Sloan v. City of Roanoke Police Department et al, No. 7:2011cv00143 - Document 39 (W.D. Va. 2012)

Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge James C. Turk on 4/11/12. (med)

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CLERK' OFF# EU. QI COURT S C S, ST, ATK ANOKE, A V FIED L I T H E UN I ED STA TE S D I N T STR I T C O U R T C FO R T H E W EST ER N D ISTR IC T O F V IR G I I N A AP 1 1 2 1 R 22 LI A DUD R oanoke D i si vi on DA NIEL SLO AN , L ERK B Ct ( E C i lA ct on N o.7: c 00143 vi i 11- v- Pl nt ai c M EM OR ANDUM OPI ON NI V. O FFICER T.M .D ULA K ,et J/ . . ,, : De nd ns fe a t. By:Jam es C .Turk Se or Unied St e D i t i tJudge ni t at s s r c Thi matrcome be o et Co tonDee n s Motonf rSumma yJ s te s f r he ur fnda t ' i o r udgme ( . nt Dkt No.30) ThePl ntf r ponded,( .No.34) oa agume washead onAprl9,201 a . ai if es Dkt , rl r nt r i 2, nd t m a t r i now rpe f diposton. l ac or nc wih t f l i M e or ndum Opi on, he te s i or s ii n c da e t he olow ng m a ni Dee d ns moin frs mmayj g n i DENI i pa ta GRANTED i pa t f n a t' to o u r ud me t s ED n r nd n r. 1. Background Plitf, nilSla (plitf o ç o n', r u h t i a to u d rt Ci l g t anif Da e o n t an if' r t a ' b o g t hs cin n e he viRih s t S1 ) sophe ne t tc r Ac,42 U. C.j 1 alegi t tDee ns1Oftcer Chrit r Bur t, Ofi e Robet t S. 983, l ng ha fnda t, i r M c f,Ofi e Ti ohy Ha ton,a Ofi e T. . a vi ae hi C i t befeefo t Nif tc r m t rs nd fc r M Dulk, ol td s t ght o r r m he r unr as bl and e s i us off ce upon hi pe s d i ares a de e i i vi a i e ona e xce s ve e or s r on ur ng r t nd t nton n ol ton oft Foure nt Ame he te h ndme ..' ( t No.1 a 2) On t e ni ofMa c 25,2009,at nt.. Dk. ' t . he ve ng rh a oxi ael 1 30 ,Pl i ifwa soppe by Ofi e Bur t f drvi hi ve ce wihout ppr m t y 0: pm antf s t d tc r ne t or i ng s hi l t lI hi Compl n , Pli iflse t CiyofRoanokePolc De rmen , e C. Per ns Ofie T. .Dulk, n s ai t antf itd he t ie pa t t Chif C. ki , fc r M a Ofk e Ch i Bur t,a Of i e J m Doe a Def ndan s. Thi Cour dim i s t Ciy ofRoanok Polc t r r s ne t nd f c r ol s s e t s t s s ed he t e ie De rm e andChi C . Pe ki i isOcober1 201 Or r Pl ntf ne a e pa t nt ef C. r ns n t t 8, 1 de . ai if ver m ndedhi Com pli t s ciy s ant o pe f t namesoft Jo Does Ba edon isr viw oft pladi ,heCou tbeleve t Jo Doesa eOfie he he hn . s t e e he e ngs t r i s he hn r fc r Rober M c if a Ofi rTi oty Hars n. t N f, nd fce m h to ha ng hi he i s il nae i vi ai ofVigni Code j 46. 1 vi s adlght lumi td, n olton ri a 2- 030. ( netDec Bur t . t r n he oc a !3)2 The sop occured i t 300 bl k ofOr ngeAvenue, Roa . noke, r ni (#. 4) Vigi a. J=! . A fe soppi Sl n,O fk e Bum e ta ke f Sl n' drver s lce e. Sl n w a not t r t ng oa t r t s d or oa s i ' i ns oa s c r yi hi d i r s lc ns or a o he f m of i n ii a i but pr de O f i e Bur t a r ng s r ve ' i e e ny t r or de tf c ton, ovi d fc r ne t w ih a na e a s ci s c iy num ber O fi e Bunw t c ai s Pl ntf i ntf e hi s l as t m nd o al e ur t . tc r t lm ai if de ii d m e f M ih e Ed r S o n (d. 9 , iePlitf camsh g v h sc re tn mea di wa o y c a l wad l a , l ! ) wh l anif li e a e i o rc a n t s nl a tr Of i e Bur t w as no abl t fnd hi i t s t m t t he m e i d hi br he , fe fc r ne t t e o i m n he ys e ha ntone s ot r M iha lEdwadSl n,( o De a 1 1 .Ofi rBur t saest ta trr nni t s a c e r oa Slan p. t 4- 6) fce net tt ha fe u ng he ocil s c iy num be a nam e t ough DM V r or a conf r i w ih t ciy' 911 di pa c e urt r nd hr ec ds nd e rng t he t s s th c ntr hewa a et deemi t tt di rwa ,i fc,Da e Sl n. ( netDe ! 11. e e, s bl o tr ne ha he rve s n a t nil oa Bur t c. ) Som ei e dtrng t pr e s of ve iyi Pli ifs i ntt Ofi e M c if ani d on t tm ti he oc s rf ng antf ' de iy fc r N f ve he s e e ( r e'De . 5; c f De . 3 . c n . Bu n t c ! M Nif c ! ) t Ofie Bur t i onue Sl n t the wa bei a r t d,a whi h poi Sl n fed on fc r ne t nf d oa ha s ng rese t c nt oa l f t Sl n a is he fed,but c ai s he di s be a e he be i d one oft Of i e s was oo . oa dm t l lm d o c us leve he f c r r c ng f hi gun. OfierBur t' i ca c me a c pt e t m ome sbef e Sl n fe ea hi or s fc nets n- r a r a ur d he nt or oa ld. Alho t ugh Sl i not vii e on t vi oan s sbl he deo,t Ofie s a e The vi o s he fc r r . de hows one Ofi e fc r pl c ng a pe i hi poc ta a he O fi e r a h f hi hi whe e hi r di a ha uf s ai n n s ke nd not r fc r e c or s p, r s a o nd ndc f a a t ha bee l a ed. The vi o doe nots ppe r o ve n oc t de s how e t r Of i rr ac f hi gun. ihe fce e h or s Ofie Bur t a Ofie Mc f purued Sl n on f .( fc r net nd fc r Nif s oa oot Bunwt De ! 1 Mc f t c. 5; Nif De ! 1 .W hiepurui Sl n,Ofi rBur t r di dt thewa i ve i af purui. c. 3) l s ng oa fce net a oe ha s nvol d n oot s t ( a Dec !3 .Bot pa te a tt tOfi rBumetwiht a ssa eofOfi e M c ff Dulk . ) h ris dmi ha tce t, t he s itnc tc r Nif, tc e Sl na pule hi t t gr a kld oa nd ld m o he ound;( etDe !1 , c f Dec. 1 4howe r t Bunzt c. 5' Nif M ! 4) ve,he 2Plitf conc dest tt Ofier ha pr bl c et cond ata t sop a trviw i hi drvi w ihout an if e ha he fc s d oba e aus o uct r fk t fe e ng m i ng t hsh a i h s ( t No. a 1. i e dl t. Dk . 36 t ) g pa te 'veri nsoft e nt t ti e a ey pr ce t t c e dif r Sl n cli t tpror ri s so he ve s ha mm dit l e de he a kl fe . oa a ms ha i t bei t c e a O f i er or r hi t f e z Sl n aleg t t he c ple w ih t o ng a kl d n fc de ed m o r e e. oa l es ha om i d t he Ofi e ' or r foze a pl e hi ha i t ar butd piet swast ckld t t gr nd. fc rs de , r , nd ac d s nds n he i, es t hi a e o he ou ( o n De a 1 ) Ofie sBu n t a d M c f ma en c mme ta t wh te te o d r d Sla p. t 8 . fc r r et n Nif k o o n s o eh r h y r ee Sl n t sop prort t c i hi orwhe he hewa sop d prort beng t c e oa o t i o a klng m t r s t pe i o i a kl d D urng t pr e s of t c i Sl n a a t m ptng t pl c hi i ha uf s O fi e i he oc s a klng oa nd te i o a e m n ndc f fc r Bunet' am wa c a hi hi bnzs whe hi rdi br r ts r s ut nd s p ied n s a o oke.( netDe ! 1 Dulk De Bur t c. 8; a c. ! 1 . Ofi e Mc f as s fr apa tal s paaed s de durngt sr l. ( Nif 0) tc r Nif lo ufeed rily e rt houl r i he tugge Mc f De .! 1 ) Asa r s to hs ij re Ofie Bun etusd h s rdo t c l f r i d ae c 5. eul f i nu is fc r zt e i a i o al o mme it a ssa e.( netDe !21. s itnc Bur t c. ) Afe bengt ckl t t g o Sl an wa l ng on hi soma wih a l s oneofhi tr i a ed o he r und o s yi s t ch t t ea t s amsbe ahhi body.( oa De a 1 ) BohOfie Bur t andOfie Mc f i tuce r ne t s Sl n p. t 8 . t fc r ne' t fc r Nif nsr td Sl nt plcehi ha be ndhi ba k,b her usdt compl ( netDec !22;Mc f oa o a s nds hi s c ut ef e o y. Bur t . Nif De . 1 ) Sla sd p sto tsi n idc tsh ddn t o y ( o nDe a 1 - 9 . c ! 9 . o n' e o iin e tmo y n iae e i o c mpl. Sla p. t 8 1 ) A t a oxi a e y t s tm e t ba kup O f i e Bur t ha r ue t d be n t a ve ppr m t l hi i he c fc r ne t d eq s e ga o ni . ( rs De ! 1 DulkDe !5) Ofie Dulkhadbee par lngi t 800bl ofHunt Ha ton c. 4; a c. . fc r a n toli n he ock A ve whe he hea d O fi e Bur t' r o ca lr r ng t f pur ui. W hie e r e t nue n r f c r ne t s adi l ega di he oot s t l n out o Ofi rBur t' l ai hehe r Ofie Bumetsr ues f i dit a ssa e. ( a fce nets oc ton ad tc r t' eq t or mme ae s itnc Dulk De .! 3 .Ofie Ti ty Hato tla'o ' as h a d Ofie Bu n t' r q s f r c ) fc r moh rs n t- ls n' lo e r fc r r ets e uet o tl t l i m e a e a s s a e. ( rs De !3)3 m di t s i t nc Ha ton c. . 3Ot rOfk e salohe r Ofi rBum etsr q s f rasitnc a r ponde t t s ne. Thes Ofs e s he t r s a d fce t' e uet o ssa e nd es d o he ce e tc r i udedOfie Ro eHod sand Ofie Ti hyDonot n.Ofie Ofke Donot n hepe feeOfk e ncl fc r nni ge fc r mot ha fc r t r ha l d r t r Mc f fo tesr g l, o elg ha b c meta p du d rtes s et ( n ta De .I 7 8 .Of r Nif rm h tu ge wh s e s d e o rp e n e h u p c. Do ah n c ! - ) t ! ke Ho g sh l So n' lg t k e hm fo kc igoh rOfiesa rSo nh db e h n c fe .Ho g sDe . d e ed la s e s o ep i r m ikn te fc r Ae la a e n a d ufd ( d e c !8 .ld e n t p erPlitf h sma eayalgto sa antOfiesHo g sa dDo ah n a dtu n ) t o s o a p a anif a d n l ain g is f r d e n n ta , n h s o e c cl m sa i tt eOfk e swilpr e t til ai gans hes t r l oc ed o ra. 3 W he Ofi erHa ton a Ofi rDulk a rve on t s e t obs r d t tOfie n fc rs nd fce a ri d he c ne hey e ve ha fc r Buret sbe dn fo h sa a dh dij r dhsh p ( a De ! 1 ; rs nDe . 6 . n twa le ig r m i nn n a nu e i i . Dulk p. 0 Ha to c ! ) Ofie Mc f as a rd t bei obvi pan.( rs n De ! 6 . Ofi r Ha tona fc r Nif lo ppeae o n ous i Hato c. ) fces rs nd Dulk i tuce Sl n t puthi ha be nd hi ba k,butSl n fie t c y. ( a a nsr td oa o s nds hi s c oa ald o ompl Dulk De j 8 Hato De .! 9 . Ofie Du a b le e ta So n wa c n e ln ak f i hi p. g ; rs n c ) fc r lk eiv d h t la s o c aig nie n s ha be ah hi body,whi h he ha us d t sa Ofi e Bur t.Ofk e Dulk bega srki nd ne t s c d e o tb tc r net t r a n ti ng Sl n w ih kne s rkest hi t s t f c hi t c m pl w ih t i t uc i n t pl e hi ha oa t e t i o s or o o or e m o o y t he nsr to o ac s nds be ndhi ba k.( a De !! 111 ) Sl nco i dt rf et c ywiht Ofies hi s c Dulk c. ,3 . oa ntnue o eus o ompl t he fc r' i t u tons a c eq nty,O fi erDul k sr k Sl n on t he d wih a cl e fs s ve a ns r c i nd, ons ue l tc a tuc oa he a t os d i t e r l tme . ( lk De . 1 ) fc rHa to sr c S o ns v r l i si t erb i a e fr t i s Du a c ! 2 .Ofie rs n tu k la e ea tme n h is n n fo to l e Sl n' am fom undeneah hi body. ( rs De ! 1 .TogeherOfkesHato oos n oa s r r r t s Haton c. 3) t t r rs n a D ul k we e e ualy a e t pul Sl n' a m behi hi ba k a pl c hi i ha uf s nd a r vent l bl o l oa s r nd s c nd a e m n ndc f . ( ak De .! 1 Ha ton De ! 1 . AferSl n wa plce i ha ufs Ofie Dulk Dul c 5; rs c. 5) t oa s a d n ndc f fc r a raie t thedi notha aknie ( a De ! 1 ) Sl nalege t thene rrf edt e lz d ha d ve f. Dulk p. 6 . oa l s ha ve eus o c ompl wih t Ofi er 'i tuc i a t ti a ton t t srke t hi ba a he d,he y t he fc s nsr tons nd ha n ddii o he ti s o s ck nd a w asalo pe r s aye s ppe pr d. Boh Ofie Bu n t a Ofie Mc f s fee ij iswh l atmp ig t ars t fc r r et nd tc r Nif u fr d nure ie te tn o re t S o n ( r t De .! 1 M c f De .! 1 ) Asa r s l o t i ij re net ro fc r l a . Bunet c 7; Nif c 5 . e ut f her nu is i he fie parii td i t physca are tofSl n.( netDe !23;M c f De !20) Bot ofie s tcpae n he i l rs oa Bur t c. Nif c. . h fc r weete td frt erij re a te s e eb teRo n k Ciy F r/ S De a t n . ( a r r ae o h i nu is t h c n y h a o e t ieEM p rme t Dulk e l oa fce s net N f e De ! 1 Ha ton De ! 1 1 ) Subs quenty,Sl n and Ofi r Bur tand M c ifw er c. 7; rs c. ! 7- 9 . c l xpe e nd ta poredt t hos tl (d.. Ofi e Bur t i ure $1,22. i media e ns s a rns t o he pia. I ) fc r net nc r d 1 42 n Ofie M c f i ure $1, 54i me c le ns s Clwi Dec !!4- . fc r Nif nc r d 925. n dia xpe e .( e s . 5) 4 St andar o R e e d f vi w II . S mmayj g n i p o e wh r Gh r i n g n ieis ea t a ymae ilfc a d u r ud me t s r p r ee t ee s o e un su s o n tra a t n t t e mo i p ry i e t ld t j d me t a a malr o lw. Fe .R.Ci P.5 () l h vng a t s ni e o u g n s t te f a ' d ' v. 6 c . n c n ieig a mo in f rs mmayj d me t dh c u ti r q ie t ve t efcsa d d a o sd rn to o u r u g n ,t e o r s e urd o iw h a t n rw t r a ona e i e enc i a lght m os f vor bl t t nonm o ng pa t ' Sha v.St o 1 e s bl nf r es n i t a a e o he vi r y.' w r ud, 3 F.d7 , 9 ( t Ci. (iai n o te )c r. e id 51 U. 81 ( 9 4 . 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S mmayj d me ts o l b e trd ho v r i teCo r fn s atras r p lu rve o u r u g n h ud e n ee , we e ,f h u t id , fe cu uo s e iw f t erc r , h t r a o a l j r c udrtz av r itf rten n mo i p ry.S eEv nsv h e od t a no e s n b e uy o l etn ed c o h o - vng a t e a . r Tec oci Applc tons& SevieCo.8 F. 95 958( hCi.1 . hnol es iai r c , 0 3d 4, 4t r 996) 11 1. Anal s ysi Pl i ifalege t tt Of i r us d e es i f r e whe ar e tng hi . Spe ii aly, a ntf l s ha he fce s e xc s ve o c n r si m c tc l Sl n ague t tDefnda s moi f s oa r s ha e nt' ton or ummayj r udgme ca be grnt bec us t nt nnot a ed a e wo maei fcsar i diput ( )wheherSl nwassoppe orsileva ngpolcea t tmeh tral a t e n s e: 1 t oa t d tl di i t he i e 5 wa tc ld t te g o n a d ( )wh te S o n i fc rf s d t c mpy wi te Ofies s a k e o h r u d n 2 eh r l a n a t eu e o o l t h fc r' h i t uc i t pl c hi a ns r tons o a e s nns be nd hi ba k. 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C.j 1 3,tins f ra t rc uc do notvi aecla l e tbls d saut y r S. 98 ti o a s hei ond t es olt e ry sa ihe tt or orco tt i na rght ofwhi h a r as bl pe s woul ha kno '' Pe s v.Cal ha nsiuto l i s c e ona e r on d ve wn.' aron la n, 5 U. 223, 1 S.Ct 808,815 ( ) ( i Hal v.Fi erl 457 U. 800,81 5 S. 29 . 2009 quotng row zg ad, S. 8 ( 98 ) To deer newhehe publcofiil aee ild t quaii i 1 2). t mi t r i fcas r ntte o lted mmuniy rquiest t e r he C ltoC otr t ondud at XC a l i.Fis,t c tc i r wheherçglke i t lg mos WO P nayss rt he our onsdes t kta n n he iht t fv rb et t ep ry a s ri t ij r . t efcsalg ss o ( a)teo tc rsc n u t a o a l o h a t s et he nu y,.. h a t le e h w t t h fi e ' o d c ng h voae ac n t ui n lrg t'Sa ce v. t, 3 U. 1 4, 01( 0 ) t fn c nsi t n l iltd o si to a ih . u ir Kaz 5 3 S. 9 2 2 01. t o o tt i a t ' l uo rghtw oul ha be n vi a e ' n w he t f c s a e vi w e i t lghtm os f vor bl t t i d ve e ol t d' eve n he a t r e d n he i t a a e o he pl ntf ,t pl n i fc ai if he ai t f annotpr vai. I Se nd,i a pl i i fe t bls t tone of hi orhe e l d. co f a ntf s a i hes ha s r c tt i lrgh s ha bee vi a ed, ons iutona i t s n ol t publc ofi i l m ay s ilbe en il d t qua ii d i m uniy i fca s tl tte o lfe m t i t c tt i lr g a l ge t ha be n vi a e w a notlc ea l esabls d' a t tm e f he ons iutona i ht le d o ve e ol t d s d l ry t i he ' t he i oft a l ge vi a i 1 he le d ol ton. d. 6 To de e mi whehe a c tt i nalrghti ' l a l e t bls 't c tmus frt t r ne t r onsiuto i s ç e ry sa ihed' he our c t is dei wihprcii Cherghtalege yvi aed. W is v.La 526U. 603,61 ( 999) fne, t e son,t i l dl olt ' lon t ' ne, S. 51 . Once t r g i de i he i ht s fned, t c t c i r w he he t our s ha pr vi l r e t t he our onsde s t r : t ve e ousy ul d ha c m a e i l sm ia co t raly i l r nduc w a unc tt i nal or i t c t s ons iuto , f he onduc w as s a obvi us vi a i t uch n o ol ton of t Fourh Am e e ' ge r pr bii o r s bl f c t t a r as bl ofier he t ndm nts ne al ohi ton n ea ona e or e ha e ona e fc woul notha r quie prorc s lw on poitt be o notc t thi c d ve e r d i a e a n o n i e ha s onduc wa unl wf . t s a ul' ' Rac v.Pitos ,6 F.d 30,38( s Ci.201 )(ii UniedStt v.La e,520U. 259, ihe er ki 23 3 1t r 0 ctng t aes nir S. 271( 997 (ntr lquottonsa cttonsomitdl. 1 ) i ena ai nd iai te ) çt i cla l e tbls d t tcii ns ha a Fo t Ame m e rgh t be fee fom i s e ry sa ihe ha tze l ve urh nd nt i t o r r unr a o bl s i ur a com pls by e es i f c ' V a l da es v.Cor r 552 F. 38 e s na e e z es c i hed xc sve or e. ' la r de o, 3d 4, 388(t Ci.2009)(ii W aema v.Ba t 393F. 471 476 ( hCi.2005) l ase sng 4h r ctng tr n ron, 3d , 4t r . n s si ca ms of e es i f ce unde t Fourh Ame li xc sve or r he t ndme ,t c tmus a y a sa r of nt he our t ppl t nda d d be tv ra o a ln s. Grh m v.Co n r 4 0 U. 3 6 3 5 ( 9 9 . S e iial,t e i jcie e s n b e e s' a a o ' n o , 9 S. 8 , 9 1 8 ) p cfc l h y c ut m us de e ne twhe he a r s bl ofi e i t s m e c r um s a e woul ha ot ' t t nni i t r ea ona e fc r n he a i c t nc s d ve c n ld d t tatr a e se j tf igt ep riua u eo fr e' lo v. a t, 9 F.d o cu e ha h e t xitd usiyn h a t lr s f o c . it Le vi 9 3 c 'El t 6 6 ( h Ci.1 (ii Grha 490U. a 39697 .Thi fc-ntnsvebalncng ts 40, 42 4t r 996) ctng a m, S. t - ) s a ti e i a i et m us be a pled i lg of t f c t t E i of i e s a e ofe f r e t m a s i- e ond t p i n i ht he a t ha t ce fc r r t n o c d o ke plts c pol j d me t- i cr u tnc st a a etn e u c ran a drpil e o vn - a o tte a u t u g ns n ic msa e h t r e s , n e ti , n a dy v l ig b u h mo n off c t ti ne es a y i a pa tc a st to ' Gr ha ,490 U. a 397. To as itco t or e ha s c s r n ri ulr iuai n. a m ' S. t ss urs wih t st s t Supr me Cour ofe ed t r e f c o s f rcou t t c i rwhe dee m i ng t hi a k, he e t fr h e a tr o rs o onsde n tr ni whehe agi nus off c wa e si ( )t 'eveiy oft c i a is '( whehe t r ve e ore s xce sve: 1 he t rt he rme t sue,'2) t r s t s pe tpos d a Gi dit t e tt t s ft oft ofi e sorot r , and ( whehe he us c e n tmme ae hra o he aey he tc r he s' ' 3) t r t s pe tw asûa tve y r s s i a r s ora t m ptng t e de a r s by fi . l a 396. The he us c t c i l e itng r e t te i o va r e t lght' d. t ' 7 c ta l e t i t nce off c s c fc ly t t c e a t srkesonceSl n wa ont our nays s he nsa s or e, pe iia l he a kl nd he ti oa s he gr ound, s pa a e y a dif r nt O fi e s we e i ved a t i t nce m a ha dif r nt e r t l s fe e fc r r nvol nd he ns a s y ve f e e out o e w he a l d unde t Gr ha f c o s Se W a e m an,393 F. a 481. cm s n na yze r he a m a t r . e t r 3d t A . The O f i f cers'D eci on t Taell Sl si o te oan The Cou tfr t c i r whe he t Of i e s de s on t t c e Sl n vi a e Sl n' r is ons de s t r he f c r ' ci i o a kl oa ol t d oa s c tt i nalr g s W hie i i t u t tt Su e e Cour ha r cog z t t d he rghtt ons iuto i ht . l t s r e ha he pr m t s e ni ed ha k i o t m a a a r tc ri wih i t rghtt us a deg e ofphysc lc r on ort ea t r t ke n res a res t t he i o e re i a oe ci hr t he eof o ef ti, Sa ir 533 U. a 1 ( i Grha 490 U. a 396) t tdo notme n t fec t' uce, ' S. t 94 quotng a m, S. t , ha es a he rg t us fr ei unlmied, onesv. ha n, F.d520,527( h Ci. iht o e o c s i t J Buc na 325 3 4t r 2003) A diputd . s e maeilfc prcu e t eCo r fo g a t teDee d n s moin frs mmayj d me t tra a t e l d s h u t r m r ni h fn a t' to o u r u g n ng on t si s . hi s ue Consr i t f c s i t lghtm os f vor bl t Sl n,t C o tm us a ce Sl n' t u ng he a t n he i t a a e o oa he ur t c pt oa s sae e t ta t tm e he wa t c e he ha c t tm nt ha t he i s a kl d d omple wih a Of e ' dieci n t fee e id t n sc rs r to o r z a had pl e hi ha nd ac d s nds a bove hi hea At or l a gu e c s d. a r m nt ouns l f Sl n s e or oa ugge t d t t s e ha Sl wasc pl t l s oppe be or be ng t c e The D e e nt , n t rwr ten m oton,di omz om e e y t d f e i a kl d. f nda s i hei it i d not c m en on w he her Sl n w a ac ualy s op d a t tm e he w as t c e by Of i e s om t t oa s t l t pe t he i a kl d fc r Bur t a M c f. l t d,t De e nt f us d o t f tt tt Ofi e sma a s ine t nd Nif nsea he f nda s oc e n he ac ha he fc r de plt s o de son t t kl Sl n,whih i lg oft f tt tSl n ha e ded a r tma t ec nd cii o ac e oa c n iht he ac ha oa d va res de he t c e r as bl and not a vi a i of Sl a s co tt i nal r g s A t or l a gum e t a kl e ona e ol ton o n' ns iuto i ht . a r nt he De enda s s es e t ti Sl n ha s o d i w asonl a m om e bef e t O fi e s t kl d f nt ugg t d ha f oa d t ppe t y nt or he tc r ac e hi ,r fi m i t f c t tt Of i er 'm a a s i s ond de s on t t kl Sl . N e t r m ea fr ng he a t ha he fc s de plt ec ci i o ac e omz ihe pa t p es t d a e de e r ar ng t l ng h oftm e Sl n was sopped,i he w a i e ry r en e ny vi nc eg di he e t i oa t f s nde d 8 s oppe prort bei t c e N or di eihe pary pr s nta e de e r r ng w ha t z a , t d, i o ng a kl d. d t r t e e ny vi nc ega di thet i a Sl n pos d t t O f i er 's f t f ny, oa e o he fc s a e y. The Cour f nds t t t f c ua i s of how l ti ha he a t l s ue ong Sl n w as s opped pr or t be ng oa t i o i t kl i dipostve of w he he Sl n' c tt i l r g s w e e vi a e a whe he t ac ed s s ii t r oa s ons iutona i ht r ol t d nd t r he O f i e s a e none he es entte t q ii d i m uniy. Alhough t Fourh Cic t does not fc r r t l s il d o ualf e m t t he t r ui a ppea t ha a e s d t s s ii i s o a a l r o ve ddr s e hi pec f c s ue r ny na ogous f c s ot r Ci c t ha a e s d a t , he r uis ve ddr s e t sa a ogo crumsa s Rac v.Pitos ,623F. 30( s Ci.201 ( di t t hi nd nal us ic tnce ihe er ki 3d 1t r 0) hol ng ha t klng a s a i r i vi lwho pos d no t e tt o f c r s e y w asan unr as na e us o ac i t tona y ndi dua e hr a o f i e af t e o bl e f f c a t ofie sweenote ildt quaiid i niyl Blnke n v.Ciy ofOrng ore nd he fc r r ntte o lfe mmu t ; a nhor t a e, 485 F. 463,478- ( h Ci.2007)( di t ttcklng a s pe twho r f ed t c y 3d 79 9t r hol ng ha a i us c eus o ompl wih a r que tt knee down butdi notot r s a tve y r s s be ng ha ufe orot r s t e s o l d he wie c i l e i t i ndc f d he wi e e de polce wa unr s bl a a vi ain oft pli ifs Fourh Ame ntrghtl va i s ea ona e nd olto he antf t ndme i s; W y o v. t o He t ,2 0F. p' 8 8 8 6( t Ci. 0 8 (o dn o eh saç ih t b s ng Ci f ah 6 Ap x 4 , 5 6h r 2 0 ) h l ig n a s g t o e v r fe fom physc lf c whe o i no rssi t polc ' . re r ia ore n ne s t e itng he ie' ) I Rac , a polc ofi r sop d t pl i if f rdi hi m ot c e whie not n ihe i e fce t pe he antf or i ng s or ycl l we rng a heme. L. at37. Alhough t fcswee diput t e s e oft pli ifs ai l t ds u t he a t r s ed, he senc he antf exc s ve f r c ai w as t t t polc of i er f c bl r m ove t pl i if f o hi es i o ce l m ha he i e fc or i y e d he a ntf r m s m o or yce and t c e hi t t gr t c l a kl d m o he ound, d pie t f c t pli tf ha so d hi es t he a t he a n if d t ppe s m o or yce i r s ns t t polc c u s r sfas ng lght,t ned of hi mot r yce' e i , t c l n e po e o he ie r ie ' l hi i s ur f s o c l s ngne and ha be n s ti sa i r on hi m ot c l f a oxi a e y 1 20 s co be or bei d e itng t tona y s or yc e or ppr m t l 5- e nds f e ng tc ld 1 .a 3 . Re e n te d src c u tsd n a o q l id i nt a trt ej r a ke . d t 4 viwig h itit o r' e il f uai e mmu iy fe h u y f r t n a ver c f t pl i if t Fis Cic tw e ghe t Gr ha f t s - no i t t e ur ed di t or he a ntf , he r t r ui i d he a m ac or tng hat he a e e of he t d c r s a e ,t l c ofa t e pos d by t pl i tf s ti o hi par d bs nc a e icum t nc s he a k hr at e he a n i f itng n s ke 9 m o or yce,a t a e e ofa i cai n t pli tf wasat mptng t fe orr ita r s t c l nd he bs nc ny ndi to he a n if te i o l e ess re t - a conc ude t tt Gr hn f t si ca e t tt of i er sus off c wasunr s bl nd l d ha he a m ac or ndi t ha he fc ' e or e ea ona e a avi ain oft pli ifsc tt i lrg s J=a 37. Goi ont add e swhehe t nd olto he antf onsiutona iht. ..t d ng o r s t r he of i r w a ne r he es e il t qualfed i m uniy be a e t rght w a not C l ry fce s ve t l s ntted o ii m t c us he i s ' ea l c esa ihe ' t Fis Cic t f t r sae t ttgj ras bl ofi e .. woul notha tbls d,' he rt rui urhe ttd ha ûa e ona e tc r .. d ve ne d pror c s l w on poi t r c ze t ti i unco tt i na t t c e a pe s w ho ha ede i a e a nt o e ogni ha t s nsiuto l o a kl r on s ale dy s o d i r s r a t ppe n e pons t t of i e ' co m a t s op a w ho pr s nt no i ca i of e o he fc r s m nd o t nd e e s ndi tons da er us s .'I a 39. ng o ne s' d. t Henc ,i a or nce wih Ra c ,ha Sl n be n soppe f a s fc e a o of e n cc da t i he d oa e t d or ufi i nt m unt tm e t i c t he w a no l ere di orr s s i a r ta pos d no t e tt t O fi e s i o ndi a e s ong va ng e i tng r es nd e hr a o he fc r ' s ft ,h Ofie swo dlk l n t v b e j tfe i tc ln hm a dwo dn tb e tte aey t e fc r ul iey o ha e e n usiid n a k ig i n ul o e n i d l t pr ec i unde t qualt e i m uniy doc r ne o ot ton r he ii d m t ti . Co v rey i Sla wa si a tv l e a ig ars o h d o l j tso p d s c ta n e sl , f o n s tl ciey v dn re t r a ny us tp e , u h h t l t Ofi e s di no ha s fc e tm e t e l t a r c t Sl n' c nge c r e of he fc r d t ve ufi i nt i o va ua e nd ea t o oa s ha d ou s c onduc ,t Ofi r 'co uc woul be a l e i a or nc wih Gr m ' pr e to f t he tce s nd t d nayz d n cc da e t aha s ot ci n or tpl -e o j dg n s i cru tnc st a ae tns ,u c ran a d r pd y e ovig t i sc nd u me t n ic msa e h t r e e n e ti , n a il v l n s t a boutt a ountof f c t t i nec s a y i a pa tc a st ton,'Gr ha ,490 U. a 397. he m or e ha s e s r n r i ul r iua i ' a m S. t The Ofi r 'de son t t c e Sl n woul no be a unr as bl us off c a co t ha fce s cii o a kl oa d t n e ona e e or e s urs ve he d t ti i a r a ona e us off c t t c e a s pe tt ti fe ng polc Se Fon e v. l ha t s e s bl e or e o a kl us c ha s l ei i e. e t not Comir 5 F. 669,675(t Ci.1 95) Cha v.Gea No.11 1 r e , 6 3d 5h r 9 ; ppel rk, - 2624,201 W L 1 43 2 09 39, at*1 ( D.M ih.Aprl2,201 . Or i t atr tve t Ofi r'woul be enild t 0 E. c i 2) , n he lenai , he fces d tte o qualte i m u t be aus t s Cour ca t nd no c e t t s r l s at s t c i a s pe t ii d m niy c e hi t n i as ha qua e y t e a klng us c whohasonl j tsoppedeva ng ars i avi ain ofas pe tsc tt i lrght ort y us t di ret s olto us c ' onsiutona i s hat 10 ge r Fo t Am e ne al urh ndmentprnc pls woul g ve a ofi e notc t tt c i s h a s pe t i i e d i n fc r ie ha a klng uc us c w oul be unc tt i . d ons iutonal B. T he O f i e s D e i i t U s Phys ca Fo e t Ef ec Sl f c r ' c s on o e i l rc o f t oan' A r s s re t Th Co r n w c n i es wh t e So n h s a c n t uina rg tt b s be td t e u t o o sd r eh r la a o si to l ih o e u j ce o t phys c lf c s c fca l kne srke t t ba k a s rkes t t f ce i or rt e f t t i a or e, pe i i ly e ti s o he c nd ti o he a , n de o f ec ua e a a r s . Co t ui t f c s i t lgh m os f vor bl t Sl n,a t tm e O fi e s Dul k n re t ns r ng he a t n he i t t a a e o oa t he i fc r a a d Ha to a v d o tes e et e s w t poieo fc r ij rd a d snzg igt s b u a n rs n ni e n h c n h y a wo lc fie s n u e n t g ln o u d e s pec ,Sl n. Bas d on O fi e Bur t ' r o c l,O fi e sD ul k a Ha ton kne a s e us t oa e fc r ne t s adi a l fc r a nd r s w t om p itj tp irSla h d atmp e t e a e ars. Ofie Dulk as o s r e t a Ofie on us ro o n a te td o v d re t fc r a lo b ev d h t fc r Bur t w a bl edi a t t Of i r M c if was i o o pai A c r ng t Sl n' ne t s e ng nd ha fce Nf n bvi us n. co di o oa s de ii t tm ony a O fi e t d hi t S e your ha be nd you ba k, g t your ha pos ton es i n tc r ol m o t t G nds hi c e nds be nd you ba k. ( oa De a 1 .The Ofie sçtredkiki o mea hitngmei hi r c ' Sl n p. t 8) ' n tc r i at c ng n s nd ti n my f c . (d. Al u h o o Sla samswa b hid hi ba k So n dd n tp o u ehi a e' 1 ) t g ne f o n' r ' . ho s e n s c la i o r d c s ot r a m a t s tm e. l ed,w he as d t tw a n' un i l t r t tyou ga t m yourot he r t hi i nde n ke k s t tl a e ha i ve he her am ' Sl n a wee ûtg .'(d.a 1 ) Thus e n viwe i t lghtmos fvorbl t r ' oa ns rd t iht' I t 9 . l , ve e d n he i ta a e o Sl n, Sl n di not com pl w ih t Of i er ' i t uc i t pl e hi ar s be nd hi ba k oa oa d y t he fc s ns r tons o ac s m hi s c un i s ei ea trt Ofi e sor r d hi t pu hi am sbehi hi ba tl om tm fe he fc r de e m o t s r nd s ck. The Gr m f t s r quie t Cour t vi w t s t ton fom t pe s c i of a aha ac or e r he t o e he iua i r he r pe tve r a o bl of i r unde t s m e cic sa e . H e e t Cour c nnot i e t f tt e s na e fce r he a r um t nc s r , he t a gnor he ac he u s e e de e t tt c r um s a es s ndiput d vi nc ha he ic t nc uppore Of i r D ul k' be i f Sl an w a a m e t d fce a s le o s r d wih ak f . Boh Ofie sDulk a d Hato k e Soa h d e a e a rs,c u e ij r t t nie t fc r a n rs n n w l n a v d d ret a s d nu y o bot Of i e s Bur t and M c if a w a c i ng t r s s a r s by pe s s i i hi r f al h fc r ne t N f , nd s ontnui o e it r e t r i tng n s e us t f l t ri r i o olow hei nstuctons. Thus,whie t fr t Gr l he is ahnm f or - t s act he everiy of t crm e at t he i i s - doe notw ei i t Of i r ' f vor t s c s ue s gh n he fce s a , he e ond a t r f c or - r r ng of i r nd hid a t s ega di fce s f t a whe he t s pe w a a tve y r i tng a r t- do. a e y nd t r he us ct s c i l es si r es Fur he m or i i cl a l e t bls d unde Fourh Cic t l a t tm e of Sl n' t r e, t s e ry s a i he r t r ui aw t he i oa s a r s t ti i r s bl f a polc of i e t us phys c lf r ,i udi s rki a s pec r e t ha t s ea ona e or ie fc r o e i a o ce ncl ng t i ng us t wih hi cl ed fs a usng mac ,t s t s os it nd i e o ubduea s pe twho r sssa r tby r f i t pr s nt us c e it res e usng o e e hi ha t be c f l W is n v.Fl 429 F. 465,469 ( h Ci.2005) t s pe t s nds o ufed. n lo vnn, 3d 4t r , he us c r f e t pr s nthi ha s t the c ul be ha uf e a pl e unde a r tw he as d e us d o e e s nds o ha o d ndc f d nd ac d r r es n ke t do s A s a r s tofhi nonc pla e one oft polce of i r punc d t pl i ifi t o o. e ul s om i nc , he i fce s he he a ntf n he f c and a he ofi e s aye t pl n ifw ih m a e. l a 467. The Fo t Cicui a fr e ae not r fc r pr d he ai tf t c d. t ur h r t fim d t etil o r' g a t s mmayj d me to teb sso q lfe i miy h ra c u ts rn of u r u g n n h a i f uaiid mmt t . The Cou tfnds t tunde t e t bls d l w a t tm e of Sl n' a r s ,ba ed on t r i ha r he s a i he a t he i oa s r e t s he c r um s a s s r i c t nce ur oundi Sl n' a r s a r a ona e ofi e co d ha bele ng oa s r e t e s bl tc r ul ve i ved t t i w a ha t s ne s a y t us f ce t e f c ua e Sl n' a r t Li t pl i t f i W is Sl n r us d t ce s r o e or o f e t t oa s r es . ke he a n i f n l on, oa ef e o c pl w ih t O f i r ' i t u tons t pl c hi a m s be nd hi ba k s he c d be om y t he fce s ns r c i o ae s r hi s c o oul ha uf e A s a r ul, Of i e s D ul k a Ha ton r ored t f ce t co pl t t a r s . ndc f d. es t f c r a nd r s es t o or o m e e he r e t I e a t Fourh Cic tha prvi l notd,Cifc t r f e t pemi t us of nde d, s he t rui s e ousy e l l ours eus d o i t he e g pr r i t f ce i t s cic sanc s w e w oul be i tng a s pe t w ho i un ppy opo tona e or n he e r um t e , d nvii ny us c s ha a boutan a r s t r s s t ta r s i t hopest tt ofi e s w ils m pl de itr t rt n r s r e t o e it ha r e t n he ha he fc r l i y s s a he ha ik la lt ' Br v.Gimor,278F. 362,369-0 ( h Ci.2002) ibiiy. own ' l e 3d 7 4t r .Theefr Dee nt ae r oe, fnda s r e t ldt s mmayj g n a t So n' cam t eOfie s u e e c siefr eo c hewa ni e o u r ud me t s o la s li h tc r ' s d x e sv o c n e t s on t gr he ound. A c or ngl t e a e no c a m s a i tO f i e s D ul k a H a ton,t t w il c di y, her r li ga ns fc r a nd r s ha l pr ee t ti lasneihe Of i rw a i ve i t i ta t c i ofSl n. oc d o r a t r fce s nvol d n he nii l a klng oa 12 l . V C oncl i us on Because t e i a f ualdi e r di whet Sl w asrunni orst her s act sput egar ng her oan ng opped,and i f s oppe f ho l he ha bee s oppe a t tm e O fi e s Bur t a M c ift c ed hi t d or w ong d n t d, t he i fc r ne t nd N f a kl m t t e go n ,s c ta ara o a l j r c ud tn i t e P an ifsfv r te Co r c n o o h r u d u h h t e s n be u y o l i d n h litf a o , h u t a n t g a t s mmay j d me twi r s e t t t i is e Ho v r t e Co r g a t s mma y rn u r u g n t e p c o hs su . we e , h u t rn s u r h j d me twih rg r t te Ofkes c nd c o c Sla wa o t e go n Ac o dngy, u g n t e ad o h t r' o u t n e o n s n h r u d. c r i l Dee d n s moin f rs mma yj dg n i DENI i p r a GRANTED i pa t Th fn a t' t o u r u me t s o ED n a t nd n r. e c e wilpr e d t ti on t is ofwhehe Ofier Bur t a M c f us d e s i as l oc e o ral he sue t r fc s net nd Nif e xce sve f c w he t klng Sl n. A n a opra e or rs l i s t sda or e n ac i oa ppr i t de ha l s ue hi y. ENTER: s ) Thi da ofAprl 201 y i, 2 J m' - -ur a ese r k Se orUnie St e D it i tJ ni t d at s s rc ud

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