Green v. Director, Virginia Department of Corrections, No. 7:2011cv00146 - Document 19 (W.D. Va. 2011)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 07/19/2011. (kab)
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rL ERKS OF CF U, DI COURT' FI S. SI AT ROANOKE, A V F? ED ! - I TH E U N I N TED STATES D I STRI CO UR T CT FOR THE W ESTERN D I I OF V I GW I STR CT R A ROA N OK E D I I ON V SI J U J AC ULI BY; D 22 1 1 EY CLERK CLERK CHRI STO PHER J GREEN , . Pe ii , ttoner Ci lAc i N o. 11 001 vi ton 7: CV 46 M EM OM NDUM OPI ON NI Dl croR VI NI DEPT. u r RGI A OFCORREèTONS I , By:Ho Gl n E.Conr n. e ad Chi fUnied St t D i ti tJ e t a es s r c udge Res ponde . nt I Fe u r of2006,Chrsophe J Gr e wa c ce off ony mur ra us ofa n br a y it r . e n s onvit d el de nd e fr a ' durng t c m i s on ofm m de , olow i a be h t i li t Cic tCour of ie l m i he om s i r f l ng nc ra n he r ui t A l m a l Cot t The Ci c tCo ts nt nce Gr n t a t t lt r ofi pr s e of33 be re m y. r ui ur e e d ee o o a e m m i onm nt y r wih 1 ye r s pe d.Afe ha ng f ie t obt n r le on die ta a ori sa e ea s t 6 a s us nde tr vi al d o ai e if r c ppe l n t t pos- onvi tonspr e di , e n hasfld apr K pe ii f wrtofha sc puspur uan tc ci oc e ngs Gr e ie o tton or i bea or s t t 28U. 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ProceduralH itory s Ch it p e Gre wa i itdb ag a u yi Al e reCo n yo M a 2 , 0 5. rso h r e n s ndce y rndj r n b ma l u t n y 3 2 0 Th g a j r c ag dta t p tto e ,ço no a o t h 2 t da of a uay 2 05 d dkl e rnd u y h r e h the ei n r l l r b u t e 7h y J n r , 0 , i il i g A s e Tone a ci nt ly i t pr e uton ofa f oni a tt w i:m alci w ot di or hl y y, c de a l n he os c i el ous c o t i ous m ng atmp e maiiuswo n ig i v oaino j 1 .- 3' f h VignaCo .Th ga djly te td lco u dn ,n i lto f 82 3 'o t e r i i de e rn t r a s c r d t pe ii rw ih us ng tr a m dtrng t c m i s on ofm ur r i vi a i n of l o ha ge he ttone t i i e r zi he om s i de , n ol to Vigi aCodej18. 53.. r ni 2- 1 A t da benc ti lbega on Fe ua y21 2006.TheCicui Co tuli t l wo- y h ra n br r , r t ur tma ey c ced Gr n ofbot ofe es To s onvi t ee h f ns . umm a i isde son,t Cour sa e asf l : rze t cii he t tt d olows ( a nge usi l gonet oug t e de ei evauai e r hi Hlvi xha tvey hr h he vi nc n l tng veyt ng i t r c d,t Cour doe fnd t tt e de epr n he e or he t s i ha he vi nc ovesbe yond a r a o bl dou t t de e ntfr d t t e s si que to o t e s na e bt hat he f nda ie he hr e hot n si n n he ni tore rym om i hotr whent si de oc ure Thes t wer gh al ng ls hi nci nt c r d. ho s e fr d die ty atpe ewho we ei fontofhi ,t r wasnohea of ie r cl opl r n r m he e t pa so a ta tr i d fn du d rVigna1w t a wo l j siyo t t sin s h t em s eie n e r ii a h t u d u tf r ha wo d mii t t s tng is f l myviw,Erng a l de we ul tga e he hoo i tel. n e i oa d apon a t cos r ng a t e pe eore em e,hr etm esa va i pe ei l e a e t hr e opl xcus t e i t rous opl s c ranl e de ofmalce pa tc a l whe oneconsde si' wih t e ti y vi nce i , ri ulry n i r ts t he us ofa dea y wea e dl pon. l i a f oni a ta a a r ul oft t s el ous c nd s es t he f l ni a t t vi tm i t sc s wa ta cal buta ci nt ly kil e o ous c , he ci n hi a e s r gi ly c de al led a a r ul. And i m y vi w ,bas d on a 1t e denc ,t e i no s es t n e e 1 he vi e her s r as bl doubta t Cour doe fnd t def nda guit t n ofbo h e ona e nd he t s i he e nt ly he t of e e . f ns s ( il . t 484 ) TheCo r s b e u n l sn e c d Gre t attl em o i rs n n Tra Tr a 4 - 49 . u t u s q e ty e tn e e n o oa tr f mp io me t of33 ye r wih 1 ye ss pe d. a s t 6 ar us nde Gr e t r he a a e t t Cour ofAppea sofVigi a I hi peii f a a , e n he ea r ppe l d o he t l r ni . n s tton or ppe l Gr n c le ed t s fci nc oft e de e t s ee ha l ng he uf i e y he vi nc o uppor hi c t s onvi tons The pe ii w a ci . tton s de e on J y 5,2007. Gr n t tld apeii f a ni d ul ee hen ie tton or ppea i t Supr m eCour ofVigi a. l n he e t r ni Thepetton wa r f s d by o de e e e De e be 1 2007. ii s eue r r nt r d c m r 7, OnDec mber1 2008,Gr n fl d ape ii n f rwrtofha asco pusi t Cic t e 5, ee ie tto o i be r n he r ui Cour ofA l m a l Count i w hi h he r i e t f l i cl i : t be re y, n c a s d he olow ng a m Pe ii rwasde ed ef e tve as it nce ofc m s lw he t i lc m s ttone ni fci ssa ot e n r a ot el f l d t i r uc a ia e e de e t tw oul ha de ons r t t t aie o nt od e va l bl vi nc ha d ve m t a ed ha pe ii raced et ri s l de e e o i t t a ofpa so ' Eihe ttone t ihe n ef f ns r n he t t he s i n.' t r s howi woul ha ne t t s ng d ve gaed he howi ofm ai ene s a yt c c ng lc ce s r o onvit pe ii roff ony ho i de a w oul ha ne t d hi c ttone el m ci nd d ve ga e s onvi t o f r ci n o t us ofa fr a i t c m i son ofm lr . he e i e nu n he om s i zder The Cicui Cour di m i s d t pe ii o M a ch 1 2009. Gr n' s e nta alw a r t t s s e he tton n r 6, ee s ubs que ppe s r us by t Supr me Co tofVigi a onNove r1 201 ef ed he e ur r ni mbe 7, 0. OnJ nuay4, 1, e nfldt i tntpeii purua t 28U. C.j2254.The a r 201 Gre ie he nsa tton s nt o S. pe ii as e t t f l w i c a m s' tton s r s he olo ng l i . A. The e de a vi nce dduc a tilwasi ufk intt s t i a c c i f f ony ed t ra ns t e o usan onviton or el homi i a us ofafr r dtrngt c cde nd e iea m li he omm ison ofaf l si e ony. B. Tra c i l ouns lwa i fe tve i t t e s ne f c i n ha : 1. Couns lf ie t pr e a ia e e ul t y e de et twoul ha e al d o es nt va lbl xc paor vi nc ha d ve de ons r t d t tpe ii m t a e ha ttonerac ed unde t ç a ofpa s on';a t r he t t he s i ' nd Co ms f ie t pr e ade e e ofii t el a ld o es nt f ns çmpere ts fde e e'ba e on f c el- f ns ' s d t s m e e ul t r e de e. he a xc pa o y vi nc On M a 2,2011 t r s nde moved t dimi st peii y , he e po nt o s s he tton.Ther s e ponde ' m o i i now nts ton s r pe f r vi w . i or e e St andards ofRevi ew A f de alpe ii ne c l ng ng a s a e c c i ors nt e ge a l m us e us e r tto r hale i t t onvi ton e enc ner ly t xha t r m e e ava lbl i t sae i whih hewasc ce bef r s e ng f r lha asr le . e di s ia e n he t t n c onvi td o e e ki ede a be e if 28U. C. 2 5 49.Top o el e a s saerme is tep tto e mu tfil p ee tte S. j 2 4 1 r p ry xh u t tt e de ,h eiin r s ary r sn h s tnc ofhi cli st t sae' hi hes c r .Se M a t wsv. t 1 F. 907,911 ubsa e s am o he t t s g t ou t e the Eva q 05 3d ( hCi.1 ) Thepur eoft sr uie ti Sogvet Stt t i ta opport t t 4t r 997 . pos hi eq rmen s t i he ae he niil t tmiy o pa supo a c r c a lge vi a i ofisprs r f de alrght . Pi a d v. s n nd ore t le d oltons t ione s' e r i s' c r Connor 404 ' , U. 27 , 5( 9 )( tr a ctto a dq o ainmak o te ) S. 0 27 1 71 i en l iain n u tto r s mitd . n ç ditnc butr lt d lmi on t s pe off de a ha asr vi w i t docrneof % si t A ea e i t he co e r l be e e s he ti pr edurldef t' Bradv. et 1 F.d 615, 9( h Ci.1 .Thi docrnepr vi s oc a aul. e r Pnzt, 34 3 ' 61 4t r 998) s ti o de t tSgl asaeco tce rya e e sybas isdimis lofahabe peii rscai ona ha kif tt ur lal nd xprsl es t s s a as ttone ' l m s a e pr dlr lr e, nd t tpr e a r e pr desa i pe nta ade t gr t t oce za ul a ha oc dur l ul ovi n nde nde nd qua e ound f r o 4 t dimis l t ha a pe ii ne ha pr e za l de a t d hi f de a ha asc am . I he s s a , he be s tto r s oc dlr ly f ule s e r l be l i ' d. ' ( tngColma v. cii e n Thomps 5 U. 722,73173 (991 .Pr ed a deful as oc ur on, 01 S. - 2 1 ) oc ur l a t lo c s çwhen aha speii rf ist e us a ia e saer m e esand Shecour t whi t t bea ttone al o xha t val bl tt e di t t o ch he peii rwo d ber quie t pr e hi c am si or rt me tt e usi r quie nt ttone ul e r d o es nt s l i n de o e he xha ton e r me wo dn w fn tecamsp o e t al b re .' L.( u tn Coe n 5 U. a 7 5n.) ul o i d h li r c dl l ar d' dsq o ig lma , 01 S. t 3 1 . r y ' u Thi co tc m o r vi w t m e isofapr dur ly def ule cai a en a s s ur al t e e he rt oce al a t d l m bs t howi ofc us ng a e a dp eu ieo af n a na mic rig o j sie S eHarsv Re d, 9U.. 5 , 6 n rj dc r u d me tl s ara e f u tc . e ri . e 48 S 2 5 2 2 ( 98 . 1 9) W he acam h sb e a j dc tdo t emeisi saec t' afd rl o r o s n li a e n du iae n h rt n tt out e e a c u t we , consdea edee e et t saeco tsd ii wihr pec t t tcai Ptrua t j i rbl fr nc o he tt ur' ecson t es t o ha l m. ls nt o 2 5 *,h sc u t yg a t a e srle o acam t a wa a j dc tdo t emeisi sae 2 4( t i o r ma rn h b a eif n li h t s du iae n h rt n tt c u t nl i tesaec u tsa j d c to o tecam û sc nrr t , riv l da o r o y f h tt o r' du iain f h li t o tay o o n ove n wa unr as bl a ia i of cea l e t bls d Fede a l w,a dee m i by t Supr me Cour e ona e pplc ton , l ry sa ihe r l a s tr ned he e t oft Unied St t ,' ç bas on a unr a ona e dee mi ton oft f c si lg oft he t aes'or d was ed n e s bl tr na i he a t n i ht he e d n ep e e tdi teS aec u t r c e ig. 28U. C. 2 5 ( vie c rs ne n h tt o r p o e dn ' ' S. j 2 4 *. D i cuss on s i 1. Cl m A ai l cli A,Gr n a lge t tt e de wa i ufi intt s n am ee le s ha he vi nce s ns tce o uppor hi c c i , t s onvitons be a et r wasc lc i t tmony ast who fr d t wea t tkil As e To y. c us he e ontitng esi o ie he pon ha led hly ne Gr n f rhera gue t thi c es i t hi br he -n-a w a no c e bl be aus he w a ee u t r s ha s onf s on o s ot r i l w s t r di e c e s i oxi at d a c us d. nt c e nd onf e Gr e r s d t s m ecli on diec a e n aie he a am r t ppea. Uponr e ngt e de epr e t d by l eviwi he vi nc es n e t Commo lh,heCour ofAppeashedt ttgl Commonwe lh' e de ewa he nweat t t l l ha ithe at s vi nc s co pe e , noti r nty i r bl a wass t i ntt pr vebe m t nt was nhe e l nc edi e, nd ufk e o o yond ar as bl doubt e ona e t a g e n wa g it o u eo afram a dfln mu d r' J y 5 20 7Op. t2 .F rt h t Gr e ) s u l f s f ie r n eo y r e . u1 , 0 y '( a ) o he f l ng r as ,t c tconcudest tt Co tofAppe l 'de son i e ild t de e e e olowi e ons he our l ha he ur a s cii s ntte o f r nc u e 2 U. C. 2 4( nd r 8 S. j 25 *. W he r viwi t s fc e y oft e de et s ppo taco c i t c iial n e e ng he ufi i nc he vi nc o u r nviton, he rtc i r i S t r afe vi ngt e de i t lghtm os f vor bl t t pr e uton,a nquiy s t he , tr ewi he vi nce n he i whe t a a e o he os c i ny r tona tiroff tco d ha f undt es e i lelm e soft crme be a i l re ac ul ve o he s nta e nt he i yond ar as bl e ona e d u t' J c o v. r ii, 4 U. 3 7 31 ( 9 9 (mp a i i o iia) Th c u t t o b . a ks n Vign a 4 3 S. 0 , 9 1 7 ) e h ss n rgn l. e o r mus ' c i cr um sa ila wel asdie te de ,a a l t pr e uton t be ftofa 1 onsder ic t nta s l r c vi nce nd low he os c i he ne i 1 r ao bei frn e .UntdSttsv Tr s a t 6 7F.d 1 8 1 21( t Ci.1 8 ) Th e s na l n ee c s ie ae . e v n , 7 2 01 , 0 4h r 9 2 . e co tdoesnotwe g t e de orr viw t c e biiy ofwine s s Unie Stt sv. ur i h he vi nce e e he r di lt t s e . td ae Sa r,886F. 5 60 ( h Ci.1 . undes 2d 6, 4t r 989) Appl ng t eprncpls t c tc l st tar tona tiroff tco d ha yi hes i i e , he our onc ude ha a i l re ac ul ve f t t peii rg ly off l y mlr ra us ofafr r dtrngt c mison of o md he ttone uit e on zde nd e iea m li he om s i mur r Ast Cour ofAppe l s de . he t a s umm a i d i isopi on,t e de epr e e a ti l rze n t ni he vi nc es nt d t ra , w he r vi w e i t lg m os f vo a e t t Com m onwea t pr ve asf l s n e e d n he i ht t a r bl o he 1h, o d olow : A s e Tone s ntt e ni wih s ve alf i ndse nt ly a rvi a hl y y pe he ve ng t e r re ve ua l r i ng t a a a t n c mp e A s o ti ltr g epeiin r a dPhli n p rme t o lx. h r tme ae, t tto eq n il h p Gre as arv da t c mp e ( il lGre a To e ' fin e n lo rie the o lx. Phli e n nd n y s re d, p Sha ka N i hol o be n a gui To y pus d G r e and i i t t t nei c s n, ga r ng. ne he en ns s ed ha heso bohei Niholon.AsTone wake a yfom Gr n,(he tp t rng c s y l d wa r ee t peii r se dbac a ra di ohi pa spoc t Mome sltr ttonel tppe k nd e che nt s nt ke. nt ae , w ine s hea d guns t . Tone wass r c by a bule a f l t t t s es r ho s y tu k l t nd e l o he g ound. Tone di d f om t guns tw o r y e r he ho und. 6 N iholon t sii d t tupon he rngt guns t ,s t ne a s w c s e tte ha a i he ho s he ur d nd a (hepeii r wihagun.To y' sse t tfedt ts sw afas of t ttone l t ne s itr esii ha he a l h fr comi fom (hepeii rs ha Afe t s tng,(he ie ng r t ttone ') nd. tr he hooi t p tto e)fe t ese whi Ph lplGre rman d. eiin r ld h c ne l il e i e n e ie Se nFil ,g p tto e ')brt e-n lw,etfe g p tto r tve eds t ei n rs oh ri-a tsiid t ei nej he i he i arve a hi ho et a ng t n g vehm ag n.Filse p an d(h ri d t s us h t ih a d a i u ed x lie t e p tto e)a pe rdu e a dit xc td.Th p tt n r tl Filsta eiin r p ae pst n n o iae ( e eii e ) o d ed h t o heha ç e s up'a t a ha ' s s d t s ed ' nd t y ve' hot omeo . m m ne Polc ltrf abule i ghepeiine 'lbe oom whihwasoft ie ae ound lt n t tto rs dr c he s m e t us d i t s i a ype e n he hootng. (ul 5, J y 2007Op. t12 . a -) W he vi we i t lg mos f vo a et t Comm onweat t cour c udest t n e d n he i ht t a r bl o he 1h, he t oncl ha t Co monwe t pr e e s tc e e de t pr t tChrso rGr e tr t gt he m a1h es nt d ufi i nt vi nce o ove ha it phe e n led he m t tr s t d i As e Tone sde t Ast Co tofAppease ha e ule n hly y' ah. he ur l mpha ied i iso ni sz n t pi on, Sha i N iholon' t tm o t ts s w Chrsophe Gr e hol ng t gm i e a ey ne ka c s s esi ny ha he a it r e n di he t mm dit l a trt s swe e fr d wa c r a e byt t si fe he hot r ie s orobor t d he e tmony ofot rwines e ,a wel ast he t s s s l he pe ii r sown sa e nt t hi br he -n-a f l ng t i de . W hiet peii r ttone ' t t me s o s ot ri lw olowi he nci nt l he ttone pr s ntd wine s swho t sii d t ti wasPhilp Gr e who wa hol ng t g m a t tm ei ee e t se e tfe ha t li e n s di he t t he i t wa fr d teCic i Co r rj ce tep t in rse i e c a dise dbeiv dt s ie ,h rut u tee td h ei o e ' v d n e n n t a le e he t Comm onweat swine s .TheCic tCour' c edi lt deer na i m a notbe lh' t s es r ui ts r biiy t mi ton y r e ua e byt sc ton f de a ha sr viw.SeeW rg v.W es,505U . 277,296 e val t d hi our e r l bea e e i ht t S. ( 9 2 (1 J c o , e a ie r p ae l ted frn eo dt tetiro fc a d 1 9 ) $n a ks n we mph sz d e e tdy h eee c we o h re f a t n , l c r pondi ys he s m l lm ie na ur ofc tt i na s fc e y r vi w . W e s i t tt l or es ngl t ha y i t d t e ons iuto l ufi i nc e e a d ha a l oft e denc i t be c i r d i t lg m os f vor bl t t pr e uton' t tt he vi e s o ons de e n he i ht t a a e o he os c i ; ha he pr osecuton need notaf nnatvel d e outever hypot i exceptt ofguit' and t a i fi i y rul y hes s hat l; hat 7 r viwi c tda e wih ar or ofhit i lf c st ts e e ng our f c d t ec d sorca a t ha upporsco lc i i er nc mus t nfitng nf e es t pr um e- e n i i doe no a fr a i l a es ve f t s t f im tve y ppea i t r c d - t tt ti off c r s ve r n he e or ha he rer a t e ol d a ys c c nlcsi fv ro t ep o e u in a dmu t ee t ta r s lto ' (u tn n u h o fit n a o f h r s c to , n s d fr o h t e ou in.) q o ig ' J c on,443U. a 31 326) a ks S. t 9, . I s , hec tc ude t tar tona tiroff c c dha f n um t our oncl s ha a i l re a t oul ve ound t pe ii r he ttone guit be ly yond ar as bl doubtofbot ofe es a t tt Cour ofAppe s de i i t e ona e h f ns , nd ha he t al' c son o rj c t ep tto e ' c alng t tes fkinc o t e ie c d dn tn olea ee t h eiin rs h l e o h u t e y f he vd n e i o iv v n e unr as bl a iaton ofce l e t bls d f de al1w ora unr s na e dee m i ton of e ona e pplc i lary sa ihe e r a n ea o bl tr na i t f c s A c di y,c a m A m us be di m i s d. he a t . cor ngl l i t s se ll. (l n B( zail 1) I Cli B() Gre alg sta til omsl sie fci ei f iigt eii n am 1, e n le e h t ra c t e wa n fe tv n aln o l t c a tona t tm ony fo Tr i Tt lr who t d polcet theha c ke Gr e prort ddii l esi r m emane m e , ol i ha d ho d e n i o t s i Gr e c e t ti c he hootng. e n ont nds ha f ouns lha ei ie s ht tmony fom Tur r t til e d lct d uc esi r ne , he ra c twoul ha f our d ve ound t tGr e a t i t S a o pa son, a t t swoul ha ha e n ced n he û t f s i ' nd hat hi he ' d ve neg t d t fndi t tGr n a t d wih t malc ne es a yt s t i hi c c i f a e he i ng ha ee c e t he ie c s r o usan s onviton or f ony mtr r el tde . Gr e r ie t s mecl m i hi saeha speii Thesa eha sc the dt t e n as d he a ai n s tt bea tton. t t bea our l ha t c am f ie t s ts yt t pa t es f i feci a ssa e mcit d i Sti klndv. he l i a ld o a if he wo- r t t or ne f tve s it nce nt a e n rc a W a hngo 46 U. 6 ( 98 ) Fo t ef lo n r a o s t ec u t o cud st a t esae s i tn, 6 S. 68 1 4 . r h o lwi g e s n ,h o r c n l e h t h tt ha ç sc u tsd cso i e tte t d frnc u d rj2 5 ( b a o r' e iin s nild o eee e n e 2 4 *. To s c d on a cl i ofi f c i as it nc a pe ii ne m us es a i h t tcouns ' uc ee am nef e tve s s a e, tto r t t bls ha els pe f m a ewasS i i . Stikl nd,466 U. a 687.t-hi r uie s wi t tcouns ror nc ç cent' rc a def ' S. t t- s eq r s ho ng ha l el 8 madee r ss s ro t tco e wa no f toni a t t ot e 'gu r t edby t Si h ror o e i us ha uns l s t unc i ng s he c ms l a an e he xt Ame d n . I Thep tto rmu t los o t a c t e' d fce tp ro ma c p eu ie n me t' d. ' ei ne s as h w h t oms ls eiin ef r n e rj dc d i h sd f n e I Tod mo taep eu ie t ep tto e g n r l t s s w t a t r i a i ee s . d. e nsr t rj dc ,h eiin r e e al t t ho h thee s y mu r s bl pr ea ona e obabiiyt t butf c ms lsunpr es i le r s t r ul oft pr e ng lt ha , or ot e ' of sona ror , he es t he oce di woul ha be ndifrnt' J . d ve e fee . #= ' Bas o t c tsi pe ed n he our' nde nden r vi w oft r c d,hec tc l st tGr enha te e he e or t our oncude ha e s f ied t s ts ye t relm e oft Sti a t s. Gr en ha notpr de a afi vi fo al o a if ihe e nt he rcklnd e t e s ovi d n fda t r m Tr m aneTur ri c tng t tTunwrwoul ha t tte asGr e no cli s SeeBe ve v. e i ne ndi a i ha d ve esi d i e n w am . a r Th mps n 9 F.d 1 8 ,1 9 ( t Ci.1 9 )(o dn ta G nalg to o ia e uae o o , 3 3 1 6 1 5 4h r 9 6 h l ig h t d l ain f n d q t a e i tgai doe notwa r ntha sr i a e apr f rofwha f vor bl e denc or nvesi ton s ra bea elef bs nt ofe t a a e vi e tsi n wo dh v be np o u e ' n ta , e nr l so til o s lsn t so p lc e tmo y ul a e e r d c d).l se d Gr e ei n ra c un e ' oe f o ie e r porsr a i t sa e e smadebyTur r Thos not , e t eltng o tt m nt ne . e es howe r a enotfvo a et Gr e ve , r a r bl o e n. To t c r r t not s i c t t tTur rcl i e t tGr n hi hi i t e be or he he ont a y, he e ndi a e ha ne a m d ha ee t m n he ye f e gr bbed Gr n byt nec a t ,ha Gr e pr a ee he k nd, hus t t e n ovoke t fghtbewe n t t m e The d he i t e he wo n. no e a s i c t t tTur rwa nmni a y whe t s swe e fr d.Fo t er s ns t s lo ndia e ha ne s ng wa n he hot r ie r hes ea o , Gr n' a tr bele d t ta a tonalt tmony fom Tur rwoul bet m a ng't hi ee s to ney ive ha ny ddii esi r ne d t da gi ' o s cin ' c s , i c i wo dma C e no t ob tea g e s r' ( 3t Re p n e tsMo . le ts a e sn e t ul ke E e u t e h g r so . Ex. o s o d n ' t Gr ' t Dimist Stt Ha a Peiin) Bec us e d et tGre wast a e s rwoul not o s s he ae be s tto . a e vienc ha e n he ggrs o d s uppor t a gume t theace i t t a ofpas i ' Gr n ha f ie t esa ih t thi t he r nt ha td n he ç t he son, ee s al d o t bls ha s ' atr e spef nn n ewa d fce to t a ip eudc dhi d fn e Se W i n v. to n y' ro a c s eiin r h t t rj ie s ee s . e l s ki Commonwe lh,11S. 2d65 65 ( 1 C$ homi deco tedi hotbl zrwi at E. 3, 4 Va. 940) A ci mmit n ood, o ng s el outoft c ol y he omba f whih adee ntwasnotr s i e i notmlr r' ( t or c fnda eponsbl, s zde .) emphass ' i 9 a d d .Ac o dn l, li B( )mu tb ds se d e ) c r igy cam 1 s e imis d. 11 Cl m B( 1. ai 2) I cam B( ,Grenalge t thi ti c e wa i f tvei f lngt pr e a n li 2) e le s ha s ral ouns l s nefeci n aii o esnt n a l e de e eoftm pe f c s l- f ns ' To s ppo tt scli , e n ciest t Supr m e vaiabl f ns t re t e fde e e.' i u r hi a m Gr e t o he e Co r o Vigna sd cso i Ha hv. mmo we 1 1 S. 3 8( .1 91,nwhc t u t f r ii' e iin n s Co n at 3 E. 9 Va 8 ) i ih he h, Co tsaed t ti t ur t t ha d hough t sa rpr voke t c al he l ye o d he omba ,orpr uc d t oc son,ye , fi t od e he ca i ti t wasdonewihouta f oni i en ,he pa t ma a lhi efoft pl ofs l- f e. t ny el ous nt t t ry y vai ms l he ea efde ens ' ' Has 13 S. a 406.Gr e a g t ti ti c h, E. t e n r ues ha f ral ouns lhadpr pe l pr s nt t sdefns t r e o ry e e ed hi e e, he e i ar as bl pr biiyt tt tilc twoul ha f md hi guit ofvol ar s e ona e oba lt ha he ra our d ve ot m ly unt y ma l t rr t rt n f l mur r nsaugh e a he ha eony de . Ha ng r viwe t r c d,t c t r e wih t r po n t tt scai wa no vi e e d he e or he our ag e s t he es nde t ha hi l m s t f il pr s nt i sa ec t a t ti i pr ce zal def ule Gr e di no r iet sc am ary e e ed n t t our, nd ha t s o dlr ly a t d. e n d t a s hi l i i hi sae ha aspe ii a t , d no pr ry e us t cli asr quie unde 28 n s t t be tton nd, hus di t ope l xha t he a m e rd r U. C.j225449. l Gr e no atmptdt pr sntt cam i asaeha aspeii t S. 1 * f e n w te e o ee he li n tt be tton,he cam wo l bebardb VignaCo ej8. - 5 ( () wh c g n r l p o iiss c e sve li ud re y r ii d 016 4B)2 , ih e eal r hbt u c s i y peii .The Unied St esCour ofAppe sf rt Fo t Cic thasr cog z t tt ttons t at t al o he urh r ui e nied ha he p o e u a r l stf rhi VignaCo ej8016 4( ( )p o ie a a e u t a d r c d r l ue e o t n r ii d . - 5 B)2 r vd s n d q ae n #Gr concedest hem e i een hat ntoned t scl m f t fr ttm e i ar y breft wasfl i hi ai or he is i n epl i hat ied n r pons t t m oton t di sshi s a ehabeaspe ii Be e Gr di notr es e o he i o smi s t t tton. caus een d eques orobt n t ai l eavet a end hi s at habe petton t i ude t snew cl m ,i w a notpr l pr ent i s a e o m ste as ii o ncl hi ai t s opery es ed n t t c ur. S eM alr v. t 27F.d 9 ,9 ( t Ci.1 9 ( l n t a be a et saec r ne r o t e lo v Smih, 3 91 95 4h r 9 4) hodig h t c us he tt ou t ve gr ed l ant eave t a end t pe ii t add anew cl m ,t cl m wasnotpr l pr nt i sat o m he tton o ai he ai opery ese ed n t e c r f rp r e o j225 ) Si lry, ot e t n t tGr e a tmptdt p e e t scam t t ou t o u pos s f 4 . mia l t he x e t ha e n te e o r s nt hi li o he Supr Coul ofVigi a i hi ha eme ' t r ni n s beasappeal wihouthavi pr sent i i hi sat habeaspetton, , t ng e ed t n s t e ii Gr e di no p op rye a thi saerme is Se Catlev. o e , 9U. 3 35l( 98 e n d t r e l xh us s tt e de . e sil Pe pls 48 S. 46, 1 9) ( l ngt a r ii acam f rt frttmei ap oc d r c ntx whe ec sd r tono t me isi hodi h t asng li o he is i n r e u al o e t r on ie ai f he rt s dic ei ay do sno s tsy tef d r le ha si r qur me t. s r ton l e t a if h e e a x u ton e ie n ) 10 i ndepe ntg ound f t de a off r lha a r le .Fihe v. el nde r or he ni l ede a be s e if s r Ang one,1 F. 835, 63 3d 8 1 8 2( t Ci. 9 ) Be a s Gr e h sfie t e tbihc u ea dp eu ieo a 5 - 5 4 h r 1 98 . c u e e n a ald o sa ls a s n rj dc r f nd me tl s ara eo j tc t e c et ep o e u a d fut tec u tsp e ld dfo u a n a mic rig f usie o x us h r c d rl ea l,h o r i r cu e r m r viwi t mert oft scli 1 a 85 e e ng he is hi a m. d. t 2. l a y e nt t c tno est te n i t sc am wasnotpr dlr l de a t d, e n n n ve , he our t ha ve f hi l i oce zaly f ule Gr e wo d notbeentte t f de a ha sr le .Unde Vigi al w, hedoc rne ofi rec s lul ild o e r l bea ei f r r ni a t ti mpe f t e f de e ei notaco e ede e e.A st Co tofAppeasofVigi a e ai d i Conne lv. f ns s mplt f ns he ur l r ni xpl ne n l Commonwe lh,542S. 2d49( App.Ct 2001 : at E. Va. . ) I w e i e pr tt di c s on of ûm pe f c de e e'i H as f t f nt r e he s us i i r e t f ns n h or he pr ii t tone c n pr oposton ha a ovokeaconfo a i a sila i hi e fo r nt ton nd tl val ms l r h refo t ed fn eo j tta l h miie s c h l igwa o e z d e s l f h e e s f usi b e o cd , u h o dn s v m l i e byJ c onv. a ks Commonwe lh,98Va.8 36S. 487( 900 .Howe r at 45, E. 1 ) ve , i we i e pr tH as t ho d t to m a a lhi s l orhe s fof f nt r e h o l ha ne y vai m e f r el ti r e tde e e'i heors pr voke a a tc wihoutf oni fmpe f c f ns ' f he o d n ta k t el ous i e ,s h hol ngm e el i t l w ofvol a y ma lug e asi ntnt uc di r y s he a unt r nsa ht r t c r nty sa i Vigi a ure l t nds n r ni . Co n l, 4 S. 2 a 5 ( li t t h til o r ddn t r i d n igtea p la ts n el5 2 E.d t 4 hodng ha t e ra c u t i o er n e yn h p eln ' p o frdj r i sr cino i re ts l- ee s , n e h szn t a tetil o r r fee u y n tu to n mpefc efd fn e a d mp a iig h t h ra c u t i t ce t j r o v ln ay ma sa g tr h a o pa so a dtedsicin b t e nsnztd he u y n ou tl n lu h e, e t f sin, n h itn t ewe n o mu d ra dma sa g tr. r e n n lu he ) I ti c s ,h til o r s e i lyrj ce Gr e sh a o pa so apl n a d n h s a e te ra c u t p ct l ee td e n' e t f si n r me t n ka f ound t the a t d wih m ai e.Gr e hasf ie t s ha c e t lc en a ld o how t t r i ar as na epr hat he e s e o bl obabiiy lt t tt tilc tsde i i wo d ha bee dif r nti hi a t ne ha elcied a tonal ha he ra our' c son ul ve n fe e f s tor y d i t ddii t tmony fo Tr i Tur rorot r s i esi r m emane ne he wie nvoke t docrneofi pe f c s l- e e As d he ti m re t efdef ns . pr ous y s a e Tlr r ss a e e t t i s i t sr vea ed t tGr en pr voke a f g evi l t t d, zne ' t t m n s o nve tga or e l ha e o d i ht bewe t t m e a t tTur rwa r nni a y whe t s t we efr d.Unde t e t en he wo n, nd ha ne s u ng wa n he ho s r ie r hes cr um sa s t co ti c nc d t tGr e si re ts fde e ecli i wihoutme i ic t nce , he ur s onvi e ha e n' mpe f c el- f ns a m s t rt unde Sti a a t ,t tcam B( mus bedimisd. r rcklnd nd,hus ha li 2) t s se Concl on usi Fort r s nssa e t c t l gr ntt r ponde ' m o i t dimi s he ea o tt d,he our wil a he es nts ton o s s . Addii ly, c us t pe ii rhasf ie t d tona l be a e he ttone a ld o emonsr t < s tntals ta e E ubsa i howi oft a ng he d n a o ac n t uina rg t't ec u t ld n ac ri c t o a p aa iiy S e2 U. C. e il f o si to l ih , h o r wil e y e ti ae f p e lb l . e 8 S. j t ' t t 2253 . /) The Cl r i diecedt s nd c rii d c e oft sopi on a t ac ompa ngor r e k s r t o e e tfe opis hi ni nd he c nyi de t t pe ii o he ttonera c nd ouns lofr c d f r ponde . e e or or es nt ENTER: i t d yo J l, 01 . Ths o a f uy 2 1 , . e $ Chi Unie Stt Diti J ef t d aes srct udge 12
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