Ponani Sukumar et al v. Nautilus, Inc., No. 7:2011cv00218 - Document 92 (W.D. Va. 2011)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER denying 70 Motion to Dismiss. Signed by Judge James C. Turk on 12/19/11. (sas)
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CL ERKSOFFI :t.G'Dt i C$ ti7 ' l . . - 14 C8 G J AT RO,NC.E, hl A F ' . ' h Fl72 L,3 , I THE UNI N TED STATES DI STRI COURT CT FO R TH E W ESTERN DI STRI O F VI CT RGI A NI ROAN OKE D I I ON V SI PO N AN I SU K U M A R , a nd SO UTH ER N CA LIFO R NIA STR O K E R EH A BI TA TI N LI O ASSOCI ATES, NC. I , Pl ntf s ai i f , DE2 1S l 1 r 21 J UUA C. DUOLZY C!:Sh -.i t ,l : - BY ' . z z DEPU -'' ' - .R . k C a e N o. 7: - vs : 11 c 0021 8 M EM O M ND U M O PI I N N O AN D O RD ER By:Jam e C.Tur s k Seni U ni ed St or t atesD i ri Judge st ct NA UTILU S,IN C. , De enda . f nt Thi matri be oet Co tonDefndan Na ius I (t utl 'ori e nf'' s te s f r he ur e t utl , nc.t ius' d nda ls Na Def Pata Motont Dimis( No. .Pli if Pona Sukuma td ril i o s s ECF 70) antfs ni r lsukuma' a Sout nz r' nd he l Calf ni Sto Re biiai Asocae ,l IS ior a rke ha ltton s its nc.I SCSRA' (ole tvey,i ai if' ha fld ' c lci l s ntfs' ve ie I pl ) a Op o i o ( No.7 ,owh c Na tlsh srpl d( No 8 ) Orl ru n wa n p st n ECF 7 ) t ih u i a e i ECF . 4 . a a g me t s i u e he d on Dec m be 6,2011 a t m a t ri now rpe f r d i i Fort r a ons s tf t l e r , nd he te s i o ec s on. he e s e orh be ow , a ius sPa talM o i t Di m i si DEN I . l N utl ' r i ton o s s s ED 1. FA C TU A L AN D PR O CEDU R AL BAC K G R O U ND Thi ca e,a t ug s ili is e ry s a ,ha a r d al s d a sgni i ntpr e al s s lho h tl n t a l t ges s lea y nas e i fca oc dur hit y. Sukuma a SCSRA orgi l fl d aCompl ita ns N a iusi t Ce r l sor r nd i naly ie an gai t utl n he nta DititofCaio ni ac usng i off le ym a ki anumbe ofpr t i c r nto of35 src lf r a, c i t a s l r ng r oduc s n ontave i n U. C.j292(t ci 292' SeeCompl,Oc. 2011 ECFNo.1 OnNa iussmoton S. t ton 3. se . t20, , . utl ' i ( No. ) t c s wass e ntyta fre t t sDitit Se Or ReDe ' M o.o ECF 20,he a e ubs que l rnserd o hi src. e d. fs tt Tr ns e ,M a 9,2011 ECF N o.3 On J m e 3,201 ,N a iust l a m oton t s a t e a fr y , 4. t 1 utl i ed i o t y hes pr e ngs l s oc edi . n uppor ofism oton,N a tl a gue t ta ca e de er i ng t t t i u ius r d ha s t m ni he consiutonalt ofSecton 292 waspendi bef e t Feder Cicui,and t l sl i tt i iy i ng or he al r t hat egi aton whi hwoul afe tt out omeoft sc s wa pe i i Cong es .SeeDe .sM ot t St y, c d f c he c hi a e s ndng n r s f' .o a J 3,2011 ECF N o.51 The Cour ag ee wih N a tl t ta s a w asa opr a e i t s une , . t r d t u ius ha t y ppr i t n hi ca e a o J 30, 1 o dee t tt pr e ngsbesa dt it e ri of(1 18 s , nd n une 201 , r rd ha he oce di tye mtl he a ler ) 0 da fom t daeoft or r ( Seci 292wa a nde byl sai a t or( t ys r he t he de ; 2) ton s me d egiltve c; 3) he Fe r Cic tr ed on Se ton 292' co tt tona iy. de al r ui ul ci s nsiu i lt On Se e be 1 2011 Pr i ntObam a s gne i o l w t Le hy- ih A m e i a pt m r 6, , es de i d nt a he a sm t rc l v n sAc, b L. 1 - 9, 25Sa . 8 ( 01 )(l rc l v n sAc', ih,ne ai n e t tPu . 1 2 2 1 tt 2 4 2 1 C Ameia n e t t) whc itr l ' a, n n e Se to 2 2t ei n t tequ tm p o iin a disiuead o t ieij r ' me d d cin 9 o l ae h ia r v so s n n tt t l mpei v nu y' mi c t r qui e e f f l e m a ki s t . e r m nt or a s r ng uis The Cou ts e n l lfe is ltga i s a Or Li tng r ubs que ty it d t ii ton t y. d. f i Sty,Se .19, 1, a pt 201 ECF No.68. I lghtoft c nge i t lw,Sukum a a SCSRA fld ni he ha s n he a r nd ie aFis Ame d Compl nt(' '.l t FAC, anif modiidt i Se ton292cam t rt nde ai û FAC' n he ) Plitfs fe her ci li o a lgebadf t on t pa tofNa iusa e iil a lget tt y s f e aco peii le aih he r utl nd xplcty le ha he ufer d m ttve ij r a ar s lo Na tl ' flemakig Th yas b o h f rhtr ea d t n l tt lw n u y s e ut f u i s as r n . e lo r ug t o t h e d ii a sae a us o cli s fle a rii i vi a i ofCaio ni lw,u arc peii i vi ai n of am ' a s dve tsng n olton . lf r a a nf i om tton n olto Ca ior al w, nd unf i co pe ii n i vi a i ofW a hi t lw .Na iusr ponde wih lf ni a a ar m tto n olton s ng on a utl es d t t i t ntPa ta M oto t D i m i s a g ng t tt s a e 1 w c ai sa e pr e pt d by f de al he ns a r i l i n o s s , r ui ha he t t a l m r e m e e r l w a a or ngl f i t s a e c a m supon whi h r le c n be gr nt d.l a nd cc di y a l o t t l i c ei f a a e 1N autl alo i taly fl aM oton t Sti t epori oft FAC t deal wih expied pat s, ius s nii l ied i o rke hos tons he hat t t r ent agungta e pie p tn sween ln ra to bl i lg toft Ame iaI e t Ac ( No. ) r i h t x rd ae t r o o ge cina e n ih he rc nv n s t ECF 71 . I ltrwihd e t tmo in( No. ) No ehee s Na tl rie t eis o e r dpae t i t ae t r w ha to ECF 75 . n t ls , u i a sd h sue f xpie tn s n us ispa r r a i t t sm oton and agai ator a gument SeeDef' Pari M ot t Dim isa 25-26, t pe s eltng o hi i n al r . .s tal .o s s t . Tr a 27.Howe ,Pl ntfs'couns as ur t Cour t Pl ntf sonl pl .t ver ai if el s ed he t hat ai if y anned t uset expied o he r pat sasevi ent dence ofN autl ssat ofm i a wer nots ng r i ont basi ofe r pat ius' t e nd, nd e eeki elef he s xpied ent n r .Se Tr a 30 1(t t t e e t h to c mpliti ist twe'es e n r le onghe umbes e . t -3 E o he xtn t a ur o an mple ha r e kig eif t So I. I STA N DA RD O F R EVI EW A c m pl ntm us i l a s r a pl n sat m e oft c ai unde whi h t o ai t nc ude ho t nd ai t e nt he l m r c he pla ri e ildt r i .Fed.R.Ci P.8()2) Und t notc pladi sa r e de s ntte o elef v. a ( . er he ie e ng tnda d em pl oyed by t f de a cours t c pl i n d onl d ve t def nda no i e ofwha t he e r l t , he om a nt ee ys gi he e nt t c t he cai i ... ndt g oundsupo whih irss' Erc onv.Par ,551U. 89,93( ) l m s a he r n c t e t. iks ' dus S. 2007 (ii BelAt.Co . Twombl 55 U. 544,555( ) I c i i amoi t ctng l l m v. y, 0 S. 2007). n onsderng ton o ds s u d rRul 1 ( )6 ,h Co r i o iae t a c p a tu a1o t ec mpan' fcu l imis n e e 2 b ( ) te u ts bl td o c e t s r e l f h o lits a ta g a l to a t ke t f c s i t lghtm os f vo a e t t pl i tf . G i r a v.J lega i ns nd a he a t n he i t a r bl o he a n if arat no ohns n, o 521F. 298,302(t Ci. ) l or rt s vveamoi t dimis howe r a 3d 4h r 2008 . n de o ur i ton o s s , ve , c mpan ' tfa t a alg to smu tb e o g t r iearg tt r l fa o et s c ltv o lits k jcu l le ai n s e n u h o as ih o ei b v he pe uai e g e l ve . BelAt. 550 U. a 555. W he e sa el c am sa epr mpt d by f der ll w,he e l' l l, ' S. t r tt aw l i r ee e e a a t y nec sa iyf lt Ctt acli uponwhihr lefc nbegrnt 'Fe R. v. 1 b)6) a e srl ai o t ae am s c ei a a ed,' d. Ci P. 2( ( , nd mus bedimis d.Se gene al Anderonv.SaaLe Cor ,508F. 1 ,1 ( hCi. t s se e r l y s r e p. 3d 81 90 4t r 2007) (fimi dititc tsdimislofsaelw camsonp e mptongr afr ng src our' s sa tt a li r e i oundswheec lnged r hale und Rul 1 b)6). er e 2( ( ) 1 1 DI 1. SCVNSI N O A . The St e Law Cl m s at ai Atis heeaet eesael cli :()unfi/ a ulbusnes prci si sue r r hr tt aw ams 1 arunlwf i s a tce n vi ain ofCalf ni sUnf rCompeiin La CalBus & Pr . olto ior a' ai tto w, . . of Codej51 200 7 ( e t 7 -1 209 W s ba i o e ie pae s,ha' s mehi t a wer goi t tk se t c re t' .Ac o di l t ss f xpr d tntl t ts o t ng h t 'e ng o a e tps o o r c.) c r ngy,he ' Courtpr oceeds i isa ysswih t unde sandi t tt Pl ntf 'cl m sf labiiy do notr t n t nal i t he r t ng ha he ai ifs ai or i lt es upon e r pa e s. xpied t nt 2 0 );2 flea v riigi v oaino t eCaion aFas Ad riigLa Ca. . 0 8 2 ( ) as d e t n n i lto f h lf ri le ve t n w, l Bus & s s Pr . of Codej1 7500( es 2008) a ( unfi c W t ; nd 3) ar ompeii i vi ai oft W ahi onStt tton n olton he s ngt ae Co ume Pr eci Ac,W as Rev.Codej1 8 020( 0) ns r ot ton t h 9.6. 201 . 1. 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' ks t m v. r or ur , 51Ca.4t 31 320( 1 ( i Ka kvv. ke.I , P. 243,249( l 2002).Untl l h 0, 201 ) quotng s Ni nc.45 3d Ca. ) i 200 t UCL ha a e r or na iy pe m isve sa ngr quie e - anyoneco d s on 4, he d n xta di rl r s i t ndi e r m nt ul ue b h l o tege ea p bi.Se Ca . s & P o . d j 1 20 ( e t1 97 ; xe v. e af f h n r l u l c e lBu . r f Co e 7 4 W s 9 ) Ba tr SauavSporsl sl 1 CalRpt. 31 3 ( l Ct App. ltr tcubs nc. 9 . r3d 7, 23 Ca. . 2004) l Nove .n mber20 04, Calf i vot r pa s d Pr iom a e s s e oposton 64,whi h c e t d ahe g e d s a ng r qui e e f ii c rae i ht ne t ndi e r m nt or prva ea tonsundert UCL. i t ci he 3 2TheCalf ni l sat e hasnotconf r e a of i alname on t e s tonsoft Busnes and ior a egil ur e r d n fci hes ec i he i s Pr essonsCode,and c t have r ered t t by va i nam es However t Calf ni Supr of i ours ef r o hem rous . , he ior a eme Courthasde ded t t m t ci o er hem,colec i y,t dunf rCom petton La ' St Yout Addi i I l tvel he l ai ii m ' op h ctons nc. v. c y Str s l . 1 Ca. h 5 3, 8& n. 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W as 2003)(ii Ha ma Ri Tr ni Stbl aI v.Saec Til l . ,71 W D. h. ctng ng n dge ai ng a es nc. f o te ns Co. 9 P.d5 , 3 ( ah.1 8 ).Ac o dn t teW a hn tnlgsat e t ep r o eo teCP 2 31 5 5 W s 9 6 ) c r ig o h s igo e iltr ,h u p s f h A l i t k omplm e t body off de a l w g r ngr tai softa unf i c so i c e nt he e r l a ove ni esr nt r de, ar ompe ii n a tto nd unf r de e i ,a faudul nta t orpr c i si o de t pr e tt publc a f t rf i a ai, c ptve nd r e cs a tce n r r o ot c he i nd os e a r nd hones co ii ' W a h.Re Codej1 86. ( 0) antfsheealeget tNa ius' t mpetton. s v. ' 9. 920 201 .Pli if r l ha utl s f l e l be i cons iut a unf rorde ptve ac orpr c i e t taf e t d t pu i i e es by a s a lng tt es n ai ce i t a tc ha f c e he blc nt r t s i i co pe ii de e r ng i tt ng m tton, t r i nnova i a c usng c um e st pa hi rprce f r l ton, nd a i ons r o y ghe i s o pr ucs FAC !!99 00. od t. -1 Theset ee s at l caus ofac i hr t e aw es ton- t Calf ni U nf rCom petton Law , he ior a ai ii Calf ni Fal A dveri i Law ,and W as ngt Conslm erPr ect on A ct ar very si iar i or a se ts ng hi on l ot i - e m l i c a t r Asdic s d bel t y a ea 1c ume p o e ton lw s a at h t ym a n har c e . s us e ow,he r l ons r r t c i a , nd lhoug he y ha i pora dif r nc ,t c n be tea e sm ia l f t Cour ' lm ie pur e of ve m t nt f e e es hey a r t d i l r y or he ts i t d pos de e mi ngwhehe t a epr mpt byf r lf lem a ki l .4 t r ni t r hey r ee ed ede a a s r ng aw B. 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S. 01 ( 98 )( e cii u f i b sn s prcie a t nae ta iin lyrg ltdb t eSae ' 1 9 d s rbng n ar u ie s a tc s s û ra rdto al e u ae y h tts); a Ag yov. S.Ba 653F. 91 91 ( h Ci.201 )(1...L ua U. nk, 3d 2, 7 9t r 1 ç UCLIcams r otdi li , o e n Ca ior a' c u e - ot c i l ,f l i a a e t ti tad tonaly wihi t sa e spolc lf ni s ons m rpr e ton aws al n n r a ha s r ii l t n he t t ' i e powe st pr ec isown ctz ns';Gren r o ot t t iie 'l e woodTr s Co. M a sc et,971F.d 81 828 u t v. sa husts 2 8, 4The pari s m t agr . 80t si ,a l ton t pr tes ee o ee h des t eas he eempton is do nota i s ue, ppeart ditnguih t r o si s hei ar e son t basi ofdif e gum nt he s fer ncesi t sat lw s I t d,t y tea t materoftt s ae l n he t e a . nsea he r t he t the t t aw cl ms'asasi eques i See,e. ,De ' Pari M ot t Dim isat1 ai ' ngl ton. g. f.s tal . o s s 3-26.Pl 'Opp.at4-l , s. 5. ( s Ci. 9 2 ( e cii c n u rp oe t nlwsa wihnth rn eofs b e t o e wh c 1t r 1 9 ) d s rbng o s me r tci a s t i t e a g u j cs v r ih o t t sae ha ta tonalye rie t i polc powe s' .I s hc es ar viwi co t he tts ve rdii l xecsd her ie r .) n uc as , e e ng ur ' s d Csa twih t a s p i n t tt hit i polc po r oft St t ar nott be houl itr t he s um to ha he sorc ie we s he aes e o s r e d by t Fede alA c unl s t twast c e ra m a f tpur e ofCo es .' upe s de he r t e s ha he l a nd nies pos ngr s ' AlraGp.l . . od 5 5U. 7 , 7(0 8 ( u tn Riev. a t FeElv t rCo p, 31 ti ,nc v Go , 5 S. 0 7 2 0 ) q oig c S n a e ao r .3 U.. 8 2 0( 9 7 ) S eas Ge . tr Co p v. r ms 8 7F.d 3 41 4 ( dCi. S 21 , 3 1 4 ). e lo n Mo os r . Ab a , 9 2 4, - 2 2 r 1 )(i a eco umerprtci 1w i afedta tonal rgultdbyt sae , 990 ûBec us ns oe ton a s il rdii ly e ae he tts c li e de eofani e i t pr mpti rquie i t saea' . Fi l i ompelng vi nc ntnton o ee s e r d n hi r .' naly,n ) dee mi ng t pr e i s ope ofaf de a e cm e ,ac ts d r c lt tû hepur e t r ni he e mptve c e r l na t nt our houl e al ha i t pos ofCongr s i t uli a e t hs one i e r pr - m pton ca e ' M e t oni 51 U . a 485 es s he tm t ouc t n ve y e e i s .' dir c, 8 S. t (nen lq tto mak o t d (u tn Real eksltl sn Lo a 1 2 v. itr a uoai n r s mit ) q o ig tiClr n 'As 'a c l 6 5 e S h r r on, 7 U.. 6 1 3( 9 3 ) W i t s p icpe i mid t Co r n w t r st c eme h r 3 5 S 9 , 0 1 6 ). t hee rn ils n n ,he u t o u n o h a a l i oft pr e pton is bef r i. n nayss he e m i s ues o e t C. ExpressPreem pton i The Supr m e Cou tha r cog z d tlee ki ofpr e pton: e es ,fel mz e r s e ni e lr nds em i xpr s i d, d c l c . Engl hv. n. e Co.496U. 72, -7 ( 990)5 Exp es pr e pto oc ur ont i t r s e m in c s i Ge Elc. , s S. 78 9 1 . whe af de ale ct n e r na mentexplcil pr d t ti i it nde t pr e sa elws W he ea i ty ovi es ha t s n e d o e mpt t t a . r c tfndse es pr e pton i t saut y txt isa l i mus e t r Gad v. tl our i xpr s e m i n he t t or e , t nayss t nd he e. e Na ' SoldW ase M gmt As n.505U. 88,111(992)( l i ts . s, S. 1 Kemedy, , oncu ngi pa ta J.c ni n r nd c n u n i t ej dg n )(W h ntee itn eo p e e to i e ie t r m t esau oy o c ni g n h u me t ç e h xse c f r -mp in s vd n fo h tttr t 5w hiet courshave tadii l pi onhol pr empton anal i i o t et eet , i i l he t r tonaly ge ed e i yss nt hes hr ypes t s i mporantt not att outett tt ar note iel dicr t ca egores. The Supr m e Cour has t o e he s ha hey e ntr y s ee t i e t r c nz da muc < rf ri t t s t e c t o is(fp e mp inl wes oudno betk nt e og ie s h:G e erng o he e hre aeg re o r e to , h l t a e o By m ea t tt ar rgi y ditnct l n ha hey e i dl si . ndeed,fel pr empton m a be under t asa s esofcont ct i d e- i y sood peci li pr- mp in: saelw t a f lswihnap ee e fedc tit wihCo r s 'i e t( ih r ee to A tt a h t al t i r -mptd il onlcs t ng e s ntn et e e r s o panl i id t e cl esaerg ain. Eng ih, 6U. a 7 n.. xp e s r li y mple ) o x ud tt e ulto ' ls 49 S. t 9 5 ' tx, u iq iymu t e i a de dwi t esau o yfa wo kis l '.Bu s eAlraGp . e to r n ur s b gn n n t h tttr rme r tef) t e ti h , 555U. a 5 ((fafde a lw conansa e es pr e i ca e,idoesnot S. t 43 C e r l a l ti n xpr s e-mpton lus t i mmedit y e t i r be us t quesi n oft s tnc a s ope ofCo es ' ael nd he nquiy ca e he to he ubsa e nd c ngr s dipl e ntofsaelw silrmans.) s ac me tt a tl e i ' . ' Unf t e y f rN au ius t r i no e e spr e pton t be f orunat l o tl , he e s xpr s e m i o ound i t A m e i a n he rc l nt Actori a ohe pa toft Pae tAc,s e35U. C.jj 1 nve s n ny t r r he tn t e S. -376( 2006) a Nauius , nd tl wiey co de t po nt Se Def' Pa ta M o .t Dim isa 11& n. l t a enc of s l nce s he i . e .s ri l t o s s t 4. n he bs e e e spr e i t Cour mus l f rhe ,a t ad es esNa tl sfed a co lc xpr s e mpton,he t t ook u t r nd hus dr s u ius' i l nd nfit pr e p i a g e s i tu e m ton r um nt n t m. D . Fi d Preem pt on el i A sa el w i alopr e e d r i r gult sc uc i afel t tCongr s tt a s s e mpt d s e t e a e ond t n i d ha whe es i e d t Fe r G ove nm e t occ py e l i l ' Encls 496 U . a 79. The ear nt nde he de al r nt o u xc us ve y. ' i h, S. t r e s r lpl c t Co tm a l t fnd e de eofs h i e .The C c m eoff de a eve a a es he ur y ook o i vi nc uc ntnt ' he s e rl r gul ton m a be s pe va i ast m a r as bl t i e enc t tCongr s l tno r m e ai y o r s ve o ke e ona e he nf r e ha e s ef oo f t Sttst s e or he ae o upplmenti.'Ri ,331U. a 230(iai omit .Or ac e sonal t' ce S. t cttons ted) , ongrsi a tm a r lt t atel ç n whi h t f r li e e ti s dom i ntt tt f der ls t m wil c y ea e o i d t i c he ede a nt r s s o na ha he e a yse l b a s me t p e l d e oc me to saelwso tesmes b e t' d Fial,h Co r e su d o rcu e nf re n f tt a n h a u j c. 'I n l te u t y mih as d tnnneta ih o jc s u h t b o tie b t ef d rl1w a dt c aa tr g t lo ee i h tt e be t o g t o e ban d y h e ea a n he h r ce t oft oblg tons i pos by i' r ve l a Congr s ona i e t pr e pt I he i a i m ed t' e a s es i l nt nt o e m . d N a ius a gue t tCongr s ' pe v i r ul ton oft e i e a ea ofpa e l wutl r s ha e s s r asve eg a i he ntr r t nt a icu i t o iia fdea j rs ito o r tn 1w cams t elng sa dn e se c o n ldng he rgn l e rl u idcin ve pae t a li ,h o -tn ig xitn e f f ederalr ti i on f se m ar ng,mz t com pr esrctons al ki d he ehensve nat e oft A m eri I i ur he ca nvent s A ct s - hows t Congr s i ended t f l occupy t fel off se m ar ng,r hat es nt o uly he i d al ki enderng i i fe tvea sa el de lng wih a as c oft tfel l s ne f c i ny tt aw a i t ny pe t ha i d. n uppor oft sc e i t hi ont nton, Na iusr le on Se c utl eis mionducorEne g La Co. Sa t Elcs Co.204F. 1 ( d t r v b. v. msmc e . , 3d 368 Fe Ci.2000 .l Se c r ) n mionduco Enecy,Sa ungbr htf t i e ala,c tr amsunde tr r ms oug orh,ntr i ounecli r t Ne J re Ra keee l l e a Coru Or niai (û CO')Ac ba e on he w es y c t r ntuenc d nd rpt ga z tons (R1 ' t s d Se ionduc orsi ia eco uc 6be or t Unie St t Pa e a Tr de a k Ofi e m c t ' nequ t bl nd t f e he t d aes t nt nd a m r fc (TTO' .Thec u t o n t a sn eSa u g' t w J re RI c u tr li o c p id a ; ' ) o r f u d h t ic ms n s t Ne es y CO o n ecams c u le ) fed i n i li s opewih t i quia e c nd tde e e'a l ng t m t pr ee woul il de tca n c t he ne t bl o uc f ns ,' lowi he o oc d d b t onta y t Congr s 'pr m ptve r gul ton i t a e ofpa e l w . Se i onduc or e é rr o c e s ee i e a i n he r a t nt a ' m c ' t En r y 2 4F.da 1 8 ( u tngAb t La . Br n n 9 2F.d 1 4 1 5 ( d. r eg , 0 3 t 3 2 q oi bot bs v. e na , 5 2 3 6, 3 7 Fe Ci. 1 91 7 si iary, i Abbot La . Brnna a ive ora c e Abbot La rt i of 9 :. m l l n t bs v. e n, n n nt c usd ' boaores t w r ulc ongf onduc be or t PTO . The c t l t ta sa e a e ofpr s cl i w o d be t f e he our he d ha t t bus oce s a m ul ta i ppr it c lt r i r i n o t r gult r pr e esoft PTO,' nd wa t kn na opra e ola e al ntuso n he e a o y oc dur he 'a s hus pr mptd unde t e cr umsmwe . 95 F. a 1 ee e r hos ic t s 2 2d t 357. Fi ly, N au iusal o no e s r lca e w he e t U CL hasbee pr em pt 8 H owe r na l tl s t s eve a s s r he n e ed. ve , noneoft eca e de lwih t f lema ki sa ut orpaen l and a et oflmie hos s s a t he as r ng tt e t t aw, r hus i t d val t t Co the e. ue o he ur r 6(l Gnequiabl conducti a equiabl def e t pa e i rnge entt t i pr t e sn t e ens o t nt nfi m ha , f oved,bar enf c e ofa s or em nt pae t' Th r e ev, co Di is n& Co.6 9F.d 1 76 1 5( d. r 201 )(n b n ) I i t n . easns Be tn. ckn o ' , 4 3 2 , 28 Fe Ci. 1 e a c . t s mo tc mmo yc s o nl ommitdi y itn ina fiu e t s bmi mae il e ee c st ( p tn le a ne, te t n e to l alr s o u t tra r fr n e o a ae t x mi r b orby maki know i f s ormi l ng sa ement t t exam i ,s t ti can cont ng ng ale seadi t t s o he ner uch ha t identy be s d l ai t tby deceif i entt pat pr ecuton pr es hasbee s ha tul nt he ent os i oc s n ubvere ' RobertL.Har td.' mon e aI, t . PATE AND T FE RALCI T j 1 5( 0he 2011. NTS HE DE RCUI 2. 1 t d. ) 7W hie aba e r ng oft squot i m a I onet beleve t Congr si ended t pr m ptt I r eadi hi aton y ead o i hat es nt o ee he entr fel ofpaentlw cart bl ie i d t a e anche,asN a iuss em st s utl e o ugges,af rr ng oft cont r veal t ai eadi he ext e s t tt cour wasdicus i pr ha he t s sng eempton onl i t famewor ofas a ecaus ofacton whi was i y n he r k tt e i ch pr caed ts el 'on a sofi edi t tquar y' ct nequiabl c t e onductbef e t PTO. Semi or he conduct Ener 204 F. a or gy, 3d t 1382. 8Thes cas i ude W id v. NBC Unves ,78 F. p z 1 83( D. l 2 1 ( e es ncl l i ral 8 su p.d 0 C. Ca . 01 ) UCL pe mptdb re e y Cop i tAc) l r Ap ei ne36 Pr Lib. tg.7 F. pp.d 1 5 ( D . . 0 ( d r yrgh t; n e pl pho od. a Lii , 28 su z 06 N. Cal201 ) Fe eal l i tu t a tthep tn g a ti wi i t ee cusv p viw o fd r la ' Ab ot t s r e h t i l ae t rn s t n h x l ie ur e f e ea lw. b t l h ' La .952F. a 1 (ii Se r,Roe k.& Co.v.Stfe Co.376U. 225,231n. bs, 2d t 355 ctng as buc ifl , S. 7 ( 964) Butt Pae Ac hasne be ni er ee aswholyupe ngt a lt oft 1 ). he tnt t ver e nt prtd l ndi he biiy he sa e t r ult a hi t ng taly r ae t t is nceofapa e .Contoli pr e nt t t s o eg ae nyt ng a en i l elt d o he s ua t nt r lng ec de m a si cea t t4c ra n ta to lsae lw dam sm a pr ry ber ie whe pa e trgh s ke t l r ha te ti r dii na t t a i y ope l as d n tn i t aeltg td. Abbot La , F. a 1 -56( tngBonioBoas I v. r iiae ' ' t bs 952 2d t 355 cii t t, nc. Thund r at ecrf Boas l .489U. 1 ,1 tsnc, S. 41 54-56( 989). 1 ) l f t Sukum a a SCSR A a gue t tt Fede a Ci c tha s cii ly he d t t n ac , r nd r ha he r l r ui s pe tca l l ha t r i r om f s a e t f i co pe ii l w i t e pa e con e . I Hunt rD o l s l v. he e s o or t t m a r m tton a n h t nt t xt n e ug a . nc. Hamoni De i I ,153F. 1 ( Ci.1 ) ov r uldonot rgr r c sgn.nc. 3d 318 Fed. r 998, e r e he ounds Miwes , d t l d s,n . Kaa nTr i r. n .1 5F.d 1 6 1 5 ( d. r 1 9 ) Hu trDo ga , n u .I c v. rva al s l c, 7 3 35 , 3 9 Fe Ci. 9 9 , n e u ls a e mot i d wi orze ndow s de ma acur r br ha nuf t e , oughts ta i ta c ui gans ompe io ,s ki adeca at y tt r ee ng lr or j udgme t ti wa no i rngi t c nt ha t s t nfi ng he ompeio ' pae s ori t atr tve t pae s ttrs tnt, n he lenai ,he tnt we e i ld o une or ea e. 1 F . a 1 21 . HuntrDougl alo br htanumbe of r nvai r nf c bl 9 53 3d t 3 -22 e as s oug r Co mmuniai sAc) I r Co tywi Fi. r Morg M akei a d Sae Prc ie Lii ,6 c ton t; n e unf de n Co p. t . r tn: n ls a tc s ta. 0l F. p z 1 01( D. l200 ( meOwn r ' a Ac & Nai al nkAc) J hn onv. P M o c n su p.d 2 S. Ca . 9) Ho e s Lo n t ton Ba t; o s J r a Ch s Ba DBA Ch s M a hatn 5 F. p zd 1 7( D. l20 )I CO & FarDe tCole ton a e nk a e n ta , 36 su p. 20 E. Ca. 08 RI i b lc i Pr cie Ac) Siva v. -r deM org. a tc s t; l s E#l a t Cop.4 F. up zd 1 5( D. l20 )( , 21 S p. 31 S. Ca. 06 HomeOwne s r' Loa Ac) Ho r v. ueRigeBa k, F. pp.d 1 39( D.Ca. 05 ( i Cr dtRe ori n t; wa d Bl d n 371 su z 1 N. l20 ) Far e i p t ng Ac) l r Enr nCo .328B. 7 t rc S. N. 20 )( d rlPowe Ac) t;n e o p , R. 5 Bk ty. D. Y. 05 Fe ea r t. 9Nautl sr y brefr ius' epl i ebukest Pl ntfsf r yi on Hunt Dougl because i hasbee over ul he ai if or el ng er as t n r ed and i no l s ongergood aut iy, Thi i a mi c act i ton oft cas l M i tl ti t hort ss s har erza i he e. n dwes ndusres, he Feder Cicui overul Hunt Doucl t t e e i hel t t cour wasr quied t a y al r t r ed er as o he xt nt t d hat he t e r o ppl r ona cic t1w i de er i ng whet f alpaentl pr mpt sa e l . 175 F. a l egi l r ui a n t m ni her eder t aw ee ed t t aw 3d t 359-60 (( o de t 11 1 ro ia i ofpr tngunf r t i t tedo p tn lw,i i e ual dn r r o 51ou blg ton I omo i iomiy n he i l f ae t a t s q l y i pora t appl ourconsruc i ofpat 1w t t quesi whe hera t w hate entpa e lw m tnt o y t ton ent a o he tons t nd o xt t nt a pre t o c nfit wih ohe c u esofa to '.l Hune Dou a ,hec r d tnni dta te e mps r o lcs t t r a s cin.) n tr gls t ou t ee ne h t h ' r onalcicui gove ni t t i cour t Ni h Cic t di notç equie any a ytcpr sf egi r t r ng he ral t he nt r ui, d G r r nal i oces or as es mentofpr s s eempton bas on c lctw ih f r pa e lw .'153 F. a 1333. I t pr ede i ed onti t ede al t nt a ' 3d t t hen oce d t a y Feder Cicui 1 t t pr o ppl al r t aw o he eempton a ysi Thus Hunt Dougl r i nal s. , er as emai good l on t ns aw he i uesbef et Cour.Accor Spotes Ent r. I v. ril Pl tcs I ,56 F. ss or he t d l s e a nc. Ca lse asi . nc. supp. 274,284 n. 0 zd l ( D. Y.1 9) E. N. 99 . sae1 w cli s i l ng ac am f unf i c m peii unde t UCL. Fi ng t tihe ei tt a am , ncudi l i or ar o tton r he ndi ha i r s t no r a on t be i ve t tt c e ra m a f s pur e ofCongr s wasf f r lpa e 1 w t e s o le ha he l a nd nie t pos es or ede a t nt a o oc upy e us ve y t fel pe t i ng t s a e unf i co pe ii l w , t cour c l d t t c xcl i l he i d r a ni o t t a r m tton a ' he ' t onc ude ha She ei no ted pr mpton ofsa eunf i c t r s i l ee i t tt ar ompe ii cli t tr l on a s t nta quesi n tton a ms ha ey ubsa il to off r lpa e l w .' H t t rD ougl ,1 F. d a 1 3. ede a t nt a ' m e as 53 3 t 33 N a ius a s a guest tt Am e i a I nt A c ,s gne i o l w i Se e be ,a t r utl l o r ha he r c nve s t i d nt a n pt m r le s t Pae Ac s s tntaly t ti e nc t i e ofCongr s t c he tnt t o ubsa i l ha t vi es he ntnt e s o omplt l oc upy t e ey c he f e d off l e m a ki l w . The Cour r m a nsunc nc d t tt Am e i a l nt A c ale s il as r ng a te i onvi e ha he r c nve s t t r t s a l i . Fi s , t hi na yss r t alhoug i di m a c nge t Se ton 292,f l e m a ki r or wasnot h t d ke ha s o c i as r ng ef m t en w lw' mao o j cie A c -p ns ro teAc d s rb dt eAc' g asa t reo d h e a s j r b e tv . o s o o f h t e ci e h ts o l s h e fl : ç(1ji ovet a iai pr es byta ii ngt atrti ntrt fl s tm;(2) t( ) mpr he pplc ton oc s r nstoni o is-nve o -o-ie yse 4 1 i pr t q iy ofpa ent i s by t U SPTO by i r m ove he ualt t s s ued he ntoduc ng s r lqua iy- nha em e i eve a lt e nc nt me s e 'a (3) pr demor cetit i ltgai ' 1 Cong. S1 1( iy e Jn. a urs nd 4 1 ovi , e rany n ii ton. 57 ' Rec. 3 dal d. a 25 2 1 (ttme t fS n. a y .Na tlsn d u t ul se t c u hisa g me ti te , 01 ) sae n o e Le h ) uiu o o b wo d e k o o c t r u n n h t r pr hid ong. Butt ic r a nt 'Se t Lea s he t e t i y' na or hy poke ofl r y f us d on t i pl e a i a gel oc e he m em nt ton ofa fr tt f l pa e s t . By i pl m e i a fr t t fl s t m ,a oppos d t t e s i i s -o- ie t nt ysem m e ntng is -o- ie yse s e o he xi tng Ci s t i nt'r gi e Congr s s t rt o nve ' e m , t e s oughtt r et n ou ofltga i by i r asng o educ he m nt ii ton nc e i c ti y o rpaen owne s p.A r viw oft to de t sr a st tt fr tt fl erant ve t t rhi e e he l or ba e eve l ha he is-o-ie s t m wast m os s gni i an r f m us r d i by t A m e i a l n s Act Se ,eg. 1 yse he t i fc t e or he e n he r c nve t . e . , 57 Cong.Re .14 ( l e J 2 2011 (ttme ofRe Ka ur (r ui frtt fl i c 1 421 daiy d. un. 2, ) sae nt p. pt ) a g ng is-o-ie s unc tt i l;1 Cong.Re 5936( iye Fe 28,2011 (ttme ofSe Hac (if onsiutona) 57 c. dal d. b. ) sae nt n. th) i l e ce t Amerc n (ijl nt Ac woul movet Unie Stt t afrti nt -ofl na td,he ia sc nve s t d he td aes o is-nve ort-ie s tm, c wilceaeas tm t ti mor ta pae ,obe tve, prdit ef t yse whih l r t yse ha s e r ns rnt j ci and e cabl or he pa e ee I a ton, r nstoni t a frtt i nt rt fl s t m wilf iia e t nt . n ddii ta ii ng o is-o-nve o -o-ie yse l acltt ha m oni ton w ih ot rpa e ofi e a r st word a co rbut t ongoi w or s rng r za i t he t nt t c s c os he l nd nt i e o ng k- ha i pr e ss.) Se aloHo eComm. t J cay,Ame i I e sAc o oc se ' . e s us ' on he udiir rca nv nt t f20l1, h / u iig .o s .o /su sis eo ae teo a t ol .t (atv stdDe . 5 2 1 dprj d ca h u eg vis e /su s tnr f = cz lhml ls iie c 1 , 01 ) / (mp a ii gi o tn eo trtt -ier f r . e h szn mp ra c fis-o fl eo m) The l gi l tve r c d doesr vea s e di c son a utf l e m a ki r f m ,b t s e sa i e or e l om s us i bo a s r ng e or ut hi de t ce e e m os l on elm i tng t quit r m e See eg. 1 Cong.Re 5531 ba e nt r d ty i na i he am e dy. , . , 57 c. 9 ( iye Se .6, 1 (ttme ofSe Ky1 (t rpeai t flemaki quitm saue, dal d. pt 201 ) sae nt n. ) (By e lng he as r ng a ttt t g rc I nsAclwilal Ameia c nist s mone hii ne wor r he Ameia nve t t l low rc n ompa e o pend y rng w kes rt e ta fg tn o ffi lu flemakngs is'.Th mo tc ne to sis ewihrlto ah r h n ih ig f rvoo s as r i ut.) e s o tn iu s u t eain ' t f s ma ki s e st ha be n whehe t pr pos d a o ale r ng e m o ve e t r he o e mend e st Se ton 292 woul be m nt o ci d rtoa tveo pr peci Se ,eg. 1 Cong. c.S1 (aiyed.Ma .1 2011 (ttme er ci r os tve. e . , 57 Re 545 d l r 0, ) sae nt ofSe Mccas l) H. Re No.11 984) a 1 ( 1 ( se i viw ofRa ngM e r n. kil; R. p. 2- 1, t 63 201 ) dis ntng e nki mbe Co y r) Co g e sas n tdisc n enwi t eefc o t eFe e a Cic i' d cso i n es. n r s lo o e t o c r t h fe t f h d r l ruts e iin n h Foes Gp .l v. ToolCo.590F. 1 ( ,whihafr dt rghtoff s r t . nc. Bon , 3d 295 2009) c fime he i ale m a ki pl i if t obt n t s a ut r pe t pe a tc e m a ke See H . Re N o.1 2r ng a ntf s o ai he t t o y naly r ri l r d. R. p. 1 98()at53( 1.Ho ver at oughrvi oft AmeiaI nt Ac a islgiltve 1, 201 ) we , hor e ew he rc nve s t nd t e sai hi t y r ve l no e de t tCongr s s htt us t l w t i pos upon t ta tona s or e a s vi nce ha e s oug o e he a o m e he r dii l a hort oft s a e t r gul t a e s ofc um e pr e to ut iy he t t s o e a e r a ons r ot c i n. 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C.j ()( )(mpha i a d) Asnotda ve,a a knowldge byt pa te , 7 S. 301a 2006 e ss dde . e bo nd c e d he ris t s Co tdo notha t l y ofba i isde i i n o a ex e spr m pton c a e. Suc hi ur es ve he uxur s ng t c s o n n pr s ee i l us h 1 tma v r wel t a as i byaprvaeplitf wh d e no algec 3l y ey lbe h t ut i t an if o o s t l ompeii ij r do sn t e ttve n u y e o sur vet cont c pr vi he lit eempton anal i Howe ,t ear nott f ct bef et Cour. i yss. ver hos e he a s or he t 16 l ng gei nowhe et be f a ua s r o ound i t Ame i aI nt Ac ora ot pa t t Pae Ad. n he rc nve s t ny her r of he t nt A ss h,t ca escied by N a iusa e oflm ie s gnii nc he e uc he s t utl r i t d i tca e r . The Fe r Cicui ad e s d t i s off de alpr e pton o sa e unf i c pe ii de al r t dr s e he s ue e r e m i f t t a r om tton cli i Dow Che Co. 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Bu i s doi t t n o ng, he courtr ecogni t o ar w her is pr zed w eas e t ecedentcouns st sat 1 cl m sar pr pt by el hat t e aw ai e eem ed f alpat l : eder ent aw Fis, e a pa e 1w ba st i r t f der l t nt a r he mposton ofla lt f c ii ibiiy or onduc bef r t PTO unl s t o e he es t pl i ifc n s he antf a how t tt pae hol rsco ha he tnt de ' ndud a mount d t fa orr nde e t e o r ud e r d he pa e a i a i pr es a s m .... c t nt pplc ton oc s hn Se ond,f de a pat ntl w ba s t i pos to o e rl e a r he m ii n f la lt f rpublci i a pa e ti t m a ke pl c unl s t pl i ifc s i biiy o i z ng t n n he r t a e es he a ntf an how t tt ha he pa e hol rac ed i ba f ih. t nt de t n d a t 1 a 1 36. l i t s s ond s e r o w hi h i m os cl el a l oust t c ebe or t s d t 3 t s hi ec c na i c s t os y na og o he as f e hi Cour.He e Na tl pur tdl pl c d f de a paen numbe son ism a a t e pr uc s t r , u ius pore y a e e r l t t r t nuf cur d od t a awa ofc s y ommuni a i isit lc ua pr ry hol i t t publc.Pli if 'cai t t c tng t n ele t l ope t d ngs o he i antfs l m ha t e num be sdi notcove t pr uc st y m a ke hos r d r he od t he r d.Atisc e,Pl i if f l e m a ki t or a ntf s' a s r ng c a m i a a t m ptt hol N au iusla e f rt blc zi a pa e ti t m a ke pl c ' 1 l i s n te o d t l i bl o û i i ng pu t n n he r t a e. d. ' Th s u d r o toln p e e e tt ecam i p e mpe u ls Na tl sa tdi b dfih C u , n e c nr lig r c d n ,h li s re td ne s u iu ce n a at . f Spols Ene ies l v.Caril Pl tcs l ,56F. zd274,28 5( D. . 1 te s tprs . nc. lse asi snc. supp. 4-8 E. N Y. 999) (dFe rlCic tc s s makei a mda tycla t tsaeunf rc sl dea rui a e j t bt nl e r ha tt ai ompeii cli basdona tton ams e pae hol rsgoodfihpublcainofhi pae rghs... annotbes ce sul).I t sc e tnt de' at i to s tnt i t c uc sf ' n hi as, ho e r t Co tfnds t tt e e i Fis A m e d Com pl i a qua e y alege bad w ve , he ur i ha he xt nsve r t nde a nt de t l l s fihaspa toft Pli if 'saelw cai s1 See,eg.FAC ! 53,77-78 8 ,90,96. at r he antfs tt a 1 m .4 ! ,3 . l i tu t tHunt rDoug a a t ot rFe r Cic tc esdicus e a vedi not t s r e ha e l s nd he he de al r ui as s s d bo d d lw ih f l e m a ki s ii a l Buta i tN a ius sur ng, he Co tfndsno r a on ea t a s r ng pec f c ly. ga ns utl ' gi t ur i es w hy t s m e r to l s ul nota y i f s m a ki c es Ot rt i c t f ce wih he a a i na e ho d ppl n al e r ng as . he r al our s a d t alega i off l e m ar ng ha r a he a s m ia c l i See eg. Thid Pa t l tons a s ki ve e c d i l r onc us on. , . , r ry Veiiai I v.Si tlei I , 2F. zd 1 4,13 ( . Fl.2007)(e ogni ng rfc tom nc. gnatr lnk.nc.49 supp. 31 26 M D. a r c zi Fe r lCic t sbad f ih r quie e w he e f l em a ki w a us d a bas s ofsat 1 w de a r ui' a t e r m nt r a s r ng s e s i tea 1 Bad f t i notan el entoft UCL orFal Adve tsi Law underCalf ni I ort CPA 4 aih s em he se ri ng ior a aw he u e W a hi t lw.Se ge r l Ka k 45P.da 9 -5 ( lme t o UCL a f s a ve t ig nd r s ngon a e ne al s y, 3 t 49 0 ee n s f y nd ale d ri n s cams; n . n e . ofteNorhwes. n . Kalvi 7 P.d 5 ,5 ( a h.1 0)( lme s li ) I dus I d m Co. h t t l c v. le c, 92 2 20 28 W s 99 ee nt o CP cam) Thi d e no matrf rt p m o e o t eCo tsa ayss TheFe r l r uiha f A li . s o s t te o he u s s f h ur' n l i. de a Cic t s expl ne eve wher t sa e l t 4 a is I ai d, n e he t t aw ol t s ue acksaba f t el d aih ement Gt es , Go cape pr eempton,t i he pl ntf woul needt alege and pr uli el s conduct' Hunt D oual , 53 F. at1337. ai if d o l ove tmat y uch . ' er as l 3d 18 co ume pr ecin cams ; W a rM f I v. oPac Svs l ,434F. zd445, ns r ot to li ) DP gne g.nc. Pr th .nc. supp. 460-61( D.Te 2006)( ptngHune Do lsrtonaei hol ngt tsaelw u ai S. x. ado i tr uga ai l n di ha tt a nf r c mpeiincamsween t r e td . o tto li r o p e mp e ) Th S prmeCo r h src g ie treo j cie o t n to spae tlws eu e u t a e o nz d h e b e tv s f he ain' tn a : S tlp o ii a ic n iet iv n , () p o tn tef l ico u eo iv n in , n (3J d ll r vdng n n e tv o n e t (2q r moi g h uld sl s r f n e to s a d () l e urng t tt twhi h i i t publcdoman c motbe r move t r fom by a ton oft ns i ha ha c s n he i i ar e d he e r ci he Stts' Dow Che ,139F. a 1 ( tngKe eOiCo. Bir n Co1 .416U. 470, ae . ' m. 3d t 474 cii wane 1 v. c o ' , p S. 4 0 81(9 4 )(n en l u tto makso te ) Th Co r fn ta alwigtePanif 8 - 1 7 ) itr a q oain r mitd . e u t ids h t l n h litfs o t p e st ersaelw camsh r wo l n t n a g rt o eo j cie .Th saelw c u e o o r s h i tt a li ee ud o e d n e h s be tv s e tt a a s s f ac i a a i d i t s c s ,do noti pos r uie e st ta e i ons se w ih f de all w , ton, s pple n hi a e m e eq r m nt ha r nc i t nt t e r a a dte d n tsr ea a o sa l t Co g e so a o j cie .Ac o dUn v. fCoo. o n . n h y o o e v s n b tce o n r sin l be tv s c r i o l F u d. l v.Am.Cya mi Co. 1 F. 1 1 ( d. r 1 ( c lc pr mptonf nc. nn d , 96 3d 366, 371 Fe Ci. 999) no ontit ee i or sae1w camso u j s etih n a dfa d ln n n ico u e .Thu , u i ssc nlc tt a li f n u t r c me t n ru ue t o d sl s r) r s Na tl ' o fit u pr e im a gume mus as f i. e mptc r nt t lo al T he Publc I er s R e re e o t W as ngt St e Cl m i nt e t qui m nt f he hi on at ai A s de f o ispr e pton a g e s N a iusal o a gue t tPl i if 'CPA c a m i r m t e m i r um nt , utl s r s ha a ntf s li s d bedi m i s on i pe ntgr houl s s ed nde nde oundsbe us t y ha notm e t CPA ' t ca e he ve t he Si i publc itr t' e rme .A s c sulcam un rt CPA rquiest pli ift s $ 1 a nees'r quie nt uc esf li de he e r he antf o how $ ) n 4 u aro de e i atorpr tc ( occ rngi ta orc nf i r c ptve c acie 2) uri n rde ommece()t i t t publc r 3 hatmpacs he i i e e t( c usnga ij yt t pl ntf sbusne sorprpe t wih( ac allnkbewee ntr s 4) a i n nur o he ai if i s o ry t 5) aus i t n t unfi orde ptvea ta t ij ys frd.DewitCons.l .v. re Oa FieI . he ar ce i c nd he nur ufee t t nc Cha tr k r ns Co.3 F. 1 27,11 ( hCi.2002)(mpha i a d)(ii I .I m. oft , 07 3d 1 38 9t r e ss dde ctng ndus nde Co. he Norhwet l .v.Kalevi 792P. 5 5 ( as 1 ). t s,nc l M, 2d 20, 28 W h. 990) 19 Un e W a hngo lw,û cama t ye tb ihta a a to p a tc i ij ro st d r s i tn a t li n ma sa ls h t n c r rcie s nu iu o a tep bi itr s b c u ei: . ( )()ij r do h r e s n ' b h dt c p ct t ij r oh r h u lc ne et e a s t . .3 a nu e t e p ro s ( ) a he a a iy o nu e t e , p ro s o ()h st c pa iyt ij r oh rp ro s' Alin eS ip rsnc v Al vs es n ' r c a he a ct o nu e t e e s n . la c hp e s I . . wa , ' Trns tI ,No.CV- 31 RM P, 1W L 435231 a * ( D. as Se .1 2011 a por. nc. 09- 26201 0 t 5 E. W h. pt 6, ) ( tngW as Re Codej 1 86. 3( 0).I se o o t tt prcieoffley quoi h. v. 9. 09 201 ) t e ms bvius ha he a tc as l m a ki pr duc sw hi h a e s d t t ge r lpublc i t s r a ofc m e c ha t r ng o t c z ol o he ne a i n he t e m om r e s he c p ct t ij r p ro oh rt a SCS a dS k ma .M o e v r çifa a t l ta i a a i o nu e e s ns te h n RA n u u r ro e ,f l n ri e h t s y l c w ihi t pu i dom a n i f l e y m a ke pot nta c pe io sm a be di s de f om t n he blc i s as l r d, e i l om tt r y s ua d r e erng t s m e m a ke . Fa s m a ksm ay a s de e s i nttc r s a c w hen a i nt r s es nt i he n z t le r l o t r c e ii e e r h n nve o e a m a k a de i t f e c i d r s a c t a d pos i e i rnge e .' Fo e tGr , r nd c des o or go ontnue e e r h o voi sbl nf i m nt' r s p. 590F. a 1 03( d. r 2009) TheCo ttndst tPlitfs c ant onisfc 3d t 3 Fe Ci. . ur i ha anif' ompli , t a e, s tsi t publci e es pr oft CPA a de lne t dim ist cli on t sgr und. a ifes he i nt r t ong he nd ci s o s s he am hi o I . V C O N CLU SI N O Fort r as s a e a he e ons t t d bove, he Cour fndst tt Pl i if 's a e l w c ai sa e not t t i ha he a ntf s t t a l m r pr e pt d by t Pa e tA c ,a a e d. I f rhe fn t tt Pl i if ha s tsi d t em e he t n t s m nde t u t r i ds ha he a ntf s ve a i t e he publci t r tr quie tunde t W as ngt Cons rPr e ton Ac .Ac r ngl i n e es e r men r he hi on ume ot ci t co di y, N a ius sPa ta M oton t D i m i s i he e DEN I . utl ' ri l i o s s s r by ED The Cl r i D I EC TED t t a m i c e oft sO pi on a Or rt a 1c ek s R o r ns t opi s hi ni nd de o l ouns lof e r d. ecor 20 I I SO O R DER ED . T S y c m r 01 . ENTER: i / V -da ofoe e be , 2 1 Ths $ J l Unied St t Dit tJ br t aes sr udge
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