-RSB McClanahan v. Director Of The Department Of Corrections, No. 7:2011cv00340 - Document 16 (W.D. Va. 2012)

Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge James C. Turk on 02/02/2012. (kab)

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,orF, t. oI ee , 4r; S. ATqc?Ncik? ki VA ri r -v' l: -b FE 02 2 1 2 22 I TH E U N I N TED STA TES DISTRI T CO UR T C FO R TH E W ESTERN DI STR I O F V I G I I CT R N A R O AN O K E D I I O N V SI JULA C, I BY; D W D AL LA S VIC TO R M C CLA NA H A N , Ci lA cton N o.7: cvvi i 11- 000340 Pe i i r t tone , V. M EM O R AN D UM O PI I N N O DI RECT O R O F TH E D EPA R TM ENT O F CO R REC TI N S! O Res ponde . nt By:Jam esC .Tur k Seni U ni St es D i ri Judge or ted at st ct Pe ii rD a l V i t M c a ha fl d t sa i n asa pe ii f a wrtofha a ttone las c or cl na n ie hi cto tton or i be s copuspu s ntt 28U. C.j2254,c le nghi dee i purua t hi Ma 20 r rua o S. halngi s tnton s nt o s y 09 c ci f agg a t d i un a y ma l ht ra ar s tofdrvi unde t i l nc onvi ton or r va e nvol t r nsaug e s e ul i ng r he nfue e. Ther s e ponde m oved t di m i st pe ii a M ccl na n r ponded,m a ng t m a t r nt o s s he tton, nd a ha es ki he te rpe f rdi pos ton. A fe r vi w oft r cor t c tc ude t tt m oton t di m i s i o s ii tr e e he e d, he our oncl s ha he i ö s s m ustbe gr ed. ant 1 Bac r . kg ound M ccl na a han' c i i lc r s a os f o a c rac i n s ty a t m i ghton J s rm na ha ge r e r m a c de t horl fer dni une 23,2008. The ve cl M c a ha wasdrvi w ih t r e f m a e a quai anc a pa s ng r , hi e cl na n i ng, t h e e l c nt es s s e e s l f t r d a sr a tee;one oft w om e di d a t s e M ccl ha s ood ti li t e t he oa nd tuck r he n e t he c ne. ana n t r a n he Cic tCou tf r W a r n Count V igi a c r ed w ih ag a t i unt r m a l ug e r ui r o re y, r ni , ha g t gr va ed nvol a y ns a ht r 0 d0t rofe esrlt t t a ci nt( i na Cas No. he fns eaed o he c de Crmi l e CR08000374)1Thec tf . our ound ' M c a n w asalo convit d ofl ngt s Clnaha s ee eavi he cene ofa ac dent drvi undert n ci , i ng he i le c ,s c d o fns wihi tveye r , n d i n wihas p nd ddrve ' lc ns ( 80 37 , nfu n e e on fe e t n i as a d rvig t us e e i rs ie e CR0 00 2 CR08 00 3, n CR08 037 ) Hed sn tc l n t s c vito i hi j2 4 p tto 0 37 a d 00 5 . oe o hal ge he e on cins n s 25 eiin. e RK Mc a a a g it o al h r e , a do M a 26 2 0 , n ee j g n sn e cn hi t a cln h n u l n 1c ag s2 n n y , 0 9 e trd ud me t e tn i g m o y t t oft nt t o ye r , ih f r e n yea s s pe d,f a a tve s nt nc ofs x y r o al we y-w a s w t ou t e r us nde or n c i e e e i ea s i pr s ent m i onm . M c ana n a a e hi c cton t t Cour ofAppea s ofV igi a c l ngi t cl ha ppe l d s onvi i o he t l r ni , hale ng he s tce c o e ie ea t a g a ae iv lnayma lu htr A sn l j d e a dt na uf in y f vd nc s o g rv td n ou tr nsa g e . ig e u g , n he i t rej g p n lo t eCo r o Ap e l, e idt p tto f ra p a.( c r No. 4 3 0 h e ud e a e f h u t f p as d ne he eiin o p e l Re o d 1 0 - 9 4) TheSupr Cour ofVigi ade e M c a ha speii i t tco tonNo mbe 1 . eme t r ni nid clna n' tton n ha ur ve r 6, 201 ( or No.1 286) 0. Rec d 01 . M c ana nt nfldt sj225 peiin.M c a ha algest tt e de a til cl ha he ie hi 4 tto clna n le ha he vi nce tra wasi ufii ntt s ns fc e o uppo tac ci n o agg a td i t a y mansa e be us t r onvi to f r vae nvolmt r lught r ca e he Com m onw e 1h f ie t pr ve t thi be vi wasc i i l neg i nt a t a l d o o ha s ha or rm naly lge . l . Di c s o I s us i n W he aha ascl m hasbe aj cae ont meisi saec tafdea c t n be ai en dudi td he rt n tt our, e rl our o c i r bl defr ncet t sae c tsdecson wih r pe tt t tca m. Pu s ntt wes onsde a e e e o he t t our' ii t es c o ha li r ua o 28U. C. 2 4( ,hsc u t yg a t a e sr l f nacam ta wa a j iae o t e S. j 25 * t i o r ma rn h b a ei o li h t s dudc td n h e meisi saec u t nyi t esaec u t a j d c t no t cam t sc nrr t o rt n tt o r o l f h tt o r' du iai f he li ç o tay o, r s o wa i ve a unr as bl a plc ton of ce ry e t bls d Fe r lw ,a dee m i d by t nvol d n e ona e p i a i , la l sa ihe de al a s tr ne he Supr me Co toft Unie Stt s'ort sbas on a unr s bl de e m i ton oft e ur he t d ae ,' d wa ed n ea ona e t r na i he fcsi lg to t ee ie ep e e tdi teSaec u t r c e i . 2 U. C. 2 5 ( The a t n ih f h vd nc rs n e n h tt o r p o e dng' 8 S. j 2 4 *. ' Supr meCour hasclrfedt tC f de a ha sco t a noti s t wrtsmpl be a e e t a ii ha ( e r l bea ur m y a s ue he i i y c us ta c u t o cu e i isid p n e tu me th t h rlv n saec u t e iina p id h t o r c n ld s n t n e e d n j dg n ta t e ee a t tt -o r d cso p le cl a l es a i he f r l w e r e r y t bls d ede al a r oneo l ori or e ty. Ra he , ha a i ton m us a s be usy nc r c l t r t t pplca i t lo ulra ona e. Wilamsv Ta or 529U. 362, 1( ze s bl ' li ' . yl , S. 41 2000) . 2 M c a a nwave hi rg t aj r til cln ha i d s iht o uy ra . A. Applc bl La ia e w W he r vi w i t s fci nc oft e de e t s n e e ng he ufi e y he vi nc o uppor a c t onvi to t c ii l c i n, he r tca i uiy i ha sr vi w i û he he , f e vi w i t e de e i t lg m os f vor bl t nq r n bea e e s t t r a l r e ng he vi nc n he i ht w ta a e o t pr e uto a r tona ti r off tc d have f he os c i n, ny a i l re ac oul ound t e s nta el m e soft c i e he s e i l e nt he r m bey ar a ona edo . Jac s v Vigi a,4 U. 3 31 (979 ( ond e s bl ubt' k on . r ni 43 S. 07, 9 1 ) emphassi ' in orgi l.Thec t tc iercrt tni a wela diec e de ,a al t i na) our mus onsd icunsa tal s l s r t vi nce nd low he pr e uton t be ftofa lr as bl i e enc s Unie St e v.Tr s ant 677 F. 1 8, os c i he ne i 1 e ona e nf r e . t d ats ev , 2d 01 1 21( h Ci.1 .Thecour doe no wei t e de eorrviw t ce biiyof 0 4t r 982) t s t gh he vi nc e e he rdi lt win se .Wrgh v We t5 U. 2 7 2 6( 9 2 (t J c o , e a ie rp ae l te t e s s i t . s. 05 S. 7 , 9 1 9 ) (n a ks n we mph sz d e e tdy h I de e e e o d t t tiroff c and,c r s ndi y, hes r y lmie na ur of f r nc we o he re at ore po ngl t ha pl i t d t e c ns iutona s fci ncy r vi w . e s d t tt l oft e de i t be cons de ed i t lght o tt i l uf i e e e W ai ha a l he vi nce s o i r n he i m os f vo abl t t pr e ton' t tt pr ec ton ne nota fr a i l ( ul oute r t a r e o he os cu i ; ha he os u i ed f im tve y r e ve y hypot i e e t tofguit;a t tar viwi c tçac d wih ar cor ofhit ialf c s hess xc pt ha l' nd ha e e ng our f e t e d sorc a t t ts po t co lc i i e e sm us pr um e - ve i i doe no afima i y a a i t ha up rs nfitng nf r nce t es --e n f t s t fr tvel ppe r n he r co d- t tt ti roff c r s ve a s h c lc si f voroft pr e uton,a m us e r ha he r e a t e ol d ny uc onf i t n a he os c i nd t dee t t tr olto ' ( i Jac s 443U. a 31 3 ) fr o ha es uin.) quotng k on, ' S. t 9, 26 . l rve ngt esaec u t'aj dc to o Mc a a n sj2 4cams tec u t n e iwi h tt o rs du iain f cln ha ' 25 li ,h o r mus l ok t t r as ng oft Cour ofAppe l 'opi on ofFe u r 1 201 a i i 4he t o o he e oni he t a s ni br a y 7, 0, s t s t t ls e plie sae c u tu g n . S eYs v Nu n ma e , 01U. 7 7 8 5 0 ( 9 ) a t x an d tt-o rj d me t' e 1t . n e k r 5 ' S. 9 , 0 - 6 1 91. , Bu hv fe sy,966F. 897,900( h Ci.1 2) s . gurk 2d 4t r 99 . To pr agg a t d i un a y ma l ht ra ar s to drvi unde t i l nce ove r va e nvol t r nsaug e s e ul f i ng r he ntue , t t ove w e s rt i vi ai ofVigi aCodej18. 36., teCom m onw ea1h m us pr t o elm ent Fis, n olton r ni 2- 13 h . unde j1 2- 1A) i t e d nc esabls sac us lc r 8. 36.( ,f he vie e t ihe a a onnecin bewee t drve ' to t n he i rs i t c ton a t dea h ofano he pe s t de e nti g ly ofi unt r m a l ught r n oxi a i nd he t t r r on, he f nda s uit nvol a y ns a e. Goodmanv Commonwe t 558S. 2d555,5 -2 ( App. 2) Polar v . a1h, E. 616 Va. 200 ; l d . Commo aIh,455 S. 2d283, 6( .App.1 .Se nd, rj 1 2- 1B) i t nwe t E. 28 Va 995) co unde 8. 36.( ,f he e de e pr vi nc ovescrm i lneglge e ha t tc i na i nc -t t he s onduc oft d i rc tt esa gr a de rur t he rve ons iut e t pa t e fom t tofar a o bl pes ( os,wa t orwilulco t whih ce tsagra rs of r ha e s na e ron gr s non lf nduc) c rae e t ik ij r t oh r a dwh r b t ea pl aino a o j ciesa d r t a c s ds o l h v n u y o tes n ee y h p i to f n be tv tn ad he c u e h u d a e c r lze t rs c e t d by hi c eai d he ik r a e s onduc ,'he t drve i a s guit ofagg a t i untr t't n he i r s lo ly r vaed nvol a y ma sa g tra i s b e tt g e trc i n l n lis Ke c v Co n at 3 6S. 2 n lu he nd s u j c o r ae rmia pe ate . e h . mmo we l 8 E.d h, 8 3 8 7( . p. 98 ) W hl iv ln ayma sa g trc n ito ofe iv l emutpe 1 , 1 Va Ap 1 9 . ie n ou tr n lu h e o v cins tn n o v lil a t e bii gr s w a on a c pa e c c s xhi tng os , nt nd ul bl onduc , sng e a ti s fc e t e t bls s h t a i l c s ufi i nt o s a ih uc 3 Se ton 18.2- 1sat eprovi asf l : ci 36. t ut des olows Cer ai conductpunihabl asi unt m ansaught t n s e nvol ary l er A. ype s nwho, sars to d i ngu de tei l n ei volto o ca e(i, An ro a e ul f rvi n r h nfue c n i ain f lus i) (i) o (v)ofj 1 2- 6 o a y lc lo di n es sa ilysmia t rt ii, r i 8. 26 r n o a r na c ub tntal i lr he eo uni entonaly causest dea h ofa herper on,s lbe guit ofi unt y nt i l he t not s hal ly nvol ar mansl aught . er B. f i a ton,t conduc oft def l , n ddii he t he endantwass gr s want a cul east o os , on nd pabl o s ar kl sdir d f hum an lf he s lbe guit ofaggr t d i unt r how ec es s egar or ie, hal ly ava e nvol a y m ansl aught ,a f ony punihabl by a t m ofi ionmentofnotl t one nor er el s e er mprs ess han m or t 20 ye s oneyearofwhi shal bea manda or m i m um t l of e han ar , ch l t y ni e' m i prs e . m ionm nt C.The pr si oft ss i s lnotpr ude pr ecuton underany ot hom i de ovi ons hi ecton hal ecl os i her ci s aut Thi s ton s lnotpr udeany ot r t t e. s ec i hal ecl her evoca i ors pensi r r by ton us on equied l Thedrvers lc e ofa per convi ed undert ss i s lber aw. i ' iens ny son ct hi ecton hal evoked p s a tt s s c i B ofj46.- 91 uru n o ub e ton 23 . c nd c.Stv n v Co n at , 0 SE.d6 2 6 051( . p. 0 4 (i dnglc o o u t e e s . mmo we lh 6 3 . 2 4 , 5 - Va Ap 2 0 ) tn i a k f s i ma k s fiin t s po tu o s ifrn et a it xc t nc u e v ci sd ah . kd r s u fce t o up rj r r' n ee c h t no iai a s d it o m' e t) B. The Evi nc de e V i w i t e denc i t lgh m os f vo a e t t Com m onw e t i a e s ng e ng he vi e n he i t t a r bl o he alh n ddr s i M cclna n' cai o die ta al t Cour ofAp asofVigi af a ha s l m n r c ppe , he t pe l r ni ound: t evi ncepr d t ton J 23,2008,g c a ha we t a r turnt he de ove ha une M clna nl nt o esa a wi Ge tu e Mo r ,Feii Fi a d S va n h Fln ia ( c a a a l t rr d h o e lca x, n a n a a ng n. M cln h n c um ed al ohol a t r s a an , a t gr pur ha e be afe l vi ons c t he e t ur t nd he oup c s d er t r ea ng a ta ee t g c a a a ') sse ' ho e whee L c a a n c n u d nd rv ld o M cln h n s itrs us , r M cln ha l o s me mor ac . They we t a ba,a l c ana nl dr t aloholc e lohol nt o r nd M cl ha ank wo c i be r s A bounce a t bartsii d g c a ha a ard i oxi td a veage . r t he e tte M clna nj ppe e nt cae t t tme. g c ana n'j sse dove t m bac t he hous but t n he i M cl ha s itr r he k o r e, he g a ha dr Mkclna n) ove of wih M ooe a Flnnia f t r nd n g n. On t di , he rve g c a ha s c r nof t r a sr c ate kilngMoor M clna n'j ar a f he oad nd tu k re, li e. Chrsophe Nor n soppe a t s e of t a ci nt a c l t it r ee t d t he c ne he c de nd aled he p lc . No e n tsiid t twhe h t l l cln h n h h d s mmo e t e oie re etfe ha n e od Mc a a a l e a u n d h polc ,l c a ha rs nde ç ha di yo dot tf ?'Noren e ai d ie M clna nl epo d, s t d u ha or' e xpl ne W t ( cln h n (h t s me n h d b e h r i t ea cd n . Beo et ep l e o Mc a a a l t a) o o e a e n u tn h c ie t f r h oi c a ved,g a ha l tt senewihou i onni Fl ga ni Mcclna nj ef he c t t nf ng anni n. The polc l ae ( a ha a Moor s mot rs hous ie oc td Mcclna n) t e' he' e a p o i tl f l h t sltr g cln h n iiil t l tep lc t a h wa p r xmaey oz ot ae . Mc a a a ) ntal od h o ie h t e s r r y i t pas e r s a a t tme oft a ci nt butlt rac n he s nge e t t he i he c de , a e knowldge t the e d ha ha be n d i ng.... d e r vi ( No. 2,a 12. ECF 9- t - ) C. M ccl na n' Sufi i nc Cl i a ha s t c e y a m l hi j2254 peii M c a ha c e t tt e de pr e e a tilwa n s tton, clna n ontnds ha he vi nce esntd t ra s i ufi i n t s ns tc e t o how c i i l ne i nc a r uie t s rm na glge e s eq r d o uppor a c t onvi ton f r a a t d c i o ggr va e iv ln ay ma lug tru d rj1 .- 6 1B) He a srsta t eCo n at p o e n n ou tr nsa h e n e 82 3 .( . se t h t h mmo we 1h r v d o m or t n or na y ne i nc a f ie t dipr ve a e l pr bl hy hes s of e ha di r glge e nd a l d o s o n qualy oba e pot i im oc nc nn el t teve a s r d i r c n a c de l c c t s de of t r d,l e r e e, m y, ha n obe r ve a c i nty at h he houl r he oa os c r ,a s rke a tee ne t r d. Spec fca l M c a ontol nd ti r ar he oa ii ly, cl naha a gues t tt s n r ha o how c i i r m nal ne i nc t gove nm e s d ha be r quie t pr s nt e denc of r c e s drvi glge e, he r nt houl ve en e r d o e e vi e e kl s i ng, s h asr ng a so i ,f ii t a yt br kes drvi o rt s d lm i,o d i ng o uc unni t plght alng o ppl he a , i ng ve he pee i t r rvi n t wr s de oft r d.4 he ong i he oa M c a ha s t i lc cl na n' r a ouns lr i e t s s m e a g e s i a m oto t sr ke a l t ra e a s d he e a r um nt n i n o t i nd a e t t guitpha e Att cl e oft e de on J n r 27, he l s. he os he vi nce a ua y 2009, he Cour f md t t ot t ei noque tont tt e de es her s si ha he vi nc howst t( c a han)wa dr nkandhe ha M clna s u wa d i ng a t tt r wasa a c de i whi h ape s waskil d. So t r s rvi nd ha he e n c i nt n c ron le he e i no ques i t tu rt S a u e 18. 36. t tt Com m onw e t ha s n s ton ha nde he t t t 2- 1 ha he alh s how s fc e e de t fnd hi guit ofi l nt r ma l ught .... ufi i nt vi nce o i m ly nvo u a y nsa er ( .1 1 J n.27,2009. The Cour t und r a s me t c r e ofag a td Tr 49- 50, a ) t ook e dvie nt he ha g grvae i unt r m a l ugh e a l t r f t M ccl na n g ly oft sof e e as wel. The Cour nvol a y ns a t r nd a e o md a ha uit hi f ns l t s cii aly not is beleft t t he m a m e i whi h t ac i nt occ r d is l ...doe not pe fc l ed t i ha ' t r rn c he c de ur e t e f s rfe tgos ,wa o a c pa ec elc r s ntn, nd ul bl onduc. ( .1 Fe 2,2009. Raher t Cour fund t' Tr 73, b. ' ) t , he to t tdher uni f co (n Vigi aco tde so on a r vaed i untr ma lughel ha ç ec ng a tr i r ni ur ciins gg a t nvol ay nsa tr t w a notc t t drve t the was t i oxi a e t d i ort t hi d i ng w o d e nge s i e o he i r ha oo nt c t d o r ve ha s r vi ul nda r oh r. (d a 1 4) Th Co r h l t a M c a a a h dn tc fo hi p irDUlc n ito , te s' 1 . t 7 . e u t ed h t cln h n a oie r m s ro ' o vcin t r titonso hi drve ' lc ns ,a t c he esrc i n s i r s ie e nd he omm e t ofa las t o he peo eon t niht n s t e t wo t r pl he g of J 23,2008 t tM ccl na n was t o dnm k t be a s f d i r M c l na n' c ce t une ha a ha o o a e r ve . c a ha s hoi o drve de pie a 1 t s w a ni ,t Cour he d, co tt ed t os , w on on, a c pa e i s t 1 he e r ngs he t l ns iut û s gr t nd ul bl c onduc t t s t ha howed a ca l lous dir ga d f r t s f t of o he s' (d. ( i Wyat v s e r o he a e y t r . 1 4 dtng ' t . Commonwe t 62 S. 2d 11 1 -2 ( App. alh, 4 E. 8, 212 Va. 2006). ) M c a ha s c uns las c lng t a r vai n f c oron a cl na n' o e lo hale ed he gg a to a t ppea . The Co tof l ur Appe sf al ound t hat gj t sc e,t e d nc Gwass fce t pr t t( in hi as he vie e t ufiint o ove ha Mcclna n'l a ha s i oxi to c us hi t opert hi ve cl i ama rt tr uled i (he nt cain a ed m o ae s hi e n nne ha es t n t 4 M cC 1nahan alo com pl nst polces d have adm i ser abl al a s ai hat i houl nit ed ood coholt torfi d es el s i y t t The e dence i ca e however t tsnceaut ii di notl e M cclnahan untl obret es . vi ndi t d, , ha i hortes d ocat a i f hour afe t acci nt t e s it t t woul notha bee concl ve. our s tr he de , hes obrey ess d ve n usi 6 vitm')de t ' Polar v Common alh, Va App.94,99,455S. 2d 283, ci s ah. l d . ' we t 20 . E. 28 ( 995) 61 . I a ton,( a ha ha bee wane by t bounce a t bara n ddii Mcclna nl d n r d he r t he nd by hi s s e w hen t y r t d t he ho e t the w ast i oxi a e t drve. s it r he e unw o r us ha oo nt c t d o i ( c a a a s sse c n ic td ( c a ha ')c rke s b th sa tdtec r M cln h n'l itr o fsae M clna n s a y , u e tre h a wi as aek y a d d o ea y. ( c a a a ja mi e a trt ea cd n t a t p r e n r v wa M cln h n d t d fe h c ie t h t h t t y t e aldrnk.' Ne rhees,( clna nl c e t drve wih t he l wer l u ' vet l s Mc a ha hos o i t wo pas e r ,a hi r kl sdrvi r ule i hi srki t te wih e s nge s nd s ec es i ng es t d n s ti ng he r e t nough f cet kilM oor Theevi nc de taedt tg cclna n)wa und t or o l e. de e monsrt ha M a ha s er he i l nc of acohol a t tm e he was drvi a t tt acohol s ver l nfue e l t he i i ng nd ha he l e ey i pa r d hi a lt t ope a e t ve c e. m i e s biiy o r t he hi l * +* The Com m o nwea t se de e w a compe e ,w a no i r nty lh' vi nc s t nt s t nhe e l i r di e a w a s fci ntt pr be nc e bl , nd s ufi e o ove yond a r a ona e doubtt t e s bl ha l c a ha wasguit ofa a tdi unt yma lug e .... M clna nl ly ggrvae nvol ar nsa htr ( No 9 2 a 2 3 4. ECF . - , t - , ) A fe r vi w i t s r c d, he c tc nnotf nd t tM c a ha ha m e t s a r t r e e ng hi e or t our a i ha cl na n s t he t nda d unde Jac s f ha sr le on hi c ai ofi ufk i nte denc Fi s , he Supr m e Co t r k on or bea e i f slm ns t e vi e. r t t e ur i J ca ne p e syrj ce M c a a a sa g me tha teha e srviwigc u t s n a k o x r sl ee td cln h n' r u n t t h b a e e n o r mu t S t 26 elm i t al hypot s s ofim oc nce. 443 U . .a 3 . Thus M ccl na n' a gum e t t i na e l he e l e 5 , a ha s r nt ha e n as ve oberd i rca hi ateedoe no hep hi he e be a e ar as rve n t r s t l m r , c us e onabl f tfnd rc ul e ac-i e o d alo ha f und fo t e de ei M c a ha sc s t thi d nke drvi c us d t s ve o r m he vi nc n cl na n' a e ha s nz n i ng a e he a i nt cc de . Sec Vigi ac t ha c l dt tt a r vai ee ntofj1 2- 1B) ond, r ni ours ve oncude ha he gg a ton lme 8. 36.( c n bem e wihoute de e ofa s cfca tofr kls drvi be or t ac i nt Be a e a t t vi nc ny pe ii c ec e s i ng f e he c de . c us t e de e s s M ccl na n ha cl a notc t thi hi l ve ofi oxi to ha g ea l he vi nc how a ha d e r i e ha s gh e l nt ca i n d r ty i r d hi a lt t drves f l M c a mpaie s biiy o i a ey, clnaha sc c t drvei t tsat c tt e a n' hoie o i n ha t e onsiut d 5 The s fci y t ti Vigi a i a cicum santalevi ncecas i whe hert ufi enc es n r ni n r t i de e s t he Com monwealh hasexcl t uded al r ona ehypot e ofi enc Stawde l eas bl hes s nnoc e. r rman v.Commonwealh, t l S. 2 3 ( 1 9) A f d r lh b a c ur d sn ta pl t srce saesa dad o r ve f 08 E.d 76 Va. 95 . e e a a e s o t oe o p y he titr t t tn r f e iw or sufi ency oft evi nce,si s a sat e denta y r e doesnotrs t t I ofa consiutonal fci he de nce uch t e vi ir ul ie o he evel tt i cam.I gev Pr u e ,7 F. 1 0( hCi.1 5 . e eo e onf d r l b a r viw, li n . oc nir 58 2d 01 4t r 98 ) Th rf r , e e a ha e s e e cicum sa i evi r t ntal dence need notexcl e y r onabl hypot i ofi ude vel eas e hess nnoce nce. Unie at sv. t dst e J k on, 3F.d 1 6 11 ( t Ci.1 9) ac s 86 2 1 8, 73 4h r 98 . i os ,want orwilul'de rur fo t c t s gr on lf ' pa t e r m he onduc ar a ona epe s woul ha c e t e s bl r on d ve hos n a s tsi t c i i ne i nc ee e ofa a t d i unt r m a lught u r nd aifes he rm nal glge e lm nt ggr va e nvol a y nsa er nde j 1 2- B) Ke h,38 S. 2da 81 Thus i s tsa i oft Jack on sa r f 8. 36( . ec 6 E. t 7. ,n aifcton he s tndad or s t c e y, U . a 31 a r as bl f c tnde a pl ng V igi a l w t t f c sof ufi i nc 443 S. t 9, e ona e a t i r p yi r ni a o he a t M cclna n' ca e c d fndt thi c uc wa g os , nt n orwilul i s tsa ton of a ha s s oul i ha s ond t s r s wa o lf , n aif c i t ag a to elme ofj 1 2- B) (1ti nott pr nc ofafde a ha a c tt he grvain e nt 8. 36( .û(1 s he ovi e e r l be s our o r e i s a e c tde e na i nson s a e l w que tons ' Es e l v v M cGui e 502 U . e xam ne t t - our t nni to t t -a s i . t le . . ' r, S. 62,6768( 991. - 1 ) Fo tesae r a o s t ec u t a n t id u d rj2 5 ( t a teVigii c u t' r h ttd e s n ,h o r c n o fn , n e 2 4 *,h t h r na o rs diposton ofM cclna n' s t incy oft e de ec am wa c r r t oran s ii a ha s ufk e he vi nc l i s onta y o unr as nabl a i to off de a lw ort ti wa bas on a unr a ona ede e mi ton of e o e pplcai n e r l a ha t s ed n e s bl t r na i t f c s Ther f e t c tc l est tt moton t dim ismus begr nt An he a t . e or , he our oncud ha he i o s s t a ed. a opra e or rw ili s t s da ppr i t de l s ue hi y. The Cl r i diec ed t s nd c esoft sm e o a e k s r t o e opi hi m r ndum opi on a a om pa yi ni nd cc n ng or rt pe ii ra t c de o ttone nd o ouns lofr or f t r s e ec d or he e ponden . t / ! E R:T i ;xipyo Fbur,0 2 NTE hs . a f eray 2 1 . ! . y , aç a Se nl U nie St t sD i t i J t d a e sr udge 8

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