Bates et al v. Strawbridge Studios, Inc. et al, No. 7:2011cv00216 - Document 90 (W.D. Va. 2012)

Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 5/9/2012. (lab)

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G EM SOFFl t. Dl coUc cE ) sm S. AT R- KE, < FIED L I THE UN I N TED STA TES DI STRI COU RT CT FOR THE W ESTERN DI STRI OF V I I I CT RG N A RO AN OK E D I I ON V SI MA 9! 2 1 t 22 JULI , A D B ' CHARLESM .BATES, g, qt 1, Ci lA c i N o.7: CV0021 vi ton 11 6 Pli if , antf s M EM O R AN DU M O PI I N N O STM W BRI E STU DI S,l C. #!DG O N , g k, . By: Hon.Gl n E. e Com'd a Chi fUnie St t D it i tJ e e t d a es s rc udg D e e nt . f nda s Ch re M . tsa dDo n L. ts(olcieyr fre t a ih panif' fld als Bae n n a Bae c l t l ee rd o s t e litfs' ie e v t ) t sdi r iy a ton f de a a i a br a h ofc r ta i tSta i St os I . hi ve st c i or f m ton nd e c ontac gans r wbrdge udi , nc (t rwbrdg ' a J Doe,a u no e o ea ntofSta i Thec ei dsta i e' nd ohn ) n nk wn mplye /ge rwbrdge. as s p e e tyb f r tec u t nS rwbrd esmoinf rs mmayj d me t F rt ra o st a r sn l e o e h o r o ta ig ' to o u r u g n . o he e s n h t f l w,t moton wilbede ed. olo he i l ni Fac ualBac ound t kgr The f l ng f c sa epr s n e i t lg m os fvor bl t t pl i if . 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Va 2 0 ) Th p risulmaeyn g tae as tlme t nc, . :9 3 W D. . 0 9 . e a t t tl e o itd et n e i e a e m e i M a of201 t tr ol d t rdiput gr e nt n y 0 ha es ve hei s e.The s tl ntag e m e ti ude t e teme r e n ncl d he f l ng pr son.( pa tesag eet tnet rwils y, ie,pu ih,br dc t o i a olowi ovii . The ri r ha ihe l a wrt bls oa as, r n ny ot rwa pa tcpa ei negai ordipa a ng c he y rii t n tve s r gi omme sab t ot r' nt out he he .' A ppr m a e y sx m ont l t r i N o m be of201 Trna La ade c le oxi t l i hs a e , n ve r 0, i pr a ld Stawbrdge st lfeenumbe a s r i ' ol r r nd poket am ae c t rs r i r pr s nttve. La a o l usome e vce e e e a i pr de wa a tmptng t l a et l ts hoolphot a t tha be n t ke ofhe t e gedaug e , s te i o oc t he as c ogr ph ha d e a n r e na ht r who ha be kild i a c ra i nt An e o a he da e ' s hoolha me i d t t d en le n a ccde . mplyee t r ught rs c d ntone ha t phot a m i ha be n t ke by t pli if . W he La a m e i ne t pl i if ' he ogr ph ght ve e a n he antfs n pr de nto d he antfs na e , hec t rs r i er pr s nttver ponde wih de oga o yc me sabou t m s t usome e v c e e e a i es d t r t r om nt t he co e.Ac or ngt La a t r pr s n a i sa e t tt pl ntfswe et ... upl c di o pr de,he e e e t tve tt d ha he ai if r t not rp tb e'ta Ã§he c udn t etu td'a dta Ã§hn sg ts ba ( ta rd e h dt g t e u a l, h t s y o l o b r se , n h tÃ§ ig o o d S rwb ig ) a o e ' t ' t ivov di alws i. ( p a eDe la !6) n le n a ut' La r d c. t . ' La a s e nty vi ie he da ht r s s hool A fe r l yi t c m e sm a pr de ubs que l s t d r ug e ' c . t r e a ng he om nt de a boutt pl i if , pr i r a t S he a ntf s La ade nquied s o d t s hoolw oul de w ih pe e ...who ha why he c d al t opl d s aba rputto ' ( prdeDe l a !9. uch d e ain. La a ' c. t ) 2 On M a 9,2011 t pl i if fld t sdi riy a to agans Sta i and is y , he antfs ie hi ve st ci n i t r wbrdge t unknow n c t e s r i e r pr e a i ,a s r i c a m s ofd a a i a br c ofc r t us om r e v c e es nt tve s e tng l i ef m ton nd ea h ontac . Th r a tr S rwb ig mo e t ds s t ec mp an p ru n t Rue1 ( )6 o teFe e a ee fe , ta rd e v d o imis h o lit u s a t o l 2 b ( ) f h d r l Rul ofPr e e On M a c 5, 2,t cou tde e t motont dimi s es oc dur . r h 201 he r nid he i o s s . Upo t ec mplto o ds o ey Sr wb ig fldamoinf rsl r u g n . n h o ein f ic v r , ta rd e ie to o l mmayj d me t The c the d ahe rng o t moton onM a 4,201 our l a i n he i y 2.Themoton ha be n f lybre e a i i s e u l if d nd s rpe f r vi w . i or e e St andard ofR e ew vi Un e Ru e5 , na r o s mmayj d me ti a p o raeÃ§ft mo a ts wst a d r l 6 a wad f u r u g n s p r p it t he v n ho h t i t eei nog n ied s u ea t a ymaeilfc a dt emo a ti e tte t j d me ta a h r s e un ip t s o n tra a t n h v n s nild o u g n s matro lw. Fe R. v. 5 a .Fo ap ry' e d n et r ieag n neis eo maeil te f a ' d. Ci P. 6() r at s vie c o as e ui s u f tra ' f c t a od s mmayj d me t imu t eÃ§ u ht a ara o a l j r c udrtlnav r it o a to v i u r u g n ,t s b d c h t e s n b e u y o l et s r ed c f r t non- ovi pary. Ande s 477 U . a 248. I de e m i ng w he he t gr nta m oto he m ng t ' ' r on, S. t n t r ni t ro a in f rs mmayj d me tt ec u t s viw terc r i t elg tmo t a o a et t e o u r u g n ,h o r mu t e h e o d n h ih s fv rbl o h n n mo n p ry Ter ' Fl o Fa ho s I c v. ri tn Id s.n .7 3F.d6 4 61 ( t o - vig at. rys o r s in sn . Bu l o n u .lc, 6 2 0 , 0 4h nz Ci.1 8 ) r 9 5. Di cuss on s i D ef aton am i Bas d on t sa e nt aleg dl m a byt c t rs r i r pr e i , t e he t t me s l e y de he usome e vce e es nÃ tve ' he pl ntf s fr ta s ta cl i f r de a a i a i tSta brdge.The pl i if a l ge t tt ai if i s s er a m o f m ton ga ns r w i a ntf s le ha he r pr e a i w a a tng w ihi t s pe ofhi e pl m e w he t s a em e sw e e m ade e es nt tve s c i t n he co s m oy nt n he t t nt r , 1As oft sda e, t pl ntfsha bee una e t confr t i iy oft si vi . hi t he ai if ve n bl o im he dentt hi ndi dual a t tt sa e nt we eha mf t t rbusne sr put ton.I movi f s nd ha he t t me s r r ul o hei i s e ai n ng or umm a y r j g n o t eme i o ti cam, ta rd ema e fu ag me t: 1 ta teplitfs ud me t n h rt f h s li Srwb ig k s o r r u ns ( ) h t h an if s h v fie t p o et a t esae n sweema ei tefrtisn c ; 2 t a t epanif a e ald o r v h t h ttme t r d n h is n tn e ( ) h t h litfs h v fie t p o u ee ie c e tb ihigt a t sae nsaef le ( )ta tesae n s a e ald o r d c vd n e sa ls n h the ttme t r as ; 3 h t h ttme t aee p e so so o no a d()t the aep oe tdb aq aiidprvlg .Fo t e r x rs in f piin; n 4 ha t y r r tce y u l e iie e r h f f l wi r s ,hec t s g e swih Sta i eon a 1f fo sa c l st tt olo ng ea ons t our dia r e t rwbrdg l our r nt nd onc ude ha he cam mu tb d cd db aju li s e e ie y ty. To esa ih a ca m f de a ton t rVigi al w, hepl ntfsmus frts t bls li or f ma i mde r ni a t ai if t is how t t ha t def nda pu ihe a f s f c ua sa e ntt tco r a ha mst pl i if ort he e nt bls d ale a t l t t me ha nce ns nd r he antfs he plitfs rp tto .Hya dv. gh o Te h. r s Co.6 0S. 2 7 6 7 0( . 0 ) anif ' e u ai n ln Ra e n c Sev . , 7 E.d 4 , 5 Va 20 9 . Thepli if m us a s s antfs t lo how Ã§ ha t de e ntkne t tt sae e wa f leor be ivi Ã§ t he f nda t w ha he t tm nt s a s , le ng t tt sa e e wa t e,ac d ar as na eba i f rs h be if ora t d ne i nty i ha he tt m nt s nl l ke e o bl ss o uc le , c e glge l n fii t deemi t f t onwhiht publc tonwasba e ' J . Defmaor wor ar alng o tr ne he acs c he iai s d. #= ' a t y ds e ac i bl pe K tona e r . i te p eu ieap ro i hso h rta eo p o e so Fu t v. vesd f h y rj dc es n n i r e r d r r fsin. se Ri ri e He l c r As ' l c, 7 S. 2 8 8 8 ( . 0 3 .Ã§ ea tr sae n sma icu e at ae sm n .5 5 E.d 5 , 61 Va 2 0 ) r fmao y ttme t y n ld h saeme sm a by i e e ,i i ton,ori i ton. Hylnd,670 S. 2d a 750,F ea s t t nt de nf r nce mplcai nsnua i ' ' a E. t * Ã§ l o Se el v. elsFa co Ba N . . Ca eN o.7: 1 001 201 U . Di t LEXI 9376,a *1 w l W l r nk. A , s 1 CV 24, 2 S. s . S t 7 ( , Va. a 27, 2)(d den t ysae ntne dnotbema i die ttr i, n W D. J n. 201 Ã§ fmaor ttme e A de n rc ems fwhe co i rng t s a e e Ã§ s aw hol i l ng an i plca i ,i e e e ,ori i tonst t ns de i he t t m nt a e, nc udi y m i tons nf r nc s ns nua i ha r a o byc u db d a fo t esae n ,i c risadea t r me s g .)( u tn e s na l o l e r wn r m h ttme t't are fmao y sa e' q oig ' Hylnd,670 S. 2da 751. a E. t ) 4 A. Evi dence oft A le d St e e s he l ae at m nt l mo n f rsl r j d me to t emeiso t epanif ' ea to cam, n vig o l mmay u g n n h rt f h litfs d fmai n li Sta i fr ta g st tt pl ntfshavef ie t pr f rs tce e de et e t bls r wbrdge is r ue ha he ai if a ld o ofe ufi int vi nc o sa ih t tt aleg y de a t y sae e t we em a aspl i t i co pl nt Cii t ha he l edl f ma or t tm n s r de ed n her m ai . tng he Vig ni Supr m eCour' de ii n i Fed. ndBa o Batm o ev. r hfel 3 S. 2d 405 ri a e ts c so n La nk f li r Bic i d, E. ( .1 3 ) Srwb i g e h sz sta a(ufiin n be'o ted fmao ywo d mu tb Va 9 9 , ta rd e mp a ie h t t fce t mn r f h e a t r r s s e s ' Gs t n i l pr n asaleg ' B ic i l 3 S. 2d a 41 tubs a taly ove l ed. r hfe d, E. t 0. ' I t rc pl i ,t pl i i f s cii a l a l d t tt c t ers r c n hei om a nt he a ntf s pe fc ly lege ha he us om e vi e r pr s n a i t d La a t tt pli if Ã§Ã§ r no r putbl a co d notbetuse a e e e t tve ol pr de ha he antfs Ã§we e t e a e nd ul r t d, nd t n sg ts b d( ta ig )h dt g tiv le i alws i.'( mp . t 7)l rs o s hig o o a S rwbrd e a o e n ov d n a ut' Co l a ! . n e p n e ' t Sr wb ig ' moin frs mmayj d me t tep anif h v s b te ad caainfo o ta rd es to o u r u g n,h litfs a e u mi d e lrto r m t La a t tde c i t sae e sma by t c t m e s r c r pr s t tves La a s pr de ha s rbes he t tm nt de he uso r e vie e e en a i . pr de' de c i i m i st ale tonsi t pl i if 'c s rpton nor he lga i n he antfs ompli .Ac r i t t d l rto t ant co d ng o he ec a ai n, he r pr e ai sa e t tt pli if we eÃ§ r t bl 't tthe c d no betused, a e es nt tve t t d ha he antfs r s epu a e,'ha i y oul t r t ' nd not t ' t a Ã§h n sg ts b d ( ta rd e h dt g tn o v di alws i. ( prd De la !6) h t t i g o o a Sr wb i g ) a o e iv l e n a ut' La a e c. t . t ' W hie Sta i t kesi s wih t f c t tt de l ai is l,ac q ai m a ks l r wbrdge a s ue t he a t ha he car ton,t ef l ks uot ton r a ound t a lge sa e nt , hec ti c nc d t tt pl i if 'e de e i s t intt r he le d tt me s t our s onvi e ha he antfs vi nc s ufk e o s if t sanda d s tf t i Bic i d. atsy he t r e orh n r hfel B. Trut or Fal i y h st St a i ne a gue t tt pl i tf s ha f ie t pr f re de e w hi h w oul r wbrdge xt r s ha he a n if ve a l d o of e vi nc c d t nd t pr t f st oft s a e e si ques i e o ove he aliy he t t m nt n ton.Cii t de ii t tm ony ofis tng he pos ton es i t pr i nt K e t St a b i ,a de a a i f om va i t r pa te ,St a i es de , nne h r w r dge nd cl r tons r r ous hid ri s r wbr dge m ant i t tt pli if C enottu t t i ma ng pa nt o t i lga i ans ha he antfs t wer r sworhy n ki yme s n her e l o lg to s'a dta tec u l Ã§ i n te j yag o rp tto i teb sne sc mmt t . b iain , n h th o pe t d o no o d e uain n h u i s o miy' ' d ' ( .n S p o S mm. . t8) I r s o s ,h p anif h v p o fr dd ca ainsfo Br i u p. f u J a . n e p n e t e litfs a e r fee e lrto r m i vi s who ha ha pos tve e renc s wor ng w ih t m ,a w ho a e w ilng t a t t ndi dual ve d ii xpe i e ki t he nd r li o tes t t pl i if 't sworhi s a r pu ai n i t busne sco muniy. o he antfs nlt t ne s nd e t to n he i s m t Unde Vigi alw,t is oft t apli ifha s fcintypr ve t f st of r r ni a he s ue Ã§ her antf s ufi e l o n he aliy whe t alg dd fmao ysae nsi aj r q e to . od nv. l n, 2 SE.d2 3 2 7 he le e e a t r ttme t s u y u sin' r a Ko l 61 . 2 0 , 0 'J ma ( 2005) Viwi t e de i t lghtmos fvoa et t pl ntfs t c t Va. . e ng he vi nce n he i t a rbl o he ai if ,he our c udest tr as bl m i co d dif ra t whe he t s a e e t a l ge y m ade a oncl ha e ona e nds ul f e s o t r he t t m n s le dl bout t pl n if we etu orf le.Ac or ngl t co ti c nvi e t tt is off liy mus he aitfs r r e as c di y, he ur s o nc d ha he s ue ast t b d cd db t j r . e e ie y he u y2 C. Fac or O pi on t ni Fo i tida g me t Sr wb ig c n e d , si ddi isRul 1 ( )6 moi n t a r t hr r u n , ta rd e o tn s a t i n t e 2 b ( ) to ,h t s t ale d sa e nt ar e es i ofopi on r t rt satm e soff c . Se W J TV he l ge t t me s e xpr sons ni ahe han t e nt a t e LA- v. v n 5 4S. 2 3 3 3 2 ( . 0 2 tTu ee r sinso o no 'wh c d no c n an Le i , 6 E.d 8 , 9 Va 2 0 ) s r xp e so f piin, ih o t o ti ' pr bl f le f cualc ova y a s a t onnotto ,Ã§ anno nor ly f m t ba i ofa a ton f ai ns i c t mal or he ss n c i or dea ton. Thi is t i t toffliy,prs salga quetont bede i db t fmai ' ). s sue,mlke ha ast eent e l si o cde y he c t H yl nd, S. 2d a 751 C n de e m i ng w he he a s a em e i f toropi on,a c t our . a 670 E. t . t t r ni l t r t t nt s ac ni our ma notiolt onepori oft sae nta is fom a t rpori oft sae nt' I y s ae ton he ttme t sue r nohe ton he ttme . Z ' I t d,t c tmus c i rt sa e nta awhol .'L. nsea he our t onsde he tt me s e' d u x 2To t e entStawbri chalengest adm isi lt oft pl ntfs'e de on t is of he xt r dge l he s biiy he ai if vi nce he s ue f siy,t cour i consr ned t concl t tsuch evi i y isuesar be t suied f al t he ts tai o ude ha dentar s e ter t or det mi ton a t al er na i t ri . 6 Appl ng t eprncpl ,t c ti t bl t c l de,a ama trofl w, ha t yi hes i i es he our s ma e o onc u s te a t t he s a e e s a i s a e pur e es i ofo ni t tc nnotf m t ba i ofa a tona e t t m nt t s ue r e xpr sons pi on ha a or he s s n c i bl cli f de a ai Gi n t c nt xti whih t sae e swe emade a t f c t tt am or f m ton. ve he o e n c he t tm nt r , nd he a t ha he c t me s r ierp e e tt a d dta 4h n sg t oba (ta rd e h dt g tivove uso r e vc e r sn ai d e h t t i g o s d S rwb ig l a o e n l d ve t i alw s t't c r r m ansc nc t tt al ge sae e sc d ber a ona y n a ui 'he ou t e i onvi ed ha he le d t tm nt oul e s bl unde soodt i yt e se eofd a tr fcs Be a eillae nt clal i yi rt o mpl he xitnc efmaoy a t. c us tsttme s e ry mpl ng t e senc off t a ea to easde a ton,'Swe e v.I Cor ,993 F. 1 he xit e acs r c i nabl f ma i ' nglr TT p. 2d 063,1 071 ( t Ci.1 9 )t ec u tsu a l t c n ld t a Srwb ig i e tte t sl r u g n 4h r 9 3 ,h o r i n be o o cu e h t ta rd e s n i d o l l mma yj d me t on t sgr hi ound. Se as PBM Pr .LLC v. ea J ms Nutii n Co. 678F.Supp. 39 e lo ods. M d ol on rto , 2d 0, 401( D.Va 2009)( tngt ta opi o ma c tt ea tona edefmai i ic be E. . noi ha n nin y onsiut ci bl a ton ft an ras bl i eprtdt de lr ori yunt efcs. e ona y ntr ee o cae mpl nz a t) D. Oualfe Prvie iid i lge Fo isfna a g ntwih r s c t t me isoft de a ai cl m ,Sta i r t i l r ume t e pe t o he rt he f m ton ai r wbrdge a s rsta tecam i s j c t aq aiidp i lg .Un e ti c mmo lw d f n e E s et h t h li s ube t o u lfe rvi e d r h s o n a ee s ,Ã§ e a c mmu iai n ma ei g o f i , nas be tmatri whc tep ro c mmu iaigha o nc to , d n o d at o u j c te n ih h es n o n c tn s h a i e e t o o e a dut l l m or l ors i l i qua ii dl prvie d i m a t a pe s n nt r s , r w s y, ega , a , oc a , s lfe y i l ge f de o r on ha ng a c r s vi or e pondi i e e tordut ' Gr tCoa t lExp e s l v. lng on,3 S. 2d ng nt r s y. ea ' sa r s - nc. Eli t 34 E. 8 6 8 3( .1 8 ) hl tep i lg i o tndsuse i c n e to wihsae n sr ltd 4 , 5 Va 9 5 .W ie h rvi e s fe ic s d n o n cin t ttme t eae e t e pl o m oyme ma tr ,i hasalobee a id i ot rc r lm sa e i whih bot pa test a nt te s t s n pple n he icl tnc s n c h ri o c mmt c to h da itrs i t s b e t t r S e eg, he k mpv Lo d nCo ny o miain a n ne et n he u j c mat . e , ..Ec tn a . u o u t e Pub.Sc .263F.Supp. 1 1 ( D. 2003)( ani t tÃ§heprvie a is hs, 2d 043, 061 E. Va. expli ng ha t i lge pple t br dl t alsae e sr l t t Ã§ mpl oa y o l t tm nt e aed o e oyme m a tr , pr ded t pa te t t nt te s' ovi he ris o he c mmt c to h v ad t o itr s i t es b e t te'; e n v. c e, s No 9 o miai n a e u y r nee tn h u j c matr) Gre e Zu k r Ca e . 7 2406,1 U. App. 998 S. LEXI 221 a * ( hCi.Se .9,1 )( di t ta i vi ls S 02, t 4 4t r pt 998 hol ng ha n ndi dua' c m t i a i t t Sec e a y oft N a waspr ec e by a qua ii d prviege whe et om m c ton o he r t r he vy ot t d lfe i l , r he c mmt c to d s rb dia p o raeb h v o b aNa yo fc ru frp o to ) An r ws o miai n e cie n p r p it e a ir y v fie p o r moi n ; d e v. . inUnv.Ca eNo 3:7 v 4 , 0 8U.. s. S 4 0 , t# 3( D. . a Va Uno i , s . 0 c 4 7 2 0 S DitLEXI 0 01 a 3 E. Va M y 1 , 0 8 ( oi t a t ec ar ma o au iest d p rme t a a itr s i tes b e t 5 2 0 ) n tng h t h h iwo n f nv ri e a t n h d n nee t n h u j c y m a trofhe a lge y defm aor saeme , ndt tt loft pa teswho wer prvy t t te r le dl a t y t t nt a ha d al he ri e i o he c mme t, icudn su e t, d nsrtr, n p rn s as i a a itrs i tes b e t o n s' n l ig t d ns a mi itao s a d ae t, lo Ã» d n ne et n h u j c ' h matr) A s o n o maiei ne e sr t o ec meteq aiidp iie e Lai r v. te '. h wig f lc s c say o v r o h u l e rvlg . rmo e f Bly o k 5 8S. 2 1 9 1 ( . 0 0 . a lc , 2 E.d 1 , 21 Va 2 0 ) Ha ng r vi wedt e de ei t i tntc s ,t co ti una et c l t tt vi e e he vi nc n he nsa a e he ur s bl o onc ude ha he saeme salege y ma b t c t rs r cer pr e t tvea epr e t d b t qua ii t t nt l dl de y he usome e vi e es n a i r ot c e y he lfed prvie Fort prvie t a y,Sta i mus s i lge. he i l ge o ppl r wbrdge t how t tbot isr pr s nttvea ha h t e e e a i nd La a eh dc re p n igd te o itrssi tes be tmatr S eS ae v Lo mi prd a o rs o dn uis r nee t n h u jc te . e u r z . o s Ar rdUS. mo e LLC, s No. 1 BCVB6 0 20 0U. Dit LEXI 1 9 5 a * - ( D. . Cae 3:0 9 , 1 S. s. S 2 33 , t 8 9 E. Va De . , 01 )( od n t a t ed fn a tfi dt s o t a t eq ai e p i lg p oe tda c 7 2 0 h li g h t h ee d n al o h w h t h u lt d rvie e rtce e i s a em e m adet a W a gr e e pl ee r ga di t t r i ton ofone oft de e nt s t t nt o l e ns m oy e r ng he e m na i he f nda ' amo e tu kd ie s wh r t eewa n i dc to ta t es be t te rltdt ted te r r d r c rv r , ee h r s o n iain h t h u j c matr eae o h u is oft W agee e oye ) W hieSta i mant nst tisrprs nai ha a he lr ns mpl e . l r wbrdge i ai ha t e e e ttves ve l gii a e i e es i pr ry s r i i a po e i lc t e ,St a i ha f ied t es a i h e tm t nt r t n ope l e v c ng t nta usom r r wbr dge s a l o t bls t tLa a ha a c r s ha pr de d ny ore pondi i e e ti l m i a ng ntr s n ea ng boutSta i sf ie busne s r wbrdge' al d i s r a i hi w ih t pl i if . l ee a La ad e phasze i he de a a i el tons p t he a ntf s nd d, s pr e m i s n r cl r ton: ldi notund sa why t sc t e s r i er pr e atve wass yi d ert nd hi usom r e v c e es nt i a ng t s t ngst m e whe Iw a sm pl t y ng t o a n a phot ofm y he e hi o , n s i y r i o bt i o d u h e, n al ne d dhm t tlmewa y s t y ( ta rd e c ud a g tr a d 1 l e e i o el s e ,he Sr wb i g l o l ge m et pho o,orno,t y c d notge met phot lhad no i e e t t he t he oul t he o. ntr s i hea i t s ba kbii c n rng he e c tng omme s nt . ( prd De la !7. Fo t e era o s b s do tec re t e o d t ec u tst bet La a e c. t ) r h s e s n , a e n h u rn rc r ,h o r i ma l o c ude, am at roflw,t tt sa e t a is a epr e t d by t q ii d prvie oncl as te a ha he tt men s t s ue r otc e he ualfe i lge. Ac o dngy, ta rd ei n te tt dt s mmayj d me t nt meiso tepanif' c r i l Sr wb i g s o n ie o u r u g n o he rt f h litfs l de a a i c am . f m ton l i 3 Il. Breach ofCont ract S rwb ig h sas mo e f rsl r j d me t nteplitfs cam f rb e c o ta rd e a lo v d o l mmay u g n o h an if' li o ra h f c r c .To s onta t uppo t hi c am , hepl n if a lget tt sa e nt m a by Sta i s r t s l i t aitfs le ha he tt me s de r wbrdge' c t e s r c r pr s nttvewe ei die tvi a i oft 201 s te usom r e vie e e e a i r n r c olton he 0 etlmenta e m e , gr e nt purua t whi h t pl i if a Sta i ee e sy a e d t r fan fom s yi a hi s nt o c he antfs nd r wbrdg xpr s l gr e o er i r a ng nyt ng ne tveordipar gi a ga i s a ng boutt o he . he t r 3Srwbrd ha as mo e frs ta ige s lo v d o ummayj g nto t pl nif'rq s frp nii r ud me n he aitfs e uet o u tve dam agesas oci ed wih t rdef i cl m . Alhough Stawbrdger s at t hei amaton ai t r i ecogni t ta cor aton zes ha por i may be labl f c i e or ompensa or da agesf def m a or sat t y m or a t y t ement made by an agenti t cour e a s n he s nd s cope oft agent' e pl e ,Stawbrdgeemphasiest a cor a i cannotbe labl f punii he s m oym nt r i z hat por ton i e or tve dam a unl s i aut ied ors equenty r ii t agentsconduct SeeOber oecklnM v.Lvl ges es t horz ubs l atfed he ' . br i e, 3 S. 2d68 68 ( 1 7) Addiinal S rwb i ee h%ie t a t r c vey o pu tve 62 E. 2, 7 Va. 98 . to l ta rdg mp z s h t he e o r f nii y, dam a i a def a i cas r r t pl ntfst pr ac ualmalce by cl rand c nci ges n am ton e equies he ai if o ove t i ea onvi ng e de e Gov' M ir Re .l c v. a ks ,6 4 S. 2d6 ,70( .2 6) vi nc . t co s. n . J c on 2 E. 3 Va 00 . A st cour not durng t hearng on Stawbri smoton,and,bas on t f ual he t ed i he i r dge' i ed he act cicums a r t ncesi ii by t pl ntfsa t tme ofor a gument t cour doesnotbeleve t tt dentfed he ai if t he i al r , he t i ha he pl ntf shave f ecas s fci evi ai if or t ufi ent dencet war a t s i i ofapunii damagesques i t o r nt he ubm sson tve ton o t ej y.Th ,b s d o t c re rc d,hec r i o teo nint tt ep tved ma scam h ur us a e n he u rnt e or t ou t s f h pi o ha h unii a ge li c annotgo f war or d. 9 Unde Vigi alw,t e s nta elm e sofa c us ofaci f rbr a h ofco r tar r r ni a he s e il e nt a e ton o e c ntac e ()alg l biaino ted fn a t otep anif; 2 av oain o b e c o t to lg to 1 e a o l to f h ee d n t h litfs ( ) i lto r r a h f ha b iain; g a d( )c n e u n il nu yo d ma et t epanif.Ha e v. y s 6 S. 2 1 5 1 7 n 3 o s q e ta ij r r a g o h litfs mlt Ha e , 41 E.d 1 , 1 ( . 00 ) Pr o o d ma ei a Ã§ s e ta ee n 'o acam f rb e c o c nrc, n Va 2 7 . o f f a g s n Ã§ s nil lme t f li o ra h f o ta t a d e ' i a lte t pr t te e e w a r nt di m i s loft c a m .' Su i e Co i ng Ca e LLC v. l itr o ove ha l m nt r a s s s a f he l i ' nrs ntnui r. W rg t6 S. 2 1 2 1 6( . 0 9 (nen lctto a dq o ainmak o te ) l ih, 71 E.d 3 , 3 Va 2 0 ) itr a i in n u tto r s mi d . n a t addii t pli if ha thebur n ofpr ngwih r s bl c rant t a o of ton, he antfs ve Ã» t de ovi t ea ona e e ti y he m unt d ma e a t ec us fo wh c t e rs td; p c ai na c ne tlec r tf r te a g s nd h a e r m ih h y eul s e ulto nd o j ct amo o m h e r bassoft r c y. l t age r lr l ,da esf br a h ofco r c sa elm iedt t i he e over ' d. ( ' As ne a u e mag or e c nta t r i t o he pe ni r l s s t ne ' I cu a y os us ai d. d. ' I mo i f rs mmayj d me twi r s e t otep an if' ra ho c nr c cam, n vng o u r u g n t e p c t h litfs b e c f o ta t li h Sta i c le st s tcinc oft e d ewih r s c t t ee e of r wbrdge ha lnge he ufi e y he vi enc t e pe t o he lm nt c ns q e ta ij r o d ma e Al o g tepanif manant a t ealg db e c h s o e u n iln u y r a g . t u h h litfs it i h t h le e r a h a h r ule i l tbusne so es t d n os i s pporunii ,Sta i c e t tt e de pr f r d byt t tes r wbrdge ont nds ha he vi nce ofe e he pl i if dem ons r t st ts h l s s a e pur l s ul tve a cn a ntf s t a e ha uc os e r e y pec a i nd nnotbe es a i he w ih t bls d t r ao a ec rany Br i S p o M o. o Sl J a 2 . e s n bl e tit .( .n u p. f t f r l mm. . t 3) Viwi t e denc i t lg m os f vo a et t pl ntfs howe r t c ti e ng he vi e n he i ht t a r bl o he ai if, ve , he our s u a l t c ncu et a Sr wb i g i e tte t s mmayj d me to ti g o n .Aste n b e o o ld h t ta rd e s nild o u r u g n n h s r u d h c tnotd dlrng t he rng ont i tntmoto t pli tfsma bee il d t a a r of our e zi he a i he nsa i n,he a n if y ntte o n wa d nomi lda a si t e ntt tt y a et bl t e t bls a t lco pe a o y da a swih na m ge n he ve ha he r ma e o sa ih c ua m ns t r m ge t ras bl c rant Se Crs v.Mer M org. ndanc.343S. 2d308,311( 1 ) e ona e e ti y. e it to. t Fu l , E. Va. 986 (fimi t a r ofnomi da gesi abr c ofc rc a tonwheec afr ng he wa d nal ma n ea h onta t ci r ompenst y aor 10 d ma e weeno etbl h dwi ra o a l c rany .Co rsh verc g ie ta n mi l a g s r t sa i e t e s n be etit) u t a e o n z d h t o na s h da mage ,i a opra ecic sa e , n bes fce t s tsyt dn a e e tofaprm a s n ppr it r um tnc s ca ufi int o aif he m ge l men i f c ec ef br ac ofc r tt rVigi a lw.Se M imes aLa r M ut l . v. a i as or e h ontac mde r ni a e r ot wve s . ns Co. Bazi4 2F. p' 4 , - 3(t Ci. 01 )( odn t t o n l a g swees fi in t tl, 4 Ap x 0 515 4 h r 2 1 h lig ha n mi a d ma e r u tce t o stsyt ed ma eee n wh r tep an ifs fee a a ta ls o ij yb t su a l t aif h a g lme t e e h litf u frd n cu l o s r nur u wa n b e o p o et ea u t fd ma e ) W e tl Is lto . v. o r , 6F. p' 2 , 9 - 9 r v h mo n o n g s; se' n uain LP M o e 31 Ap x 91 2 7 2 9 n (t Ci. 0 9 ( od n t a t epanifsfi r t p o ec mp nstr d ma e ddn t 4 h r 2 0 ) h li g h t h litf al e o rv o e ao y a g s i o u pr cl t pl ntf fom e t bls ng a 1oft ne es a y el m e s f ra br c ofc r c e ude he ai i f r s a ihi 1 he c s r e nt o ea h ont a t cli unde Vigi alw) am r r ni a . W hiet e de em a uli ael e t bls t tt pl ntfss f r d no c e ntal l he vi nc y tm t y sa ih ha he ai if ufe e ons que i ij r o da g o a yknda d tu ,h th yaen te tte t p e al nter r a ho n u y r ma e f n i n ,h s t a te r o nild o rv i o h i b e c f c r c cai ,he c t sc nc d t tt r o d i s fc e tt pe mi t scai t pr e d onta t l m t our i onvi e ha he ec r s uf i n o r t hi l m o oc e t til Ac o dn l,h d fn a t' to frs mmayj d me twi as b d n e wih o ra. c r igy te e e d n s mo in o u r u g n l lo e e id t l r s c t t pl i i f 'cl i f rbr ac ofc t a t e pe t o he a ntf s a m o e h on r c . C onc us on l i Fo t era o sae , ta rd e smoinfrs mmayj d me t nt me iso t e r h e s ns ttd S rwb i g ' to o u r u g n o he rt f h pl n if 'cli swilbede e The Cl r i die t t s nd c riid co e oft s aitfs am l nid, e k s r ced o e e tfe pi s hi memor ndlm opi on a t a co nyi o de t alcot e ofr or a l ni nd he c mpa ng r r o 1 ms l ec d. ENTER: i 9 d yo Ma , 01 . Ths a f y2 2 ChifUnied St t DititJ e t aes src udge 11

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