-RSB Croft v. City of Roanoke, Virginia, No. 7:2011cv00277 - Document 50 (W.D. Va. 2012)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 3/22/2012. (lab)
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CLERK' OFFI U- DI GOUr S GE s SK ATR* * . < FIED L MA2 22 2 1 22 I THE UN I N TED STA TES D I STRI CO URT CT FOR THE W ESTERN DI STRI OF V I I A CT RG NI R OAN OK E D I I ON V SI UL BJ * . E LEK i RK CL DEN N I CR OFT, S Pli if antf , Ci lAc i N o.7: 1 vi ton 1 CV00277 M EM O R AN D UM O PI O N NI CI OF ROA N OK E, TY By:Hon. l n E.Con a Ge rd Chi Unie St t Diti tJ ef t d aes src udge De e nt f nda . l t se pl n hi m oyme dic i nai ac i u rTil VI oft Ci lRi t Ac of1 nt s rmi ton ton nde te I he vi gh s t 964 (t-l V1' , r sCr f, frfg tre ly db t eCiyo Ro n k , li ta t eCiy tlte I' Demi o ta ieih e mp o e y h t f a o e cams h t h t -i ) s be tdh m t d s a aeds il o t eb sso g n e. Thec s i p e e tybeo ete u jce i o ip r t icpi n h a i f e d rl ne a e s rs n l f r h c u t nt eCiy smoinf rs mmayj d me t F rter a o t tf lo t mo inwi o r o h t ' to o u r u g n . o h e s ns ha o lw,he to l l begr nt a ed. Background The f l ng f c sa epr e ed i t lg mos f vor bl t t pli if Se olowi a t r es nt n he iht t a a e o he a ntf. e And ro v. b ryLo b .n .4 7U. 2 2, 5( 9 6 ( oigta a1 v d n emu tb es n Lie t b v lc, 7 S. 4 25 1 8 ) n tn h t l e i e c s e c n tu di tel h mo tfv rb et tepat o p sn sl r u g n) o sr e n h i t s a o a l o h ry p o ig l g mmayj d me t. Cr f ha wo k df rteRo n k Ci Fr - SDe a t n (TieDe rme f)f r2 o t s r e o h a o e t ieEM y p rme t s r pat n ' o 2 yea s He e nt ly a ti d t r nk ofCa an.I t tposton,Cr twa c i r t r. ve ual ta ne he a pt i n ha ii of s onsde ed he ç mmandi ofie 'ofhi a sg sai FieSttonNo. ( otf Summ. ,Ex.6. 4 co ng fc r' s sined tton, r ai 4. M .or J. ) 1The pl ntf ' com pl ntalo as td acl m ofr t iton underTil VI . Howe ,att ai ifs ai s sere ai e ala i te I ver he pl nifsrqu s,her tlai cam wilbedimis dp s a tt Rul 41a ( oft Fe r l e aitf' e e t t eaiton li l s se uru n o e ( )2) he de a Ruls ofCi lPr vi ocedur l ng onl t cl m ofgenderdicrm i i e, eavi y he ai s i naton. Cr t r ponsbl f ma i t ope ai oft sa i tai ng a s r sng t of was es i e or nag ng he r ton he t ton, r ni nd upe vii he ot re oy sa sg dt t sai n, nd e or ng Fie De rme polcesa nze . l he mpl ee s i ne o he tto a nf ci r pa t nt i i nd l s d. I De e be of2009,Cr tbe n da i a t re oye oft FieDe rm e t n cm r of ga tng no he mpl e he r pa t n , D e a V a N es . V a N es w or d f t Fie D e rm e asa pa ttm e, e por r bor h n s n s ke or he r pa t nt r-i t m a y Emeg n yM e ia Te h iin(ç '. r e c dc l c nca % EMT' ) Ont ni htofAprl15 201 a trcompltnghe s f,VanN e sviie Cr ta Fie he g i , 0, fe ei r hit s st d of t r Stton No.4,whiehewason dut ai l y.Alhough t FieDe rm e had a unwrtenpolc t he r pa t nt n it iy pr bii viior a tr 1 00p. .Va Nes sa wih Cr tun i a oxi ael 100 a. . ohi tng st s fe 0: m , n s tyed t of tl ppr m t y : m At1 50 am .whie Va Ne swassila t sai n,Ti Ha rsa Ro tJ ne we e 2: . , l n s tl t he t to m ri nd ber oy r r dipa c t a e e ge y a s t hed o n m r nc mbul nc cal Ast y we e la ngt sa i t r pond t t a e l. he r e vi he t ton o es o he c l Ha rsa J al, ri nd oyne obs r d Va Nes ' vehil i t pa ki l .W hen t y r t r fom r e ve n ss c e n he r ng ot he e u ned r t e r enc c l,Va Nes ' ve c ewasno l nge t r . Ha shad obs r ed VanNes he me g y a l n ss hil o r he e ni ev s t l ngt Cr ta a oxi aey 1 30p. . a bo h fr tg e sha s n VanNes a Cr t aki o of t ppr m tl 0: m , nd t iei htr d ee s nd of t e he a t s a i n on pr vi oc a i . og t r t he t t o e ous c s ons Ha rsa J ri nd oyne s ket t Stton Li utna , nRus e lr ga di t f c t t r po o he a i e e nt Dea s l, e r ng he a t ha Cr t e erane VanNes a s h al t ho .The ea tr on Aprl17, 0, of c le of had nt ti d s t uc ae ur r fe , i 201 Cr t al d hi diec s r ior Bat lon ChifJ f Be kne , nd ad s dBec rt thehadvi a e t s r t upe v s , ta i e ef c r a vie kne ha olt d he FieDe rm e ' viia i polc Cr i c t dt thea Va Nes ha f le ase p i t r pa t nts st ton iy. oh ndia e ha nd n s d a ln l e n he sai st lvii r t ton' e e son oom a t tt yhad be n a ke d by t eme ge y dipa c t a nd ha he e wa ne he r nc s t h one t a oxi a el 1 50 a. . ç - vi no r s n t s pe tt ta ot rpolci s w e e vi a e ppr m t y 2: m s l ng la ea o o us c ha ny he ie r ol t ds Bec rdi no rcomme t taf r i tgai beconduce ' ( ot f Summ.J,Ex. kne d t e nd ha omalnvesi ton td. M .or ' . 8. I tad,Be kne is d Cr t veba rprma ) nse c r sue of a r l e i nd. On J 5, 0, of ende hi r ntcr ltons p wih Va Ne s Se r lda une 201 Cr t d s oma i ea i hi t n s . ve a ys l t r Roa ae, noke Ciy Fie Chi Da d Hoba l a ne t ta di put ha a i en i vi Cr t t r ef vi ck e r d ha s e d r s nvol ng of , V a Nes ,a a t rf m ae e o e, t yn Edwa ds On Jme 1 201 Hobac was n s nd no he e l mpl ye Kahr r . t 0, 0, k pr s ntwhe Ba t i Chi Be kne r cevedaphonecalfom Le Edwa ds Ka hr n' ee n talon ef c r e i l r o r , t y s hus band. Be kne unde sood t hus nd' co me st m e n t thewa a r t thi wie c r rt he ba s m nt o a ha s wa e ha s f a Cr t r ha ng a afai.Be kne r a dt co e t oft c nd of we e vi n f r c r elye he nt n s he onvera i t Hoba k. At s ton o c H o c sr ques,Be kne dr fed a wrte m e or ndum s m a i i t c ba k' e t c r at it n m a um r z ng he onve s ton: rai On J 1 a a oxi a ey 1 30 Ir ceve aca lfom Le Edwa ds une 0 t ppr m t l 5: e i d l r o r s ng hewoul a e i t i i t r wa a hi lc d dot hep ayi d ppr c ae t f he e s nyt ng oul o l Kah rne(ijt k e h r o Hes i c re tyt a wa teo l mo e tei sc o e p e j b. ad u rn l h t s h ny n y c i i a t ywe ec r ty i ba upty.Hesaedt thedi not om ng n nd he r uren l n nkr c t t ha d k o wh twa g i o wihKah rn gi)a dDe ns b t ec ul n t n w a s ong n t tei e sc n n i, u h o d o a f d t l a he a t stm e. f or o e ve r t hi i ( t f rS mm. .S p Ex A. Mo . o u J, u p. . ) H o k me wih Cr t J 1 201 a i t u t d hi t r ol hi pe s l bac t t of on une 0, 0 nd nsr c e m o es ve s r ona pr e sout i oft wor a e.Cr ts eq nty c a e Edwa dsa i or e he of oblm sde he kpl c of ubs ue l ontctd r nd nf m d r t c e nsvoied byHoba k.I e a eyt r ahe ,Edwa dsr q se am e tng wih he onc r c c mm dit l he e r r e ue t d ei t Hobac t dic saco a n t ts ha a i tVa Nes Durngt m e tng, k o s us mpli t ha he d gans n s. i he ei Edwa ds r cl medt ts wa be ngha a s d by Va Nes andt tVa Ne shadunlwf l gane ai ha he s i r se n s ha n s a uly i d pos es i ofhe phoner or . s son r ec ds Theale tonsa s re by Edwa dspr lga i s e td r ompt Hoba t i tgaef t r Aspa tof ed ck o nvesi t urhe . r hi i ve tga i Hoba k i e v e s n si ton, c ntr i wed Va Ne son J 1 201 Dt ngt i e viw,a n s une 0, 0. ui he nt r e t w hi anot em pl ch her oyee,Tif Br f any adbur w as al pr ent V an N es pr ded i or aton y, so es , s ovi nf m i r a di he r a i hi w ih Cr t a wel asCr ts r l tons p w ih Edwa ds Tow a d t eg r ng r el tons p t of s l of ' e a i hi t r . r he end oft i e e Hob k wa cal outoft rrm t add es an he mate . W hiehewas he ntni w, ac s led he t o r s ot r tr l gone Va Ne st d Br dbur t ts a Cr t eng ed i s xua i e cotre a Fie , n s ol a y ha he nd of had ag n e l ntr ls t r St ton No.4 ont ni htofAprl1 201 whieCr twason dut Br dbur s e nty ai he g i 5, 0, l of y. a y ubs que l r lyedt si onuai t Hoba k. ea hi nf ton o c On J 11 201 a Hoba k' r s, n Ne spr d awrte saeme r ga di une , 0, t c s eque t Va s ovi ed itn t t nt e r ng t e nt t toc ured ont ni htofAprl1 201 l t wrte s he ve s ha c r he g i 5, 0. n he itn ubmison,Va Nes si n s saed a f l t t s olows: On Aprl1 201 Im e Demi Cr ta Stton 9 a trt y gotc e r d of i 5, 0 t r s of t a i fe he lae f ofacal(he we esa nga Stton9whieStton9wa a afr l t y r tgi t ai l ai s t ie Engi 9 cea e a 1 21- Engi 4 gotc e r d t go bac t t rsa i ne l r d t 0: ne lae o k o hei t ton a lw a i t d t go ba k t St ton 4 be us e r new asup. Thi nd s nvie o c o ai ca e ve yo s wa a a oxi t l 1l s t ppr ma ey pm. De s& ls touti t ba whieot r nni a n he y l he s we ege tng r ad f be Het n s i co eonand f l w m eand I r ti e y or d. he ad m olo wentt hi bunk r . Onet ng1 d t a he a we ha s x.If l o s oom hi e o not r nd d e el a le a rt tbe us 1wassc t tda W ewo u a ound 1 m se p he ha ca e ik ha y. ke p r a ( 24 me i 4g tac l)a dI ie t i te g to t ft b i i g 1 :8 dc o al n watd mt h y o u o he ul n l d a llf. The ehavebe n tmesi t pa tt theti t i ta es x, nd e t r e i n he s ha red o niit e butIwoul tdo i a t sai dn' t t he t ton. ( o.f Summ. ,Ex.10. Va Ne sas t dHoba kt ts a Cr ha soppe dai M t or J. ) n s lo ol c ha he nd oh d t d tng, a t ts be ivedt ts wa beng ha as e byCr t Edwa ds Va Ne s nd ha he le ha he s i r sd of and r . n s a knowl dt ts a Edwa dshadexc nge he t d txtmes a r ga di Cr t c edge ha he nd r ha d a e e s ges e r ng of. Hoba k pr e d t i e ve antmbe ofot re oye ,ncudi Ti Ha rsa c oc ede o nt r iw l r he mpl es i l ng m ri nd Robe t oyne ,Ha rst dHoba k t thehad s en Cr f ki sng Va Ne si t s r i eba of rJ r ri ol c ha e o t si n s n he e v c y St ton N o. w hie Cr tw a on d y and i unior . Add tonaly,bo h H a sa J ai 4 l of s ut n f m ii l t ni nd oyne r i cae t tVa Nes ' ve cewasi t pa ki 1 whe t y l f t sai n o a ndi t d ha n s s hi l n he r ng ot n he e t he t to n n e e ge ca la 1 50 a. . Apr l1 201 a t tt doort t Ca ai s b m k r m m r ncy l t 2: m on i 6, 0, nd ha he o he pt n' l oo w a c os s l ed. 4 On J 1 201 Va Ne se al d Ho k ade c i i oft Ca an' bunk r une 5, 0, n s m ie bac s rpton he pt i s oom a t FieSttonN o.4.The e i i ude ade c i i oft be i whi h Cr tse . r ai ma l ncl d s rpton he d n c of lpt I a ton t obt i ngVa Ne ssve son oft e nt , n ddii o ani n s ' ri he ve s Hoba k r ue t d i o mai c eq se nf r ton fom Cr t Cr t tma ey a e d t a we t que to i wrtng.l a e i da e J r of. of uli t l gr e o ns r wo si ns n ii n n ma l t d une 1 , 01 , o tndc tdta h h dn t%a a ia p o raerlto hp (e u l wi a y 5 2 0 Cr f i iae h t e a o i d n n p r p it eains i sx a) t n h h e ly eo n n e o e o ted p rme t ieo d t wihnt p s 5y aso g il mp o e r o -mply e f h e a t n wh l n uy t i he at e r f hs e o me t' ( o .o Sl J, 1 )Cr f as i iae ta n tig ia p o raeh d mply n . M t fr t ' mm. .Ex. 4. o t lo ndc td h t ohn n p r p it a occ r e on t ni ofA pr l1 201 a t tV a Nes w a ne a l u rd he ght i 5, 0 nd ha n s s ver lowed i t Ca a n' n he pt i s bunkr m.JJ oo . 1 . Upon c ompltng hi i tgai n, ei s nvesi to Hoba k c uledwih De t ChifRal Ta tgla c ons t t pu y e ph ra i . Ta tglaagr e wih Hoba k t tt r s t oft i tgai s ra i e d t c ha he e uls he nvesi ton uppored afndi t tVa t i ng ha n Nes a Cr t e ge i s xuali er ou s a FieSt tonNo. on t ni hto Aprl1 s nd of had nga d n e nt c r e t r a i 4 he g f i 5, 201 w hie Cr tw ason du y. 0, l of t Pro t de i ng wha dicplna y a tonst t ke, i r o c di t s i i r c i o a Hoba k metwih t Die t of c t he r c or Htma Re o tc sf rt CiyofRoa ke, heAs it ntCiy M a ge ,a t As it ntCiy l n s tr e o he t no t ssa t na r nd he ssa t Ato n y Ac o dn t Caoy Glv r teDie tro Hu nRe o re ,ç j c n e s o t r e . c r ig o r ln o esh r co f ma s u c s çthe o s n us f l t gr f nd t tM s VanNes sve son oft e nt wasc edi e, a t tt r s t of he oup ou ha . s' r i he ve s r bl ' nd ha he e uls ' t i tgai i caedt tVa Ne sa Cr t d e gage i s xua i e c r e a t he nvesi ton ndi t ha n s nd of ha n d n e l ntr ou s t he saino t ng t fAp i 1 , 01 , l Cr f wa o d t a t sainc mma d r ( o . tto n he ih o rl 5 2 0 whi o t s n uy s he tto o n e . M t e f Summ. ,Ex.16. or J. ) The fndi oft i ves i to r s t d i di ci i r a tons be ng t ke ag ns V a i ngs he n tga i n e ule n s plna y c i i a n ai t n N e sa Cr q a t ug Cr f ' di c plne w a m or s ve e. V a N e s w ho w a of dut a t s nd of lho h o ts s i i s e e r n s, s f y t he tmeoft a lge i i nt wa gve ave ba r prma I awrte me or nddm t Va i he le d ncde , s i n r l e i nd. n it n m a l o n N e s' pe s nne fl,da e J 28,201 Hoba k satd asf l : s s r o l ie t d une 0, c te olows Thi m e s r esasdoc s mo e v umen a i ofave ba r prm a i s d t t ton r l e i nd s ue o De eVa Nes r lt d t he of dut c bbi n s ea e o r f y onduc on Aprl15, 0 a Fie t i 201 t r EM S St ton 4 i vi Ca an Cr t Va Nes wa veba l c t i ai nvol ng pt i of. n s s r ly o mcl (i)o t i is a disr ce n tt b o FieEM S p o ryu ls o sc n hs sue n n tu td o o e n rrpet ne s n dut y. ( .i Opp' Ex. . Br n n, J) l c tas, n on r t Hoba k dee m i d t tt cic sa swa r nt d t t r i ton c tr ne ha he r um tnce ra e he e m na i ofCr tse oy e .On J 1 201 Hoba k is d Cr taNotc ofPr pos d Dim is l of' mpl m nt une 7, 0, c s ue of ie o e s sa, whi h pr dedasf l : c ovi olows Thi i t a vieyo t tIi e t dimisyou fom youre o e as s s o d s u ha nt nd o s s r mpl ym nt aCa an wih t CiyofRoa pt i t he t nokeFie EM S De rme .Ther s rpa t nt ea ons f rt spr pos a ton a e asf l w s o hi o ed c i r olo : Vi ai ofCiy P. . 9- I i t polc oft Ciy ofRoa olton t O P. t s he iy he t noke t di c ag be vi whi h i une hi l il l i vi a i of o s our e ha or c s t ca , lega , n ol ton r c ze sa r ofp i de nc a mor lt orr tec s e ogni d t nda ds ublc ce y nd a iy, el t a r ey on t Ciy s r i e. dve s l he t e v c Aprll 201 Shit You e ge i s xuala tviywih a i 5, 0 f nga d n e ci t t s di t whieo dut a whieonct pr ry( r -EM S ubor nae l n y nd l iy opet Fie Stton4) ai . 2. Vi ai ofCiy P. P.9. .6- Fa lng t pe f m t s ol ton t O. VI ii o ror a ks r q ie b tej b. e urd y h o Ther nk ofCa an ma de sonsa t hi s lve of a pt i kes cii t he ghe t e l ac ount biiy a a pr prae s a i r s c a lt nd p o itne s nd s e ponsbl f i e or e oce ntofa1d pat n a Ciypolces Yo ri) nf r me 1 e rme t nd t ii . u sc a tonson Aprl1 201 de ci i 5, 0 monsr t dyouri biiyt e r ie ta e na lt o xe cs t a p o raej d me ti p dbr n tee sn ilfncins he p r p it u g n n e mig h se ta u t o r quie ofa Ca ai wih t Ciy o Roa ke Fi e- EM S e rd pt n t he t f no r D epart ent m . 6 ( .nOp ' , I) Si d y ltrHo a k is e Cr f aNoieo Dimis lwhc a vie Br i p n Ex. . x a s ae, b c su d o t tc f s sa, ih d sd Cr tt thi e pl of ha s m oymen wo d betnni t e f ci Jme25,201 a t theha t rght t ul e naed fe tve t 0, nd ha d he i t fl ag iva purua t Ciy Pe s me Ope a i Pr dur No.6. o ie re nce s nt o t r or l r tng oce e Cr ts e ntyfld a g i va e c t si hi pr edt r i ton. Afe Ho c of ubs que l ie re nc on e tng s opos e m na i tr ba k uphe dhi i ta de ii n, hegre l s niil c so t ivanc wa hea d b As itntCiy M a ge J m e Grgs e s r y ssa t na r a s i by. Grgs r vi we t r s t oft i tgai co i by e e d he e uls he nvesi ton nduc e byHoba a pe s ly m e wih td ck, nd r ona l t t VanNes a Cr t o he rt i ve sonsoft e nt t tta pied ont nihti quesin. s nd of t a her r i he ve s ha r ns r he g n to Grgs uli t l f i by tma ey ound Va Nes ' v so oft e nt t be c e bl . Ac or ngl he n ss er in he ve s o r di e c di y, uphed Hoba k' r commendai t tCr t t r natd. l c se ton ha of be e mi e Cr tt n pr e dedt t fna se oft g i va epr es , c i vol d ahea i of he oc e o he i l t p he re nc oc s whih n ve rng beo et Pes r l o me t a tc sCo sin ( f r he ro me Emply n Prcie mmiso C TEPC' Pa e.A fn lgiv n e ' n l i a re a c ) he rng wa c ai s onduc e on M a 23, 1.Afe Cr ta t Ciy pr s ntd e de a td y 201 tr of nd he t e e e vi nce nd a gume ,t PEPC Pa lvo e 2 t 1t r i t t Cr t butde ehi t t r ofFis r nt he ne t d o o ensa e of, mot m o he ank rt Liut na a or rhi t pa tcpaei s xualha a s e tai ng.ThePa lalo a r d e e nt nd de m o rii t n e r s m nt r ni ne s wa de Cr f ba k pa a t r uc d r nk ofFis Liut na .ThePa ' de ii wast fna o t c y t he ed e a rt e e nt nels c son he i l dici i r de ii f t e nt t oc red o t ni ofAprl15 201 s plna y c son or he ve s hat cu r n he ght i , 0. Cr tfl t i t aci ag i tt Ciyon J 1 2011 of ied he nsant ton a ns he t une 3, .Theca e i pr s n l s s e e ty b f r t ec u t nteCi ' moinf rs mmayj d me t Th c u t l ah aigo te eo e h o r o h t s to o u r u g n . e o r hed e rn n h y m o i on M a c 6, 2. The m oto i r pe f r vi w . ton r h 201 i n s i or e e St andar ofRe e d vi w Ana r o s mmayj d me t sa p o raetf h mo a ts wsta teei n wad f u r u g n i p r p it s t e v n ho h t h r s o i g nun d s u ea t a ymaeil a ta dtemo a t se tte t j d me t samatro lm ' e ie ip t s o n tra fc n h v n i nild o u g n a te f a ' Fe R. v P. 6 a.Tof rsal u r u g n ,h n n mo i p rymu td mo et a d. Ci. 5 () o e tls mmayj d me tt e o - vng a t s o r h n pr s n ats ntla'ofe de ei hi fvo .Ande s 477 U. a 252.I t a hem us e e t tci il ' vi nc n s a r ron, S. t nse d, t p e e ts fiin e d n eC u hta ara o a l uyc u dr tr av r c frt n n mo ig r s n u fce t vie c t c h t e s n bej r o l eu n edit o he o - vn s p ry' Lua 2 .I d tr ni wh t rt ga tamoinfrs mmmyj g n ,hec u t a t. d t 48 n eemi ng ehe o rn ' s to o u ud me t t o r m us viw t r c d i t lg mos f vor bl t t non- o n .Te r sFl rFas ons l t e he e or n he iht t a a e o he m va t r y' oo hi . nc. v. rigo l d s.n .7 3F.d6 4 61 (t Ci.1 8 ) Bu ln tn n u .l c, 6 2 0 , 0 4 h r 9 5 . D i cuss on s i Til Vl make i unl wf f rane pl rt dic i na ea i ta e o on t te I s t a ul o m oye o s rmi t ga ns n mplyee he bassofge r $ee42U. C. 2000e2()1.Unde welstl c s lw, n e o ema i nde . S. j - a( ) r l-eted a e a a mplye y - d fa amo inf rs e e t to o ummayj d me ta de tb ihas c e su Til Vl cam tr u ht r u g n n sa ls u c s fl te l li h o g wo aler tveme hodsofpr :t mi d- i fa t nai t oof he xe motve r mewor i whih çi i s fc e f t k, n c lt s ufii nt or he empl et de onsr t t tt e o rwa motvatd t t ket a r ee pl oye o m tae ha he mpl ye s i e o a he dve s m oyme a ton nt c i by bot per isbl a f bi n r as '; t M c h m s i e nd or dde e ons' or he DonnelDougas pr t fn e r l l z eext r m wo k, ç ç rwhi h t e o ,a tre t bls ng aprm af c ec s ofdic i i ton,de onsr t unde c he mpl yee fe sa ihi i ai ae s rm na i m taes t tt e oy r spr f r pem isbl r s f tki a a r ee oy e ac in i ha he mpl e ' ofe ed r s i e ea on or a ng n dve s mpl m nt to s a t ly apr t xtf dic i nai ' Hilv.Loc e M m i Locifc M c .l ,354 F. c ua l e e or s rmi ton. l ' khe d n sis mt. nc. 3d 2 7 2 4 8 ( t Ci. 0 4) û e ade so . . eh rg panit p o e d u e ami d 7 , 8 - 5 4h r 2 0 .Ck g r ls f . wh te a litfl r c e s nd r xe l 2M cDonnel Dougl Cor . v. e n, 1U. 7 ( 97 ) l as p Gr e 41 S. 92 1 3 . mo ieo sn l- t te r , ljeutmaeq sini e eye o me t s rmi ai nc s tv r ige moi h o y Cth l t ueto n v r mply n dici n to a e ve i i vi ac am ofdipar t te t nti whehert pl ntf wa t vi tm ofi e i na nvol ng l i s ae r a me s t he ai if s he ci nt nto l ds rmiain.'d. t2 6(uoigRe v sv. n es nPlmbicPr d .l .5 0U. 1 3 ici n to ' l a 8 q tn e e Sa d ro u n o s.nc, 3 S. 3 , ' 1 3( 0 0 5 2 0 :. 1. M i M o i Fram e or xed- tve w k A lhough Cr ta r s s bo h m e hodsofpr i hi r s ns t t Ciy' m o i f t of dd es e t t oof n s e po e o he t s ton or s mmayj d me th man an ta dh si amie mo iec s . Br i Op na 1 . u r u g n, e itis h ts i s x d tv a e' -n p' t 3) t '( Ac di y,t c t l fr te uae Cr tscli ofge e dic i i ton t rt s cor ngl he our wil is val t of' am nd r s rm na i mde hi fa e k. r m wor Tos r ies mmayj d me t n e temie mo iemeh do p o f a e o e u vv u l u g n u d r h x d- tv to f r o , n mply e mu tp e e ts fiin drc o crl tnil vd n ef rara o a l j r t fn t a a s rs n u fce t ie t r icl a ta e ie c o e s n b e u y o id h t ms pr e t d ta tSa t ly motva e ' se o rsde ii n t t ke a a r ee oyme ot c e r i lcual i t d'hi mplye ' c so o a n dve s mpl nt aci Ke ves 5 U. a 1 W hiet e oye nee no de ton. e , 30 S. t 41. l he mpl e d t monsr t t tt pr t c e ta e ha he o e t d tatwa t s em o i tngf t ,hemus s r i s he ol tvai acor t how t ti ta t ly plye ar ei t e pl rs ha t çc ual a d ol n he m oye ' decsonma ngpr s a hadadeemi tvei l eont outome. L. Thus unde t ii ki oce s nd tr nai nfuenc he c ' ds ' , , r he m i d- o i a l i,t q ton ditlst whehe Cr t ma s e s fc e e de e xe m tve nays s he uesi sil o t r of has r hald ufi i nt vi nc f rar a o a l j r t fn t tt Ci ' d s il a ya to a an thm wa % tla ti p r o e s n b e u y o id ha he t s icpi r cin g i s i s ç e s n a t y n a moi tdb ge d r bis' Mu ryv. i dFo d& Co r il o k r Unin 1 0F. tvae y g n el a . ra Unt o ' e mme ca W r es o , 0 App' 1 1 ( hCi.200 .Fort f l ngras ,t c tc l st theha no. x 65, 76 4t r 4) he olowi e ons he our oncude ha s t Tur ng frtt t ç r c e de e'ct d i hi bre i opposton t s ni is o he t e t vi nc ' ie n s if n di ii o umm a y r j dg n Cr f a srst a c ransae nsma eb Che Ho a k,nt ec u s o tsiyn u me t o t se t h t eti ttme t d y if b c i h o re f etf ig a bouthi i e na i ve tga i pr vi diec e de e t tt di ci i r a ton t ke a i t s nt r l n s i ton, o de r t vi nc ha he s plna y c i a n ga ns Cr t a i pr pe l m otva e by ge r The U nie St t Cour ofA ppe s f rt Fo t of w s m o ry i td nde . t d a es t al o he ur h 9 Cic tha de i d ç r cte de e'ofdic i naton asd vi nc ofco uc orsa e nt t t r ui s fne i e vi nc ' di s rmi i t de e e nd t tt me s ha bo h r te tdie tyt aleg dicrm i t y a tt a t tbea die ty on t c nt se t el c r c l he l ed s i naor tiude nd ha r rcl he o e td e ly n de iin. Ta lrv Va Un o Unv.1 3F.d21 , 3 ( t Ci.1 9 ) Fo mp o me t cso ' yo . . in i , 9 3 9 2 2 4h r 9 9 . r ' i tnc s ch t de pr 'ma c itOfe d et tt e pl ri nnounce or nsa e, u f unai d oof' y onss vi enc ha he m oye ç a d, al te o oh r s u mitk byidc tdt a ( p oe tdtat wa ad tr nn fco ' c td, r t e wie n sa a l n iae h t a r tce ril s eemiig a tr' mi i ac l ng de o me t e iin.Cl v. a wa Ex r ssn .6 9F.d4 , 8 (t n hal e mply n d cso e i Ro d v p e s Jc, 8 2 81 4 5 4h ne Ci.1 8 )(iigSp g u l v. hrp o Co p, 4 F.d 1 0 ,1 1 (t Ci.1 81 r 9 2 ctn a n oo W ilo l r .6 1 2 1 9 1 3 4h r 9 :. l t sc s ,Cr tfr tpo n st Hobac st si n hi a e of is i t o k' e tmony r ga di t cr um sa esi e r ng he ic t nc n w hi h Va N es a i t t a l ge y e c n s dm ted o le dl ngag ng i s xuali e cour e on t ni hti quesi i n e nt r s he g n ton. Aspr vi l s e ousy umma i e Hoba k i e ve d Va Ne son J ne 1 201 wih Tif rz d, c ntr iwe n s u 0, 0, t fany Br dbur pr s nt Va Ne sdi no a tt ha ngeng ed i s xua i e coureuntlHoba k a y e e . n s d t dmi o vi ag n e l ntr s i c l f t r m t a tndt a herm a tr DurngCr tsgre ncehe rng,Hoba k no e t t e t he oo o te o not te . i of' iva ai c t d ha V a N e sw ase de l çm or c f r a e 's r ng s h i i at i o m a i wih t no he n s vi nty ç e om o t bl ' ha i uc ntm e nf r ton t i t r a fmae'e oye ( .nOpp' Ex. a 274) e l' mpl e. Br i n, A t . W hie Cr tc e t tHoba k' sae e i t sr ga d i die te de eofa l of ont nds ha c s t tm nt n hi e r s r c vi nc dic i naor a m us t c t st bl t a e A sa e e t tsmpl r f r nce g s rmi t y ni , he our i ma e o gr e. t tm nt ha i y e e e s ende or r s eot rpr e e tat bu f ist e e sa bi a i ta e o e be a eoft ttat om he otctd r i, t a l o xpr s ny as gans n mpl ye c us ha r i, i i ufi e t c tt edie tevi nc ofdic i na i Se Prc W a e hous v.Hopki , s ns fcint o onsiut r c de e s rmi ton. e ie t r e ns 4 0U. 2 , 7 ( 9 9 t co o , .c n u n )(mp a iigta lra ea dg n e 9 S. 28 2 7 1 8 ) o' m1r J, o c ni g e h szn h t t lc n e d r g awa ç a ar e'i a e pl l ys ply ol n n m oyme decson i t be gn s ns t tt ea e ht a nt ii n he ni e e ha hes r l n m c r c e i tc ofwhi h de s onm a r a e a a e a a twhi h t y m a c m e ti a ha a t r s i s c ci i ke s r w r nd bou c he y om n n pel tyne r lornondici naoyfs on' Hee Ho kmadet ne rlobsr ai t t rkcl uta srmi tr a hi ). r, bac he uta e v ton ha V a N es wasap r nty m o e c f t bl di c s ng a i i a e m a t rw ih anot rf m a e n s pa e l r om or a e s us i n ntm t te t he e l e oye r t rt n t Chifhi s l. Thi be gn r f r nc t ge rdoesnotc e t a mpl e, a he ha he e m e f s ni e e e e o nde r a e ny i er nc t tg nde bi û t l m otva e ' he di c plna y a ton t ken a i tCr t nf e e ha e r as f ualy ac i t d' t s i i r ci a ga ns of . Re v s 5 0U. a 1 ; e as Brn lvv. r o rRç r ainClb,1 0F.d5 8 6 8( t e e , 3 S. t 41 s e lo ik e Hab u ce to u 8 3 9 , 0 4h Ci.1 9 )(( s nr es mmayj d me t nteb ssO drc a didie te ie c , te r 9 9 ( u i u r u g n O h a i f ie t n n rc vd n e (h T0 v pli if mus pr ee de t tce l i c tsadici naor att a t wo kplc antfj t oduc vi nce ha lary ndiae s rmi t y tiude t he r a e a dmus il taean x sb t e t a n g tv a tu ea dtee ly n a to ' . n t l r t e u ewe n h t e aie ti d n h mpo me t cin.) us t ' The c r i sm ia l unpe s de by Cr tsr i e on t f tt tH oba k al o ou t s i l r y r ua d of ' elanc he ac ha c s c i ed Cr tsr ltons p wih ano he s di t e pl ee, t yn Edwa ds i onsder of' ea i hi t t r ubor nae m oy Kahr r ,n a s s i t i de i vi Va Ne s Du i t gre nc he rng,Hobac no e t t s e sng he nci nt nvol ng n s . rng he iva e a i k t d ha whie Cr f ha a wa de edha ng a i ppr i er l to hi wih Edwar ,ç ma e l o t d l ys ni vi n na oprat e ai ns p t ds t ni d a fr fg e wih t ki ,' ie i ht r t wo ds'Hoba wa a r ofaphonec l fom Ed r 'hus nd,i whih ck s wa e al r wa ds ba n c he h s n ç o fr dta te ewa ar lto s i g i o b t e ( o t a Kah y r u ba d ç n ime h th r s eain h p ong n ewe n Cr f) nd tr n c ' ( .n Op ' , A a 2 . o tsrlto s i wihEd r swa as dsuse d rng ' Br i p n Ex. t 41)Cr f' eain h p t wad s lo ic sd u i Hobac sde ii n.W he quesi d a k' posto n tone boutt r lva oft sr l tons p, he ee nce hi e ai hi Hoba k t sii d c e tfe a f l s s olow : Ca a n Cr tm a s m eve ypoo de ii i e tbls ng r l i ns ps pti of de o r r csons n sa ihi eato hi wiht e oy si ou o g z ton,t frto bengCahei (iq t wo mpl ee n r r aniai he ls ne i t rne sc Edwar , ho i a m a re w om a w ih t c l e And w hie ldo t ds w s rid n, t wo hidr n. l n' ha a f c ua e de e t c im t tt r wa an hi o he t n a ve ny a t l vi nc o ontr ha he e s yt ng t r ha sr ngbond offi nds pbe wee t m ,i wa o ousy c e tng s e to re hi t n he t s bvi l r a i om pr e swihi t wor plce And Ca ai Cr tha mades ve al oblm t n he k a . pt n of d e r a t st be a sg d t asa i t ts wa a,a se o sdet tempt o s i ne o t ton ha he s t nd tp ut i he r al ofhi r ponsbii asc pt i Andwene d t l ok i o,m u e m s es i ll a an. ede o o nt know ,wha w a g ng o t s oi n. A nd hi de i i t f t ra r l tons p wih a m a re w om a and t n s c s ons o os e e a i hi t rid n he a t re pl ee f m a e e pl e w ihi t o ga z ton w a e r m el no he m oy , e l m oye t n he r ni a i s xt e y p o j g n, x rmeypo r ud me ta di c met ah a o J n o r ud me te te l o j g n, n t a o e d n u e 1 h. 0t ( .nOp n Ex. a 4 - 0) Br i p', B t 9 5 . I i c e rfom Hobac st si o t theha c e nsa t s la r k' e tm ny ha d onc r boutt pr it ofCr ts he opre y of' r l tons p wih Ed r . Howe r gi n Cr tsr nk wihi t FieDe rme a hi e ai hi t wa ds ve , ve of' a t n he r pa t nt nd s rs e ponsbiiisa Ca ai t f tt tHo c a s c i r d Cr f' r a ins p wih a he i lte s pt n, he ac ha ba k lo onsde e o ts elto hi t not r s bor na ee oye i e l tng Cr tsc e biiy doe no die ty r fe ta i s rm i t y u di t mpl e n vaua i of' r di lt s t r c l e l c t c i na or di a tt y' yl ,1 F.d a 232,o o he wiec tt edie te denc ofi e i lge r tiude'Ta or 93 3 t r t r s onsiut r c vi e nt ntona nde dic i i ton.Li wie net rHo ck' r e e et Ed r a aç a redfr fght rwih s rm na i ke s , ihe ba s efr nc o wa ds s ç ri ie i e t m t ki ,' hi des rpton ofVa Nes asaE vo ce sngl mom , l ,c d s ppor a wo ds'or s c i i n s ç r d, i e di ' d. oul u ' t r tona f c fnde ' i e e t tt Ciy' dicplneofCr twa m o i t by ge rbi s a i l a t i rs nf r nce ha he t s s i i of s tvaed nde a . Se Prc W aehous ,490U. a 277(ûA1meerfrncet S ldyca dae'mi ts w e ie tr e S. t t( r eee o a a ndi t gh ho t tge rt a ed ar e'i t decson,butbyno m e nsc d s ppor ar tonalf c fnde ' ha nde ply ol n he ii a oul u t ai a ti rs i eenc t tt de sonwa madeç c us of s x.'. nfr e ha he cii s be a e e ' ) I tr so cr um sa tale de e Cr tc amst tH o k' i si a i wa n e m f ic t n i vi nc , of l i ha bac s nve tg ton s tnt ntonal i ompl t 'snc he di noti e viw Edwa dsorr vi a1 oft txtmes a s t e i ly nc i ee,' i e d nt r e r e ew l he e s ge sntbewee he a Va Ne s ( .nOpp' at1 ) Cr tas e e t n r nd n s . Br i n 8. of lo mphasz st thi notc of ie ha s ie tr na i s ii aly a cus d hi ofe gi i s xua aci t i vi a i ofc ran polc e mi ton pec fc l c e m nga ng n e l tviy n olton e ti iy pr sons whe e st it r me andl doc ntng Va Ne s sve ba r prm a di not ovi i , r a he n e nal mor l m ume i n s ' r l e i nd d m e i a polcypr sonsorde c i t unde l ng c nton ny i ovii s rbe he ryi onduc .Thec ta r eswih t t our g e t he Ciy,howe r t ts h e de ef ist c e t ati bl i s off c unde t mi motve t ve ,ha uc vi nc a l o r a e ra e s ue a t r he xed- i f a e or W hie Cr t a ha l tm a e a g e s a t t ade c oft i e na r m w k. l of m y ve egii t r um nt s o he qua y he nt r l i si ton ort f ines oft out ome,he e de e p ofe e by Cr f i i ufk i ntt nve tgai he ar s he c t vi nc r fr d o t s ns t e o es a i h t tge e ,ora o he pr t c e tai,a t ly pl yed a r e i t Ciy' t bls ha nd r ny t r o e t d r t c ua l a ol n he t s de sonma ng pr es a ha a d t r nai i l nc ont out ome.Ree s530U . a cii ki oc s nd d e e mi tve nfue e he c ve S. t 1 . A c or ngl t t ext ntCr tscl i ofge rdicrm i to i pur ued unde t 41 c di y, o he e of' a m nde s i na i n s s r he mie moiefa wo k,h c u t o cu e t a t Ci i e tte t sl r j g n . x d- tv rme r te o r c n ld s h the t s n i d o l y l mma y ud me t II. Pret Fram e ork ext w Cr tat r tvey m ant nst thehaspr f r d s tcen e de et c e t atibl of le na i l i ai ha ofe e ufi i t vi nc o r a e ra e is off c unde t s c pr s he a ia et hi ,t M c s ue a t r he e ond oof c me valbl o m he Donne lDoug a pr t xt l l s ee fa e k.Unde t ss he eofpr , hee o ebea st i talbur n ofesa ihi a r m wor r hi c m oof t mpl ye r he nii de tbls ng pr m a f i c s ofdi c i i ton by a pr ponde a e oft e denc i ac e a e s rm na i e r nc he vi e.H il 35 F. a 285. I l, 4 3d t f t e oye s tsi hi i ta bu de çhebur n s fst t e o t a tc a ea he mpl e a ifes s niil r n,ç t de hit o he mpl yer o ri ult l gii t ,nondic i naor r a o f t a r ee o e tma e s rmi t y e s n or he dve s mpl ymen a ton. 1 Onc t t c i ' d. ' e he e pl rhasa tc aeda l ii ae, m oye riult egtm t nondic i i t r e a ton f isde i i the blde s rm na o y xpl nai or t c son,ç tr n t s it b c t t (mp o e t p o eb ap e o d rn eo t e ie c t a tee ly rs hfs a k o he e lye l o r v y rp n ea c fhe vd n e h th mp o e ' sae ras ( r notistueras , twer aprtxtf dici nai ''I ( i ttd e ons wee t r e ons bu e ee or s rmi ton.' d. quotng Re ve ,530U. a 1 ) e s S. t 43 . Toetb ihap i fcec s o ds rmiao yds iln , o t sr q ie t s o ( ) sa ls rma a i a e f ici n tr icp ie Cr f i e urd o h w: 1 t thei ame rofapr e tdcl sund Til V1;( t tt pr bie c ha s mbe otce as er te l 2) ha he ohi td onduc i whih tn c hee age wa c ng d s ompa abl i s rous st t m ic uc ofa e pl eouti t r e n e i nes o he s ond t n m oye sde he pr ece ca s a ( )t tt dicplnayme s e enfr da i thi weemor svee ot td ls, nd 3 ha he s i i r a urs oce gans m r ee r t t ee or d a i tt ot re oye Cook v.CSX Tr ns Cop . 988 F. 5 511 han hos nf ce gans he he mpl e. a p. , 2d 07, ( t Ci.1 9 ) çnstsyn terq ie n so ee n st a dtr e ( eplitflmus 4h r 9 3 . t aif ig h e urme t f lme t wo n h e , t an if t l h s w t tt ot remplye )o sdet pr e tdcl s( lçi lry st t i al ho ha he he o el uti he otce as was smial iuaed' n l rs cs' M ol v. tr 723F.Supp. 860,877( D. .201 (uotngLiht rv.Ciy e pe t. rk Pote , ' 2d E. Va 0) q i g ne t 13 ofW i ngo 5 F.d2 0 2 5( t Ci. 0 8 s eas He wa dv. olo , s No. 7 l tn, 45 3 6 , 6 4h r 2 0 :; e lo y r M r e Ca e 9 mi r 2 0 1 9 U. Ap LEXI 3 8 5 a * ( t Ci.1 9 )(ily r h sn ts o ta et e 43 , 9 8 S. p. S 0 5 , t 6 4h r 9 8 ç- wa d a o h wn h t ih r le t t m aeempl ye ort t whief m aee pl ee we e sm ia l st t d.Shemus he wo l o es he wo t e l m oy s r i l ry iua e t s how t tt y a esmia i a1r e ntr pe s The ei no e de et tt e o sdeat ha he r i lr n l elva es ct. r s vi nc ha he mpl yee l wi t s mes p r io ,wee s be tt t es mesa d r sa d . . n a e i t esme t he a u e vs r g r l u jc o h a tn ad n . e g g d n h n h conduc wihouts h m ii a i cic tnc t twoul ditnguih t rc t t uc tg tng r umsa es ha d si s hei onduc ort t he e o e ' te t n o t e f ri.)(n ena ctto a dq oainmak o te ) mply rs r ame t f h m o t' itr l iain n u tto z s mi d . ' t l t sca e, o ts e t e t bls aprmaf c ec eofge rd s rmi tonby n hi s Cr f e ks o sa ih i a i as nde i c i nai poi i t t f c t tVa Nes , hef mal e pl ewih who heale y e ge i ntng o he a t ha n s t e e m oye t m lgedl nga d n s li e c s wasdici i d ls ha s y.Ast Ciy e exua ntr om e, s plne e s r hl he t mphasz s howe r t ie , ve , he c ompa ionbewe n Cr ta Va Nes i no s fce be a et t fr fg e sG r not rs t e of nd n s s t ufi int c us he wo ie i ht r t e a c ompar e. Li ht r 545F. a 265.The al d i i e oc ured a Fie Stton No.4, abl ' g ne , ' 3d t lege nc d nt c r t r a i whe eCr twa on du y a Ca ai n t tposton, of wa t comma ng ofi e , r of s t s pt n.I ha ii Cr t s he ndi fc r r po i ef e or ng Fie De rme polcisa r e ,a ther f ewa na aly es nsbl or nf ci r pa t nt i e nd uls nd t e or s mr l t e ce t sta e mpl b f l ngt r e hi ef' L. I c r t VanNes wasnot xpe td o e n xa e y olowi he uls msl. da n ontas, ' . s as i ne t Stton No. a wa of dut a t tm eoft i de ,ha ng ar a c sg d o a i 4 nd s f y t he i he nci nt vi le dy ompl e etd he s f asapar-i EM T.Thec tag e wih t Ciy t tt d fe e esi t i r hit ttme our r es t he t ha he if r nc n he r postonsm a t pur re c ii ke he po td ompa io i t sc s f rd oo l e't esa ih aprmaf i rs n n hi a e a t oos 'o t bls t i ace ca eofdici nai Se l ( di t tt ofie sweenotc s s rmi ton. e d.hol ng ha wo fc r r ompaa e whe et rbl, r he pli ifwa t Ac i Di son Comm a roft Pr e so St nda dsDi son oft antf s he tng vii nde he of s i nal a r vii he W im i t n, orh Ca olna Polc D e rm e ,a t he f m a e ofi e w a no a m e be oft l ng o N t r i i e pa t nt nd t e l t c r s t t m r he Pr e sona St nda dsDi son ore n a Ac i Di sonCom ma ra t tm eofhe of s i l a r vii ve n tng vii nde t he i r ofe es). fns ' Eve i Cr t d esabls aprm af c ec s ofdic i nai t Ciy ha a tc a e n f of coul t ih i a i a e s rmi ton, he t s ri ult d a lgii e, nd s rmi t y r a on f t dicplna y a ton tke a i tCr tna l t t e tmat no i c i naoz e s or he s i i r c i a n gans of, me y ha i wa de em i t tCr tha s x wih a s di t e oye a Fie Stton No.4,whiehe t s t r ned ha of d e t ubor nae mpl e t r a i l wason dut a t c y s he omm a ngofke oft sai Bec us t Ciy ha cea l me is ndi t r he t ton. a e he t s l ry t t bur n ofpr f rng ape misbl r s f isd s plna y a ton,Cr tmus s de ofe i r s i e ea on or t ici i r c i of t how t tt ha he a s re r as i pr t xtf rdic i nai n.Hil 35 F. a 285.W hie Cr ta nc s e td e on s e e o s rmi to l, 4 3d t l of dva es s ve a a g nt i a a tmptt e tbls pr t xt t c t oncl st thehasf ie t e r l r ume s n n te o sa ih e e , he our c ude ha a ld o cr a e a ge ne i s ofm a e i f c . et nui s ue t ral a t Cr f frt r u st a lh Ciyscam ta ted s il ewa j tfe i o l lgc ly o t is ag e h tt e t ' li h t h icpi t n s usi d s ny o ial pos i ei oneas umest mic sbl f s he s onduc oc ure 'a t tt Ciy ha no physca e de et t c r d, nd ha he t s ' i l vi nc o p o et a h a dVa Ne sa tal e g g di s x a itro reo teng ti q e to .( . r v h t e n n s cu ly n a e n e u l nec u s n h ih n u sin Br i Op n a 2 ) Th sa g me th we e, s o t sCr f' b ld n fcu l ip t a t n p' t 2. i r u n , o v r mic nsme o ts t e .A a t a ds u e s o r whe he s xua i e coure a t l oc ure doesnota ou t af t dipu east whehe t r e l ntr s cualy c r d m nt o acual s t o t r Ciy ofii l bas d t i dici i r de son,a l s i pa tupon t be ift tCr tha t fc a s e her s plna y cii t ea t n r, he le ha of d enga d i s xua i e c s wih a s di t e oye whiehewa o d y. ge n e l nt r our e t ubor na e mpl e l s n ut Ast eFo rhCic iha e plie o an mb ro o c so s ç (l i tep r e to o h u t r ut s x an d n u e f c a in ,t it s h e c pi n f C t decsonma rwhih i r lva 'whe co i rngwhehe t e plye ' l gii t he ii ke c s e e nt'' n nsde i t r he m o rs e tma e nondicrmi t y r as f a tng a r ey a i tt pli ifi c edi e.Hola v.W as s i naor e on or c i dve s l gans he antf s r bl l nd h. Homes l , F. 208,21 (t Ci.2007)(uoi Ti lyv. rtUni Na 'Ba 15 .nc.487 3d 7 4h r q tng nse Fis on tl nk, 5 F. 435,444( hCi.1 3d 4t r 998:.l Hola t e oye ' pr fr dra onf tr nai t n lnd,he mpl rs ofe e e s or e mi tng he 15 pl i ifwa ispr sde ' beleft tt pli tf ha t eae hi s r ior I a 21 antf s t e i nts i ha he a n if d hr tned s upe v s . d. t 4. Fi ngt tt pl i ifdi notpr de s fcinte de ead e sng whehert empl rs ndi ha he antf d ovi ufi e vi nc dr s i t he oye ' pr i ntho tybei d t pli ifwasm a ngt e t , heCour he dt tt pl ntf was esde nesl leve he antf ki hr a s t t l ha he ai if unabl t etbls t tt e oye' r s f tr nai hi wa pr e ua.J a 21 e o sa ih ha he mpl rs eaon or emi tng m s etxt l #. t 5. TheCour not d t t e n a s i t pli tf di nota t l tle t n hi s r ior hesil t e ha , ve s um ng he a n if d cualy lr a e s upe vs , tl hadt de onsr t t tt e oye di nothone ty be ivehehad d s i or rt pr o m tae ha he mpl r d sl le one o n de o ove t tt e oye ' tuemotvewasdici naor J. a 21 21 .s as De anet v. ha he mpl rs r i s rmi t y. . t 7- 8, ee lo l r te I L Coni l ,1 F. 293,299( hCi.1998 (û s ec eni whehe t r s f r ng.nc. 33 3d 4t r ) ç ol onc r s t r he eaon or our w hi t def nda di c r d t pl i ifwasdi c i i t y. Thus w he a e pl r ch he e nt s ha ge he a ntf s r m na or , n n m oye ari ult sar as f dic r ngt pl n ifnotf bi tc a e e on or s ha gi he aitf or ddenby l i i notourpr ncet aw,t s ovi o decdewhe he t r as wa wie, a r o e n c r c , tm ael s l asi tu ywa t i t r he e on s s f i, r ve ore t uli t y, o ong t r l s he r a o frt epanifstr n t n.)(nen lctto o te ) e s n o h litf emiai ' itr a i in mitd . o ' a I t isa tc s, o t a fie t p o fre ie c fo whc ara o a l j r n he n tn a e Cr f h s ald o r fe v d n e r m ih e s n be u y coul fnd t tCiy ofi i sdi nothone ty be ivet tCr t nd Va Ne sha e ge i d i ha t tcal d sl le ha of a n s d nga d n s xuali e c s on t ni i quesi e nt r our e he ght n ton.W hieCr ts ma iya g st tû heCiydi no l of um rl r ue ha l t t d t ha a e denc t tt mic ve ny vi e ha he sonduc oc ure 'Br i Opp' a 24) t sagume i bele by t c rd'( .n n t ,hi r nt s id t r c d. Chi fHoba k i tgaedt ma tr i t r iwe anum be ofe o s o aned he e or e c nvesi t he te , n e ve d r mpl yee , bt i Cr tssde oft sor a uli t l de i dt tVa Ne ssve son oft e nt wa m or of' i he t y, nd tma ey cde ha n s ' r i he ve s s e c edi e Hobac s r d t r s t ofhi i si ton wih t De yChi f t Diecorof r bl . k ha e he e uls s nve tga i t he put e , he r t Huma Re o ce ,a t As it ntCiy M a ge , n s ur s nd he ssa t na r who a s f mdt tVa Nes ' ve son of lo ot ha n ss ri t e nt w asc e bl and t tt r s t oft i t r li s i ton i c t d t tV an N es he ve s r di e ha he e uls he n e na nve tga i ndi a e ha s a Cr t d s xua i e c s whie Cr tw a on dut Li w i e, nd of ha e l nt r our e l of s y. ke s upon s a ng w ih Cr t pe ki t of 16 a Va Ne sdurngt gre nc pr s ,t As it n Ciy M a ge r i d c nce t t nd n s i he i va e oce s he ssa t t na r ema ne onvi d ha Va Ne s sve son oft e nt wa c e bl On t e f t,net rCr tsde a ofa n s ' ri he ve s s r di e. hes acs ihe of' ni l ny wr ongdoi orhi e pha i o t a e e ofa vi t pe ors e ot rf . ofphys c l ng s m s s n he bs nc deo a om he ol m ia e de e,i s fc e tt r s ati bl i s off c a t t t t oft Ciy' sa e r as f vi nc s ufi i n o aie ra e s ue a t s o he nlh he t s tt d e on or isdicplna y de son. t s i i r cii Cr tsr m ani a gume sa e as i ufi intt de o ta et tge r of' e i ng r nt r lo ns fce o m nsr t ha nde dic i nai n wast r a r a o be nd t dici i r a ton t n a i tCr t Once s rmi to he e l e s n hi he s plna y c i ake gans of. ag n,Cr ta g t tHoba k' i e na i si ton oft i de i q si wa ai of r ues ha c s nt r l nve tgai he nci nt n ue ton s i de t Howe r f usng ont qualt oft i si to t s e t poi t' Cuppl sv. na qua e. ve , oc i he iy he nve tga in d s s he n . mi ' e Ams m LLC, 8 F. p' 2 5 21 ( t Ci. 0 8 .Ast eF u t Cic i e h sz di a 2 2 Ap x 0 , 0 4h r 2 0 ) h o rh rut mp a ie n Cuppls E(1f rlcour t sno stasaki ofs pe- ron de rme wei ngt e ,$a edea t doe t i nd u rpes nel pa t nt ghi he pr de ofe oy ntdecsonsma byfnnsc r dwih e oyme dici nai ''.. u nce mpl me ii de i hage t mpl nt srmi ton.'J= 4 ( i Delm et,1 F. a 299) nse t c tst ol co eni whehe t ras quotng a te 33 3d t .l tad,he our' s e nc r s t r he e on s f rwhiht d fn a t( o a a ves a to a an t tepan ifwa dici n tr . o c he ee d n t k n d re ci n g is) h litf s s rmi ao y' o ' D e a ne t ,1 F. a 299. l r te 33 3d t Fi ly, hec ta e wih t Ciy t tt f c t tHoba i l na l t our gr es t he t ha he a t ha ck ncuded mor de al d e t ie i or ton i Cr tsf ma dicplna yno i st n hedi i t i er lmemor ndlm nf ma i n of' or l s i i r tce ha d n he nt na a l doc umentngVa Nes ' ve ba r prm a i no e de ofpr t xt nori t f tt tCr t i n s s r l e i nd s t vi nce ee , s he ac ha of wa dicplne m o es r l k hieone mehod ofpr vi dipa ae te t nti by s s s i i d r eve ey. ç l W t o ng s r t r a me s howi ng dismia te t nt t pe s beng c s i lr r a me , he r ons i ompa edm us beti l ri al r e ntr s t.' r t smia n 1 elva e pecs '' Odo vl 'Pa rCo.652F. m ntl oe , Supp. 6 688( D. 2009)( i He r 1 U. 2d 71, E. Va. quotng ywad, 998 S. App. LEXI 30855,a *6 .Asdic sda S t ) s use bove,t c tsc nc dt tt sr rme he our i onvi e ha hi equie nt 17 c nno bem e i t i t tc e,gve t difr nc si t postonshed by Cr ta Va a t t n he nsan as i n he fe e e n he ii l of nd n Nes , nd t f c t tCr twa on d ya t tmeoft a lge mic s a he a t ha of s ut t he i he le d s ondud .Ac or ngy,he c di l t c t our concudest tCr t sf l t pr f rs t inte de eofpr t xtt a d s l ha of ha aied o ofe ufk e vi nc e e o voi umm a y r j d me t n e t M c n lDo ga fa wo k u g n u d r he Do nel u ls rme r . Concl on usi Fort r as sa e t cou tc l he e ons t t d, he r oncudest tCr tha no pr e e e denc fom ha of s t es nt d vi e r whihar a o a l j r c udfn t theCi sd s i ia ya to a an tCr f wa a t l c e s n be u y o l id ha t t icpl r cin g is o t s cual y' n y motva e i whol o i pa tby Cr tsge r Co e nty, heCiy' decson,e n i i t d, n e r n r, of' nde . ns que l t t s ii ve f u wieo u fi,sn ta to a l u d r teV1 a dteCiyi e t ldt s mma yj dg n . n s r n ar i o cin b e n e Til 1 n h t s ni e o u r u me t t The Clr i diecedt s nd c rii d c e oft sm e a e k s r t o e e tte opi s hi mor ndum o ni a t pi on nd he a compa ng or rt a lc c nyi de o l ouns lofr c d. e e or # ENTER: Thi Q Q da ofM a c , 2012. s y rh ChifUnied Stt sDititJ e e t a e src udg 18
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