-RSB Whitebey v. Sarrge et al, No. 7:2011cv00105 - Document 40 (W.D. Va. 2011)

Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 12/15/2011. (tvt)

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el R> oe l u: nlme l F FeE s -* A R A 6 iv T O N K ,A Fl tcn DE2 15 2 1 21 I THE UNI N TED STATES DI STRI COURT CT FO R TH E W E STER N D I STR I O F VI G I I CT R N A ROANOKE DI I ON V SI JE FFR EY E.W H I TEBEY , JULA . I BK L tL ERK C A SE N O .7: C V 00105 11 Pl ntf , ai if VS . M EM O R AN D U M O PI I N N O R. S A. ARRGE, AL. c , By: G l n E.C onr e ad Chi fU nied St esD i t i tJudge e t at src D ef endant s. J fr y E.W hie y,a Vigi a i ae pr e ng pr y , fl d t s c vi r g s ac i e fe t be r ni nm t oce di o q ie hi i l i ht ton - pu s nt t 42 U. C. j1 rua o S. 983, alegng t t t defnda polce ofi r 1 vi ltd hi l i ha he e nt i tces o ae s c tt i lrgh swhe t y so d hi f a ta fcvi a i purue a a r se hi ,a onsiutona i t n he t ppe m or r fi olton, s d nd r e t d m nd booke hi f vmi us c ge .2 H e a1 o a l ge t tt us d e s i f c w hie a r tng d m or o har s s le s ha hey e xce s ve or e l r es i hi . He s e m one a y da a . Afe ca e ulr viw oft pa te 's m e ks t r m ges tr r f e e he ri s ubmi so ,t cour s i ns he t c n ld st td fn a t'moi n f rsl r j d me tmus b ga td o te g o n o o cu e ha e e d n s to o v mma y u g n t e r ne n h r u d f qualt e i m uniy. ii d m t 1 Bac ound . kgr A . Pl nt f alegat ons ai i rs l i On M a c 1 2009,W hie y w asdrvi a f i nd' ca i a r s de i a e A she r h 2, t be i ng re s r n e i ntal r a. c mne up t a s o s gn,he s w a sl r gr y f o tp i a ive - a our doorc sti a r st s r e f om t s op ar itng c os he t e t r he t sgn. Tha c rt n pule besdeW hie y' ve c ea ç a d hi polc lght on.' i t a he ld i t be s hil nd û ce s i e i s ' pl Def nda Sa r c e nt rge amet t drve ' wi o he i r s ndow a as d W hiebe E you know how f tyou nd ke t y, û DO as 1 W hiebey namesasdef t endant R . A. are ay l esr e n fr h Ro n k Ci P l e s S rg , oi eg a t o te a o e t oi c y c Depa t ,a C.Aar H elon,who wasaRoanoke Cly polceofi a t tme oft aleged rment nd on t t i fcer t he i he l vi atons Helon i now em pl ol i . t s oyed asaUnied St esM arhali W a ngt D . t at s n shi on, C. Uli a el W hiebey pl tm t y, t eaded guit t a mi ly o sdem e anorc ge ofe ng polce,i e nge har vadi i n xcha f di m is ofot char . or s s al her ges w e e g ng? ' W hie y s d t the w asgoi t s d lm i. Sa r t n as d f r oi ' t be ai ha ng he pee i t r ge he ke or W hie y' d i r s lc ns a r s r ton. W hie y pr t be s r ve ' i e e nd egit a i t be oduc hi na i ed s tonali ntf c to c r de ii a i n a d a s nd uppo tng doc e a i butc d notfnd t r i t a i s nc i w asnothi ca . The ri um nt ton, oul i he eg s r ton, i e t s r of i era ke a n f a d i r slc ns a W hie y e a ned t the di notha a lc ns , fc s d gai or r ve ' i e e, nd t be xpl i ha d ve i e e butt tt pa r or he ha pr ha he pe w k d oduce s ul pr t the ha be n g a ed a rghtt t a lo d ho d ove ha d e r nt i o r ve n t r dway. Sa r w e t hi c ra t n r t ne t W hie he oa r ge nt o s a nd he e ur d o t bey' w i s ndow ,s a i C V t tng: t DM i nut ' r ge nt o s hi l e nd i o doesnotha you r s e ed. W a ta m i e.' Sa r w e t hi ve c e a s co tm e f r ve egit r 3 a tf m i e . Shorl t r fer a bl k- nd- t c rm a ke :K - 'pule up be nd bou our nut s ty he ea t , ac a whie a r d $ 9' l d hi W hie y' ca .Deenda Hetn ( t t dW hie yt se outoft ca.l ta tbe s r f nt lo Helon) ol tbe o tp he r nse d, W hie y dr away,a t of i e sgoti t i ca s a c e hi . t be ove nd he f c r n he r r nd has d m The c s e ha e nded a a a rm e tc pl x l st a m ie f om t s ne oft tafi t n pa t n om e es han l r he ce he r fc sop.W hie ygotoutofhi c ra ta wheea ut( c r a d oppe hi phonea t tbe s a nd s n, r bo 8) a s way r d s r nd tr e ao n a d (a Het n nmn n t c thu wih (i .( htb y sae , 1gv u . u n d r u d n sw lo l i g o ac p t hmj W ie e l ttd 6 ie p' ( t sae wihgundr wn, ntnga ( hie yl 1yfcedownont gr ' Helon) ttd, t a poi i t W tbe ,a a he ound.' W hie y d ai on t gr t be t d l he ound, a Helon puthi kne i W hie ' nd t ' s en t bey' l w e ba k a s o r c nd s d,$( utyouramsbe ndyou. Afe heputaha uf onW hie y' rg m it Het ai 1P1 r hi ' tr ' ndc f tbe s iht s, lon s d,tg i meyourl ta ' ai tq ve ef nn. ' W htb ys i t ' amao h a'p te t n ha easa o my c eta dj s h da ie e ad,t m l j r e l ain a d v c r n t h s n ut a ne kbrcermove ,s bec r ulwihme Im tyngt ge myam outfom unde me, c a e dg o) aef t , ' r i o t r r r l c n' g m y ar outbe us yourknee i i m y bac ' a t et m ca e sn k. ' 3 W hiebey as erst m ont bef et tafi sop, hehad gi t DM V i Roa t s t hat hs or he r fc t ven he n nokehi s na i i ntfca i r ds,whih t copi and a polce leut ntha t d hi t cary hi tonal de ii ton ecor c hey ed, i i ena d ol m o r s r dswih hi whih hedi ecor t m, c d. Helons i çg hutup,' ndhi W hie yove t rghte wihhi pe rs a c n, t ad,tsl 'a t tbe r he i ye t s ppe pr y a syi tlli meyouram. Het t n s a pe rs a t e tmesi W hie y' a ng,dfjve r ' lon he pryed ppe pry hr e i n tbe s ' m ou h a e . t nd yes W hie t trg kiki s ti a s ldl çI c tbr t whydot tIt d tbey t a ted) c ng, pitng, nd ai , () an' eahe, s ha ol y u I samao h a t te t' o wa j r e r pain .' ' Helon pule W hie y ont hi s de gr bbe hi l f a m ,a ha uf ed hi . A n t ld t be o s i , a d s e t r nd ndc f m n b a e a rve a is a t nda st e t d W hie y' e . The polc of i er t n m ul nc r i d, nd t te nt r a e t be s yes i e fc s he ta s o tdW htb yt t s rf so fc /alwh r an rete tdhi e e a an.Hewa r n p re ie e o he heif fiej i, ee u s r ae s y s g i s u a l t s ef rh l a h u a trb igs r y d.Attej i, htb yc mpli e t a h wa n b e o e o af n o r fe en p a e h al W ie e o an d h t e s a he r pa i nta f tlg he de a as t be t ke t a hos t l buthe w asnott ke a a t te nd el i ht a d nd ked o a n o pia , a n t t ttm e. A m a s r t i s tcke sa de e bond. W he s r f s s a fw a ed t t hi ha i gi ta e s ued i t nd ni d n he if t f nt o ake s tnge prnt , hi bey s d, 1 ne d t go t t hos t l t tnger i sca w a t m y he t i i r i sW e ai çI e o o he pia , he i prnt n i, alh s mor i tnt lm notgoi nowheel'A de t t dW hie y,ûg ouc n set nure e mpora , ' ng r' puy ol tbe tYl a e he s a tryo gveupyourfngeprnt.'W hie y si ûg-hos a emybit i t,ae fe u i i r i s' tbe ad,t-j e r l rhrghs r una i na e I m notgi ng up t m .' le bl , ' vi he ' Thedeput plc W hie i ahol ngc l,s yi (g ntlyou gi upyour y a ed tbey n di el a ng,tul i ve fng prnt youc n (i)s et nurel'Si ho sltr t de y ake W hie y,ç eyou i er i s a sc e he s ' x ur ae ,he put s d tbe k Ar r ady t gi up yourfnge prnt ?' A fe W hie y c ple w ih t s pr ed e a nur e e o ve i r i s ' tr t be om i d t hi oc ur , s exa i d hi ,f m ne m ound t thi bl pr s e w a e r m e y hi h,a t d de i t he ha s ood es ur s xte l g nd ol putes hat s dgot ahos tlrghta y.Anhourltr(e nhour a t t ar t,de ist houl o pia i wa ae s ve s fer he res) pute ook pitr so W h tb y sij re a dta s re hm t teho ptl cu e f ie e ' nu is n rn po td i o h s ia. Em e ge r r ncy oom s a ft and t t W hie y' bl a ( ound t pe r s a i t f ook esed t be s ood nd d f he ppe pr y n i. W hiebe w a a it t t hos t la r m a ned t r f t o a a ha fda f m or t' ' t y s dm ted o he pia nd e i he e or w nd l ys or e t s s.D od or di s ge y t c ck t s a us ofa s e t thad be n pl ce i W hie y' hea t et s d ur r o he he t t t nt ha e a dn t be s r t o wee ea le . H os t s af a l ge y t d W hie y t the ha s f r d a m id he r a t c w ks ri r pial t f le dl ol t be ha d uf e e l a t ta k S u )t wh th dh p nkdwhe t e ot rp p e s ry dme' ç e o a a a pe e dl nh) f ke e p r p a e . ' Af e t si i t sat a hortesbr t r hi nc den , t e ut ii oughtt f l w i c i i c r s a i t he olo ng rm nal ha ge ga ns W hie y:()s di ,( drvi wihoutalc ns '( pos e so wihitntt diti e tbe 1 pee ng' 2) i ng t ie e 3) s sin t ne o srbut , maiua ;a ( eudi polc W hie ypl de guit t amide anorc r ofeudi rj na nd 4) l ng ie. tbe ea d ly o s me ha ge l ng polc and pur uan t a pl a ag e m e , he o he cha ge wer nole pr s d. Fort o i e, s to e r e nt t t r r s e l os e he ne c c i t Gene a D it i Cour f Roa onvi ton, he r l s rct t or noke Ciy s nt nc W hie y t s r sx m o hs t e e ed t be o e ve i nt i ionm e ,wih fvem ont s pe d. mprs nt t i hs us nde B. D ef endant Evi s' dence I s p o t f h i moinf rs mmayj d me t d fn a t o fras me a dfee t n u p r o t er to o u r u g n , ee d ns fe o wh t ifrn rh 2 ve son ofe t ,a de a l d i t of i e s'a fdavis. On M a c 1 ,2009,Sgt R . .Sa r ri ven s s t ie n he fc r f i t 4 . A r ge w a s a i ned i hi pa r c ri a Roa s t to n s t ol a n noke pa ki 1 whe he s w a s l rChr l rt a lng r ng ot n a ive ys e r ve i a a hi h r t ofs ed a ong a s c i ofCour l nd Roa w he e t s e lm i i 25 m iespe t g a e pe l e ton ta d r he pe d i t s l r hour Esi a i t tt Chr l r wasgoi a ut45 m ie pe hour Sa r a tva e hi . tm tng ha he ys e ng bo ls r , r ge c i t d s RAD AR uni,w hi h ca c a e t Chr l r ss e a 37 m ie pe hotrast ve c e was t c l ul t d he ys e ' pe d t ls r l he hi l s owi dow n t s op ata s op s gn.5 Sar ge dec de t pul t Chr l rove t add e st l ng o t t i i d o l he ys e r o r s he r i s ofs di i a r i nta a e pule hi ow n c ral i t ot rc a i w a s ue pee ng n es de i l r a, l d s a ongs de he he ar s t s s oppe a t s op sgn,a w a ke up t t d i r sw i w . t d t he t i nd l d o he r ve ' ndo 4 D e endant Sa ge a Helon, al wih Lt Clngenpeeloft RoanokeCiy Polceand f s rr nd t ong t . i he t i Bary Ki er a Fiefght and Emer y M edi Techni an who teat W hie on M ar l2, r nc , r i er genc cal ci r ed t bey ch 20 ,fld afd visi s pp t t mo in frs 09 ie fia t n u or of he to o umma yj gme t r ud n . Sarge t t d hi r runi att end ofhi s f on M ar l2,2009,a f r es e s ada t he s hit ch nd ound i pr ry t ope l f i ng. unctoni Sa r as t drve i hekne why hewa beng soppe a t drverr ple t t r ge ked he i r f w s i t d, nd he i e id ha hewasnots di a vol e r d t theha al ihtt ta c r ' St ndi a t c r pee ng nd unt e e ha d t g o r vel a d. a ng t he a r ' wid w, rg d tce a o o c n itn wihu b r e ma i n c mi fo t itro o n o Sar e ee td n d r o sse t t n u n d r ua a o ng r m he ne ir f j t Chr lr Thedrveri ntfe hi s ft Sa r a J fey W hie he yse . i de ii d m el o rge s efr t bey. Sa r r t ne t hi r ge e ur d o s patolc rt r n t i or ton t o h DM V a NCI da aba est s e i W hie y was r a o u he nf ma i hr ug nd C t s o e f t be wan e W hie Sa r w asi hi vehi l ,Lt Clnge e i or e hi ove t r di t t t d. l r ge n s c e . i npe l nf m d m r he a o ha W hie ha prordeai wih dr a ha be i ve i ahom i de i tgai t bey d i lngs t ugs nd d en nvol d n ci nvesi ton. Sa r c le a ba kup uni t hi l a i a r t e t W hie y' wi r ge a l d c t o s oc ton nd e um d o t be s ndow t ga n m or o i e i or ai Sho ty,Sa r we ba t t par c rt verf W hie y' i ntt a t s nf m ton. rl rge nt ck o he tol a o iy t be s de iy nd o ee i a w a r nt w e e o s a ng a ns hi . f ny r a s r ut t ndi gai t m M ea nwhie, hepolc dipac rnotfe Het t tSa r ne d bac l t ie s the iid lon ha rge ede kup.Att s m e he a tm eSa r a oac d W hie y' c rwi w f t t r tm e Het pule hi ve c eup i r ge ppr he t be s a ndo or he hid i , lon l d s hil be nd W hie y' c r hi tbe s a .Ashedi s W hie y s a y i t Chr lr s nni hi tr a d o, tbe ped wa n he yse , pi ng s ies nd he di e s on Oa a Boulva d.Het i hi par ca , s d W hie a ng a t kl nd e r lon, n s tol r pur ue t bey,a Sa r e go nd r g t i hi c a f l n s ar nd olowed. Dtrngt pur ui,whi h c i d f s ver lbl ks Het s w ti he s t c ontnue or e a oc . lon a W htb yt r w aplsi ba gec nann as b tn eta a p ae t b maiu n o tte ie e h o a tc g i o ti ig u sa c h t p e rd o e r a a u h j wi ndow. Sa r soppe t r tivet bagg e whie Helon con i d pur ui W hiebe r ge t d o ere he i, l t tnue s ng t y. Durng t purui,Clnge i he s t i npee ca i d Het ove t r di t tW hie y wasunde l utone lon r he a o ha t be r i si ton r a e t a s i ofhome i i i Fr nkln Count a wa bei vedt be nve tga i elt d o eres nvasons n a i y nd s le o a m e .6 r d 6 Clngenpeelcautoned bot Sar ge and Helon t tW hiebe mi be a i i h r t ha t y ght nned and s d be houl consder da ous bas on Clngenpeelsper onala a enesst W hiebey had been i i ed i i ed nger , ed i ' s w r hat t mplcat n hom e i i i whi he was s pec ed ofusi a fr m and t W hiebey had bee i ved i nvasons n ch us t ng iear hat t n nvol n s pec ed dr ac i t and wasa çper on ofi e es' i a homi de i tgaton. us t ug tviy E s nt r t' n ci nvesi i 5 Afe ma ng a c e oft ns W hie y s nghi c ri o t pa ki l oft Afon tr ki oupl ur , t be wu s a nt he r ng ot he t G a de Apa t e s H e t pule hi c ri o t l be nd W hie y a s w hi ge outof r n rm nt . lon l d s a nt he ot hi t be nd a m t hi ca a tee on f . A sH e t f l w e on f , s w W hie y nm ni w ih hi l t nd s r nd l oot lon olo d oot he a t be ng t s ef ha oac he ne t l ng isd hsj c e po k t7 A she appr hed t cor rofan aparm entbuidi , W htb y n ie i a k t c e. ie e tt d,t neds ' oppe ur uddenl twadsg-elon)i ana e svesa ea c r ed g mlf et s y o r l t n ggrsi tnc nd onfont hi ac o l fc .8 Hetn sw w h tbe p ligab ih s n sle o j c o t fh s a k t o ke a d a e' l a ' o ie y uln rg t hiy iv r b e t u o i j c e p c t n be i ve t tW hie w a puli a gun f om hi poc tt s le d ha t bey s lng r s ke o hoothi . Fr a di t nc offve m om sa e i f e ,Helon l dt r W hie y So dia hi ' sr k hi on t sdeofhi he d. e t t unge owa d t be ç s nu m'and tuc m t he i s a H e t sm om e um c us hi t t c e W hie y t t s de a k.The i pac di l ed t lon' nt a ed m o a kl t be o he i w l m t s odg he sle o j c fo W h tb y' h n a d i tefl,helf sd o W hi b y' he dh th i r b e t r m ie e s a d n n h alt e t i e f t e s a i te v e s de a k. H e t s a e ,d nl a t t a r s wasc pl t d,w a la e t s e t tt s l r i w l lon t t s t y fer he r e t o om e e s bl o e ha he ive o j c t t b le e wa ag nwa a tal ac r mec lr dc lp o . be tha I eiv d s u s cu ly h o oo e el h ne' ' O nc H e t ha W hie y o t gr e lon d t be n he ound,he c m a om nded t tW hie brng hi ha ha t bey i s nds o f om unde hi body,s ilbe i vi t tW hie y w asa m e ut r r s tl le ng ha t be r d.W hie y di no c pl l t be d t om y. n aza t m ptt c l te o onvi e hi t brng hi ha out H e t s nz k W hie y w ih hi fs s s ve al nc m o i s nds , lon t c t be t s it e r tm e o hi uppe t s W hie y s ildi notr ve lhi ha . H elon t n s a d W hie i s n s r or o. t be tl d e a s nds t he pr ye t bey w ih pe r s a a w a a e t g n c r ofW hie y' ha a ha uf t t ppe pr y nd s bl o ai ontol t be s nds nd ndc f hem be nd hi hi ba k. s c 1 W hiebe cont t y endst ta t spoi i t chas , whe he wasabout60 f ti fontofHelon, ha t hi nt n he e n ee n r t W hie e dr pe hi c lpho .( No.2 p.1 )Heas de est ttec l p nec d b tb y op d s el ne ECF 6, 6. lo ni ha h el ho oul e m it saken f agun. or 8 W hiebey sat t hecoul notphyscaly have t ned hi head t l bac a Helon. He t t es hat d i l ur s o ook k t t s aest thehad t br n bonesi hi neck and had wor a neck br e untlM ar 11 2009,t day t t ha wo oke n s n ac i ch , he beor t si ie t ( No. ,p.1 ) f e hi ncd n . ECF 26 6. 6 Sa r who a rve on t s e oft a r s a trHelon ha tke W hie yt t rge, ri d he c ne he r e t fe t da n tbe o he g ound,s w W hie r s si a f ii t c r a t bey e itng nd a lng o ompl wih Helon' or st brng hi ha o y t t s der o i s nds ut fo unde hi body.Sa r ti dt t iiepan c rm r s rge re o d lz i ompla pr s ur poi s'on W hie y' he d ut int e s e nt' t be s a a e t c nc hi t com pl w ih H e t sc m a ,butSa r shands f und bl on r a o onvi e m o y t lon' om nds r ge' o ood W hie y' he d a s i d of . Sa r di no s e H e t sr ki W hie y. t be s a nd lppe f r ge d t e lon t i ng t be Bo h of i r s a e t tW hie y fr tc pl i ofc tpa n da t a r s w a t fce s t t d ha t be is om a ned hes i t s he r e t s c pl t d, a t d ofi e s t the ha unde gone he r sz ge y. O f i r i m e a e y ca l d a om e e ' nd ol t c r ha ' d r a t lr r fce s m di t l le r c uni t t s e .Res s dpe s me c c W hie y f ij is pr de hi esue to he c ne cue qua rol l he ked tbe or nure , ovi d m w ih dec a i ton f om t pe r s ay, c e d t bl f om hi f c The t e t d a t ont m na i r he ppe pr and l ane he ood r s a e. y r ae s alc on W hie y' rghteyei a tus d hi e wih se iewaer W hie yt d m l ut t be s i ld nd l he s yes t t rl t . tbe ol EM T Ki e t the f l pr s ei hi c s .Ki e c c W hie y' vialsgns f nc r ha et es ur n s he t nc r he ked t be s t i , ound t m t be w ihi no m alr nge ,a c e r d hi f t a por t t boo ng a e I t he o t n r a s nd l a e m or r ns t o he ki r a. n he d c eigae ,al dc c e ke W hi b y svtlsg sa ana dce rdhm f rb o ig o k tn ra j i me is h c d t e ' ia in g i n la e i o o kn . e An t e o fc riv si ai gt ec s fu as c n b g yo maiu n n a t o h r fie n e tg tn h a e o nd e o d a g f r a a e r he j l ca i n w he e Sar ge had r co r d t tr tbag Te tng oft s t nc i bot ba o to r r e ve e he i s gy. s i he ubs a e n h gs id c tdt a t e c nan dattl f81ga o mai a a Ofiil as rc v rdt n iae h t h y o ti e o a o . rms f r u n . fcas lo e o e e wo j cel a t e lulr elphonesa $658 i c s fom W hie y. Ofi r dic r dt tW hie y ha nd n ah r t be tce s s ove e ha t be d bee r l s d on bond on c r ofhom e i s on i Fr nkln Count n e ea e ha ges nva i n a i y. C . Pl ntf s C l m s ai if' ai l hi i t a com pl i ,W hie y as e t d g r c a m sofunr s bl s i ur a n s nii l a nt t be s r e ene al l i ea ona e e z e nd e e svef re I Au us 2 1 a trd fn a t fldt i mo inf rs mma yj dg n, xc si o c . n g t 01 , fe ee d n s ie her to o u r u me t W hie y fld apladi t tt def nda sa t c tc tue asa moton t ame .9 t be ie e ng ha he e nt nd he our onsr d i o nd Dee d n sh v o j ce t W htb y' Aug t2 1a n me t su tmeyfld, e a s fn a t a e be td o ie e s us 0l me d n a n i l ie b c u e W hie y fl i m or t n 21 daysafe hi or gi lc pl i w a s r o t m . t be ied t e ha t r s i na om a nt s e ved n he Rul 1 a( )alowsa ndme tofapla ngwihou c e fom t oppone o t e 5()1 l me n e di t t onsnt r he nt r he c t t n 21da a t t pl di i s r e or21da a trar ponsvepl a ngi s r e our wihi ys fer he ea ng s e v d ys fe es i e di s e v d. 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St andard ofR e ew vi Ana r o s mmayj d me ti a p o raewh nSh p e d n s t ed s o r a d wad f u r u g n s p r p it e û e la i g ,h ic vey n t di c os e m a e i l on t l a a af i vis s s l ur t r a s i e, nd ny fda t how t tt r i no ge ne i s ast a ha he e s nui s ue o ny maeil a ta dt themo n i e tte t j d me ta amatro lw. F d R. v. tra fc n ha t va t s nild o u g n s te f a ' e . Ci P. ' 5 c .Forapa t se denc t rieage neis ofmaeralfc s fcintt a d 6() ry' vi e o as nui sue t i a t ufi e o voi s mmayj d me t i mu t eS u hta ar a o bej r c udrt r avedc f rten n u r u g n ,t s b é c h t e s na l uy o l eu n r it o h o s mo ngpat ' Anderon v.Li rvLobbvsl , U. 2 2 ( 986) l ma ngt s vi ry. ' s bet nc.477 S. 42, 48 1 . n ki hi 1 W hi be as ase t i t sç o t'h tSar ç ube td ( mqt Vigi alw . . t o t 1 t y lo s rs n hi û un'ta rge s j ce hi o r ni a . wih u e c s hi c ns n . ( No. , 2 ) Tot e tn t a W hi be itnd t ssae n a as paaecam s o e t' ECF 29 p. 4. ' he xe t h t t y ne s hi ttme t s e rt li e f rrle ,ii no e sc l ndmu tbes mma iydimis d, uru n t j 1 5 b)l .Whie y o eif t s ns n ia a s u rl s se p s a t o 91 A( ( ) tbe s j ce hi el t Vigi alw b d i ngamo o v hi eo Vigi ar a y . ub e td ms f o r ni a y rvi t r e cl n r ni o dwa s 1 W hiebe aleges i s 2 t y l n ome det lt m edi ca ehe s ai he cal r oughtafe tj ares and appear t tr je r t so compl n abouts ai ome delys. Hedoesnot however s ae any cl cl m ,orf st s a , , tt ear ai act o uppor s a t uch cl m ,alegi t tSargeorH et per onaly underook any acton t del hi acces t adequat ai l ng ha r lon s l t i o ay s so e m edi ca e afert ares . cal r t he r t 9 de e na i t hec ti r r t viw t f t a dr w r s bl i e e esi alg t nni ton,û our s equied o e he ac s nd a ea ona e nf r nc n i ht t mos f r et t nonmovi pa t ' w v.Stoud,1 F. 791 798( h Ci.1 . t avoabl o he ng ry. 'Sha r 3 3d , 4t r 994) A pat s e n s mmayj dg n b ast eiiil u d no s o ngt ea e c o a ry e kig u r u me t e r h nta b r e f h wi h bsn e f g ui is ofmae ilfc.Celtx Co v.Cart,477U. 31 3 ( 986) The t en ne sue tra a t oe m. tet S. 7, 23 1 . n,he bur n s fst t no ovi pa t t s de hi t o he nm ng ry o how t ts h an i s does i f c ,e s . Se ha uc s ue , n a t xi t e Mas hiaEle.ndus. .Lt v. nih Ra oCom.475U. 574,586- ( 986) To tus t e I Co. d. Ze t di , S. 87 1 . fr sals mmayj g n t n n vngp rymu ts t o t mo et a aû r . . cnil o etl u r ud me t he o mo i a t s e f rh r h n t e . s itl me a ofe de ' A nde s 477 U . a 252. Att ve y l s ,t nonm ovi pa t c nnotCc e t vi nce. ' r on, S. t he r ea t he ng r y a lr a e a ge ne i s ofm a e i lf tt ough m er s ul i ort buidi ofone i e e e upon nui s ue t r a ac hr e pec aton he l ng nf r nc a her' Be ev. r 769F. 21 21 ( h Ci.1 (ii Bar c v.Cel exCo , not . al Hadv, ' 2d 3, 4 4t r 985) ctng wik ot m. 73 F. 9 963( hCi.1 6 2d 46, 4t r 984:. 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At i ,48 U. 42, ( 98 )(se r ly, p i e oy ea t u e c o o 4 e t kns 7 S. 50 1 8 t neal a ubl mpl e cs nd r olr f g c saelw whie.. e riighi r s nsbiiispu s ntt saelw' ;sea s Ha e v. o,5 2U. tt a l . xecsn s e po i l e rua o tt a ' e lo fr Mel 0 S. t ) 21 2 (991 (e og zngt tsaeofi al ue i idi du lc p ct i s b e t os i u e j 1 3f r , 6 1 ) rc nii ha tt fci s d n n vi a a a iy s u j c t ut nd r 98 o d ma e c us db t i p rona c du ti vilto ofapli ifsc siu ina rg s . a g s a e y her e s l on c n oain antf' on tt to l iht) 1 l t e aler tve, def 5 n h t na i endant a guet Sa r i entted t qualfed i uniy agai t sr hat r ge s il o ii mm t ns W hiebe scl m sf monet y damages Becaus t cour fndst Sarge i entted t s mar t y' ai or ar . e he t i hat r s il o um y j gme tont me iso t ecamst tt ta fcso a t s e ue tpu s tweeu e s a e ud n he rt f h li ha he r fi tp nd he ubs q n rui r nra on bl s z e t cour need notdeci s at y t qualfed i uniy is ast t eiur s, he t de epar el he ii mm t s ue o hesecl m s SeeHarow ai . l v. t g r d, U. 80 81 ( 98 )(i ngta q lfe i Fiz eal 457 S. 0. 8 1 2 tndi h t uaiid mmuniypr tcsgo r n o fcas t oe t venme t fiil peror i dicr i y f tonsfom labiiy f ci ldamagesw her çhei c f m ng s etonar unc i r i lt or vi e G r onduc doesnotvi a e t t olt cla l e tb ih d sau o yo c nsi i a rg t o whih ar a on bl pe s n woul ha kn ' . e ry sa ls e tt t r r o tt on l ih s f c e s a e ro m d ve own' ) 11 U . Cons . a e I . The a endm e a i st a ls z esoft pe s fom t a tona S. t, m nd. V m nt pple o l ei ur he r on, r r dii l a r t t a of i er sbr e ve ba o phys c lr t a ntofape s s f e dom t w a k dow n t r es s o n fc ' i f r l r i a esr i r on' r e o l he sr t UniedStt v. i -ponce 422U. 873,878( tee. t aes Brgnoni , S. 1975) tf eras na e sofa . t' e o blnes ny -h s z e de ndson aba a e be w ee t publc i e e ta t i vi l sr g t pe s l ei ur pe l nc t n he i nt r s nd he ndi dua ' i ht o r ona s urt fe fom a bir r i e f r nc by l w ofi e s' l ec iy r e r r ta y nt re e e a fc r . d. ' To m a a l ula r tofa i vi ke awf r es n ndi duali hi hom e, he e hi e c a i ofpr va y i n s w r s xpe t ton i c s hi a of i rm us ,wih f w e e i ,o a n a wa r n a t ra s i ofpr ba e ca e t gh, n fce t t e xc ptons bt i r a t f e how ng o bl us o beivet ti vi c le ha ndi dual ommitdt ci c r d.Pa onv. te he rme hage yt New Yor 445U. 573( 98 . k, S. 1 0) Ont publcsr e ,howe ,a ofi e m a lwf l efe ta a r s wihoutawa r nt he i te t ver n fc r y a uly f c n r e t t ra , pr d t theha pr bl ca e.UniedStt Sa a 427U. 38( 976) Pr bl c us ovied ha s oba e us t aes ntna, S. 1 . oba e a e t a r s e s si ,gi n t t t iy oft cic s a s t of i e d d r a ona y t usw orhy o r e t xi t f ve he o alt he r um t nce , he f c r t ha e s bl r t t i onua i ...s t c entt w a r nta pr ntm a i bele ng t tt pettone ha nf ton ufi i o r a ude n n i vi ha he ii r d c ommit o wasc ted r ommitnga ofe e. Be kv. o,379U. 89,91( 964) ti n fns ' c Ohi ' S. 1 . 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A l ba a v. hie, ng e r e vi nce ' a m W t 496 U . 3 3 30 S. 25, 29- ( 990)(iai omit .I a to boht durtonofaTervsopa t naur of 1 ctton ted) n ddiin, t he ai r t nd he t e i si toni i vesmus ber a ona yr ltdi s opet t s pi onst tj tfe t nvetgai t nvol t e s bl eae n c o he us ci ha usiid he i taldet i Brgnoni nii enton. i -ponce,422 U . a 881. S. t 1 2 A t a tc s o f ls i o t Te r s op c t gor a i l w f i t of i e had r a ona e r fi t p a l nt he r v t a e y nd s a ul f he f c r e s bl s pii orpr bl ca e, o be ivet tata fcvi a i had oc ur e a he dii n l us con, oba e us t le ha r fi olton c r d nd lge ty unde t k t c pl t t nec s z i de st s h a s o us ng t C ea ti r i m ea r oo o om e e he es a y nci nt o uc t p, i he t s nt us ve l ns r a o bl a l bl t ve iy ordi pelt ofi e ' s pi on i a s r pe i oftm e. U nie e s na y vaia e o r f s he t c r s us ci n ho t r od i ' ' td Stt v. ci aes Di ovnnni650F. 498,5 5 ( hCi.2011.l dii ntyc ei avai , 3d 06- 07 4t r ) n lge l ompltng ld tafi sop,t ofierma rques t drve ' Slc ns a ve cl r gitai rnl1a r tc t he fc y e t he i rs lie e nd hi e e sr ton, u c ompue c k,a is elatc t' I a 507.Tolwf l e e t d ai ofi tafi tr hec nd sug ike . d. t ' a uly xtnd he urton $ r tc a sopt al f i tgai i oamatrouti t s peoft i talsop,g ofie)mus t o low or nvesi ton nt te sde he co he nii t an fc r t pos e sr as bl s pi on' ofaddii lcrm i la tviy. 1 ft of i rs m pl m a s s e ona e us ci ' tona i na c i t d.I he fce i y kes i resnotdie ty r a e t t nor a f e sofa t a fc sop, e r s h ques i al nquii r c l el t d o he m l ac t r f i t how ve , uc tons one ( no c t do t onve t he enc rt ount ri o s e hi o he t n a l w f s i e ' pr de t y û no e nt om t ng t r ha a ul e zur ,' ovi d he % do t m e ur bl ext nd t dur ton oft s o 'ne es a y t e f c ua e ispur es Ar z v. as a y e he a i he t p' c s r o f e t t t pos . i ona lhnsm,555U. 323,333-4 ( l l o S. 3 2009) . s The Fourh Ci c tf t r ui ound t l m i e s op a i s i Di ova t be unr a ona e, he s- nut t t s ue n ci nni o e s bl b c us t eo tc rs e ttefrt1 miue c n u tn a u j tfe d u -rfikng e a e h fi e p n h is 0 n t s o d cig n nusiid r g ta fc i i tga i i t ad ofi m e a e y begi i t r or c cksno ly pe f r e i a nves i ton ns e m di t l mlng he ec ds he nna l r o m d n t a fc sop c e . 650 F. a 509- 2. The Cour,how e r r e phas z isl esa i he r fi t ont xt 3d t 1 t ve , e m i ed t ong- t bls d nzet t:gq ma mum a ce a elngt ofar i tatcsop c nnotbesae wih l ha sthe xi c ptbl e h outne r fi t a ttd t m at m a i a pr i i n.' l a 511. A l rpe i ofde e i afe a tafi sop m a be he tc l ec s o ' d. t onge r od t nton t r r tc t y j siidb s c f co sa o to -tt d ie ' ie tfc to , o u e sa c e t ttk ln e u tfe y u h a tr s u - fsae rv rs d n iiain c mp tr e r h s ha a e o g r t n us ,oram i m a wai f aK- uni t pr s t s ne.JJ Th o o o mai n ha ual ni l t or 9 t o oce s he ce I e d r f r ua a . j . e a tng f om t open w i m na i r he ndow ofa ve c e d i a ta fc sop gi a o f c rpr ba e hi l ur ng r f i t ves n f i e o bl c u et sa c t a v hil f rd t sa dtus usiisalng rd tnin o tes p c.Untd a s o e r h h t e ce o rz n h j tfe o e ee to f h us e t ie g 13 S ae v. wi, 06F.d 1 3 1 8(t Ci. 01 ) Si lry,fas s c' r s ns t a tts Le s 6 3 9 , 9 4h r 2 0 . mial i u pe ts e po e o n il gals o t s is fa new ,ditnc c i e, he t polc c tt i l m a a r s t le t p t t el i s i t r m t n he i e ons iutonaly y r e t he (us c)f t tci ' Sprnkl,1 F.d a 61 ( ti itr lquottons. s pe t or ha rme. i e 06 3 t 9 omitng nena ' ai ) 2. The lni i T raf i Stop tal fc Thedef nda s e de e e t bls st tSa r ha pr bl c e t pul W hie y e nt ' vi nc sa ihe ha rge d oba e aus o l tbe ove f a s pe t d t a f c vi a i Sa r ,a ex re d polc of i er vi ua l obs r d r or us c e r f i ol ton. r ge n pe i nce i e fc , s ly e ve W hie y' s ed i a r i ntala e a e e ng t pose 25 m ie pe hour s d lm i, t be s pe n es de i r a t xc edi he t d ls r pee i t e tm a e hi s e t be 45 m ie pe hourwhen fr tobs r d,a m e ur d hi s e by r da s i t d s pe d o ls r is e ve nd as e s pe d a r a 37 mie pe hour Sa r sesi ai ofW hiebe ss ed a hi r zm e s e t ls r . rge' tm ton t y' pe nd s ada a ur ment c tt e t ea ona y t us w orhy i or a i n ...s tc e t w a r nta pr ntm a i ons iut d s s bl r t t nf m to r ufi i nt o r a ude n n bei vi 'W hie y had vi a e t posed s ed lm i andt s ite t pr le ng' t be olt d he t pe i t hus atsi d he obabl ca e e us rq ie n a d tn d i Bq k 3 9U. a 91s a t j siyteiiilr fi so e urme t s ei e n c , 7 S. t o s o u tf h nta ta fc tp. W hie y co pl i t t Sa r di no ha a r la e va age poi t es i a e hi t be m a ns ha r ge d t ve e i bl nt nt o tm t s s e s e doc e a i oft r da m e s e e ,a as e t t the w a de ed t rghtt pe d, e ks um nt ton he a r a ur m nt nd s r s ha s ni he i o co r ntt e de of s edi By pl a ng g ly pur ua t a ag e m e w he e t nf o he vi nce pe ng. e di uit s nt o n r e nt r by he s e ng c r w asdi m i s d, e r W hie y wa ve hi r g t conf ontSa r i c r pe di ha ge s s e how ve , t be i d s i ht o r r ge n ou t o rt a us to ofs e ng a hi rg t obt n a pr s nte de e t r pr ng hi ve he cc ai n pe di nd s i ht o ai nd e e vi nc owa d ovi s imoc nceofs di be l e pee ng yondaras bl doubt Toletv. nde s 411U. 258( 973 , e ona e . lt He ron, S. 1 ) . Br v. tdStts 397U. 742,750( 970 . ady Unie ae , S. 1 ) Fort sa edr as ,t c tfndsno ma e i lf ti diput a t whehe t i tal he tt e ons he our i t ra ac n s e s o t r he nii t a fc sop w asr as na e unde t Fourh Am e e a c udest tt de e nt a e r fi t e o bl r he t ndm nt nd oncl ha he f nda s r e ildt s ntte o ummryj udgme a t W hie y' Cli () nt s o tbe s am 1. 1 4 3. The D ur i oft T r fc St aton he af i op l Cli ( ,W hie ase t t Sar ha nopr bl ca ef deani hi as n am 3) tbey s rs hat rge d oba e us or ti ng m l a hedi bec us Sargepr ong s d, a e r oduce no e denc t tW hie y wa s di ha nor s n d vi e ha t be s pee ng, d ea o t c c DM V r co ds s nc W hie y ha ano he f m ofdrve a horza i a ha no o he k e r i e t be d t r or i r ut i ton, nd d vi e e de e t tW hie y ha co m ie a dr of e e, pr abl vi nc ha t be d m t d ug f ns as oven by t f c t tt dr he a t ha he ug c r w a l t rnole pr s d. Re e i t e de a a w hol howeve , he c t i no ha ge s a e l os e vi w ng he vi nce s e, r t our f nds ge ne i s ofm a e i lf d he e ast whe he t t a f c s op on M a c 1 2009 was nui s ue t ra a r o t r he r f i t r h 2, r s bl i e t rs ope ordur ton. ea ona e n ihe c ai Fis ,a s a e Sa r s e r e ed e tm a i ofW hiebe s s e an hi r da r t s t t d, r ge' xpe i nc s i ton t y' pe d d s a r r a ngoft s pec ' s ed ga hi pr bl c us t bei vet tW hie y ha vi a e t e di he us ts pe ve m oba e a e o le ha t be d olt d he ae s e dl ta dj tfe t ei iilso Co c re ty h sr a o a l b le t t htb y ra p e i n usiid h nta tp. n u rn l, i e s n be eif ha W ie e mi h db e s e dn as g v S rg j tfc to t c nd ttep o e i v si ai a e n p e ig lo a e a r e usiiain o o uc h r p r n e tg t ve ac ou r m e st t t a fc s op,s h asr que tng W hie y' lce e, u ng t c t e nt o he r f i t uc e si t be s i ns r nni he i ntfc ton c r pr edt ough a ia eda abas s a c c ngt c lbr ton ofhi de ii a i a d oduc hr val bl t e , nd he ki he a i a i s r da e pm e . a r qui nt Se ond, hi i t r c d i c t st tSa r e f ie t a twih dii nc i c not ng n he e or ndia e ha r g al d o c t lge e n pef r n t s p r si l tafcso d te o p ro me t usiidba k ru c e k . romig hee emisbe rfi t p uis r e fr d mj tfe c g o nd h c s W hie y' o n alega i i c t t tSa r c m e diec l t hi w i t be s w l tons ndi a e ha r ge a r ty o s ndow and a ke f s d or lc ns a r gi t a i t n r t ned t hi c rt r c put rc ks A lhoug W hie i e e nd e sr t on, he e ur o s a o un om e hec . t h t bey c pl i t tSar ge s ntm or tm e t nec s r on t e i tga i ,he a ist the om a ns ha r pe e i han es a y hes nvesi tons dm t ha c udn t r d c et e o ter q e tdd c me t, no s inta j tfe amo ed tie o l o p o u e ih r f h e u se o u n s a miso h t usiid r eald ba kg ound c k oft i nttca i n he di pr de. Eve now ,W hie y of e st c t c r hec he de ii t o d ovi n t be f r he our no doc e a i n verf ng t tt ta c r he pr um nt t o iyi ha he r vel a d oduc d t Sa r pr de hi f l l ga e o r ge ovi d m ul, e l 15 a hort t dr ve a ca on V i gi a r dw a .1 The m er f c t tt c r f drvi w iho ut iy o i r r ni oa ys 6 e a t ha he ha ge or i ng t ut a lc e w asdi m i s pur ua t t pl a agr e en doe notpr t tW hie y' ta l i ens s s ed s nt o he e em t s ove ha t be s r ve cadwa s ce ryvai t tSar eha noj tfc tonf i tgai ' hie y' i ntt 1 r s o lal ld ha rg d usiiai or nvesi tng W tbe s de iy.7 Thid,W hie f ist de ons r t t tt s op l t d l ert ne es a y f t r t bey a l o m t a e ha he t as e ong han c s r or he p r o e f rwh c Sar eh d s fiin lg lu ttc to .l d e net e p ryh sp o ie u p s s o ih rg a u fce t e a j si ain n e d, ih r a t a r vd d i t c twih t tm e oft i ta t a fc s o and W hie y hasr he our t he i he nii l r f i t p, t be oughl e tm a e isdur ton y si t d t ai a a ound ffee m i esf om t tm e Sa ge pule up be i hi untlW hie y c e t tr i t n nut r he i n' ld s de m i t be hos o l ve t s ne. The c ttndsno i c ton f om t r c d t tf fe m i esw a l r ea he ce our i ndi a i r hé e or ha i t en nut s onge t ne e s r f Sa r t c pl t a o i t r c ds c cks g ve W hie y' un ual han c s a y or r ge o om e e ppr pr a e e or he , i n t be s us f ofI a f iur t pr onu D nd a l e o oduce r i t a i Onc Sa r e' c c ng t ed up e de e of eg s r ton. e r g s he ki um vi nc W hie y' pa ti vem e i crm i lac i t a i tga i ,t of i erob a ne ye t be s s nvol nt n i na tviy nd nves i tons he fc ti d t a t rba i f r as no he s s or e onabl s pi i t s e us c on o uppor m o e de aied r c dsc c ng. Spr nkl ,1 t r t l e or he ki i e 06 F. a 61 3d t 7. M o e v r o eS rg d tce teo o o mai n wa t gfo W htb y' c r ro e , nc ar e ee td h d r f r ua a fi r m ie e s a j n wi w ,he i m edi t l obt ned notonl r as bl s pi i t i tga e W hie y f ndo m a e y ai y e ona e us c on o nves i t t be or pos i e i ve e i a dr g- el t d of e e i ad ton t t s pe t d t a fc vi a i but sbl nvol m nt n u r a e f ns , n dii o he us c e r f i ol ton, as o tie p o a ec u et s ac t v h cef rmai a a wi, 0 F.da 1 8 Th lo b an d r b bl a s o e rh he e il o r u n .Le s 6 6 3 t 9 . e j r la lt ofSa r ss ns ofs e lw a s c i d when ofi r s w W hie y t s a e i biiy r ge' e e m l s oon onfnne tce s a t be os ba oft d ' ou t w i ggy he l ug t he ndow a l t rve ii is c e s Thus t t e e t tSa r s nd a e rfed t ont nt . , o he xt nt ha r ge' 1 W hiebey a r t beleve t tdocument her 6 t ppea s o i ha s equesed fom t def t r he endant i dicover ar sn s y e pa'oft r d,butneiherpa t hass it t e docum e st t cour. l he ecor t t ry ubm ted hes nt o he t 1 l Cl m ( , hie y a s t t tSar es me w vi ae hi ç i tt ta el b c r ig 7 n ai 2) W tbe sers ha rg o ho oltd s ç gh o r v ' y ha gn r ' hi f drvi wihouta lcens des t hi pr ton oft tavelcar Eve i W hie coul pr m or i ng t i e, pie s oduc i he r d. n f t bey d ove t tpr ha oducton oft tavelcar wasacomplt def et t scha ge,hef l t demonsr t any i he r d e e ens o hi r ais o t ae c nsi to l p i to h r , st ta fcso is lwa usiidf rohe r a on a t c a g f o tt ina de rvain e e a he r fi t p tef sj tfe o t r e s s nd he h r e or u drvi w ihouta lc e wasdim is i ng t iens s s ed. 16 ca lf a K- uni a t w ai f t tuni ' a rva pr onge t s op pas t tm e r q r d f l or 9 t nd he t or ha t s r i l ol d he t t he i e uie or i s i ton oft t a fc vi a i is l , hi a to lde e i tm e w as s nve tga i he r f i ol ton t e f t s ddii na t nton i uppored by t s pa a e pr ba e c us and w a notunr as bl unde t Fourh Am e e r t o bl a e s e ona e r he t ndm e . nt Fort saed r as ,t c tfndsno ge neis ofma e i lf c i diput a t t he t t e ons he our i nui s ue t ra a t n s e s o he r as bl ne soft t a t c s op a conc udest tde e nt a e e il d t s unm a y e ona e s he r fi t nd l ha f nda s r ntt e o t r j d me ta amatro 1w a t Cli ( ) ( ) a d( ) u g n s te f a s o ams 1 ,2 , n 3 . 4. Probabl C ause f A rrest e or W hie y doe no cl a l r i e a s pa a e c a m sc t be s t e r y a s ny e r t l i once i t r a ona e s oft m ng he e s bl ne s he of i r spur ui ofhi ve c e afe he l f t s e oft tafk s op o t i pur ui ofhi fce ' s t s hi l t r e t he c ne he r t t r he r s t m w he he f e t c ron f t D e e nt as e tt tt e ac i w e e r as bl bec us by n l d he a oo . f nda s s r ha hes tons r e ona e, a e t tm e t c e be n, he had obt ne pr bl c us t ar e tW hie y f one o m o e he i he has ga t y ai d oba e a e o r s t be or r r crm i of ens The courtagr i nal f es. ees. Sa r e' com m a f W hie y t e thi ve c e a t rt K - uni a rve w a a l w f rg s nd or t be o xi s hi l fe he 9 t r i d s a ul t n t t vai tafi so Se Pe vl ni v.Mi ,434U. 1 111n.6( 977 ange t o he ld r fc tp. e nns va a mms S. 06, 1 ) Ck eamotrve cl ha be n lwf l deane f atafi vi ai t polc ofiesma onc o hi e s e a uly ti d or r tc olton,he ie fc r y or rt d i rt ge outoft ve c e w ihou vi a i t Fo t A m e e ' pr c i i de he r ve o t he hi l t t ol tng he urh ndm nt s os rpton ofunra ona es ache a s z es'.Unde Vigi al e s bl e r s nd eiur ' ) r r ni aw, (l pe s who,ha ngrcevedavii eo audi esgna fom a lwany ron vi e i sbl r bl i l r ny a e or m e ofic rt brng hi m ot ve c e t a s o d i s h m o orve cl nf ce nt t e o i s or hi l o t p, r ves uc t hi e i a w il u a w a o di r ga d o s h sgna o who a tm pt t e c pe or n lf l nd nt n s e r f uc i l r te s o s a e ude s l w - or e e of i erwhe he on f ,i t vehi e, by any l uch a enf c m nt fc t r oot n he cl or ot m e ns i g ly ofa Cl s 2 m idem e nor her a , s uit as s a . Vigi aCodej46. 81 r ni 2- 7.Thus whe Sar or rd W hie youtofhi c r a W hie y , n rge dee tbe s a , nd tbe c e i t a t s e on t gasa l ave t s ne t ofi e sr s na y be i ve t thi hos ns e d o t p he nd e he ce , he t c r ea o bl le d ha s a to me t ee nt oft ofe edei di j46. 81 eudi polc a i ditl cins t he lme s he fns fne n 2- 7, l ng ie, nd mme aey ha pr bl c us t pur ue a a r s hi on t tcha ge. Bec 379 U . a 91 A f e t y d oba e a e o s nd r e t m ha r k, S. t . t r he o s r e W htb yt r w ab g yo ma i a ao t h c rwid w d rn t ec a e t e c ud b e v d ie e h o a g f r u n u t e a n o u ig h h s ,h y o l j a s r as bl ha be i ved t the had co m it d a d g- e a e ofens ,t co tt i l o e ona y ve le ha m te nz r l t d f e hus ns iutng a t ri t nc ofpr bl c us s no he ns a e oba e a e uppor i hi a r s . l W hie tng s r e t d. t bey' fi o f ts s lght n oo uppored t H e t sco i lon' ntnued bele , ed on hi o n obs r tons t tW hie y had c m it d,orwas i f bas s w e va i , ha t be om te c tnui t c m i, he ofens ofe udi polce t r by gi ng t ofi e pr bl ca e t on i ng o om t t f e l ng i , he e vi he t c r oba e us o s o W hie y a a r thi on t tc r e,i a ton t a s pec e d ug c r e. Fi ly, tp t be nd r es m ha ha g n ddii o us t d r ha g na l W hie y' s e ntco c i on t c r ofel ng polc pr ve asam a troflw t t t be s ubs que nviton he ha ge udi ie o s te a ha polc ha pr bl c us f t ar t Crme v.Cnzc il 6 F. 9 946( hCi. ie d oba e a e or he res. a r thfed, 48 2d 43, 4t r 1 1.Thus t t extntt tW hie yriesa cam rgadi t ofie s pr ba ec e 98 ) ,o he e ha tbe as ny li e r ng he fc r ' o bl aus t c a ea dar s hi d fn a t aee tte t s mmayj d me t o h s n re t m, e e d n s r nild o u r u g n . C . C l m s A legi Excessve Force on A rres ai l ng i t W hie yalege i Cli ( t tSarea Het us e si f c i ar tng tbe l s n am 6) ha rg nd lon ed xce sve ore n resi hi on M a ch 1 2009 a t tt y e c f l t pr t c hi fom t o he ' us ofe s i m r 2, nd ha he a h aied o o e t m r he t r s e xce sve f ce Def nda sa gue t tt t or . e nt r ha he t s t d f c s'c im t tHelon a Sa r us d onl undipu e a t ' onfr ha t nd r ge e y r s na ef cet a e ea o bl or o ppr hend a a r s W hie y a i t ale nai ,t tt ofi r a e nd r e t t be nd,n he tr tve ha he fce s r e tte t qualfe i muniy agans W hie y' cli f da n ild o iid m t i t tbe s a ms or mage f e e svef c s or xc s i or e. De e m i ng whe he publc of i e s a e en il d t q ii i m uniy i ve t o s e of t r ni t r i f c r r tte o ualted m t nvol s w t ps a l i.Fis,heco t tc i rwhehe,tglke i t lg mos fvorbl t t pat nayss rtt ur mus onsde t r çta n n he iht t a a e o he ry a srigt eij r ,. t ef csalg ds o ( aj h o tc rsc n uc v oae ac nsi to a se t h nu y . h a t le e h w t t t e fi e' o d t i ltd o tt i n l n . h u rgh.'Sa irv. t 533U. 1 201( ) Sl noconsiutona rghtwoul ha be n i t' uce Kaz, S. 94, 2001. tf tt i l i d ve e vi ae ' ve whe t fcsaeviwe i t betlg frt ij edpli ift pli if oltd'e n n he a t r e d n he s iht o he nur antf,he antf c nnotpr vai. I W he e t a l ge f t ha s a e l d. r he le d ac s ve hown a c tt i lvi a i t de e nt ons iutona ol ton, he f nda 18 o fc rwilsilbe s el d fom a 1la lt unde t docrneofqualte i fi e l tl hi de r 1 i biiy r he ti ii d mmuniy i t t f he c nsiutona rghtalege t ha bee vi atd wa nott ea l esa ihe ' tt tme oft o tt i l i l d o ve n ol e s d ry t bls d'a he i cl he icd n .J- Th r f r ,os r ietemoinf rs mmayj g n , h tb ymu t a e n i e t #. e eo e t u vv h to o u r ud me t W ie e s h v saed avi aton ofac tt i rghtt twa cea l esabls on M a c 1 2009,whe tt ol i onsiutonal i ha s l ry t ihed r h 2, n h s fee h sij re . e u frd i n u is $ ti cl a l esabls d t tc tze ha a Fo t A m e m e rghtt be f e f o 1 s e r y t i he ha ii ns ve l ur h nd nt i o re r m unr as bl s i e a om pls d by e e s ve f c ' V alada esv. der 552 F. d 38 e ona e e zur s cc i he xc s i or e. ' l r Cor o, 3 4, 388( hCi. ) l a s si cai ofe si fr eunde t FourhAme nt t 4t r 2009 . n s e sng l ms xce sve o c r he t ndme ,he c u t s a p yasa d r o û b e tv r a o be e s'Grh m v. n o , 9 U. 3 6 3 o r mu t p l tn a d f d j cie e s na ln s. a a Co n r 4 0 S. 8 , 95 o ' ( 98 .Spe ii ly,hec 'mus deer net t rar s bl ofi ri t s me 1 9) ctcal t oul t t mi d he ea ona e fce n he a t whe cru tn e wo l h vec ncu e t a atr a e itdj siy n t epa t u a u eo fr e' ic msa c s ud a o ld d h t l e t x se u tfi g h ri lr s f o c . l c ' Eli tv. a t, F. 640,6 (t Ci.1 (ii Gr ha 490U . a 396- .Thi lot Le vit 99 3d 42 4h r 996) ctng a m, S. t 397) s s a r m anda e d ca e u ba a i ' Fo t Am e e rght ta i tt c e v ii t nda d t s E r f l l nc ng' of ur h a ndm nt i s û ga ns he ount r a lng gove m e a i e e t a s a ' l a 396 û e ogni ng t tt i e of i e sar ofe f ce m nt l nt r s s t t ke. d. t ' ' c zi ha polc f c r e t n or d R t ma es i-e o dj g n si cr u tn e t a a etns , c ran a drpil e ovig o k pl s c n ud me t-n ic msa c s h t r e e un e ti , n a dy v l n ' t (hec t t c i rt f csfom t pes ci ofara ona eofie o t s e a t our musl onsde he a t r he rpe tve e s bl fc r n he c ne, nd a odj d igt o fc rsc n uc wi t e$02 v so o hnd iht'' Clm v Co b a , 8 v i u gn he fie ' o d t t h 2 /0 iin f i sg . ' e . r e u 2 4 h F. 543,550(t Ci.2002)( i Grha 490U. a 396,397) 3d 4h r quotng a m, S. t .Thus tl o e r pus ,knlt ve y h o s o e e e i i ma ltrs e ume e sr i t ep a eo aj d e sc a r'viltst e r h v , v n f t y ae e m l c say n h e c f u g ' h mbes' oae h Fourt A m endm ent Gr h . aham ,490 U . at396. S. D e e m i ng whe hera S e s bl of i e i t s m e c r um s a esw oul ha t r ni t t a ona e fc r n he a r i c t nc d ve c l t tat e e se j tf ngt pa tc a us off c 'rquie af ts ctc oncuded ha hrat xitd usiyi he riulr e ore' e rs ac-pe ii a l i oft pa tc a c r um s a esoft c e a ha 1 a 396- The Gr ha de s on na ys s he ri ul r i c t nc he as t nd. d. t 97. a m ci i 19 ofe st e f cor t c i whe de e mi ng whe he agi n us off cewa e es i f r hr e a t s o onsder n t r ni t r ve e or s xc sve: ()t S e rt oft c i a is '( whehe t s pe tpos sa ti dit t e tt t 1 he l veiy he rme t sue, 2) t r he us c e n tmme ae hra o he s ' s eyoft ofi e sorohe s'a ( whehe t s pe ti û tveyr ssi ars or aft he tc r t r , nd 3) t r he us c s s i l e itng re t ' ac a t m ptng t e de a r s by f i . I a 39 The Fourh Cic thasal o i ca ed t ta te i o va r e t lght' d. t 6. ' t r ui s ndi t ha c nsd rto o t e tn o teplitf sij r ma berlv n i d tr nngwh t e a o ieain f he x e t f h anif nu y y ee a t n eemii eh r n ofi rspatc a us off c wasr s bl Se J v. ha n, F. 5 527(t tce' riulr e ore ea ona e. e ones Buc na 325 3d 20, 4h Ci. 3) Buts W is v.Fl 429F. 465, ( h Ci. )( ntoni onl t r 200 . ee lon ynn, 3d 468 4t r 2005 me i ng y he Grha fcor) a m a t s. A san i talm a t ,W hie c ea l s a e i t com pl i t tSa r lwasnot nii ter t bey l ry t t s n he a nt ha r ge s aound'durngt tmewhenHelo wasa yngt ha r ' i he i tn ppli he ndcufst W hiebe ( No.1a f o t y. ECF t 8. Morove ,W hie y doe notalegea physc la tt tSar c ) e r tbe s l ny ia c ha rge ommitda i thi or te gans m, des rbe a f c f a t teihe ofi rc m it a i thi afe he w a ha uf e c i ny or e ul ct ha t r tce om ted ga ns m t r s ndc f d. Fi ly,i Sa r w asnoti t vi niy w hie H e t w asus ng f ce a ns W hiebe Sa r na l f r ge n he ci t l lon i or gai t t y, r ge ca tbe la e a a bys a rf f lng t pr ve Helon' us off ce Se Randa lv. i e nno i bl s t nde or aii o e nt t s e or . e l Prnc Ge c sCount M d.30 F. 188, ( h Ci.2002 (i ngt t1w e or me ofie or e' y. , 2 3d 204 4t r ) fndi ha a nf ce nt fc r ma i urbysande la lt unde j1 3i he( )knowst taf l ofie i vi ai a y nc t r ibiiy r 98 f 1 ha elow fc r s oltng n i viualsc tt i lrg s ( hasar s na eopporuniyt pr ve t ham;a () ndi d ' onsiutona iht; 2) ea o bl t t o e nt he r nd 3 c e nott a t. Si lry,Het c nnotbela ef f lngt prve Sar fo usng hoos s o c) mia l lon n ibl or aii o e nt rge rm i e es i f ce a ns W hie y, he e W hiebe f ist a l ge t tSa r a i d a f ce xc s ve or gai t t be w r t y a l o le ha r ge pple ny or a i thi Ac r ngl a t t algai i Cli ( t tdee nt usde e sve gans m. codi y, s o he le tons n am 6) ha fnda s e xc si f re S rg i e tte t s mmayj g n , nda t alg to so b sa d rl bl y boh o c , ar e s nild o u r ud me ta s o le ain f y tn e i it , t a i dee nt aeenildt s fnda s r tte o ummayj r udgme onCl m ( . nt ai 6) W hie y a is t the d o a a f om t s ne oft t a fc s op a t Sa r t be dm t ha r ve w y r he ce he r f i t fer r ge c m and hi t e thi ca a t ta t rhe sopped t ca ,he r n f om H e t on f t om ed m o xi s r nd ha fe t he r a r lon oo . Ba e on t s hi t y, he of i e shad pr bl ca e t pur ue a a r s hi f el ng polce. sd hi s or t fc r oba e us o s nd r e t m or udi i He a l ge ,howeve , ha a Helon r up be nd hi , s oppe and t d t ofi e t the le s r t t s t an hi m he t d ol he tc r ha w a gi ng up,he co ple w ih H e t sco m a t tl y f e do n on t gr s vi m id t lon' m nd o sa ac w he ound, he ' ' a v s dHet nta h wa aû j rh at ain 'a dta h wa tyigt g th sa o ta d ie lo h t e s d o e r p te t n h t e s r n o e i nn u s ma ' di e t butc d notdo s bec us oft de e nt sknee i hi ba k.H e f t ra s r st t r c ed, oul o a e he f nda ' n s c urhe s e t ha , de pie hi s a e e s a s t s t t m nt bouthi he tpr e s a hi i biiy t pul hi ha outf om s ar obl m nd s na lt o l s nds r u m e t hi bod Helo s r k hi a nde a h s y, t n t uc m bove t e w ih t pe rs a c s e a t n he ye t he ppe pr y ani t r nd he s a pe rs a i hi f e W hiebe a l ge t tt pe rs ay m ade hi s a t c ng pr yed ppe pr y n s ac . t y le s ha he ppe pr m t r ki ki a s ti bec us he c d notbr t a t ti t end,Helo r l d hi t one s de i nd pi ng, a e l oul ea he, nd ha n he t n ole m o i n or rt ge hol ofhi l f ha a a y t ha uf s de o t d s e t nd nd ppl he ndc f . Co tui W hie y' a l ga i i t lghtm os f vor bl t hi , a l ge H e t nsr ng t be s le tons n he i t a a e o m he le s lon e oye e si f cei t f l ngrs cs ()Helon' poi i aguna W hie ya mpl d xce sve or n he olowi e pe t: a t s ntng t tbe nd or rnghi t 1efc down;( Het sputi akne i W hiebe sba k s t tW hie y dei m o i a e b) lon' tng e n t y' c o ha tbe c dnotc ywiht or t putbohha be ndhi ()Helon' srki W hie y oul ompl t he der o t nds hi m; c t s ti ng tbe wiht pe rs ayc n;a ( Helon' s ayi W hie ywihpe s ay.W hie y' t he ppe pr a nd d) t s pr ng tbe t pper pr tbe s fi fom t tafi sop s e i hi c a t n on f ,ga t ofi r c e rpr bl lght r he r tc t c ne, n s ar nd he oot ve he tce s l a oba e cause t ares hi f el ng polce. They al o sus ed hi ofa dr t aficki ofens o r t m or udi i s pect m ug r t ng f e, ba ed o hi di pos oft ba e durng t c e a w e e a s by t rs r s t t s n s s al he ggi i he has nd r dvi ed hei upe vi or ha W hie y m i htbe a t be g nned and da e ous Thus t tr tGr m f c orw e ghs a ns ng r . , he i s aha a t i gai t W hie y a t a lt s us s off ce Be a e i i pos i e t to oft i t e m a ha t be s o 1 he e e or . c us t s s bl ha ne he nsanc s y ve be nj tte unde t s onda t r Grha fcor,whiet ot ronewa no,hec t e usii d r he ec nd hid a m a t s l he he s tt our 21 wi spaaeya ay et ealg to s Se W aema v Bat n 3 3F.d4 , 81( t Ci. l e rt l n lz h le ain . e tr n . to , 9 3 71 4 4h r l 2005 . ) a. O rder atG un Poi t L i D ow n nt o e W hie y' ow n ale tons de onsr t t tH e t sor r a g poi f W hie t t be s l ga i m t a e ha lon' de t un nt or t bey o 1e do n w a no e e s ve f ce unde t cic sa e . W hie y' beha o i ca e t t i w s t xc s i or r he r um t nc s t be s vi r ndi t d o he of i e sa g c nc t the w oul no c fc r ood ha e ha d t oope a e i t a r twihouta i a i ofs e r t n he r es t pplc ton om f c a t ti w a dif c tt pr c how he w oul r c t t ror r . Thus t t r or e nd ha t s f i ul o edi t d ea t o hei de s , he hid Gr ha f t w e ghs a ns W hie a m ac or i gai t t bey. The s c G r hn f c ori e ly unhe pf t e ond a m a t s qua l l ul o hi . A r as na e ofi runde t cic s a e Helon f e as a l of i er wihout m e o bl tce r he r um t nc s t ac d, one fc , t bac p,c s ng a te ng s pe ti o a a rm e co pl x whe e he m i ha a wea n or ku ha i l ei us c nt n pa t nt m e r ght ve po c r st t n ag ns t of i e , oul ha bele d t tt s pe t e a t rhe s oppe oho t o ur ai t he f c r c d ve i ve ha he us c , ven f e t d vol t r l pos a t e tt hi s e y s fc e tt w a r tt of i er spuli a di pl yi un a iy, ed hr a o s af t uf i i n o r an he fc ' lng nd s a ng hi tr a n durng t a r t 1 s i e n' i he r es . 8 b. K nee i t Back,Bl st t H ead,and Pepper Spray n he ow o he W he a fe ng s pe tvol a iy so a le down i obe e et a ofi e ' or r n l ei us c unt rl t ps nd is n di nc o n fc r s de , a g bl hedoesnotpos t s m edeg e ofrs ort s m el ve ofr s sa eashe di whe r ua y, e he a r e ik he a e l e itnc d n r nni ors andi The Gr ha f c or , e r r uie t c t o vi w t st ton fom u ng t ng. a m a t s how ve , eq r he our t e he iua i r t pe s c i ofa r as bl ofi e unde t s m e c r um s a s l t s c s ,t c t he r pe tve e ona e fc r r he a ic t nce . n hi a e he our c nnoti nor t undiput e denc t tcic sa e s a g e he s ed vi e ha r um t nc s uppor e H e t s r as bl f a t d lon' e ona e e r t tW hie m i htbe a d a da ha t bey g nne nd nger us H e t ha r c ved r la e i or a i n fom hi o . lon d e ei e i bl nf m to r s s r s a utW hie y' c i i hit y a c r ntc i i c r sf home i sonsi upe vior bo t be s rm nal sor nd ure rm nal ha ge or nva i n whi h a fr r m a ha be n us H e ha alo s e W hie y tee f om polc had s e c iea m y ve e ed. d s en t be l r i e, en I l hi af i t Helon doesnotsat t he puled hi gun oror ed W hiebey t t S n s fdavi, t t e hat l s der t o he gr ound;r her he sat t the t at , t es ha houghtacel phonei W hiebey' hand wasa gun and t ed W hiebe l n t s ackl t y t t gr o he ound. 22 W htb yp a ehi ha di hsp c e, n h dp rev damea o j c i W hi be ' h n ta ie e lc s n n i o k t a d a e c ie t l be t n t y s a d h t e 1 t hi nf ton ol r ng s r pe i , lon e s na y hebeive m i htbea gun.9 W ih t s i onua i c o i hi pe s ctve Het r a o bl le d g c d ha bele d t tW hie y' a t m p e s r nde w a a t ly a c r a i or oul ve i ve ha t be s te t d ur e r s c ua l onf ont ton pr t nded c ee oope a i t ga n a nt ge. r ton o i dva a M or ve ,W hie doesnotexpl n why he, a he r pa i ntw ho ha r c nty eo r t bey ai as a t te d ee l r m oved hi ne k br e, an f om polc i t fr tpl ce ore a n w hy he c ea ed hi l f e s c ac r r i e n he i s a xpl i onc l s et ha unde hi body w he he pl ed hi s l on t g ound.Fac ng t s confi tng nd r s n ac m e f he r i he e lc i cic s a s Helon c d r a ona y ha be i ve t tW hiebe s pos toni hi he r r um t nce , t oul e s bl ve le d ha t y' ii ng, s a t co ton sa e e , hi cl i st the c d notr ove hi l f ha f om unde hi bo ndii t t m nt and s a m ha oul em s e t nd r r s dy w e e addii na i c i ns ofa pr t ns ofc r to l ndi ato e e e oope a i a ofco i d r i t nc t polc r ton nd ntnue es s a e o i e o de s Ce t i y,W hie y' a tons a c m e s t ke t t rw ih H e t sot r r r . r a nl t be s c i nd om nt , a n oge he t lon' he i or a i a nf m ton boutt s pe t l tope t ve y r lpos i lt t tW hiebe m i htha a he us c , ef n he r ea sbiiy ha t y g ve wea i t ha co e e unde hi body. pon n he nd nc al d r s Fac d w ih r s r ni s h a s pe tby hi s l , ihoutbac up, n a a ea c e by e t e t ai ng uc us c m efw t k i n r hos n t s pe t Helon coul r s bl ha bele t ta tona physc lf c ofs he us c , t d ea ona y ve ived ha ddii l i a or e ome lmie i td tp wa j tfe t g tW htb y s fl u d rc nr l W he v r a o d r d dn ta h e ete y e s usiid o e ie e a ey n e o to . n eb l r e s i o c iv h desr d r s t H e t a l dl sr k W hie y i t f ce w ih ape r s a c n,s ty i e e ul, lon lege y tuc t be n he a t ppe pr y a horl f l olowed wih bur t oft pe r s a is l . Onc t s pec w ass fci nty di tac e by t s s he ppe pr y t e f e he us t uf i e l sr t d t e f t oft pe r s a H elon r s na y c d have be i ve i s e t r lhi ove he f ec s he ppe pr y, t ea o bl oul le d t af o ol m r e ug t g a hi f e ha and pl ce i i t ha uf . no h o r b s r e nd a t n he ndc f Th n tr o W htb y ssae ij re d e n t i ha an tHet ni t eb ln eo e au e f ie e ' ttd nu is o s o weg g is lo n h aa c f f or t cour m us consderi anal ng t excessi f ce cl m . Jones,325 F. at527. act s he t t i n yzi he ve or ai 3d 1 W hiebey cl m shehad dr 9 t ai opped hi c lphonebef e he sopped t f Helon, butHelon s el or t o ace t t ra on bl c ul ha o roo dt fli o j c, c ul ha b le dW hie e h do h rs c e s a y o d ve vel ke he alng b e t or o d ve eive tb y a te u h o j cs i ldigag hi e i hi cot ngorh nd . b e t,ncu n un, dd n n s l hi a s 23 W hie s isphot a ofhi s fa t t i i nt di pl ng a de p cuton hi r g t bey ubm t ogr phs m el fer he nc de , s ayi e s i ht ey 1d a c k,t e blc ne a al s r t h on hi l rbac Healege t t e e i nd hee he ye a ke d, nd ong c a c s owe k. l s hat hes p y ia ij re o c rdd rngHet n' ef rst ma eh m p o u eh slf h ndfr h sc lnu is c ure u i l s fo t o k i r d c i e t a o o h n c fn , n i e d,h yaetetpeo ijlist b e p ce fo tetp so f r e a d ufig a d nd e t e r h y f n t e o e x e t d r m h y e f o c r a lgedl a id durng t spr s .M or ove ,W hie y doesnotal get tHelon a i d le y pple i hi oce s e r t be le ha t pple a a tona f c afe a yi t ha ny ddii l or e t r ppl ng he ndcuf t hi l tw rs . f o s ef it W htb ycamst a maeil ip tsp e ld su r j dg n , uc a wh t rhs ie e li h t tra d s ue r cu e tnmay u me t s h s ehe i phonec d r as bl ha be n m it ken f a gun;whehe hedr oul e ona y ve e sa or t r oppedhi phonewhie s l nz ng;a a t t pe i i tmewhe he a s d Het ofhi he tco ton a hi nni nd s o he rod n i n dvie lon s ar ndii nd s i biiy t pr na lt o oduce hi l tha asor e Be us t cour m us vi w t s c r tm s a es s ef nd der d. ca e he t t e he e i c l t nc f om t of i r spe s c i how e , he co tfnds no m a e i ldi put off t Bec e t r he fce ' r pe tve, ver t ur i t r a s e ac . aus he undi put e denc i ca est tH e t r as bl c d ha bele d t tt t s ed vi e ndi t ha lon e ona y oul ve i ve ha he ypesoff ce or a id we er as bl unde t cic sa es W hie yha f ie t de o taet tt pple r e ona e r he r um t nc , tbe s al d o m nsr t ha he of i r s a tonsvi a e hi Fourh Am e e rghtt be f e f om e es i polce f ce fce ' c i ol t d s t ndm nt i o re r xc s ve i or . J ones 325 F. a 530- . , 3d t 31 Thec ta s co l our lo ncudest te n i W hie y' ale tonsc d be i em r t d t sae ha ve f tbe s l ga i oul nt e e o t t aF u t Ame d n cam, e rh ls Het ni e tte t s mmayj dg n o t eg o n o rh n me t li n vetee s lo s n i d o u r u me t n h r u d l ofq lfe i muniy.A gove n e ofi ili e il t qua ii d i t t i hi conduc uaii d m t r m nt fca s ntted o lfe mm miy f s t t s notvi a ecla l esabls saut r orconsiutona rght ofwhih ar s na e does olt e ry t ihed tt o y tt i l i s c ea o bl pes n woul ha known. Hal v.Fizc ad, U. 800,81 ( 982) Thus qualfe ro d ve ' row ' t erl 457 S. 81 . , iid i m l iy s el a of i e f om la lt w he he r as na y, ve i m i t ke y, i s t t m m t hi ds n f c r r i biiy n e o bl e n f s a nl beleve ha hi c s onduc c i wiht lw.Peas nv. la n,555U. 223,244- ( t omples t he a ro Calha S. 45 2009) The . c tsi t m us be t t the s a e oft l w 'a t tm e oft e nt a i s ga t our ' nqui. y t l her t t t whe he a t he i he ve s t s ue ve he 24 of i e f i w a ni t thi alege t e t e oft pl i ifw a unc tt i l' J nes 3 fc r a r r ng ha s l d r a m nt he a ntf s ons iutona . o , 25 ' F.dat531( i Hopev.Pez r 536U. 730,7 ( 3 quotng le, S. 40 2002:. Het n ar st he i e il d t qua ii i lo gue hat s ntte o lfed mmuniy,be us i wa cea l esabls d t ca e t s l ry t ihe und rFourh Cic tl a t tme ofW hiebe sar s t ti i r a ona ef apolceofi e e t r ui aw t he i t y' re t ha t s e s bl or i fc r t us a c os d fs s rke a m a t s o e l e i t t i nd ce o ubdue a s pec w ho r s s sa r s by r usng t pr s t us t e i t r e t ef i o e en hi ha t be c f H e cies s ver lca e , tc a l r yi on W is n v.Fl nn, F. s nds o ufed. t e a s s pari ul ry el ng lo y 429 3d 465, 469(t Ci. i al e nf m i i 4h r 2005 .0 I w ison,polcehad sever picesofi or aton supportng a )2 n l r as bl be i ft tW is ha c m it d a c i e a pos d a i m edi t da rt ot r ; e ona e le ha lon d om te r m nd e n m a e nge o he s t s pe t sw ie ha s he us c ' f d oughtpolc i e v nton,r pori t tW is w a dnm k a t arng up i e nt r e i e tng ha l on s nd e i t hous t tt r w a a gt i t hous a s f ar d f t s e y ofhe s l a he he e, ha he e s m n he e, nd he e e or he af t r e f nd r young c l e ,a polc s w W is k s bl t c rhi w i e ha be n drvi a t l her hidr n' nd i e a lon l a e he a s f d e i ng nd e l di t ts w oul notbe goi a he e w ih t i s a lc l ' l a 468. Polce a s r as bl ha he d ng nyw r t he r m l hid. d. t ' i l o e ona y be i ve f om W is sbe ort the wasr i tng a r s :w he o de e t pr e hi hands le d r l on' havi ha ess i r e t n r r d o es nt s t be ha o ndcuf e he w al a a t a d hi hous ,t d t of i e tnott gr b hi ha ,' nd f d, ked w y ow r s e ol he f c r t o a s nds ' a t n a tve y s uf l d w ih t of i e who w a tyi t r sr i hi . l he c i l c f e t he fc r s r ng o e t a n m d. W hie y as e t t thi c e i ditngui ha e f om t W is c e: t c i e of t be s r s ha s as s s i s bl r he l on as he rm s w hi h he w ass pe t d w e e r l i y m i r he ha nott e t ned ha m t a c us c e r e atvel no ; d hr a e r o nyone,ve ba l o r ly r phys c l he di notc r H e t n a t t c e; he ce lphone he c r i d co d no i aly; d onf ont lo fer he has t l a r e ul t 2 The ot rcas Helon ciesalo s 0 he es t t s uppor a fndi t tes a ihed Fourt Cicui pr edent t i ng ha t bls h r t ec r ecogni t ta of i r r onabl belevi t ta s pectwasa zed ha n fce , eas y i ng ha us nned and confont i ,coul r atonal d p o ryus s fk in f r et ganc nto o test to Se And ronv. s l, 7 F. 1 ( h r pe l e u t e t o c o i o r l f h i in. e e s Rus el24 3d 25 4t ua Ci. 01 ( fimi tilc ur' g a tof ud me ta amatroflw o t egr ndofqu lfe r 20 ) a fr ng ra o ts r n j g n s te a n h ou aiid i mmuniy t t ofi def ndantwho s an unar ed s pectwhom t of i beleve wasr t o he fcer e hot m us he fcer i d eachi ng f ag l M c an za v. r es 27F.d 1 2,1 05n.5(t Ci.1 4)( r n ig s mma yj g n or un ; te a n Ka n , 3 00 0 4 h r 99 g a tn u r ud me t on t gr he ound ofqualfed i m uniy,bas on t of i def ndant sundiput and r onabl belef ii m t ed he fcer e ' s ed eas e i ta tes p twa a me ; lot v. a t 99F.d64 6 2( hCi.1 )( r n ig s mmay h t h us ec s r dl Eli ' Le vi t t 3 0, 4 4t r 996 g a tn u r j dg nto t eg o ofq lte i u me n h r und uai d mmunt wheeu s u e e de c idiae t tçmme ael i iy r ndip t d vi n e n c td ha t dit y i bef e frng,Leavitand Chene confont an i oxi t d i vi poi i a gun a t fom onl a or ii t y r ed nt ca e ndi dual ntng t hem r y fw f e a y wihhi tn ront ti e ' . e e t wa t s i ge he rgg r' ) r a ona y ha bee m i t ke f a gun; d opped t ce lphone e r y i t cha e' nd he e s bl ve n s a n or he r he l a l n he s , a vol arl pl e hi s l on t gr unt iy ac d m e f he ound a pr s nt d o ha t t of i er He a s a l ge nd e e e ne nd o he fc . l o le s t thea tm p e t pr s ntt o he hand, waspr ven e fom doi s by He t sown ha te t d o e e he t r but e td r ng o lon' ac i ns a t tH e t i nor d hi ve ba e a tons f t nonc pla . to , nd ha lon g e s r l xpl na i or he om i nce Thes a l ga i ,how e ,do no t ke i o a ounthow W hie y' a tonsc d e le tons ver t a nt cc t be s c i oul r s bl ha be n i er e e by a ofi e unde t t alt oft c r s anc s W hie y ea ona y ve e nt pr t d n tc r r he ot iy he icum t e . t be doe no diput t c e i t tH e t ha e de e ofW hiebe s pas c i i lbe vi , s t s e he ont nton ha lon d vi nc t y' t rm na ha or i l ng pos i e us ofa fr ar . Even a s i t tW hie y a t pt d t s r nde a nc udi s bl e ie m s um ng ha t be tem e o ur e r nd di noti e a d nt nd nyone a har , e t r as bl c ul ha i e pr t d W hie y' ac i nsa ny m H lon e ona y o d ve nt r e e t be s to s ac r ai a hi comm e saspa tofa r et gan t opporuniy t pr uc a fr a m onfont ton nd s nt r us o i he t t o od e ie r f om t de hi body t fr a t of i e . The co tc ude t tt of i r sr as bl r m r s o ie t he f c r ur oncl s ha he fce ' e ona e pe c pton t tW hiebe sac i nspr e e a s t nta r s t t of i ra pot n i ly t r e i ha t y' t o es nt d ubs a i l i k, o he fce nd e t a l o ot r i t a t entcom pl x, a eshi ca e wihi t W is n c t gor i w hi h s m e he s n he parm e pl c s s t n he l o a e y, n c o freij siidt a c mpihr srito ap tn il d ng russ s e t W htb y so o c s u tfe o c o ls etan f oe tal a e o u p c . ie e ' wn y a l ga i nsi c t t the w a no s c s uly ha uf e untlafe t ale d us s off r , le to ndi a e ha s t uc es f l ndc f d i t r he l ge e o ce a t r or doe noti cae a us off c a trHet a ompls d t c fngpr s . nd he ec d s ndi t ny e or e fe lon cc ihe he ufi oce s SeeW is 429F. a 467- (i ngt tc s ainofvi e a trc fngs lon, 3d t 69 tndi ha e sto olnce fe ufi uppori tng quaiidi miy dee e) Thus t cour c ude t tt re tbls 1w a t tmeof lfe mmt t fns . ,he t oncl s ha mde sa ihed a t he i W hie y' a r s on M ar h 1 2009, n ofi e r s bl c dha be ive t tt us of t be s re t c 2, a fc r ea ona y oul ve le d ha he e f c i t m nnne W hiebe alege di notvi a e hi Fo ' Am e or e n he r t y l d d ol t s ul h t ndm e rght The c t nt i . our c l t tHet i enil t s oncudes ha lon s tted o umma yj r udgme o t gr ofquaiid i nt n he ound lfe mmuniya t t so t e si f c algai i Cli ( . he xce sve ore le tons n am 6) 26 D . O t Cl m s her ai Th d f n a t h ven tmo e f rs mma yj d me ta t a yo W htb y' Cli e ee d n s a o v d o u r u g n s o n f ie e s ams ( ,( ,a ( .Assaed,W hie ydi no ce rystf t t s is sa camsi hi 4) 5) nd 7) tt tbe d t lal e orh he e sue s li n s co pl i ,butcl r te t m i hi A ugus 2011 a e m a nt a ii d he n s t m ndm e , nd t c tlbe a l co t u nt a he our i r ly nsr es t sclrfc tona r ai bac t is dic s i t c ant Cli ( a ( hi aiiai s eltng k o sues s used n he ompli . ams 4) nd 5) co e n W hie y' a r ntbeleft the ha a pr ry i t r ti hi nam e a r ci li n iy nc r t be s ppa e i ha s ope t n e es n s nd a a de tt unde V i g ni l w ,whi h Sa r s e r ri a a c r ge om how i rng by lsi W hie nf i ed i tng t bey' na e a r c o t s m nd a e n he c r ng i tum e si s d a t t M a ch 1 2009 i i ta i s he e. Such s a e l w ha gi nsr nt s ue fer he r 2, nc den t s ue r tt a cai aenoti pe ntya to bl und j 1 whih wasi e dt pr tc onl fdea l ms r nde nde l cina e er 983, c ntnde o oe t y e rl rght a notcl m sf whi ht r a e a qua er medisunde sa el w. W rgh v. lns i s nd ai or c he e r de t e e r tt a i t Coli , 766F. 8 ,849( h Ci.1 ) Be a et c thasdee ne t tSar i e il t 2d 41 4t r 985 . c us he our tnui d ha rge s ntted o s mmayj g n a t al e ea camsa an thm,h c u t e l e t e e cs u r ud me t s o 1f d r l li g is i t e o r d ci s o x r ie n s p lme t lu idci no e Cli ()a d()algn sae1w v oainsa dwil u pe na j rs ito v r ams 4 n 5 l ig tt a i lto n l e s mmai d s s t e wih u p eu iea c r igy.S e2 U. C. 1 6 () u rl imis h m to t rj d c c o dn l e 8 S. j 3 7 c. y Assae W hie y' pr K pla ngsa e difc tt unde sa Li r ly c tui t td, t be s o e di r fiul o rt nd. be al onsr ng Cli ( ,W hie ylsss vealS rona lbe t rg s' c tt i lrg s c r c rg s am 7) tbe it e r t s l i ry iht' onsiutona iht, onta t iht, pe pr va y r g s t r g t go a i c i ht , he i ht o bouthi busne sw ihoutdi c os ng i t ne ghbor ,hi rghtnot s i s t sl i t o i s si t be f c t i r m i t hi s l , sr g t be f e i r a r s ors i e e e under o or ed o nc i na e m e f hi i ht o r e d om r e t e zur xc pt f pr pe l w ,' sr gh t f e do ofm ove e w iho t e tofi prs o r a ' hi i t o r e m m nt t ut hr a m i onm e t a hi r g t n , nd s i ht o us r dw a and w a e w a . The he c e t tt de e nt vi a ed hi pe s na e oa ys t r ys n, ont nds ha he f nda s ol t s ro l pr ry r g sunde va i c tt t o lpr s ons a f de a s a ut . 1 Fj jy,je ope t i ht r r ous ons iu i na ovi i nd e r l t t es 2 na j ) . 2 w hiebey alo r s 'st s a el pr ry cl m sagai tSar ge, whi t cour has 1 t s eas el he t t aw ope t ai t ns r ch he t ara y a d e sd a Cli ( )a d ( . le d d r s e s ams 4 n 5) c e t tHet n and Sa r vi a e t rpr es i lo i tonsaspolc ofk e sby ont nds ha lo rge olt d hei of sona blga i ie t r t ki a a ng wayhi f de ala sae rght wihouthi S itn sgnaur .' s e r nd t t i s t s é te i t e' wr The c t us hol pl adi fl by a pr y lt g ntt a l s s rngen s a our m t d e ngs ied o q ii a o e s t i t t ndar t n d ha - t ta i d t f ma pla ngsdr fe by lwye sa s d e ur t tme ioro cli a e ha pple o or l e di a td a r nd houl ns e ha rt i us a ms r no l tbe a et ltga di notpr rypr s nti. Se Hanesv.Ke e ,404 U . 51 520 t os c us he ii nt d ope l e e t e i m r S. 9, ( 972) Gor v. ke,5 F. 11 1151( h Ci.1 .Ont ot rha t s 1 ; don Lee 74 2d 47, 4t r 978) he he nd,hi rq ie n t lb r l c n tu p oâ p e dng d e n t a t a j d e aede urdt e ur me t o ieal o sr e r t la i s o s o me n h t u g s r ' q ie o y r c nsnzt gr . 1 ry' lg l r u n sf rhm. S lv. dc t, 98F.d41 , 7 1 o t c a p oK pa t s e a a g me t o i ' mal En io t9 2 1 41 - 8 ' ( t Ci.1 . 7h r 993) Thec t sr vi wed W hie ss our ha e e tbey' ubmi sonsc r f l i l ng hi i ta c si a e uly, nc udi s niil ompl i , ant hi r s ns t t motont dimis a hi a nd rs ns s( Nos 29and37) W hie s epo e o he i o s s , nd s me ed epo e ECF . . l t c tdoe notdoubtW hie ssnc iy i pr s ntnghi lgala g e sunde c po a e he our s t bey' i ert n e e i se r um nt r or r t a pr ry lw , pr es ,a va i usf r lsaut s a t s metm e t c tc nnot nd ope t a due oc s nd ro ede a tt e , t he a i , he our n de i rfom hi dic so any vibl l lcli sa ii fom hi f cua al ga i . cphe r s s us i ns a e ega am rsng r s a t l le tons A c or ngl w ih t e pton oft Fourh A m e e c ai sa r ady di c s d,t c t c di y, t he xce i he t ndm nt l m l e s us e he our fn i a p o raet s ids t p r p it o umma i d s s wih u p eu ie pu s a tt 28U. C. rl imis t o t rj dc , ru n o y S. j1 5A( ( ) Cli ( a a rlt cai fil rie by W hie y' addii l 91 b)1, am 7) nd ny eaed l ms ary asd tbe s tona s ubmisons si . III I c ncu in,hec u t l ga td fnd n s mo inf rs mmayj d me ta t n o lso t o r wil rn ee a t' to o u r u g n s o pl i if s Fourh Am e a ntf t ndm e cl i s a w ils m a iy di m i s a lot c a m sf t r s nt a m nd l um r l s s 1 her l i or he ea ons sae ptrua t 28U. C.jj 1 c a 1 A( ( ) An a opraeo de wilis t s ttd, ls nt o S. 367() nd 915 b)1 . ppr it r r l sue hi day. 28 The Cl r i diec e t s c esoft sm em or ndum opi on a a om pa ng e k s r t d o end opi hi a ni nd cc nyi or rt pl i i fa t c de o a ntf nd o ouns ofr co d f t de e el e r or he f ndan s t. ENTER:Ths f d yo Dee e, 01 . i S a f cmb r2 1 Chi fUnie St t sD i t i tJ e e t d a e sr c udg

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