Blount v. Davis, et al, No. 7:2011cv00091 - Document 145 (W.D. Va. 2013)

Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION, FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 06/12/2013. (kab)

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e FRK:oFFf u, . el cŠRT a ce 6 nf ATROANOKE, VA FI LED J l2 2 1 U 23 1 I TH E U N I N TED STA TES D I STRI C OU RT CT FOR THE W ESTERN DI STRI OF VI NI CT RGI A RO AN O KE D I I ON V SI JULI C. A , ERK CL BY; DEP LERK D ON ELL J BLO UN T,SR . . , Ci lA c i N o.7: 1 vi ton 1 CV00091 Pl ntf , ai if M EM O R AN DU M O PINIO N .FIN DIN G S O F FA C T.A ND CO NC LU SI N S O F LA W O By:Hon.Gl n E. nr d e Co a W .DAVI ç g. S, 1 J, ChifUnie SttsDititJ e td ae src udge D e e nt . f nda s Thi c s ,pr e l bef et c t olowi a oneda be h ti l semsfom a s a e es nty or he our f l ng y nc ra , t r n i de a t RedOni Stt Prs (t dOni 't toc uredon Dec mbe 1 2009.The nci nt t he on ae ion $ Re on' ha c r ) e r 2, pl ntf ,Done lJ. ount Sr,a V igi a i a epr e ng pr K ,cl i st tt def nda s ai i f l Bl , . r ni nm t oc edi o a m ha he e nt . us d e e s ve f c a ns hi i vi a i oft Ei h A m endm e t t U nied St t e xc s i or e gai t m n ol ton he ght nt o he t a es Consiuton. Fi ng t tt pl ntf ha f ie t pr hi c s by apr ponde a eoft tt i ndi ha he ai if s al d o ove s a e e r nc he e de ,t c twilr e i f voroft de enda s vi nce he our l ul n a he f nt . 1. ProceduralBackground Bl ti i r er t d a Re Oni i Pound,Vigi a.Bl oun s nca c a e t d on n r ni ountfl d hi orgi l ie s i na c pl n i t sm a t r on Fe ua y 25,2011 aleg ng vi a i nsofhi r g s unde t Fi s om ai t n hi te br r , l i ol t o s i ht r he r t a Ei h Am e nd ght ndme st t Unie St t Consiuto a t Re i ousLa Us a nt o he t d aes tt i n, nd he lgi nd e nd l tt i lz dPe s Ac .42U. C.j2000c # s q.OnM a c 26,201 t c tgane nsiutonaie rons t S. c,. e 1 rh 2,he our r td ted fn a t'mo inf rs mma yj d me ta t t epan ifsfrtf l c u t, n r fre h ee d ns to o u r u g n s o h litf is oz o n s a d eerd r t r m ai ng t c s t a Unie St t M a sr t J he e ni wo ount o t d a es gi t a e udge f a opra e pr e ngs or ppr i t oce di , purua t 28U. C.j636( ()B) Thermani t c sdeatwiha us to t t s nt o S. b)1 ( . e i ng wo ount l t cc ains ha c ran c r c i lofi r a Red Oni us e s i f c a i tBl e ti ore tona fce s t on ed xce sve or e ga ns ountdzi i i nt lrng nc de s t tocc r d on D e m be 1 2009 a J 8, 0.U pon r vi w oft e de e t ha ur e ce r 2, nd une 201 e e he vi nc , he ma itaej g f u dt tûo g n ieis e o mae ilfc rmani dip t o whc g srt ud e o n ha k e un su s f tra a t e i n s ue n ih n Bl ountc d pr t tt de e nt ac i nsa i s vi a e hi c tt i lrght . oul ove ha he f nda s' t o t s ue ol t d s ons iutona i s' ' ( p r a d Re o n aina 1) Ac o d n l,h ma itae u g r c mme d dt a t e Re o t n c mme d to t . c r i gy te gsrt j d e e o n e h t h c u t rn t edee d n s moin frs mmayj g n a t b t o Bl t ' rmann o r g a t h fn a t' to o u r ud me t s o oh f omts e iig cams Afe c n ie igBl u tso j cinst t ema itaej dg ' r p r,h c u t d pe li . tr o sd rn o n ' be to o h gsrt u e s e o tt e o r a o td t ema itaesrc mme ainta s mmayj d me tb g a tda t t eJ n 8 20 0 h gsrt ' e o nd to h t u r u g n e rn e s o h u e , 1 cam, u d ci dt e tr u g n a t t eDe e e 1 , 0 9icd n .Re a dn ta li b t e l o n e j d me t s o h c mb r 2 2 0 n ie t g r ig h t ne cl i ,t c t ound t tBl a m he our f ha ountha pr s e a f c ua ques i ast whe he t def nda s d e ent d a t l ton o t r he e nt pus d hi i o a he gua d i a at mptt m a a t et us off cea ns hi .The he m nt not r r n n te o nuf cur he e or gai t m o he us ont c , nd c 'f oul ound t tt vi o f a oft s e lwa i onc us ve ast t ca e ofc a t a t ha he de oot ge he c ne s nc l i t c t d t t t ki Bl ' s n sa e e sa tu ç r s bl f c fnde co d he our hel ha, a ng ounts wor t t m nt s r e,$ ea ona e a t i r ul a c l t tDa sa Boyd a t d wih malci a s ditci e ,a t tt i a tons oncude ha vi nd ce t i ous nd a si nt nt nd ha he r c i ween t r o ag o f i e fr t man and s il . ( e r n u Opn o a 8 9) r o pa t f o d at fo to iti icpi ' M mo a d m ii n t - . h ne ' Blu twav dhsrg t oaj r tila do M a 1 2 3, b n htilwa h l o Blt ' o n ie i ih t u y ra, n n y 6, 01 a e c ra s ed n omts s e r m ai ng cl i . ol e ni am I. l Sum m ar oft Evi y he dence A. The D ecvm ber 12,2009 Inci dent V i e dence deo vi The vi f t ge oft i i nt pl ye num e oustm e a t i l pr desa deo oo a he nc de , a d r i s t r a , ovi n unc r red r c d ofm uc ofwha ha ned i e ae y be or a a t t alege ontove t e or h t ppe mm di tl f e nd fer he l d as t and i hel uli pr di cont t t w ines t tm ony. The handhel vi begi saul, s pf n ovi ng ext o he t s es i d deo ns 1 ema itaej d e i hi rp ra drc mme ain ha e p n dterc r t i ld foa efo t Th gsrt u g ,n s e ot n e o nd t , d x a de h eo d o ncu e o tg rm wo o vi osoft i i t onefom aha de he ncden , r ndhed c m er ope aedbyacore tonalofk e ,a t s cond fom t l a a rt r ci t r nd he e r he çt pi Eye' ur il eca r i t ld i t r whe et i dentocc r d. ç a d 's velanc me a nsale n he oom l r he nci ure w ih t afe m a h ofan i de i whi h Bl unt w hie be ng s r ed hi e ni m e , t he t r t nci nt n c o , l i ev s ve ng al di l s odge t f e ng box f om t f ta soton hi c ldoora t e a ûi ppr i t d he e di r he ood r y l s el nd hr w n dna opr a e s t nce ' ta num be ofco r tona of i e spr en a t s e . I r pons t t s ubs a ' a r r ec i l fc r es t t he c ne z n es e o hi be vi , he of i r be n t pr s ofpl c ng Bl ha or t fce s gi he oce s ai ounti a bul t r r s r i t . Alhough n m a o y e ta n s t i ta l r s s a ,Bl nii ly e it nt ounte nt ly c plesw ih t of i r r ques st pl ce hi ha ve ua l om i t he fce s' e t o a s nds t o h t ta sots heca behandc f d a br htt a herr hr ug he r y l o n ufe nd oug o not oom whe et r tai s r he esr nt wilbea i Oncei t ot r , l ppled. n he her oom known a t ve tbul ,hei m a t kne on t s he si e s de o el he gr ound a hi c ot s a e r m ove H i ha uf s a e r m ove a t ofi e spr pa e t nd s l he r e d. s ndc f r e d, nd he fc r e r o m o hi ha t t fontofhi bod wher t y c n be s lr d i t new r sr i s Ca an ve s nds o he r s y e he a ecze n he e tant . pt i Dem a Ta e, hes pe v sng ofie o t s e ,i dieci t saf a co muni a i wih l r t t u r ii fc r n he c ne s r tng he t f nd m c tng t Bl t oughoutt pr dur .3 T he vi s sBl t l ng ve y l y a oc asonaly ount hr he oce e deo how ount aki r oudl nd c i l ye lng, ge r ly bei co r tvewiht ofi e s Thet de e nt,outit i li but ne al ng ope a i t he tc r . wo f nda s tted n H a m a s t ,s a on e t r sde ofBl ,e c hol ng one ofhi a z t uis t nd ihe i ount a h di s nns. The vi o s s de how o ounts i . hi nt hid fc r s Da st beon Bl ' l f wih Boydt Bl ' rght4 Att spoi , at r ofi e i vi o ounts e t t s andi be nd Bl t ng hi ountpr pa i t u oc t handc f ,a a f t ofi r Ser a Lya l e rng o nl k he uf s nd ourh fce , ge nt l, s andsdi e ty i fontofBl t rcl n r ountr dy t pl ce hi ha i t ne r t a nt . Se r lot r ea o a s nds n he w esr i s ve a he of e sa ei t ve tbul wachi t pr e e Ast ha ufsa er m o d,Da sa ic r r n he si e t ng he oc dur . he ndc f r e ve vi nd Boyd begi t brng Bl ' a m sar mdt t fontofhi bod Ast si ha ni no i ounts r ot o he r s y. hi s ppe ng, Bl un ' lf a m s nl movesf wa d, ti ng Sg .Lyal.Thevi fom t handhed o ts e t r udde y or r srki t l ew r he l c m e a i mosl o c ed by t ofi er 'bodi s a a 1t tca bes e i as n r s ty bs ur he fc s e , nd 1 ha n e n s udde move e n m nt 2Bl t tfed t tt s t e w a a co oc i ofa r ha a toorsr ppe , whienum er ofk e s ount es ii ha he ubsanc s nc ton Ae s ve nd l ti r l ous t r tsiid t ti w a fce . Thevi o ce rydem o tae t t s t econ ane f alm atr e tfe ha t s e s de la l nsr ts hat he ubsanc t i d ec te . 3TaewasaLi t nta t tmeoft i i ntbutha snc bee pr oedt Ca an. t euena t he i he ncde s i e n om t o pt i 4l t sc u tss mmayj d me t pno , swela tema itaej d esrp r a drc mme d to ,twa n hi o r' u r u g n o iin a l s h gsrt u g ' e o t n e o n ain i s i orecl sae t tt parisa ee t Davi washol ngBl ntsrghtam a Boydwa hol nghi lf nc r ty ttd ha he te gr d hat s di ou ' i r nd s di s e t a m.Thedefnda not t se r attil a t vi evi nceconfr t defnda ' cure posto r e nt ed hi ror ra, nd he deo de ims he e nts r nt iin. a t n anum be ofofi r tcklng Bl t t gr md.TheRa d Eyeca e a whie nd he r tce s a i ount o he ot pi m r, l ofe i ac e r rviw oft i de ,onl c ptlesonefamepe t e s ondsa doesnot f rng l a e e he nci nt y a tr r r hr e ec nd s how t e ctm o e whe Bl ' a m be nst m ove.Bot vi oss he xa m nt n ounts r gi o h de how a snl e t ggl bewe n Bl t e ounta anum be oft ofier a t y a tmptt r i contolofBl mtwhiehe nd r he fc s s he te o egan r ot l i on t foor The s nz e e ue f r s ve a m i e ,a t vi s he l . t ggl ns s o e r l nut s nd he deoss how a s f i s nz hi tng c m wih t ofi r c rng Bl . Theofi e s'ha a eno vii ei et roft vi os t he fce s ove i ount fc r nds r t sbl n ihe he de . Ta e i r pe t dl hea d t li Bl t s e a e y r e lng ountt s op r i tng,a Bl ti hea d s utng ç e e o t es s i nd oun s r ho i s as pl s op. B l ' ha a e e nt ly r - e ur a he i pl ce i a w hee cha rt be e i t ' ounts nds r ve ua l e s c ed nd ' s a dn l i o xam ned by asaf nure. t f s W inesst i ony t est m W hiet pari ar i ag e m e on m uc ofwha t pl ei medit l bef ea l he tes e n r e nt h t ook ac m a ey or nd a trt i i nt t i a c sdif rs r y o wha c ed Bl ' a m t m ovef wa d fe he nc de , her c ount fe ha pl n t aus ounts r o or r i o Sg .Lya l a on t degr e off ce us d t r s r i Bl nt 4 l, nd he e or e o e t a n ountonce he w a on t foor s he l . Blu ttsiidt a a t eo fc r mo e hi amsfo h sba kt hi fo tDa i j r e hs o n e tfe h t s h fies v d s r r m i c o s r n, v s e k d i l tan f r r i o Sgt Lya ls a t pum os f l i ta e co a t Bl m t sex a to f r ef ln o wa d nt . l o so e uly nii t nt c . ot ' pl na i n o t al ge ac semsfom hi as e ton t taç a down's ua e ssa he le d t t r s s ri ha d t be ' q d xit mong s m eoft o he ofi r a Red Oni i udi t de e nt i t s c e. B l nta l d t tt s ofi e s tce s t on, ncl ng he f nda s n hi as ou lege ha he e fc r oc sona l at mptt sm ult con a tbewee a i t a a ofieri or rt c eae a ca i ly te o i a e t c t n n nma e nd n fc n de o r t flej si ainf rteo fc r t tc l a db a p io e s Blu ttsiidt a Da s as u tfc to o h fies o a ke n e t rs n r . o n e tfe h t vi itni n lypu h dhsam it Ly l f r u thi ra o , n t tts c e d di pr v kigte n e to al s e i r no al o j s t s e s n a d ha i u c e e n o o n h oh ro fc r it tc ln a df rh rij rn hm .Blu tas tsiidta o c o t e te fie s no a ki g n u te n u ig i o n lo e tfe h t n e n h gr ound,he com pled w ih t oficer r i t he t s' eques sand di notresitt ratem pt t r ectre hi t d s hei t s o e-s t s ha . H e s a e t ti s t oft s t ofi e s ul e s arl be hi f nge sba k,pai uly nds t t d ha n pie hi , he f c r m ce s iy nt s i r c nf l 4 s ez d hi l gs a gougedhi lR e Bl tcli e t hi fnger r mai d s ln f que e s e , nd s e ye. oun am d hat s i s e ne wole or s x w e ks a hes f r a he t i e , nd ufe ed ma oma i hi e t tc i d t bo he hi f t m o hs5 n s ye ha ontnue o t r m or wo nt . The de enda s i contas , esii d t tBl ntm oved hi l f a' f w a d i e i ly f nt , n r t t tfe ha ou s e t l or r nt ntona l m i a a t m p t sr ke Sgt Lya l Of i e sBoyd a D a s al w ih Ca a n Ta e, e tf e n n te t o t i . l. f c r nd vi , ong t pt i t t s ii d ta t e a1 a o fl Blu t ekh slf am f r r it Ly l s rl a trh sh n swee h t h y 1 s w r et o n j r i et r o wad n o al ho t fe i a d r y fee Spec fc l Boyd t sii d t the f tBl r d. ii aly, e tfe ha el ountt ns hi rghtsdei medit l bef e e e si i m a ey or m o ng hi l ta m ,whi h i c t d t hi t tBl ntw a pr pa i t m o . Davi t tfe vi s ef r c ndi a e o m ha ou s e rng o ve s es ii d ta h f lBl u t u d n ya df re ul j r h sam f r r , a i Da i t l ec n r l f h t e et o n s d e l n o c f l ek i r o wa d c usng vs o os o to o y Bl ' l f hand. Da sadn nty de e pus ng Bl untsa' . ounts e t vi ma l nid hi o ' l m A1 oft ofi e st tfed t tby srki Lya la feeng hi ha oft i con r , l he tc r esii ha ti ng l nd r i s nds her tol Bl ountc e t d a da r st tont whih t y ne d t r pond a e svey.The f t rae nge ous iuai o c he ede o es ggr s i l y urher sa e t tBl t t d ha ountr f s d t c e u e o oope a eoncehewason t gr rt he ound,t ki hi a m sunde hi uc ng s r r s body t kee fom beng handc f d.Theofi r a knowl d usng f c a t at mpt d o p r i ufe tce s c edge i or e s hey te e t r i con r o Bl ' hands i l ng by be ng hi tnge sba A l oft , o ega n t ol ver ount s , nc udi ndi s i r ck. l hem howe r de edpo ng orgougi Bl mtse The alo e c de ed a knowldge ofa ve , ni ki ng ot ' ye. y s a h ni ny e S tdown' s f bea ' quada Red Onin,o ofe rpe s ly smultng c a tbe wee a i t t o r ve r onal i a i ont c t n n nma e a da o fc ri o d rt j siyt u eo f re n n fie n r e o u tf he s f o c . B. Kel n Canadaand Be ami Tuc r vi nj n ke l a a t m ptt bol t hi c e by pr ng a c m on pl n orm otve, o mtc l t n n te o ser s as ovi om a i Bl t aled o t sa t ot rRe Oni i t sca mi t ha be n pus d by Ofi e Da st r he t nd wo he d on nma e li ng o ve e he fc r vi mde smia cic sa es Thefr t Kevi Ca i lr r um t nc . is , l n nada t sii d r ga di a i i ntt toc ur e on , e tfe e r ng n nc de ha c r d 5Th Re Ono saf u s wh e au tdBlu tatrteicd n as tsiida tile adn hsijre.He e d in tf n re o v lae o n te h n ie t lo e tf tra rg r ig i nu is r e t tmonyr aedt tBl s fr d s n a a i t hi f e nec andan e r dnes a s li i hi l esi eve l ha ount ufe e ki br sons o s ac , k, kl; e s nd welng n s eA e a s ts ueda get hi fnge sa hand.X-a tke ofBl ' ha a tnge swer ne i ye; nd oû is ma o s i r nd r ys a n ounts nds nd i r e gatve, r i outanyfa ur orboneda ag ulng rct es m c. Se e be 3,2011 w hie of i r a t m pt d t pl c hi i a bul t r r s r i s i pun s e pt m r , l fce s te e o a e m n m a o y e ta nt n i hm nt f t ow i f c a a c r c i lofk er A vi o oft i de s st o ofi er sandi or hr ng e es t or e tona t . de he nci nt how w fc s t ng t Cana ssdes hol ng hi a m sa t y move hi unc f ha fom t ba k t t font o da' i , di s r s he s ufed nds r he c o he r o h sb d Du igt ep o e s Ca d ' rg ta h l b Da i,e k f r r i t te f i o y. rn h r c s, na as ih nn, ed y vs jr s o wad no h ofi e s a ng i f ontofhi . The of i e s i m e a el t ke Ca t c r t ndi n r m f c r m di t y a nada t t gr o he ound a a t m pt nd te t r i co r ofhi ha .Ca dat tfe t tDa spus hi a m f wa d i a a tmpt o egan ntol s nds na esiid ha vi hed s r or r n n te t i ta e c a tw ih one oft of i r . l c r s ,Davi t tted t tCa da m ove hi o nii t ont c t he fce s n ont a t s es ii ha na d s a f war i en i ly i a a t ptt s rke t of i e . nu or d nt tona l n n tem o t i he f c r An t e imaewi s , na nTu k r tsiida o tasmi ricd n t t c u rd oh r n t t s Be jmi c e ,etfe b u i l n ie tha o c re ne a on Aprl3, 0. The vi o f om t s i i nt asw ih t e i vi Bl i 201 de r hi nc de , t hos nvol ng ounta Cana nd da, s w st ofi er a t ptng t pl c Tuc i n bul t y r s r nt a t rhe hast o n f e ho he fc s tem i o a e ker n m a or e tai s f e hr w ec s a ag ad.Du i t ep o e s wi Da i t Tu k rssd , k rsam j r f r r it t e t ur rng h r c s, t vs o c e ' i e Tuc e ' r eks o wad n o h h of i ri f ontofhi , he i t c e by t r m a ni g dsi t r fce n r m and s a kl d he e i ng uar n he oom . H ow e r t ve , he viw ofTuc ra Da si lr l obs m edi t vi o.Tuc r st si ony i no cla a t e ke nd vi s a gey c n he de ke ' e tm s t er s o wheh rDa i o a oh ro fc r s dhm f r r ,u tha Da i wa o eo t t g ads te vs r n te fie pu he i o wad j s t t v s s n f he wo u r hol ng hi a m sdurng t i i nta t the di not ng t pr di s r i he nc de nd ha d hi o ovoke t of i e s us off c he fc r ' e or e. l hi own t s i ony,D a sde e i ta i a c a t Tuc a s t s ii d t tw hie he was n s e tm vi ni d nii tng ny ont c . ker l o e tf e ha l on t g ound bengr sr i d,hi fnge swe ebe bac r a hewaspoked i t e he r i e tane s i r r nt kwa ds nd n he ye. 1 11. A pplcabl L aw i e Ever i nat hast r ghtundert Ei h A m endm entt serve hi t m of y m e he i he ght o s er i ionme wihoute i ûc tela unus lpunihm e 'a t ha ofprs ofi i s mprs nt t ndurng srz nd ua s nt' t he nds ion fcal. l t prs n c e ,t a ndme i ot t i tsfo i n he io ontxt he me nt yr ecs nmae r m nhuma teame a c tons n r t nt nd ondii whiei ioned.'W iln v. nimi 77F. 756,761( hCi.1 .TheEi h l mprs ' lims Be n n, 3d 4t r 996) ght 6 Ame d n d e n t h we e, r hbia1 p iainso f r eta ifitp i o ij r n me t o s o , o v r p o i t la pl to f o c h t n lc an r nu y c a ns prs r .An ofi rawa hast rg ,a t dut t us s h r a ona ef c a gai t ione s tce l ys he i ht nd he y, o e uc e s bl or e s i ne s a y unde t c r um sanc t m a nt i or r s ce s r r he i c t es o i a n de . To e t bls whe he t de e nt vi a ed t Ei h A m e e ,t c t us sa ih t r he f nda s ol t he ght ndm nt he our m t a lz b t s be tv a o j ciec mp n n so t ed fn a t' cin .I Thsa ay i nay e oh u j ci e nd b e tv o o e t f h e e d n s a to s d. i n l ss r qui e d nqui y a t w he he t prs ofi i la t wih a s f c e l cul bl s a e ofm i e rs t i r so t r he i on tc a c ed t uf i i nty pa e t t nd (ubjci c s e tve ompone ) a whehe t de i tono ij yi lce ont i t wa nt, nd t r he prvai r nur nfitd he nmae s s fiinl s ro s( be tv c mpo e t. l . u tce ty e iu o j ci e o n nl' d ' W he a i t c am s asBl tdoeshe e, ha prs ofi i l us d e es i f cei n n nma e l i , oun r t t ion fc a s e xc sve or n vo ai no teEihhAme d nth mu tme t h a yb r e t s tsytes j cie ilto f h g t n me , e s e a e v u d n o aif h ube t v c mp n n .S eW hte v. bes 4 5U.. 2 3 0 21( 9 6 .Th imaemu td mo tae o o e t e ily Al r, 7 S 31 , 2 - 1 8 ) e n t s e nsr t t tt pr s n of i i l a i f r S a i i us y a s di tc ly f t ve y pur e of ha he i o fc a s ppled o ce t lc o l nd a s i a l or he r m pos c us ng ha m , a nota pa tofça good f ih e f r t m ai ai orr t e di c plne. 1 To a i r ' nd ' s r é at f o t o nt n esor s i i ' d. ' do t s t i a e m us s hi , he nm t t how t tt ofi i spos es e a s a e ofm i ofd a onne si t ha he t c al s s d tt nd ç nt w s n he i lc i ofpa n.' I a 322. l de e m i ng whe he a pr s ofi i lha a t d w ih nf i ton i ' d. t n t r ni t r i on t c a s c e t wa onnes,t c t yc i s hfcor a ( )t ne d f t a i to offr ( nt s he our ma onsder uc a t s s: 1 he e or he pplcain oce;2) t rltons pbewe nt ne da t n he eai hi t e he e nd he mountoff c t twa us ( t e e oft ore ha s ed; 3) he xtnt he t ea t s ey ofsa fa i t s a r a ona ype c ve byr s nsbl o fcal ont bass hr t o af t t f nd mna e , s e s bl r ei d e po i e fi i s he i o tefcsk o t t e ( )tee tn o teij r i l td; n ( )a y ef r ma et f h a t n wn o h m; 4 h xe t f h nu y nfi e a d 5 n fo t d o c t m pe t s rt oft f r eus d.l a 321 The e f c or ad t c ti i eri whehe e r he eve iy he o c e d. t . s a t s i he our n nf rng t r t us off ce w asne s ar orw he he t f c wasi e i l ai e a i lc i phys ca he e or ce s y, t r he or e nt ntonaly m d t nfi tng i l hann. I d. I a imaeha etb ihe t s b e tv r q ie n t a fr ewa a pidmaiiu l f n n t s sa ls d he u j cie e urme t h t o c s p le lco sy a ds dsial,h o j ci c mpo n i s tsidb as o ngt a t eh r s frdwa n a itc ly te be t o ne t s aife y h wi h t h am ufe e s ve d rvil' W iki v. ddy,13 S. .11 11 ( 0 .Thi c nbes wnbyexn ni d i a. l ns Ga nont ' 0 Ct 75, 78 201 ) s a ho mi ng t enau ea de tn O t epanifsij re a a id c to o t ea u to fr ea pl d. h t r n x e t f h litf nu is s n n iain f h mo n f o c p i e I . V Fi ngs ofFactand C oncl i ofLaw ndi us ons Thecou ttr tnot sisde e na i t tt vi o evi ncei i oncusveast t r is e t t nni ton ha he de de s nc l i o he c us of Bl m t sa m sr ki Sgt Lya l The vi o f om t ha a e ot ' r t i ng . l. de r he ndhe d ca e a i obs ur d by l m r s c e m uli e of i r ,a t Ra d Eye f a s ps pa tt pr ci e m om e w he Bl ' a m tpl fce s nd he pi oot ge ki s he e s nt n ounts r be n t move. Alhough t i a ofDa sc pt e i t Ra d Eye f agepr de s ga o t he m ges vi a ur d n he pi oot ovi ome r as t be ivet the di notpus Bl ' a m f r r ,6u li t l t c ti c nce e on o le ha d h ounts r o wa d tma ey he our s onvi d t tt vi o evi nce i notr la y s ha he de de s e i bl uppori ofe t rpa t The s e i t ue oft vi os tve ihe r y. am s r he de oft i i nt i vi i a es Ca da a Tucke . A lhough t f a f om t Ca da he nc de s nvol ng nm t na nd r t he oot ge r he na i de pr vi acl rviw oft ofi r a t i t sa m ,i i i nci nt o des ea e he fce s nd he nma e' r t s mpos i et dr w a sbl o a r as bl fln c l i ast t c eofCa da sar m o me . Thevi oft Tucke e ona y i onc uson o he aus n na ' m ve nt deo he r i de i a s l r l unhe pf s m pl bec us i i di tc tt s e t pa tci nt 'ac i . A s nci nt s l o a ge y l ul i y a e t s fi ul o e he r i pa s tons s h,t c ttndst tt vi o e de e doe notgr a l ad t pli ifi pr ngt tt uc he our i ha he de vi nc s e ty i he a ntf n ovi ha he de e nt i e d t c eae ast ton whe e t y coul malci l i lc pan on Bl . f nda s nt nde o r t iua i r by he d i ousy nfit i ount A sw ih t vi o e de ,t c tbeleve t tt r ai ng e de a t he de vi nce he our i s ha he em ni vi nce dduce a d t t i lf l t m e tt pl i if sbur n ofaf im a i l pr ng a c tt i lvi a i by a r a ais o e he a ntf de fr tve y ovi ons iutona ol ton pr ponde a oft evi e. The w hol oft e de e pr s nt whie note ie y e r nce he denc e he vi nc e e ed, l ntr l c ncng one wa ora he ,c t a r a ona edoubton t pl i ifsve son oft e nt . onvi i y not r ass e s bl he antf ri he ve s Fis ,t courtfndscr bl t t tm ony of Ofi s D avi and Boyd i r r t he i edi e he es i tcer s n ecountng t Bl i hat ount 6Da i a ar t l ehi baa easBl ' a m m ove , f lng a ounts r s ali wkw adl f w ad asi hew a c ughtu v s ppe s o os s lnc r y or r f sa nawa e r byt acin. he to 8 m o d hi a m f wa d ofhi own volton.Alho Boyd, ii ve s r or r s ii t ugh postoned on Bl ' rght ounts i , c dl admitd t tt onl pe e who c d bece t n oft c us oft l f n m andi y te ha he y opl oul rai he a e he e t r m o me a e Bl and Da s het sii d t ti a a e t hi t Bl mtl ve nt r ount vi, e tfe ha t ppe r d o m hat ot unged f wa d or r wihou pr t t ovocai n. He saedt thef tBl ' whol body tns be or t move e to t t ha el ounts e e e f e he m nt i c tng t hi t tBl m ove i e i ly.Ofi rDa sa s t tfe cr di yt t ndia i o m ha ount d nt ntona l tce vi l o esiid e bl ha Bl untmoved hi l ta m i e i l Hi de c i i oft e t wa c itntwih t o s ef r ntntonaly. s s rpton he ven s s onsse t he t tm onyoft ot rofi e sa wel a t vi o e de e. Het tte t theha Bl t ' esi he he fc r s l s he de vi nc esi d ha i d o mts ha i a ( r s l k' a t hni us t m a nt i co r ofan i a e w hie hi ha a e nd n t i t oc ' ec que ed o i a n nt ol w nm t l s nds r ot wi eunr tai d.Hee ai d t i wasBl tss her s esr ne xpl ne hat t oun ' udde move e t tc us d hi t n m nt ha a e m o l ehi g i on t ha The f c t tDa sl tcon r oft ha i medit l afe t os s rp he nd. a t ha vi os tol he nd m a ey tr he move e i a i c ton t tt l m nt s n ndia i ha he unge f r r wasi ta e by Bl o wa d niit d ounta c nd nmeasa s prs ur ie t D a s D a sal o t tfed t ta trhe l tco r oft ha he a i d pr s e t t ba k o vi . vi s es ii ha fe os nt ol he nd pple es ur o he c ofBl ' anu andti t mane ri a y fom Sgt Lyal,e ai ng t i e aef l ounts red o uve t wa r . l xpl ni he mm di t al f wa d. or r The c ta s fndsc e bl t of i e s t s i o r ga di t s e t ken t our l o i r di e he fc r ' e tm ny e r ng he t ps a o r es a ih c r onc t s r ggl be e t bls ontol e he t u e gan. The of i e s w e e ca d a fc r r ndi boutt i a i to of he r pplca i n pr s eon Bl ntsfnge sasam e nsofe i t m t r - e ehi han .Alhoug es ur ou ' i r a nablng he o e s cur s ds t h Blu ts f rdij re ,h yweer ltv l mida dweec n itn wihwha wo l b o n ufee n u is t e r eaiey l n r o sse t t t ud e e c e t occ durng a s um be w e n m uli e of i r a a r s s i i a e. A nd a t xpe t d o ur i cr t e tpl fce s nd e itng nm t lhoug h t c tfndst tB l he our i ha ountw asnotove l co ba i w ih t of e s once he w a o t ry m tve t he fc r s n he gr m d,he c e z y r i t d t i e f t t r - e ur hi ha ,a t s 1 d t t i l c i of ot l a l es s e he r f or s o e s c e s nds nd hi e o he nti ton g e trij re . rae nu is 9 The c ta s not t tt of i e s de e nort oughou t i i ntc s sdoubton our l o es ha he f c r ' m a hr t he nc de a t t pl i if' t or oft c s . The co tJnds t t ofi e sco he a ntf s he y he a e ur i hat he f c r nduc e t m s l s t d he e ve p o e so al a dh ma l i d aigwi a imaewh h dj ts r y da o n xiu a d r f sin l n u ney n e ln t n n t o a us p a e n b o o s n y h dange ouss t nc o t rc wor r . UnderCa ai Tae' die ton,t ofk e ss f y r ubsa e n hei o- ke s pt n t s r c i he t r a el r m ove Bl untf om hi c l a tans e r d hi t t vesi e w he e he w a pl e i e d o r s e l nd r f r e m o he tbul r s ac d n a bul t y r t a nt , pr pe r a ton t hi of e e. A lhough no phys c ly r s s a ,Bl m a or esr i s a o r e c i o s f ns t t i a l e it nt ount wa ve baly co ba i wih t ofi e sa a a st ha bee i a voltl sa eofmi l s r l m tve t he fc r nd ppe r o ve n n a ie t t nd. n co r s,t ofi e swer r tai a pr e sona ,a a nta t he fc r e esr ned nd of s i l nd ppea e sm pl t betyi t r d i y o r ng o p rom ter o i s c rngads ztveimae Th a pe rnc o t ea ssi ofc r i t e ef r h i j b n e u i in pi n t . e p aa e f h s itng fies n h ves i e a s be i s t pl ntf sac ountofa pr m e t t or hesr t d a s ul . The e w e e a tbul l o le he ai if c e dia ed, c t a e s a t r r hal doz n o he g r pr s twhieBl wasbeng r tai d,a t y a a e t be f e t r ua ds e en l ount i esr ne nd he ppe r d o c ualy obs r i t pr e e,r a t a ss onl i ne es a y.Oneoft ofi e swas as l e v ng he oc dur e dy o s it y f c s r he tc r souc d a i tt w al Alhough s eoft ofier e nt ly di as itBoyd a Da si l he ga ns he l. t om he fc s ve ual d s s nd vi n s c i Bl e urng ountal hi a srke Sg .Lyal,t de e nora a fer s nu ti s t l he m a nd ppea a oft epr e r nce hos es nt smpl doesnotc i y ompor wih apl n t wa onl i lc pan. t t a o nt y nfit i H ow e r t c tdoe not isbe i ft tBl unthass c de i r i i s e ve , he our s e t le ha o uc ee d n a sng om s pii n ba e on t c us c o s d he ompa ion bewee t i i n wih Bl a t eofCa daa rs t n he nc de t t ount nd hos na nd Tucke . The f ct s z oundi a1t eei i nt a e r m a ka y sm ia t O a he .Ea h r a s ur ng 1 hz nc de s r e r bl i l r o ne not r c be nsw ih a i a e huri f c a t gua ds ea h i ve t s e n pr es of gi t n nm t lng e es t he r ; c nvol s he ubs que t oc s pl i t i a e i am bul t y r tai s a lt e i a esa e a l ged t ha s ac ng he nm t n a or esr nt ' l hr e nm t r le , o ve hove t i d he r amsf wad i oa ofi e a e cl t smese i t pr es;t ij iss frdbyt r or r nt n tc r t xa ty he a tp n he oc s he nure ufee he i a esa e s m ia 'a m os i po t nty,a lt ee i i nt i ve D a shol ng t i a e' nm t r i l r nd, t m r a l 1 hr nc de s nvol , vi di he nm t s a m d i t a l ge m ove ent D a st s ii d t tt onl i t nc ofw hi he w a a a e r ur ng he le d m . vi e tf e ha he y ns a es ch s w r 10 ofan i t srki a ofie durng t a i a i ofa bult y r sr nt we et t e nma e ti ng n fc r i he pplc ton m a or e tai s r he hr e c i r d a ti l l i ave yt ua c ncde t ti a e woul o y a tmpts h a onsde e t ra . t s r mus l oi i nce ha nm t s d nl te uc m a uve w ih D a s i ve D a shi s l not d t sr nge soft s f c a ha no ne r t vi nvol d. vi m e f e he t a nes hi a t nd d r s d e a ton f i.Bas d on t smia iy oft i i nt,i wo d notbe ea one xplna i or t e he i lrt he nc de s t ul unr as na e t c ude t tD a s i ve e i a 1t ee i s pi i us e o bl o oncl ha vi ' nvol m nt n 1 hr s us c o . The c ta s not isc our l o es t once n ove t f c t tnone oft t ee i i nt r s t i r r he a t ha he hr nc de s e uled n f m a dici i r a to a i tt i t s An i ta c r wastld by Sgt Lyali or l s plna y c i n gans he nma e . niil ha ge ie . l n Bl ' ca e, i w asnotpur ue A 1 t ee i de si ve alega i ofa li a e ount s s but t s d. l hr nci nt nvol d l tons ! nm t i e i ly s rki a of i r a s r ousof e e ye t ac s uli a e y w e unpuni hed. nt ntona l t i ng n fce , e i f ns , t he t tm t l nt s Alhoug t r ma be ma pe f c l be gn e a tonsf t sl c ofdii nc ,one t h he e y ny re ty ni xpl na i or hi a k lge e p tnilusiiai nmih bead sr t s e t ematru d rt r ga a i ivetg tv oe ta j tfc to g t e ie o we p h te n e he u nd vod n siaie s nzi c tny. A loge her i w e g ng t pari s c lc i a co s t cour be i vest e de e t t , n i hi he te ' onfi tng c unt , he t le he vi nc i s n uppor ofe c t bei e poie.Be us t pli tf ca rest bur n ofpr ng e h of t a h o n qui s ca e he a n if r i he de ovi ac t e e nt ofhi c am by apr ponde a e oft evi nce t c ti c he l me s s li e r nc he de , he our s ompeled t nle i l o l n fvo oft defnda s Se UniedStt v. a aa 592F. 621 631( h Ci.201 (ia r he e nt. e t aes M ni n, 3d , 4t r 0) ll -he bur n ofs de howi s ng omet ngby apr ponde anc oft evi nce...r quie t tiroff tt hi e r e he de e r s he re ac o bele t tt e se eofafc i mor pr et nisnone se e.)(uoai mar ive ha he xitnc a t s e obabl ha t xitnc ' q tton ks ' o te ) seas M c a v Uni dS ae , 9F.d 1 0 ,1 0 ( t Ci.1 8 )(fimiga mitd ; e lo Ne l . t tts 68 2 2 0 2 2 4h r 9 2 afr n e fndi f t dee ntwheet e de wasi e pos ) Uli tl t c tfndst i ng or he fnda r he vi nce n qui ie. tmaey,he our i he l k ofc e rvi o e de ofwho i ta e Bl ' ar m o me t be dipostvei t ac l a de vi nce niit d ounts m ve nt o s ii n he m ater Thi f i crii t Bl ' case,because w ihouti t courtcannotsay t t t . s act s tcal o ount s t t he hat he of i s'use off ce w asw ant and ai ed a m alci y i lctng pai The W hil f or fcer or on m t i ousl nfi i n. tev act s 11 exa i i pa t t ne f t a i a i off c a t e e toft t ea r s na y m ne,n r, he ed or he pplc ton or e nd he xt n he hr t ea o bl per e ve by t ofi e s W hilv, U. a 321.Thene t t kl Bl mta r - e r hi c i d he tc r . te 475 S. t ed o ac e ot nd e s cu e s handst oug f c a wel a t t ea hepos t t ofk e s de ndsl r l o who wa hr h or e, s l s he hr t ed o he t r , pe a gey n s r ponsbl f t at r ton i t fr tpl c W ihou adetr i ton t tt de e n s es i e or he le cai n he is a e. t t e m na i ha he f nda t i e i l c e t t st ton,i c nno bes i t tt i r pons wasa yt ngm or t n G nt ntonaly r aed he iua i t a t ad ha her es e n hi e ha t a good f ih ef or t m a nt i orr s or di ci i ' l a 320.The vi ,i oncl i a be t at f t o i an e t e s plne. d. t ' deos nc us ve t s , sm pl do notena e t c t o c l t ti i m or lkel t n nott tD a si e i ly i y bl he our t onc ude ha t s e i y ha ha vi nt ntona l pus d Bl un ' a m i o Sgt Lya l W iht r i ng t tm o a a co t oft t e he o ts r nt . l. t he ema ni esi nil c un s he hr e i i t i s r c lc ,Bl ha smpl f l t pr by apr ponde a e oft e de e ncden s n ha p onfit ount s i y aied o ove e r nc he vi nc t tt de e nt us d e e svef cei vi a i oft Ei h Am e e . ha he f nda s e xc s i or n olton he ght ndm nt V. Concuson l i Fo tera o ssae a o e t ec u t l e tr u g n i f v ro t edee d n s r h e s n ttd b v ,h o r wi ne j d me t n a o f h fn a t. l TheClr i die t d t s nd c rii c e oft sme or ndum o ni n a t e k s r c e o e e tfed opi s hi m a pi o nd he a ompa ng or rt t pli ifa t a1 co elofr cor cc nyi de o he a ntf nd o 1 uns e d. ENTER :Thi 1 N d yo J n , 01 s 3 a f u e 2 3. ChifUnie St t sDititJ e t d a e src udge 1 2

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