 8 , - 4 a d9 - 0 p ru n t Slytnv. ni a , 5Va 2 , 0 7 7 , 1 i, (i) 8 - 9 919 , n 6 1 0 u s a t o a o Pa g n 21 . 7 3 5 S.E.d6 0( 9 4 . TheUnie Stt sCour ofAppe l f t Fo t Cicui hasC e a e y td ae t a s or he urh r t l pe t dl r 2 8 1 7 )7 r c z d t tt pr e a def ul r es tf rh i Slvt c tt esa a qua ea e ogni e ha he oc dur l a t ul e o t n a on onsiut n de t nd i pe ntsae1w g omdfrde iin. Fihe v.Angeone,1 F. 835,8 ( h Ci. nde nde tt a r t o cso ' s r ' l 63 3d 44 4t r 1 (ntr quot insomitd) The eor,t Su emeCo tofVigi adimis dt s 998) i enal ato te . r f e he pr ur r ni s se he e 7Sa tnp e1d saVignac u trm rviwigan njrs cin l li i ap tt nfrawrto h b a lvo rcu e rii o r fo e e n o -uidito a cam n eii o o i f a es c puswhe t cli c d ha be pr s nt d a ti a ona albutwasnot or n hat am oul ve en e e e t ral nd ppe . 16 c am sptrua t a i pe nta a uae saepr dur r e andpe ii ne pr e al li zs nt o n nde nde nd deq t t t oce al ul, tto r oc dur ly de a t d t e c am s f ule hes l i . C. A f der lc r m ay no r vi w a pr ed a l de a t cl i a e a s w i ofa e a ou t te e oc ur ly f uled a m bs nt ho ng fnd me tl s ara eo j sieo c u ea dp eu ie a t e v. a , U. - , 3 S. u a n a mic rig f u tc r a s n rj d c .M ri z Ry n - S. 1 2 n Ct 1 0 ,1 6( 01 ) A c u t o sn tn e t c n ie teis eo p eudc i t ea s n eo . 3 9 31 2 2 . o r d e o e d o o sd r h su f rj ie n h b e c f c u e Ko n h e v. t, 6F.d 1 0, 3 9( t Ci.1 9 ) a s . r a rns Evat 6 3 35 1 5 4h r 9 5 . A pe ii rst a la iy wih 1w oraco tspr e alr esdoesnotpr dea ttone ' mf miirt t a ur ' oc dur ul ovi bai f re tbls i c u e S e e:, ri v M c oy, 3 F.d6 , 86 ( t Ci. 0 3 ss o sa ihng a s . e . ..Hars . Ad r 3 4 3 65 66 -9 7h r 2 0 ) (i ngt tapeii rspr . sausdoesnotc ttt a fndi ha ttone ' oK tt onsiue dequaegr mdf c us) l t d, t ot or a e . nsea c us c tt t a f core e a t t def ns t ti de co i ewiht sae a e onsiu es a t xtm l o he e e ha mpe d mplanc t he t t pr du a r l ,anovelcli ,ora e r by co e .Col ma v. oce r l u e am n ror uns l e n Thomps 501U. 722, on, S. 7 3 5 ( 9 1 ; o z v. u rv 91 F.d 1 9 ,1 0 (t Ci. 9 0 .Co nslser rma 5 -4 1 9 ) Clz a M ra , 3 2 0 2 1 4 4h r 1 9 ) u e' ro y sr ea c us i peii rde tae ( )t tt er wa s eg e oust ti vi ae e v s a e f ttone monsrts 1 ha he ror s o r gi ha t oltd peiin rsc n t ui n l ih t e fciea ssa c o c u s la d ()t theief ci e t o e ' o si to a rg t o fe tv sitn e f o n e, n 2 ha t n fe tv t t a ssa ecli is fi e use a no pr e al def ule Edwa dsv. p e e , s it nc am tel s xha t d nd t oc dur ly a t d. r Ca nt r 529 U.. 4 , 515 ( 0 0 .A p o e u a d futwil o b rafd rlh b a c u t r m S 4 6 4 - 2 2 0 ) r c d rl ea l l n t a e ea a e s o r fo c i rng ats t i ' i feci a ssa e ofc onsde i tubsantal' ne f tve s it nc ouns lcl m i ape ii ne di notha e ai f tto r d ve cot eli t i ta r vi w pr e ng ori c ms n he niil e e oce di f ouns i t pr ee ngwasi fe tve.8 see el n hat oc di ne f c i Ma tne 1 2 S.Ct a 1 6,1318.( i t tapeii rmus s t tt undel ng ri z, 3 . t 31 notng ha ttone t how ha he ryi 8I Vigi a a i f e tve as it nce ofc n r ni , n ne f c i ss a ouns lc ai i no cog za e on diec appe and m us be r i e vi a e l m s t ni bl r t al t as d a saeha spetton. 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(9 6 , n at 51 . 2 , 3 4 4 8 . 2 8 1 5 4 1 9 ) h, -- o erldi irlv n o l h Moiet v. r e o teSu sxlSaeP io 2 0Va 1 8 2 2, 3SE.d5 1 v rue l ree a t a' y rste Wad n fh se tt rsn, 7 . 8 , 0 61 . 2 5 , . l t 5 2(0 ) Hal Co n at 3 Va Ap 7 , 2 51 SE.d3 , 47(9 9 . 6 2 05, lv. mmo we 1 0 . p. 4 8 , 5 . 2 43 3 1 9 ) . h, 17 i feci e a ssa e cai us d t e ea pr e alde aul m us beds tnta 'by ha ng ne f tv s it nc l m e o xcus oc dur f t t tubsa il' vi ts mei ) ûome rf' A pe ii rcl i i i f e tve a s s a e ofc ttone a m ng ne f c i s i t nc ouns lm us s t s y t t o- o d t t e t a i f he w pr nge es stf rhi Src ln v W a h n tm, 6 U. 6 ( 9 4 .Th frtp o go S rc ln e o t n tik a d . s i gt 4 6 S. 68 1 8 ) e is r n f tika d r quiesapeii rt s w t ha c elm a e r ss s roust tc e r ttone o ho ç t ouns t de ror o e i ha ouns lwa not e s f to n a t eço ns l g aa te tedee d n b t eSx hAme d n g 'me nigt a uncinig s h c u e ' u r ne d h fn a t y h it n me t, ' a n h t l c u s lsrp e e tto fl b lw a o j ciesa d r o ra o a ln s. S rc ln , 6 o n e' e rs n ai n el eo n b e tv tn ad f e s n b e e sg tika d 4 6 U. a 687- Thes c pr ng ofStikl nd r quie apeii rt s S. t 88. e ond o rc a e r s ttone o how t tc els ha ouns ' d fce t e fnna c p eudc dhm b d mo srtn at e s n b ep o a ii t a, u f r eiin p ro n e rj ie i y e n taig s a o a l r b b ly h tb t o r t ul ve e f e e . o d a ' c m s ' e r s t e r ul oft pr e ng w o d ha be n dif r nt'l I . t694. ot els r or , h es t he oc edi Cli 3 9 1 - 6 1 - , -4, 6 3 ,3 ()(i) 41i-ii, 2 i) 4 - , 6 i, 7 ams , , 1 1 , 826 28 3 3 , 8 9 i-ii, ()(i) 4 (i, 345 4 () 5 , a d8 (i alg teiefci a ssa c o c u s l ams2 , 5 2 , 2 3 , n 4 aeno n 0 i l e h n fe t s itn e f o n e.Cli 0 2 , 8 3 , 8 a d 4 r t ) e ve S u t nta'bec us t c am sdo no r lt t c za eha ascli s a no e s a, r t bsa i l' a e he l i s t e ae o ogni bl be am , s t d upr pa t l, n ,h s c n td s rbeprj ie Pei o e as fist d s rb at u sa ta'cam o I a d tu , n no e ci eudc . tt n r lo al o ec ie s b tn il' li f i s ief ci a ssa c o c t e i u e h use cams1 ,1 - 9, 2 2 , 9, , 6 3 (i-ii, n fe t sitn e f oms l n n x a td li 3 8 1 2 , 6 2 31 3 , 9 i)(i) ve 41i-(i) 4 (i, 3, , nd8 (i.1 F rt ef l ngreasons, no o t eu e h use () i , 2 i 4 45 a 0 i 1 o h olowi i ) ) ne f h n x a td i feci a ssa e ofc ms lcli sa e û ubs a i l'andpeii ne i note us d fom ne f tve s it nc ot e am r s t nta,' s tto r s xc e r 9ç natre ' a t o o sinsta aen t nc n tuin lidvd l c r t ea d dtg t rt ce t a çA) ton ys cs r miso h t r o u o si to a n iiual amo b d e o ehe o rae ( t y c n tuina voain' Fs e v. eo e 1 3F.d8 , 5 - 3(t Ci. 9 ) Src ln etbihe a o si t l ilto . ih r Ana ln , 6 3 35 8 2 5 4h r 1 98. tika d sa ls d t o ' Eto gp eu to ta c u e' c n u tfl wi i tewiern eo ra o a l po eso l sitn e.' tr n rs mpin h t o nsls o d c al t n h d a g f e s n be rfsina a ssa c l' s s h l Stiklnd, U. a 689.ç udii s r tnyofcou elspef r rc a 466 S. t t cal c ui l ns ' ro manc mus behi ydeerntal a çe r e t ghl f e i ' nd tve y ' efr ( slb ma et ei naetedso t gefcsof n sg t . a dt e au t t (h le g d) o d c fotmu t e d o l t h itri fe t hid ih . . n o v lae he c aln e c n u t mi n fo c un e' p rp ciea tet . 1 iElfcierp ee tto i n t y o y u wi er re s rm o sls es e t th i ' d. t r etv e r snain s o s n n mo s t ro ls v me ' lf h rp ee tto . S rng rv Col s 5 6F. 3 9 3 2( t Ci.1 7 ) e rsn in' p i e . ln , 8 2d 2 , 3 4h r 9 8 . ' i 1 I ape ii rhasnots ts i one pr ng oft Sti kl t t a co tdoesnotnee t i r whe he he has 0 f ttone a ifed o he rc and es, ur d o nquie t r sts i t oherpr a ifed he t ong. I a 697. d. t 1I efcieassa c of o n e cams3 9 1 -2, 4-6 21 2 -4 3 , 3 3 , 9i, 6 i, n 5 aee h use 1 n fetv sitn e c u sl li , , 1 1 1 1 , , 32 , 0 3 -4 3 ()4 () a d 7 r x a td a da ay e u d rj2 5 sd frnil tn adi p r I ifa n n lz d n e 2 4' eeeta sa d r n atV,n r. 18 pr e alyde a tngcams1 2,5-,8,1 ,1 1 20,22,25- ,3132,35- 39(i-(i) oc duz l f uli li , 6 0 3, 729 38, i) ii, 4 - 5 4 (i, , -6, 8 81i, n 8 (i - 0 0 4 , 6 i 47 49 5 5 - () a d 1ii 1 0. ) ) l cai 13, ttone alege c n lm peii r l s ouns lwasi fe tvef alowi t a ison of e ne f c i or l ng he dm s i t nzt rh e d n ea dtsi n b tp tto rfist ie tf t alg d yo jcin bl mt swo ty vie c n etmo y, u ei ne al o d n iy he le e l b e to a e i tsi n ,o saealg l c g z begomdu o whc c t e c ul h v o j ce t i e tmo y t tt e al o nia l r t p n ih oms l o d a e b e td o t y s a miso o t e p anh w h wa prj d c db isa miso T rf r , eiine h sn t d sin, r o x li o e s eu ie y t d sin. heeo e p t o r a o t s wn a s t ntalque to t e us def ul ofc am 1 ho ubsa i si n o xc e a t l i 3. l cam 1 , eiin ralg sc u s l sie fcief rn t j ci t t ea miso n li 8 p t o e l e o n e wa n fe tv o o obe tng o h d s in t e oft vitm ' dr wi . Alhough he a gue t tt m ot ras t vi tm t m a t he ci s a ngs t r s ha he he ked he c i o ke he i rmi tngdr wi be a e s wa e adi c a c t oft vitm , ttone has nc i nai a ngs c us he nt d vor e nd usody he c i pe ii r n ih rie tfe a ye d n ir b sso whc c u s l o dh v o j ce t t ed a ng et e d n iid n vie tay a i n ih o n e c ul a e b e td o h rwi s nors wn t tt r s toft ti lwoul ha be n dif r ntwihoutt dr wi . ho ha he e ul he ra d ve e fe e t he a ngs l c am 1 peii n l i 9, ttoneral gesc le ouns lwasi fe tvebe a ecou e di no r c ve e ne f c i c us ns l d t e ei p tto e ' p nec l fo j i.Peiin rd e n te panh w t i alg d fc c nsi ts ei n rs ho al r m al tto e o s o x li o hs le e a t o tt e i s u d fce tp ro ma c o r s le i p eu ie eiin ef r n e r e u td n rj d c . I cam 22 peiin ralg sc u s l si fe tv f rn to j ci t Br wn' n li , tto e l e o n e wa nefcie o o b e tng o o s e t tmony be us no a o r c di ofBr esi ca e udi e or ng own andpeii r salege c ttone ' l d onve s ton e se a r a i xitd nd be aus t Comm onwe lh i c e he a t nduce Br d own' t si ony wih a ofe oflninc Howe r s e tm t n f r e e y. ve , c ouns lc os e e r s xami Br ned own abou t Comm o alh' de a i pe he Br t he nwe t s al nd m ac d own' s c e biiy wihouta a o r c di Furhe r di lt t n udi e or ng. t nnor , ttonerf ist i ntf a evi nta y e peii al o de iy n de ir basson whi h c i c ouns lc d ha madear s bl a gume t e l Br e oul ve ea ona e r nt o xcude own' t tmony. s esi 19 l cam 26 p tto e alg sc u s l si fe tv f rn to j ci wh nt e n li , eiin r l e o n e wa nefcie o o b e tng e h e Comm o nweat cal d ais prs 'wine s Howe r pe ii ne wa note ild t a nc 1h le tur ie' t s . ve , tto r s ntte o dva e wa ni oft Comm o r ng he nweat swine s , nd no r as bl ba i e se f c lh' t s es a e ona e ss xit d or ouns lt e o o jc .S eGrv, 8U. a 1 8(e o nzn n c nsiu in l ih t d s o eyi aci n l be t e a 51 S. t 6 r c g iig o o ttto a rg t o ic v r n rmia c sl Va S p. . 3 1 ( r vd n veyl tdd so e yi ci n l a e , ihdo sno a e ; . u Ct R. A: 1 p o ii g r i e ic v r n rmia c s s whc e t mi icu et rg t oa v n en tc o t eCo n at ' win se ) n ld he ih t d a c oie f h mmo we lh s t e s s. l cai 29, ttone alege c n lm peii r l s ouns lwasi fe tvef nota gui t tt vi tm ' e ne f c i or r ng ha he ci s i e dew wa notr cor d andt ti si at sa ke t vitm l a ng que tons Pe ii r nt r s e de ha nve tg or s d he c i e di si . ttone doesnotesa ih t theha arghtt ha t vitm ' i e vew r or d orpr f r t bls ha d i o ve he c i s nt r i ec de ofe ed e de et s vi nc o how t tt vitm ' t si onywasapr uc ofa hi buthe own m e o i s ha he c i s e tm od t nyt ng r m re . I c am 31, ttone al gesc n li peii r le ouns lwasi fe tve o a a be us ne c e ne f c i n ppe l ca e w ouns l e wa a sg t t a s s i ned o he ppea .Howe r pe ii rf l t esa ih a de i e peronna eor l ve , ttone ais o t bls ny fcint f nc r s ligp eudc fo temeea p it n o n w c t e. e utn rj ie r m h r p onme t f e oms l l cam 3 , t in ralg sc u s l si efciefrn to j ci t tea miso n li 6 pei o e le e o n e wa n fe tv o o be t o h d sin t ng o e i e c a o th smitr d shag f rs ligLS Coms l u c sf lyo j ce t ti f v d n e b u i l ay ic r e o el i n D. t e s c e sul be td o h s e i e c d rn t eCo n at sc s i c if a dtejlywa n tp r te t c n ie v d n e u i g h mmo we l a e n he , n h t h' r s o emi d o o sd r t pe ii rsdi c r Thedic r wa a it f s t nci pur e ,whih wa r l nt ttone ' s ha ge. s ha ge s dm ted or en e ng pos s c s eeva a dp o e .S eVa Co ej1 2 2 9( emi igap e e e c rp r ta d s rb dac n its n r p r e . d 9.- 9 p r t n r sntn e e o th t e cie o v c' t ge r a ci na hit y . neal nd rmi l sor) I cams39(i a (i) peii ralgesc ms lwa i feci f notar ngi a n li i) nd ii, ttone le ot e s nef tve or gui n mo inf rn w til n o a p a ta tetil u g s o l ha erc s dhms l f r i t e to o e ra a d n p e lh t h ra j d e h ud v e u e i ef o beng h s mej d ef rp tto e ' dv r epr c e ig .Th S p e Co r o Vigni ara yh l a u g o ei n rs io c o e dn s e u rme u t f r i a le d ed i 20 ta t ej d espatcp to i dv rep o e dn swa n tag omdf rrc a, n t s h t h u g ' riiain n io c r c e ig s o r t o e us la d hu , co e c d notbedek intf ma ng t sm e il sa gume . uns l oul t e or ki hi rtes r nt I cams41i-i )peiine alg sc u e wa i efciefrno rc ii n li ()(i , t o r le e o nsl s n fe tv o t e evng i t s cilz d tani i c l ps hol y a a nce que to ngt hni pe ai e r i ng n hid yc og nd dva d si ni ee quesa f rno hii nd o t rng a e r i C ocalatt s't diqualf t vi i ' t si ony a i l n xpe t n ç i tiude ' o s iy he ctm s e tm s s ntuenc d by he pa e s e r r nt ' m a ialpr e s Co elwa af rt oblm . uns s onnerc l a ei tga o , hid- bus nvesi t r who had e riei xpe ts n quesi ng c l vitm s and hehied a e r c l ps hol s,who r e d t vitm ' toni hid c i , r n xpe t hid yc ogit eviwe he c i s pr lmi r he rngt tmony a de m e he c e bl. Peii ne f ist e t bls wha e i na y a i esi nd e d r r di e tto r al o sa ih t com s lc d ha donedif r nty wih t tai ng ora t re r t pr uc r l va , t e oul ve fe e l t he r ni no he xpe t o od e e e nt a isbl e de et tc dha c e adif e o c e dm s i e vi nc ha oul ve aus d fer nt ut om . l cam 42i) p tto e alg sc t e wa ie fci ef rn t b e tn t t e n li (i, eiin r l e oms l s n fe tv o o o j cig o h e a miso o t ek ie Co n e d do j c t isa miso a peiin rscam h sn b ss d si n f h nf . u s l i b e t o t d sin, nd tto e ' li a o a i i fc. n at l c am 43, ttoneral gesc n li peii le ouns lwasi fe tve f rno a quael pr parng f e ne f c i o t de t y e i or t a alt t Cour ofAppe sofVigi a a f ii t ha a c t e re ta c i o a he ppe o he t al r ni nd a lng o ve our r po tr r ns rbe r l a g e .Pe ii ne f ist ct a Vigi a1w t wo d pe m i c r um nt tto r a l o ie r ni a hat ul r t ouns t ha acou t el o ve r r pore pr s ntf ra lae a gumen ,a hef ist e tbls t tt r s toft a al e tr e e o ppel t r t nd a l o sa ih ha he e ul he ppe c d ha bee dif r twih ac t e trpr e oruns ciid,idequae'pr pa ai n. oul ve n fe en t our r pore es nt pe fe ûa t' e r to I cam 45 peiin ralg sc t e wa i efciefrn to j ci t t emoh rs n li , tto e l e oms l s n fe tv o o be tng o h te ' e t tmonymeeybec us s wasawine si t di r epr e ngs l cam 80(i, esi rl a e he t s n he vo c oce di . n li i) p tto e alg sc u e wa i efci f r to j ci gt t emoh rsa dhe find ' ei n r le e o nsl s n fe tve o no be tn o h te ' n r re s i 21 t tm o e be a et m o he wa di c ngpe ii r Peii rdoe no de c i a l l esi nis c us he t r s vor i ttone . ttone s t s rbe ny ega b sst ma et s fio o so j cin . a i o k he e rv l u b e to s Fort f eg ng r as ,pe ii rf ist e tbls et rde ii ntpe f r a or he or oi e ons ttone a l o sa ih ihe fc e r o m nce rs ligp eu ief rt t x a se camso i fe tv a ssa c o c u s l e utn rj d c o he me h u td li f nefcie sitn e f o n e. Cons que l noneoft ecai sa e s t n i l a lm a notr viw t pr e al e nty, hes l m r ubsa ta, nd y e e he oc dur ly de a t d cli . f ule a ms l . V Cli 3 7 9 1 - 2 1 - 6 21 2 -4, 0 3 - 4 3 () 4 () 48 a d5 aee ha se ams , , , 1 1 , 4 1 , , 3 2 3 , 3 3 , 9 i, 6 i, , n 7 r x u td, notbared fom f de alr viw,a pr e f de a i s .Ahe a sae c t r s est r r e r e e nd es nt e r l s ues r t t our add e s he me isofac am as r ied i af r lha aspe ii af der lc tmay no gr ntt rt l i lo a s n ede a be tton, e a our t a he p tt nu ls t saec u tsa j dc to ofacam i c nr r t , ra u za o a l eii n e s he tt o r' d u iain o li s o ta y o o n n e s n be a i a i of c e ry e t bls d f der ll w orba e on a unr s bl dee na i oft pplc ton , l a l sa ihe e a a sd n ea ona e tnni ton he fcs 28U. C. 2 5 *. a t. S. j 2 4( The e l ton ofwhe he a sa ecour de son i t nta y t ' û lunr as bl vauai t r tt t cii s s r r o'or i co al e ona e a ia i of' ede a 1w i bas d on a i pende r viw ofe h sa r W iln v. pplc ton f r l a s e n nde nt e e ac t nda d. li ms Ta o , 2 U. 3 2, 2 1 ( 0 0 .A saec u t ee miaini û o tayt 'fd r l a i vlr 5 9 S. 6 41 - 3 2 0 ) tt o r d tr n to s t nrr o' e e a 1w f c i t ri a aconcuson o iet t tr c by(heUnie Sae Supr me Co tona tt rves t a l i ppost o ha ea hed t td tts e l ur q e to o lF o i tesaec u t e i e ac s dfee tyt ngh Untd Sae S p e l u si n f a r f h tt o r d cd s a e ifrn l ha t e ie tts u r me Cour hason a s tofma e i l i si uiha e f c s' l a 41 t e t raly nditng s bl a t . d. t 3. ' A f r lc tm a a s i s t m i un t f e ona ea ia i ' l e i t ede a our y lo s ue he t der he i as bl pplc ton'caus f he unr fd r l o r fn st a t esaec u tt e tfe t c re tg v r i lg l rn il fo g e e a c u ti d h t h tt o r id niis he o rc o enng e a p icpe rm t i he Supr me Co tsd ii butl ea ona ya ist tprncpl t t f t oft prs rs e l ur' ecsons mr s bl pple ha i i e o he acs he ione ' 22 c s . l .Th sr ao be e ssa d r i a o j cieo e l . t 0.A Vignac u ts ae' d i e s na ln s tn ad s n b e tv n . d a 41 ' r ii o r' fndi ca i ngs nnotbede m e unr as bl m e e y be us i doesnotct esa ihe Unie e d e ona e r l ca e t ie t bls d t d Stt sSupr ae eme Cour pr c nton a is i t r s tr c d i no c r r t t t t e ede n s ue f he e ul ea he s t onta y o ha esa ihe pr e nt M ic lv.Es ra,5 U. 1 1 ( tbls d ec de . thel paz 40 S. 2, 6 2003) Furhemo e ûl . t r r ,tal sa e c tf cua de e m i ton i notunr s bl me el be us t f de a ha asco t tt - our a t l t r na i s ea ona e r y ca e he e r l be ur wo d ha r c adif e co l i n i t frti tnc ' W ood v.Ale 558U . 290, ul ve ea hed fer nt ncuso n he is nsa e. ' ln, S. . ;1 S.Ct 841 849( 0) 30 . , 201 . A fd rlc u t e e n aha e sp tto t r sl gqt egttjc u tsfcua e ea o r rviwig b a eiin t e t s h sae o r' a t l p me fn i st b s u dt e sg tto e)r b t Sh p e u to o c re t s b ce ra d idng o e o n mls peiin r e us t e r s mp in f o r cne s y la n c n icn e ie c .'MilrEl Drt e 5 5U. 23 , 40( 05 (u tn 2 U. C. o vn i g vd n e' le- v. ek , 4 S. 1 2 20 ) q o ig 8 S. ' j2 5 ()1) S e eI, n v. a hn tn 4 4 F.d2 , 0 - ( t Ci. 0 6 .Fial, 2 4 e( ). e . ..Le z W s ia o , 4 3 95 3 0 01 4h r 2 0 ) n ly Ce e t rj225 d)1 i lmie t t rcodt twasbeor t saec tt t l viw mde r 4( ( ) s i td o he e r ha f e he tt our ha a j d c tdtecam o t meis' Cu lnv. n oltr 5 3U. du iae h li n he rt. le Pih se, 6 S. , 3 S. .1 8 ,1 9 ' 1 1 Ct 3 8 3 8 ( 01 ) 2 1. F rt ra o sd s rbe h ra tr t eS p e Co r o Vigni' a j iaino o he e s n e ci d ee fe ,h u rme u t f r i as dudc to f dams3 7 9 1 -2,1 - 6 21 2 - 4 3 , 3 3 , 9 i, 6 is , nd5 wa net rc nrr t , i , , , 1 1 4 1 , , 3 2 , 0 3 - 4 3 () 4 () 48 a 7 s i o tay o he o a unr as bl a ia i o ,cea l e t bls f r l1w norba e o an u e ona e r n e ona e pplc ton f l ry s a ihed ede a a sd n nr as bl dee mi ton oft f c s Ac r ngl peii ri no e il d t ha sr le . tr na i he a t . co di y, ttone s t ntte o bea e if A. I cli s7 a 48,peii ne al gest tt ti cour e r by gi ng a tmpr pe ' n am nd tto r le ha he ral t red vi n d o r' i i or nti t u ton.Pe ii ne pr s nt t sc am t t Supr me Cour ofVigi a o die t nf ma nsr c i tto r e e ed hi l i o he e t r ni n r c 23 a pe latrt eCo r o Ap e l rj ce temeiso t ecam.2 Se Y1tv Nu n ma e, p a fe h u t f p as ee td h rt f h li 1 e s n e kr . 5 U. 797,803( 991 ( di t tafdea c tc nr y onaras dsaec t 01 S. 1 ) hol ng ha e rl our a el e one tt our j g n r sigp i rl o fd r la wh nltrt x lie saec u t r esu h l t t ud me t e tn rmai n e ea 1w e ae me pan d tt o r o d r p od ha y j dg n) TheCo r o Ap e l rj ce t ecam b c u et etil o r g vea i sr ci n u me t. u t f p as ee td h li e a s h ra c u t a n n tu to a o t w t d tr n c e iiiysmia t p tto e ' p o o e u yi sr ci n a o t b u ho o ee mie r db l i lr o eiin rs r p s dj r n tu to s b u t ce iii a dj ih u eif r ns r dblt n alo s n o ma t. y Th lg lyo t ej r isr cin d p n so t eh r h aln isr cinb is l s e e ai f h u y n tu to s e e d n s te t e i g n tu to y tef o t wh i i e e t e ieti lt tt r uli co c i vi aesduepr s , tme ey whehert nf ctd he ntr ra ha he es tng nviton ol t oce s no r l t he i tu toni t ia e er us o eve uni ralyconde nsr ci s mdesrbl, roneo , r n ves l mnedgl'He ronv. bbe, .' nde s Ki 4 U. 1 5 1 4( 9 7 ( u t Cu pv Na z e 41 U. 1 ,1 - 7( 9 3)(nen l 31 S. 4 , 5 1 7 ) q oi ng p . u htn, 4 S. 41 46 4 1 7 ) itr a ctto sa q tto makso te ) t- b r e o d mo srtn ta a er ne u iai n nd uoain r mi d .çl u d n f e n taig h t n ro o s t -he isr cinwa s p eu iil h tiwil u po t c l trlatc o t ec nsi to a vai i n tu to s o rj dca t a t l s p r a ol ea ta k n h o tt in l ldt a u y o asaec u ts ud me ti e e ge trta t s o ngr q ie t e tbls pane o f tt o r' j g n s v n r ae h n he h wi e ur d o sa ih li nor n die ta r c ppea . l l' d. ' The Co tofAppeasofVigi a' diposto o t scai doe no wa ur l r ni s s ii n f hi l m s t nunthabe s a r le .Theti c tsi tuci de c i ng how t dee ne c e biiy f l a f il ei f ral our' nsr ton s rbi o tnni r di lt uly nd a ry c r t i o mai pe ii rr quese i hi pr e i tuc i .Alhoug t til ove ed he nf r ton ttone e t d n s opos d nsr tons t h he ra c u tsisr cinddn ts cfc lyd su sjih u eif r n s teisnzto f lya d o r' n tu to i o pe iial ic s alo s n o ma t,h n t cin u l n fil r ctdtesmeis e tej r c u dc n ie t d tr n ho mu h i a y weg t o ary e ie h a su s h u y o l o sd r o eemie w c , f n , ih t 1 TheSupr Cour ofVigi ar fledt c i rt me isoft scai du i habe r viw be us t til 2 eme t r ni e ts o onsde he rt hi l m rng as e e ca e he ra c ta t Cour ofAppe l ofV igi aale y decde t cli , s ntt He vv.W a de 265 Va. our nd he t as r ni r ad i d he am pur ua o m' r n, 246, 2 , 76S. 2 4 5 4 6(0 3 .He r i n tab rt fd rl b a rve wh r teu eligcam c n ensa 49 5 E.d 9 , 9 2 0 ) n v s o a o e ea ha e s e iw ee h nd ryn li o c r fd rlc n tuin lis e Bel . e 41 F. u p. d65 71 -2( D. . 0 6 , f' s bn m. lv e ea o si to a su . lv Tnz, 3 S p 2 7, 11 W. Va 2 0 ) afd u o Bel . t Kel, 0F. px5 9(t Ci. 0 8 . lv 26 Ap ' 9 4h r 2 0 ) 24 a tb t t Br wn' tsi n Ac o dn l,hej r i tu to ddno vo aed p o e s t iu e o o s e tmo y. c r igy t u y nsr cins i t ilt ue r c s, r a c am s7 a 48do notwar ntha a r le . nd l i nd ra be s e if B. The Supr Cour ofVigi a r le on Sti a t dimispe ii ne ' i fe tve eme t r ni e id rcklnd o s s tto r s ne f c i a ssa c o c u e cams3 9 1 - 2, 4 1 21 2 - 4 3 , 3 3 , 9 i, () a d5 No e sitn e f o nsl li , , 1 1 1 - 6, , 3 2 , 0 3 - 4 3 () 46i, n 7. n o t s camsd s rbe d tce tp ro n eo s fiin p eu ie a dteS p e Co r f he e li e ci d ei in ef nna c r u fce t rj d c , n h u rme u t o Vign asa j d c to o te ecamswa n tc nr r t , ra u r a o a l a piaino , f r ii ' du iai n f h s li s o o ta y o o n n e s n be p lc to f cla l e t bls d f de a 1 w orba e on a unr s nabl dee mi ton oft f c s e ry sa ihe e r l a sd n ea o e t r na i he a t . l c am s3a 1 peii ral ge c n li nd 5, ttone le s ouns lwasi fe tvef notr quesi ac nge e ne f c i or e tng ha i v n ed et p era p b iiy Th S p e Co r o Vignasrj cino t s camswa n e u u o rtil u lct . e u rme u t f r i i' ee to f hee li s pr rbec us onl t e oft t f t ve r m e r ha r a a hi a ope a e y hr e wen y-otr nie mbe s d e d nyt ng boutt ca e he s be or til ofwhi h onewase us d f q si ng he own i f e ra , c xc e or ue toni r mpm i lt a t t l ng t t aiy fer a ki o he m o he ' finds Thet ot rve r m e t rs re . wo he nie mber r a ld r adi s t ng a utt c s , s ec le e ng ome hi bo he a e coul notr m e rt deaisoft a tcl ,a a tr d e mbe he t l he ri es nd fi med t i i ri lt Furhe mor t he r mpa taiy. t r e, he t s tne a tcesaboutpe ii rsa r tand bondhe rng we ef c ua l a lr t a wo hor ws ri l ttone ' res ai r a t ly ccza e nd we enoti l mm a o y.Ac or ng y,c r nfa tr c di l ouns lwasnotd i i ntf notflng amerte sm oto e efc e or ii ils in t c ngeve . Se .e. ,Te e v.Co onwe lh, Va 458,476- 643 S. 2d 708 o ha nue e g. l Ruz mm at z73 . 77, E. , 7 ( 0 7 ( odngtil o r ddn t r b d n igmoint c a g ve u wh nd fn a t 21 2 0 ) h li ra c u t i o e r y e yn to o h n e n e e e e d n p o frd o yt e a lso me i c v r g a dj r r atr di a t ly . r fee nl wo x mpe f da o ea e n u o s fime mp ri i ) at I cai s9a 1 peii ral ge c n lm nd 2, ttone le s ouns lwasi fe tvef rnotc os exa ni t e ne f c i o r s mi ng wo oft Co monwe t swines es St y Ros a Ba ba aAdoli The Supr m eCour of he m alh' t s : ac e nd r r f. e t Vign ap o el rj ce t ecamsbe a epeiin r1 f ie t p o frete wha q e to s r ii r p ry ee t d h li c us tto e ) ald o r fe i r t u sin h 25 c e s ul ha ake t m ort i a wes a 2)fie t etbls t tt o c of ouns l ho d ve s d he her ns r, nd ald o sa ih ha he utome t pr e ng c d ha be n dif r ntw ih t a tonalt tm ony. Pe ii ne s m ia l f is he oce di oul ve e f e e t he ddii es i tto r i l ry a l t esa ih t tt r ul oft pr ee ng c d ha bee a dif r ntby c os e mi ng o tbls ha he es t he oc di oul ve n ny fe e r s xa ni t s w ines es Furhe m or ,c he e t s . t r e ouns l s sr t gi dec s on t notc os e m i t e t o e ' tae c ii o r s xn ne hes w wines e , hemot roft vitm ' fi nd a a me c lpr es i nalwho t tted a t sst he he c i s re nd di a of so esii boutt he ta t vitm s frd,se il t deee e.SeeStiklnd,466U. a 68 (e ni ng ruma he ci ufee i ntted o frnc rc a S. t 9 reog zi asr pr sz pto t tc tong e lm i n ha ouns lsc e ' onduc f lswihi t wi r ng ofr as bl t a l t n he de a e e ona e pr e sonala ssa ) ofsi s itnce . I cams1 a d 1 , ei o e alg sc u s l sief ci ef rn t b e tn t n li 1 n 6 p tt n r l e o n e wa n fe tv o o o j cig o i e uns ciid1 he r a e i nc . To t e e pe ii ralege t s m ehea s y cai a pe fe 3 a s y v de e he xt nt ttone l s he a ra l ms s pr s nt d t t Su e eCour ofVigi aand c i r me il s hei note il d t r le . e e e o he pr m t r ni onsde ed rtes , s ntte o e if Pe ii rpr vi usy ar d t tt vitm ' and Br ttone e o l gue ha he c i s own' t si s e tmoni swe ehe r ay be us e r as ca e t i t si oni c r dit d pe ii r st tmony,butpeii rdi notha e de et he r e tm es onta c e ttone ' esi ttone d ve vi nc o s uppor t ecli s Furhe mor peii r ssa e e t t Br t hes am . t r e, ttone ' t t m n s o own a t vitm c tt e nd he c i onsiut d t r y a m i s ons ' a exc pton t t he r ay r e. Se e. , oi v.Com m o ea t 251 t t d s i ,' n e i o he a s ul pa es c. G ns nw 1h, Va. 461, S. 2d 11 1 (1 )( c i ngt a ia ee de ir r e ) 442, 470 E. 4, 27 996 desrbi he pplc bl vi ntay uls. I cli 1 com s wa ale dl i feci f notfnd ng i aeswho wo d t tf n a m 4, t el s l ge y ne f tve or i nm t ul esiy t tBr ha own i a t nzt rhy lar Peii rr i d on f z i t who tl d a fdavist t s n mt swo t i . ttone ele otr nma es i e fi t ha a s r e t y woul ha t s ii d ass h ha co e c l t m , t rpot n i l s e t d he d ve e t te uc d uns l aled he but hei e t a tsi oni we eno a s i eunde Vigi al w. Se se. ,Chie v.Comm onwe 1h,1 Va e tm es r t dmi sbl r r ni a e g. l s at 2 . App. 699- 406 S. 2d41 41 (991 (ec zi awinesesma nottsiya a 698, 700, E. 3, 4 1 ) r ogni ng t s y etf bout 1 I tesat peii , p tto ralg dta c u e fi dt o jc t t vitm' a dBr wn se t e alg d 3 n h t e tton eiine l e h t o nslal o b eto he ci s n o ' ni , l e e e r e he rayt tm o a s esi ny. 26 pe s na opi o ofa he pe s n ort a s i r put i ofa t rpe s n f r e upon a r o l ni n not r r o o pecal e aton no he r o o m d sngl oc son) Furhemor,c ms tidt eii unfvor bl c rce e de a i e ca i . t r e ot elre o lct a a e haa tr vi nce bout Br own beng alard li Lt Sm ih' c os e i i trng . t s r s xami ton,butt ti lc ts t i d t na i he ra our usane he Co n at so j cin. mmo we l be to h' I cli 21 c n a m , ouns lwasalege y i fe tvef rf ii t pr pa ef ti la t r e l dl ne f c i o alng o e r or ra nd he eby misng t o rt t t i a h A . ' t si s i he ppo tmiy o mpe c H.S e tmony durng t s n e i hea i l cli 57, i he e t ncng rng. n am peiin rc n u i gyalg se u s l sief ci ef rn to j ci gt A. ' tsi n fr t o e o f sn l le e o n e wa n fe tv o o b e tn o H.S etmo y o t no r me be i t alege a es pr vi l t tfedha oc ur e a lgedl i vi a i t e m rng he l d bus he e ousy esii d c r d, le y n olton o Br d v. avln , 7 U. 8 ( 9 3 .I cam 4 () peiin ralg sc u s l s f a v M r a d 3 3 S. 3 1 6 ) n li 6 i, t o e le e o n e wa t iefciefrn to j cigt A. ' tsi n a p ru y n fe tv o o be t o H.S e tmo y s ej r . n The ec am sa eme il s .A. t sii d t tpe ii rha m ol t d he whe s wa s l i r rte s H. e tfe ha ttone d ese r n he s ami a t tSoc a Se viesde i t ptr uehe alega i a S ounde ' i t nor nd ha il r c clned o ls r l tons s û unf d'and t o due lc ofm e y. A. r afimed i he t si o t tt m olsa i di oc ur nott ts ak mor ' H. e fr ' n r e tm ny ha he e tton d c , ha he di notr calt m ol tton a peii ralege i c am 57. Furhe mor peii rwas d e l he esa i s ttone l s n l i t r e, ttone a eoft wom a sale tonsa t i si ton' o c el be o e ti ,a he f is war he n' l ga i nd he nve tgai s ut om ong f r ral nd al t des rbe aBr dv vi a i o ci a olton.M or ove , t elc os - xn i d A . ,i e r co ms r s e m ne H. mpea hi he c ng r a c a i a l ounde ' a pe ii rf ist esa ih t tt wom a st tmony a c us tons s û unf d, nd ttone a l o tbls ha he ' n' esi bout a u ec n tttdp ru y b s o si e ej r . u l cli 23,c n am ouns lwasa lgedl i fe tvef wa vi pe ii rspr s nc whe t e le y ne f c i or i ng ttone ' e e e n he til o r a wee q sinsfo t jl a u wheh rp tto e ' s n e c swo l r n ra c u t ns r d ueto r m he t y bo t te eiin rs e tn e ud u r c n u rn l o c n e u ieya dwh t rtetil u g c udr d c t s ne e o c re ty r o s c tv l n ehe h ra j d e o l e u e he e tnc s r c mme d db t j r Th til u g a k dt ep o e u o a dc u s l eh rp tto e ' e o n e y he u y. e ra j d e s e h r s c tr n o n e wh t e eiin rs 27 pr e wa ne es a y bef ea we i t quesi , c ms lwa ve pe ii rs es nce s c s r or ns rng he tons but ot e i d ttone ' p e e e Thetilu ete t l t ej r ,se tn e r nc n e ui ey- o l t ec u t y r snc . ra j dg h n od h u y t n e c s u o s c tv l n y h o r ma s rm t m c tr e l You s di t he onc lr nty. houl mpos whae rs ntnc you s d dee m i t be e tve e e e houl t r ne o pr rwihi t i tuc i . You ar nott c e n yo s l swih wha m a ha n ope t n he nsr tons e o onc r ur e ve t t y ppe afe wa ds' tr r . ' P t in ralg shewo dh v a k dtetil o r t a we tejly sq e to wi ei o e l e t e ul a e s e h ra c u to ns r h t ' u sins t r h t dei tonsofS onc r ' a t ons u i .'TheSupr he fnii ç urent' nd i ec tve' c c eme Cour ofVigi apr pe l t r ni o ry rj ce t i cam b c us tejly sq e to sddn t s f rt ed tni o so C ta s me ee td h s li e a e h t ' u sin i o a k o h ei t n r t ry o r i be miu d rtn ig' ft s c n e t.Co s q e ty p tto rfist e tbl hta p eu ie s n e sa dn 'o he e o c ps n e u n l, eiine al o sa i h t rj d c s rs tdfo t ej r n tb igt l t ed fnto so k o c re t' n i o e u ie' eul r m h u y o en o d h ei iin fi n u r n'a d t nsc tv . e c c ' l cai 24a 39() c e wasalgedl i fci f notr que tngt til n l ms nd i, ouns l le y nefe tve or e si he ra j d esrc a b c us t esmej dg p e ie o e peiin rsdvo c p o e dng .Th u g ' e usl e a e h n u e rsd d v r t o e ' i r e r c e i s e t S p e Co r o Vignap o ryrj ce t cam b c us t pn o f r db tej d eo u r me u t f r i i rpel ee td he li e a e ç iins o me y h u g n o t ba e off t i r he s s acs ntoduc d ore nt occ ni i t c s oft c r nt...orofpro e ve s u ng n he our e he ure ir p o e dn sld n tc nsiu eab ssf rab a o pa t l ymoi nu ls te ds a ade p r c e i g g o o o ttt a i o is r ri i to ne s h y iply e at s t fvorts ora a s t twoul ma f rj eaed a iim ntgonim ha d ke ai udgme i sbl ' Liekvv.Unie nt mposi e. t ' td S ae , 0U. 5 0 5 5( 9 4 .Nohigi t rc r e ic st ej g ' fv rts o tts 51 S. 4 , 5 1 9 ) t n n he e o d vn e h ud es a o iim r a ago s ora ot rl ii a eba i t fl am oto f rr us l nt nim ny he eg tm t ss o ie i n o ec a . l cl i s 30 a 34,a l t co m s w a a l ge y i f e i f nota qua e y n am nd ppela e t el s le dl ne f ctve or de t l i si a i andno a e ng t pe ii f a alba e on uns cii ne e de e. The nve tg tng t m ndi he tton or ppe sd pe fed, w vi nc S p e Co r o Vig nap o e l rj ce t s camsb c u ep tto e fie t pr fe u rme u t f r i i r p ry ee td hee li e a s eiin r ald o o fr 28 wha a t dequa ei tgai 'wo d r vea o wha me ioro a l e ca m s d ha tns a t nvesi ton' ul e l r t rt i us ppelat li houl ve bee r iedt tcoul havec us d ar as bl pr biiy ofove t ni ac ci n a s ha d a e e ona e oba lt rur ng onvi ton. l c a m 33,a l t co elw a a l dl i f e tve f no r i i t ee uns ii d n li ppela e uns s lege y ne f c i or t a s ng hr pec f e i s son a al1 To t e e peii s ue ppe . 4 he xt nt ttoneral ge t s m ehea s y c am saspr e e t t le s he n ra li es nt d o he Supr m eCour ofVigi aa consde e m e il s hei notentte t r le .Pe ii rdi e t r ni nd i r d rtes , s ild o e if ttone d notari ult a l ga ba i whi h c tc a e ny e l ss c ouns lc d r que taDN A e r bec us DN A e de e oul e s xpe t a e vi nce wa n ta is e a dc n e u n l, ei o ras c n o e tbihp eu ie Peiin rs s o n su , n o s q e ty p tt ne lo n n t sa ls rj dc . t o e ' i t u s lctdc n e so t Br wnddn ti lc t M ia av Arz n , 8 U. 4 6( 9 6 , r n oiie o fs in o o i o mp iae rnd . io a 3 4 S. 3 1 6 ) o t Fit Am e he fh ndmen ,a i fe tve a ssa e ofc t nd ne f c i s it nc ouns lcli sm a notber ied o die t e am y as n rc a ppea i Vigi a.Roac s anot 8,a 18. l n r ni h, upr e t V. Pettone fld num e ousmotonsd i t pe nc oft sa ton,i udi t ii r ie r i urng he nde y hi c i ncl ng wo doc e t doc t d asam ic lneousm oton a um n s ke e s ela i boutde i a i tt i lr bl ksa adlnes nd nsiutona oad oc nd ume s ttone m ans boutac s t aprs 1w asam o i t a nd.5 I t e doc nt , peii rco pl i a ton o me 1 n hes ce s o ion a lbr r a m alng ht e ofpa ofdoc l nt t t co t Peii m a notltga ea i a y nd ii mdr ds ges tme s o he ur . ttoner y ii t n a e st c t am i t sha asac i a t e moto a ede e Se e. ,Pr s rv. cc s o our cli n hi be ton, nd hes i ns r ni d. e. g. eie Ro rg e , 1U. 4 ,5 0( 9 3 ( ic s igwhihcamsma beb o g v aaj2 5 d iu z 41 S. 75 0 1 7 ) d su sn c li y r u ht i 24 peiin a acvirg sa on) tto nd i l iht di . 1 l t esaepeiin,peii ralge t tcouns lw a i f tvef no a g ngpe ii rwase ildt t 4 n h tt tto ttone le d ha e s nefeci or t r ui ttone ntte o he asit nc ofaDNA e tf no a g ng on a lt tBr ssa e xper; or t r ui ppea ha own' t tm onyw a i s esi s nadm isbl beca eBr si e us own vi aedt Fi Ame olt he Ah ndme bynotM ia zngpeii r andf rnotagui o a alt tti c elwas nt r ndii ttone ; o r ng n ppe ha ral ouns i f tve. nefeci 1 The m o i di nots ekt a e a he flng. 5 ton d e o m nd not r ii 29 Pe ii rfl d aEM oton f W ai r' t e ttone ie ç i or ve 'of he xhausi r quie tt exc ehi f itr ton e r men o us s a lle t pr s ntm a oft i t ptcai st t Su e Cour ofVigi aa a C o i t Re st' o ee ny he nsa l m o he pr me t r ni nd l ton o vii' M t tm o i Pe ii ne a s fld aE i ofPe ii r sAci n i Stt Courst Exha t ha ton. tto r lo ie ç ce Not ttone ' to n a e t o us Ba r d Cli s'e ani t thepr e e t t xha t cai t t Cic tCour of r e am ,' xpl i ng ha es nt d he me used l ms o he r ui t Ra ha ppa nnoc Count al t Cour ofAppe l ofVigi a.Pr e i t une use cai s k y td he t as r ni es ntng he xha t d l m t t s c t i t a oft Su e Co tofVigi adoe no c tt ee usi a ldo o he e ours nse d he pr me ur r ni s t onsiut xha ton, nd n t a etej rs ito t iv ld t j2 5 se h u to r q ie n .28U.. o h v h u idcin o n aiae 2 4' x a sin e urme t SC. j225 b)1( ;Va Codejj1 1411 8. - 4;Va.Sup. .R.5: a .Eve i peii r 4( ( )A) . 7.- , 0165 Ct 9() n f ttone pr e e t t es nt d he mexha td cai t t Supr use l ms o he eme Co tofVigi ad i t pe ncy oft s ur r ni urng he nde hi a ton, tlas t i pende and a quae sa epr edur lr e ba sa eha sr vi w. See c i a e t wo nde nt de t tt oc a uls r t t bea e e s pr , r IIA .Ac or ngl 1de peii r sr ques t hol t sc ei a yanc untlhe u a pa t I . c di y, ny ttone ' e t o d hi as n be e i pr s nt t t c c l e use pr dur ly- f ule cl m st t Su e Co tof e e s he e hnialy- xha td, oce a l de a t d ai o he pr me ur Vign a S eRhn sv. e e , 4 U. 2 9 2 3( 0 5 (e og ii t ed fe e c bewe n r ii. e ie W b r 5 4 S. 6 , 7 2 0 ) r c nzng h ifr n e t e t xha t d c am sne s ia i a sa a t hni al e use pr e aly- a t d c am s me use l i ce sttng t y nd ec c ly- xha t d, oc dm l def ule l i t tdonotr uieasay) ha eq r t . la s de pe ii r smoton t c lo ny ttone ' i o ompelpr to ofsae c t ec ds t hol oduci n t t our r or , o d rs e ponde i c e , t a s s s nci . Peii ne i note il d t c pi ofa 1r cor nt n ontmpt and o s e s a tons tto r s ntte o o es 1 e ds ofhi c i i la ha spr e ngsfom t Cic tCour ofRa hmmoc Coun y,t s rm na nd bea oc edi r he r ui t ppa k t he Cour ofAppe l ofVigi a, ndt Supr m eCour ofVigi a.Res t as r ni a he e t r ni ponde c nt omple wih id t Rue5 d o t Rue Go enngj2 5 Ca e , n p tto rd e n t l g ta rs n e t l () f he ls v r i 2 4 s s a d ei ne o s o al e h t epo d n i e misae a yta s rp , ihlid p n e tyrviwe t a j dc t t i a to sttd n r n cit wh c n e e d n l e e d o d u iae hs cin. 30 Be aus pe ii ne i note il d t r le a no m a t r r m a n i t sac i 1w ilnot c e tto r s ntte o e i f nd te s e i n hi ton, l or rpeii rt ber l a e on bond, peii r sm o i t a ntco ela m o i de ttone o e e s d and ttone ' tons o ppoi uns nd ton t n nd am otont a n co e a ede e asm o . o me i o ppoi t uns l r nid ot VI. Fort f eg ngras ,noneofpeii rscai e il hi t habe srle a 1 he or oi e ons ttone ' l ms ntte m o a ei: nd gr ntpeii r sm o i t n ndt r pons ;gr ntr ponde ' m o i n t dimi s a de a ttone ' ton o me he es e a es nts to o s s ; nd ny pe ii ne ' va i motons Bas dupon my fndi t tpeii ne ha no m a t r quiie tto rs rous i . e i ng ha tto r s t de he e st s bsa i s ngofade a ofac tt i rghta r rdby28U. C.j2253() a u tntal howi nil onsiutonal i s equie S. c, c rii t o a a a lt i de e e tfcae f ppe l biiy s ni d. TheCl r i die t d t s ac oft sM e a l Opi on a t ac ompa ng e k s r c e o end opy hi mor ndtm ni nd he c nyi Or t pe ii ne a cot elofr cor f rr s nde . der o tto r nd ms e d o e po nt ENTER : s Thi . da ofM a c 201 - y r h, 3. Seni Unied St t D i t i tJ o t a es sr c udge 31

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