Rivers v. Director, Virginia Department of Corrections, No. 7:2010cv00578 - Document 15 (W.D. Va. 2011)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge James C. Turk on 7/6/2011. (tvt)
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rl ERn QFFI U, DI X tRT CE @, MT. ) ATROANDKE, VA rlEr lt û I TH E UN I N TED STA TES D I STR I C O U R T CT FO R TH E W E STER N D I STR I O F V I G I I CT R N A R oanoke D i son vi i JUL 26 2 1 21 B;IC DL CEK YL %X LR J U ' t l NA TH A NI T . I EL R VER S, C i lA c i N o.7: c 00578 vi ton 10- v- Pe ii r ttone ' M EM OR ANDUM O PI ON NI V. D ll ' o R .V IR G I IA tEc r N DEPARTM kNT oFcouuEcTl oxs, Res pondent . By:Jam es C .T urk Seni U nied St es D i ri Judge or t at st ct Thi ma trc sbef et Cour onPeii rNaha e T.Ri r '(s ves' peii s te ome or he t ttone t nil ve s ç r' tton Ri ) f rawrto h b a c r u p rua tt 2 U. C. 2 5 ( No.1 . Re p n e tDie t ro o i f a e s o p s u s n o 8 S. j 2 4 ECF ) s o d n rco f t Vigi a De t ntof Corecins (s rcor' fl hi Rul 5 a we a moton t he r ni parme r to t e t ' ied s e ns r nd i o Di ) dimisa t mat i now rpef diposton. Fort f e ng r s ,Ri r 'j 2254 s s nd he ter s i or s ii he orgoi ea ons ve s pe ii w ilbe D I I tton l SM SSED . 1. Background and ProceduralH i t s ory On Novem ber 1 2007, i r ,a s l - of s d m e be ofa Bl 3, R ve s e fpr es e m r oods ga and hi f i nd ng, s re Gr or J c on ta le f om H a r s eg y a ks r ve l d r r i onbur Vi gi a t St unt n,V i gi a a pa ked ac os g, r ni o a o r ni nd r r s t sr tfom a7- e n c he tee r Elve onve e e so e.Ri sand J c on puton banda wih c or t ni nc t r ver a ks nas t ol s o i ntf t i ga a fla i a e e ed t s o e. J c on e e e t s or f r ta de a d de iy he r ng f ii ton nd nt r he t r a ks nt r d he t e i s nd m nde m one fom t c e k. W hen t cl r had ditc t w ih t c h dr w e ,J c on poi e a y r he l r he e k fi uly t he as a r a ks nt d gun a t c e k' he t he l r s ad. The g w as a t ly a pl tc BB gt ,butl un c ua l asi m ooke lke a r alha un. d i e ndg The cl k handed overt m oney f om t cas draw erand Ri s and Jackson exied t s or er he r he h ver t he t e. On A pr l23,2008,Ri s pl guit t t o cr m es i t Ci cui Cour f t Ciy of i ver ed ly o w i n he r t t or he t St unt r bbe y and pa tc pa i i a r bbe y a t die ton of i as oc a i w ih,or t a on: o r r i i tng n o r t he r c i , n s i ton t o LERK be t a c i i ls r e ga nek rm na t e t ng. Ri r t s ii d a hi g ly pl a c l ve s e tt e t s uit e oloquy unde oa h. I r pons r t n es e t tej d e sq e to , v r a re ta h h d dsuse t ec a g sa t i ee nswi o h u g ' u sins Rie s g e d h t e a ic sd h h r e nd her lme t t h hi c s ouns l f l under t t m ,and kne w ha t Co m onw e t w a r r d t pr ve t e , uly s ood he w t he m alh s equie o o o c c hi . Ri r s a e t t he had had e ug tm e t cons t w ih hi c onvi t m ve s t t d ha no h i o ul t s ouns l Ri r e . ve s f t r s a e t the ha di cus ed hi pl a optons w ih hi c urhe t t d ha d s s s e i t s ouns l a t t he ha f e y a e nd ha d r el nd vol a iy de i unt rl c ded hi s l t pl a guit be us he w as i f c guit as c r d. m ef o e d ly ca e n at ly ha ge A ddii ly,Ri r t s i i d t the ha r d a unde s ood t pl ag e m e a ag e d t t tona l ve s e tfe ha d ea nd rt he ea r e nt nd r e ha t f c s a l d t r n w e e t ue Ri s unde s ood t t afe he pl g ly,a pr s nt nce he a t lege he ei r r . ver rt ha t r ed uit ee e r por w oul be pr r a t t t r w a no g a ee as t w ha s nt nce t c tm i t e t d epa ed, nd ha he e s uar nt o te e he our gh i pos The co tf m e. ur ound t tRi spl a wasvol t r a t tRi r unde s ood t na ur of ha ver e un a y nd ha ve s rt he t e t c r s a t rcons que e . he ha ge nd hei e nc s Ri r 's nt i he r ng oc ur e on M a c 1 2009 i St unt Ci c t Co t The ve s e enc ng a i c rd r h 9, n a on r ui ur . Co n at a d fn ej nl r c mme d d a c n e u ie s n e c o tn y a sfrte mmo we 1 nd e e s oit e o n e o s c tv e tn e f e e r o h h y ga pa tc pa i n c r w ih f ve yea s s pe ed,a t fy ye r f t r ng r i i to ha ge t i r us nd nd i t a s or he obbe y c r w ih r ha ge t f ' yea s s pe ol y r us nded,f a t t l s nt nce of sxt ye r ,w ih f t tve yea s s pe d. The t or o a e e i y a s t ory-i r us nde r c m e d s t nce w a t nm c ur en l w ih a t en y-w o yea s nt nce t t e om nde en e s o onc r ty t w t t r e e hat he Augus a Count Cicui Cour ha i pos f r o he c r s A tt s nt nci he i Ri r ' t y r t t d m ed o t r ha ge . he e e ng arng, ve s c ouns l pr e e no e de , but s m a i e Ri r ' t oubl d upbr ngi i m ii ton of e es nt d vi nce um r z d ve s r e i ng n tga i ' puni hm e . The c t ts e ha r uc a l ' f l e t Joi r s nt our d om w t el t nty' olow d he nt ecom m endaton and i s nt nce Ri r t a a i t off fe n ye r . Tr alTr , e e d ve s o n ctve enn i t e a s i . ECF N o.1 Ex.A ,a 22-23. 0, t Ri r di notdie ty a alhi s ntnc . Ri spe ii d t St t Cic tCo t ve s d r c l ppe s e e e ver ttone he aun on r ui ur f a w rtof ha s c pus on J or i bea or anua y 22,201 a l gi i f c i as i t nc ofco eland a r 0 le ng nef e tve s s a e uns subs antve cl m r t i ai egardi t cal aton of t s enci gui i ng he cul i he ent ng delnes. On M ay 27,2010,t he c tde e a dimi s t pe ii our nid nd s s ed he tton. Ri r t n a ald t dimi s t t Supr me ve s he ppe e he s s al o he e Cour ofVigi a.Thec tr usdt a a onNove r23, t r ni our ef e he ppe l mbe 2010.Ri r tmel tldhi j ve s i y ie s 225 pe ii i t s C o t on D ec m be 29,201 a l gi t s e i f ec i a s s a e of 4 tton n hi ur e r 0 le ng he am ne f tve s i t nc cou e c ai she r s d i hi s a e ha a pe ii n. ns l l m ai e n s t t be s tto I I. St andard of R e ew vi Fe r c t w ile e t n a def nda ' wrtofha s c pus ' y o t gr de al our s l nt rai e nts i bea or ' onl n he ound t t ha he i i c t i vi a i of t Cons iuto or l w s or t e tes of t U nie St t s ' 28 s n usody n ol ton he tt i n a rai he td ae . ' U. C.j 2254( Howeve,whe rviwi t wrt f r c t a e rquie 'o a co d S. $. r n e e ng he i, edeal ours r e r d ' c r t s a e c tf c ua t ndi a pr um pton of c r c nes . H e nande v.N e Yo k,500 U . t t - our a t l i ngs es i or e t s ' ' r z w r S. 352,366( 991 .Thi prs i 'pplis wih equa f c t ( f r c t)rviw ofa 1 ) s e umpton ' le q t a l ore o a edeal our' e e s sa e t i co t fndi off c m a i c t t ral ur ' i ngs a t de n onnec i n w ih a f r c tt i lc a m , e e s to t ede al ons iutona l i ' xc pt ' f e e i lcic s a s 1 or xc ptona r um t nce . d. Purua t t Anie im a Efe tve De t Pe ly Ac of 1 (' s nt o he ttnors nd fci ah nat t 996 ' AEDPA',a ' ) fd r lc u tma n tg a tha e srle fra y cam 'h twa a j dc td o te meisi e ea o r y o rn b a eif o n li ' a s d u iae n h rt n t S ae c ur p o e dn s'u ls te a j d c to 'e utd i ad cso t a wa c n rr t ,o tt o t r c e ig , ne s h du iai n ' s le n e iin h t s o tay o r ' r i ved m' unr a ona e a i ton of c ea l e t bls d Fe r l w , o ' es t d i a nvol l e s bl pplca i , l ry s a i he de al a ' r ' ule n ' r de son t twa basd on umea o bl deemi ton oft f t. 28 U. C.j2254( ( ) cii ha s e s na e tr nai he acs' ' S. d)1( . The Fo t Cic t a cor t ' onrr t 'and ' eaona e a iai 'ca e 2) urh rui c ds he ' tay o' c ' s bl pplc ton' lus s unr i pe ntmea ng. Se Powelv Kel 562 F.d 656,664 ( h Ci.2009) A saecou t nde nde ni e l . ly, 3 4t r . tt r decson i ' nta y t ' ceal e tbls d fderl 1w i t sat c t de so ( ) ii s ' rr o' l ry sa ihe e a a f he t e our' ciin 1 co s conrve sUnie Stt SuprmeCour pr c en asamatroflw or( c r ve Unied ta ne td aes e t e ed t te a 2) onta nes t St es Supr e Courtpr at em ecedentwih m at i l i stngui habl f s. W ilam s v.Ta or,529 t er aly ndi i s e act li yl U. 36 405 ( S. 2, 2000) I t sae c t( )unras bl a ist c r tl lr et t . f he tt our 1 e ona y pple he orec ega ul o he fcs ( e e afdeallgalprncpl i c eswhee i s ul no bea i or( r uss a t, 2) xtnds e r e i i e n as r t ho d t ppled, 3) ef e t e e a f de all galpr nc pl t c s s w he e i s ul be a i t a s a e co tde s on o xt nd e r e i i e o ae r t ho d ppled, hen t t ur ci i i a ' ea ona e a i a i ' c ea l es a i he f r l w . f a 407. s n' unr s bl pplc t on'of l ry t bls d ede al a #. t 1 11. A nal s ysi a. Exhauston i A f de alc ' ma notg a ha asr le f une use sae cli snotpr e e t e r oul y t r nt be ei f or xha t d t t am es nt d o t hihes saeco t 28U. C.j2254(9;O'ulian v Boe c ,526U. 838,8 ( 999) he g t tt ur. S. 1 S lv . r kel S. 42 1 . To m ee t e us i r r m e ,a pe ii r m us ha pr s nt d i t t ope a i f c s t he xha ton equie nt ttone t ve e e e t h he r tve a t bo a t c r lng l ga prnc pl s 't t r vi w i s a e cour . Kasiv.Angel nd he ontoli e l i i e ' o he e e ng t t t one,300 F. 3d 487,501 2 ( hCi.2002) Seci 2254rviw doc e onwha asaec tkne a di ' -0 4t r . ton e e i us s f t tt our w nd d.' Cu ln v Pih ltr No.0 - 0 ,2 1 W L 21 91 8 si o a 1 ( S.Ma 31 2 1. le . n ose , 9 1 88 01 1 5 , l p. t 0 U. p y , 01 ) Addii f t no prs ntd t t saeco tma notbe c i r i aj 2254r viw. 1 ; tonal acs t e e e o he tt ur y onsdeed n e e d. s ealoKe ne v Tama Re s 504U. 1 8 2( 992) e s e y . yo- ye , S. , -1 1 . Ri r rie f i fe tvea ssa ofc e camsi hi j 2254 peiin. Fis, ves as s our nefci s itnce ouns l li n s tto rt Ri r a s r s t t hi a t ne w a i f e tve f r no ha ng hi ps hi t i aly e m i d t ve s s e t ha s tor y s ne f c i o t vi m yc a rc l xa ne o de e ne t a ia lt of an i aniy de e e. Se ond,Ri r as e t t t hi a t ne w a t nni he va l biiy ns t f ns c ve s s r s ha s tor y s i f e tve f not ha ng hi ps hi t i a l e i t de e m i Ii r ' com pe e y t ne f c i or vi m yc a r c ly xam ned o t r ne t ve s t nc o sa til Thid,Ri r as e t t thi a t tnd ra . r ve s s rs ha s tonwy wa i feci f a sng hi t ta guit s ne f tve or dvi i m ha ly pl a w oul lm i hi s nt nce t no m o e t n tve yea s t r i e d i t s e e o r ha i r , he eby nduc ng R i r 'i unt r i ve s nvol a y guit pl a. La ty,Ri r as e t t thi a t ne wa i f c i f notpr s ntng evi nc i ly e sl ve s s rs ha s tor y s nefe tve or ee i de e n miiain o p nihme tt t es ne engj d e Ri r r ie e c o t e ef u camsi h s tg to f u s n o h e tn i u g . ves as d a h f h s o r li n i s a e ha a pe ii a s e t t be s tton nd ubs quent a ppea t t Su e e Cour of V i gi a. Ac di y, l o he pr m t r ni cor ngl t e cli ae pr ry beor t sCour o j 225 rviw. Howe ,t Co twilnot hes ams r opel f e hi tn 4 e e ver he ur l c i r a ne f c st tRi r pr s s i t spe ii butdi notpr s ntt t s a e co t onsde ny w a t ha ve s e ent n hi tton d e e o he t t ur . b. I f e i A s i t e of Couns l ne f ctve s s anc e l or r t c le n de o ha l nge a s nt nc s c s uly on t bas s of i f c i a s s a e of e e e uc es f l he i nef e tve s i t nc c el Ri r m us s tsy t t ts tf t by t Unied St t sSupr me Cour i Sti kand v ouns , ve s t a if he es e orh he t ae e tn rc l . Was ngtn,466 U. 668 ( 4) I Stikl t Cour hel t ta tndi ofi fe tve hi o S. 198 . n rc and, he t d ha i ng nefci a s s a e of c s i t nc ouns lr r a t o- ong s w i a a ha s pe ii e equies w pr ho ng, nd bea ttonerbe r t bur n of a s he de pe s s on f bot pr r ua i or h ongs I a 687. .d t Fis, vesmu ts o t tteatr e ' p roma c 'elb l w a o j ci esa d r rt Ri r s h w ha h to n ys e fr n e ' l eo n b e tv tn ad f of r a ona e s , w he e r as e s bl ne s ' ' r e onabl nes i de e m i d unde t ' e lng pr es i l e s s t r ne r he ' vaii pr of s ona nor s ' 1 a 688. l a s s ng a a t y' pe f m . d. t ' n s es i n tonw s r onna e,a cour m us be hi hl de e e i lt nc t t g y f r nta o t c ia decsons a t c tmus tle fom isa l i t ' sori e f t ofhi i t' a tc l ii , nd he our t itr r t nays s he ' t tng fec s di ndsgh . ' 1 a 689. M or over t r i a ' t ong pr s pt o t tc d. t e , he e s ' r s e um i n ha ouns ls c uc f ls w ihi t w i e ' ond t a l t n he de r nge ofr as bl pr e s ona a s s a . 1 a e ona e of s i l s it nce ' d. ' S c n ,Ri r mu ts o ta p eu ier s td fo c u e' d fce tp ro ma c . e o d ves s h w h t rj dc eul r m o ns l eiin ef r n e e s I .a 6 2 To e tbls p eudc ,ap t in rmus s w ta t eei a 'e s na l p o a ii d t 9. sa ih rj ie ei o e t t ho h t h r s ' a o b e r b b ly r t t t but f c ha , or ouns ' unpr es i el s of sonal e r s t r s t of t pr ee ng woul ha be n r or , he e ul he oc di d ve e dif r nt A r as fe e . e onabl pr biiy i apr biiy s tcintt unde ne t c i nc oft e oba lt s oba lt ufi e o nni he onfde e he out om e. f a 694. Fa l e t s ts y eiher pr ng i f t l t a pe ii rs i f tve c ' #. t ' iur o a i f t o s aa o ttone ' nefec i as i t nce ofc ss a ouns lc a m . e li M ent H ealh C l m s al t ai Ri r 'fr tt c a m s r l t t hi c ve s is wo l i e a e o s ouns l sf l e t i tga e R i r 'm e a he lh e ' aiur o nves i t ve s nt l a t is a quaey. Ri r cai t ti c e ha i tgaed,hemihtha bee et () sues de tl ves l ms ha f ouns l d nvesi t g ve n iher 1 e ildt a i a t defns or( de me i ntte o n ns niy e e, 2) e d ncompee t pladguit Thesaec r f md tnt o e ly. tt ou t ot t e ecamst b t to tme i'a d b rf o fcu ls p o t FialOr e o Ci.Co r f r h s li o e ç h u rt n ee t f a ta u p r. n wi ' d r f r ut o teC/ o tu t n ECF. .1 Ex. , t3 4.Th saec u tf u d ta e e i Riesh d h / fsa n o , y No 0, A.a e tt o r o n h t v n f v r a ma f se s m e a r m e alhe t i s s t bur n f esa ihi e t r a i a t nie t d o ppa ent nt alh s ue , he de or t bls ng ihe n ns niy de e e or i om pe e e i hi h. The s a e c tc e t d t t tm ony of Ri r 'co elt t f ns nc t nc s g t t our r die he es i ve s uns ha s ha no r as t bei ve t tRi r m e a he t pr e s pr ve ed hi fom et r he d e on o le ha ve s ntl alh oblm e nt m r ihe unde s a ng t na ur of t c r r t ndi he t e he ha ges a i t hi , a s s i i hi ow n def ns or t ga ns m s i tng n s e e, he r m ii a i a m ongf nes ofhi a tonsi r ng t c a tc tons nd ul s s c i n obbi he onveni e s or Furhe , he s a e enc t e. t r t t t c u td fre t t etil u g ' d tr nain t a Ri esu d rt o wh th wa d i b o r ee rd o h ra j d e s eemi to h t v r n e so d a e s ong y pl a ng g ly. e di uit A r vi w of t sat cour ' fna or r ta crpt of t g ly pl a c l e e he t e ts i l de , r ns i he uit e oloquy, a nd t a c i oft s e i he i i ca e t tt sa e c tr s bl de e m i d t f c s r ns rpt he ent nc ng arng ndi t s ha he t t our ea ona y t r ne he a t a di not unr a ona y a y f der l 1 w i den ng Ri r 'ha as cor pe ii nd d e s bl ppl e a a n yi ve s be pus tton. Durng i t pl a c l uy,Ri r e bie no be vi t twoul ha 1d eihe hi c he e oloq ve s xhi t d ha or ha d ve e t r s ouns lor t e he c tt bei ve t the di no unde sand hi st ton. Ri r wa l i a c our o le ha d t rt s iua i ve s s uc d nd oope a i a r tve, nd f ly a wer d a1 of t co ts quesi ns conc r ng w ho he was a w ha r g s he u l ns e l he ur ' to e ni nd t i ht s r nde e u ure r d pon pl a ng g ly. Ri r alo t d t c tt t he ha r vi e di uit ve s s ol he our ha d e ewed t pla he e ag ee en w ih hi a t ne he unde s ood w ha i m e nt a t t he w a e t pl a guit r m t t s tor y, rt t t a , nd ha nt d o e d ly b c u eh wa i f c g it n a dto t t e eo j ciemak r o c mpee c a d snt , e a s e s n a t ul y.l d iin o h s b e tv r es f o tn y n a iy Ri r pr ded ne t r t sat c tnor t s Cour w ih a f t s ve s ovi ihe he t e our hi t t ny ac s uppo tng hi c e i of ri s ont nton s rousil st twoul e il hi t a d c pa lt f hi c i e . l Thus Ri r has no ei lnes ha d ntte m o voi ul biiy or s rm s , ve s t 1Ri vers a ached i onnaton f om t Food and D rug A dm i staton concer ng m edi i tt nf i r he ni r i ni catons t the t be or t r ha ook f e he obbe y a i c r nty t ki How e r t s a e c tdi notha t s r nd s ur e l a ng. ve , he t t our d ve hi i onna i w he i c i r d hi s a e ha as c pus pe ii nf ton n t ons de e s t t be or tton. The dr i or a i w a ug nf m ton s 6 demonsr t t thi c taed ha s ouns lsf iur t i tgae hi m e alco ton t esabls i a t or e ' a l e o nvesi t s nt ndii o t ih ns niy i c mp tn ywa o j ci ey u r a o a l o p eu iil Be a s Rie sc n ts o ta h s n o ee c s be tv l n e s n be r rj dca. c u e v r n no h w h t i c ouns w a c tt i ly detci nt unde St i k and,t s a e c t r s na y de e hi el s ons iutona l i e r rc l he t t our ea o bl ni d s s a e ha a c pus pe ii a R i r i no i c t t t be s or tton nd ve s s t n us ody i vi a i of t Unie St t s n ol ton he td a e Consiuton.TheCour mus t eor dimisRi s j225 peii tt i t t herf e s s ver' 4 tton. i. Invol i untary G uit Pl ly ea Ri r a l ge t thi g ly pl w as i unt y be us he w oul notha pl d guit ve s le s ha s uit ea nvol ar ca e d ve e ly i hi co elha nota s e hi t thi s nt nce w oul be l s t n tve yea s The sat co t f s uns d s ur d m ha s e e d e s ha i r. t e ur hel t scli t bem e il s ,fndi t tRi r a lge no f c sdemonsr tng t thi guit d hi am o rte s i ng ha ve s le d at ta i ha s ly pl a w a i unt r The s a e c tr le o R i r 'a w e s durng t guit pl c l e s nvol a y. t t our e i d n ve s ns r i he ly ea oloquy i de e m i ng t the pl guit vol t r l a w ihoutbe ng coe ce ort e t ne n t r ni ha ed ly un a iy nd t i r d hr a e d. U pon r vi w , t s Cour fnds no r a on t ups t t s a e c ts de e m i ton t t e e hi ti es o e he t t our ' t r na i ha Ri r ' c ve s ouns l wa ade e a t t Ri r vol a iy pld guit At t g ly pla e s quat nd ha ve s untrl e ly. he uit e c l oloquy,Ri r t d t s a e c tt the ha di c s hi pl optons w ih hi c ve s ol he t t our ha d s us ed s ea i t s ouns l a e , nd t the f ee y a vol a iy pl guit be us he w as i f c g ly. Furhe ,eve i Ri r ' ha r l nd unt r l ed ly ca e n a t uit t r n f ve s c u e ha tl hi t a tv y as wo d b te ma i m s ne c i o e ,te j d e o nsl d o d m h t i e e r ul e h x mu e tn e mp s d h u g s c tc ly sat d t Ri s S ou under t nd t tt r i no g r nt e on w ha m u wilr e ve pe ii a l t e o ver t Y s a ha he e s ua a e t l ec i a t s ntnci hea i ' Pla Coloqu Tr , t he e e ng rng?' e l y . ECF No.1 Ex. a 7. Ri r r s 0, A, t ve s e ponde û s dt Ye l i c e rt tRi r f ly unde sood wha hewasdoi by pl di guit a t t t s l a ha ve s ul rt t ng ea ng ly nd ha t c tha t dic e i t s nt nc hi t l nge t n he a ii t d. Ri r a s t l t he our d he s r ton o e e e m o o r ha ntc pa e ve s lo o d he cour,unde oah and penat ofpertr t the wasvol a iy pladi g ly be us he t r t ly jly, ha untrl e ng uit ca e a ia e a di cove a e t R i r be or he fl hi s a e ha s cor petton. The e or va l bl nd s r bl o ve s f e ied s t t bea pus ii r f e, t sCo tma notc i rt si o ton f t trttmeon j 2254r viw. Pi se ,a hi ur y onsde hi nfnnai or he is i e e nholtr t 10'Keene 504 U . at 8-1 , y, S. 2. c omm it d t r r and di s be a e he was i ve i a ga te he obbe y d o c us nvol d n ng. On t s f c s t r i he e a t , he e s not ng t s ppo ta fndi t t Ri s co m s w a e t r de i i or t t c hi o u r i ng ha ver ' t el s ihe f c ent ha ouns l s c e ' onduc t p eu ie Riesi a ywa Ac o dn l t scam mus bed s se . rj dc d v r n n y. c r igy,hi li t imis d ii Evi nc i M i i i ofPuni hm e i. de e n tgaton s nt La ty, Ri r a l ges t t hi co el was i f e tve f not i r uc ng e de e of sl ve s le ha s uns ne f c i or nt od i vi nc Ri r ' m e a he t pr e s i m ii a i o punihm e . Ri s a g s t t i hi c ve s nt l alh obl m n t g ton f s nt ver r ue ha f s ouns l e ha d d one s t c tw oul have pr ded hi w ih pr r m en alhe t s r ce a m a o, he our d ovi m t ope t alh e vi s nd y ha i pos d a lght r s nt nc The sa e c t f ve m e i e e e e. t t our ound t t hi couns l s pe f m a ha s e ' r or nce w a s n i e d fce tn rp eu iil ndt ee o en tc nsiu in lyie fcie et r eiin o rj d ca a h r fr o o t to al n fe tv . h t Upon r vi w i t r co d,t s Cou tfnds no cons iutonal e e e ng he e r hi r i tt i nor i t s at c ts n he t e our ' de e na i t nni ton. The s a e cour pr l de e m i d t couns l w as a opra e i no tt t opery t r ne hat e ppr i t n t s ubmitng e de e i m ii ton ofpunihme i t Stunt Cicui Cour. Shorl be o e ti vi nc n tgai s nt n he a on r t t ty f r t St unt c t s nt e Ri r , t A ugus a Count Ci c t C o t s nt nce R i r t he a on our e enc d ve s he t y r ui ur e e d ve s o t e y-w o ye r . Dur ng t A ugus a s nt nc ng, c w nt t as i he t e e i ouns di pr ent e de e, nn e y el d es vi nc m l t tm ony f om s r of Ri s r a i s a es i r eve al ver ' el tve bout hi dif c t upbr ngi s f i ul i ng. A t t s e nt he ubs que S a n o s ne cng c u s l a d te Co n at s atr e p e e t d a j it tu tn e tn i , o n e n h mmo we l h' to n y r s ne on r com m e ton w hi h ca l d f a tfee ye r a tve s nt nc t r n c ur e l w ih t e nda i c le or i t n a c i e e e o u onc r nt y t he t t t o ye A ugus a s nt nce The e w a no ne d f couns l t pr e a tonal wen y-w ar t e e . r s e or e o es nt ddii evi nce i m ii a i n of puni hm e a t St unt pr edi be us R i r r c ve no de n tg t o s nt t he a on oce ng ca e ve s e ei d addii l tm e a ns whi h evi nc c d m ii t Fur he ,e n t tona i gai t c de e oul tga e. t r ve houg co el di no h uns d t pr s ntwines t tm on c er ngRi r 'toubl pa t c ms ldi di c sRi r pa twih ee t s esi y onc ni ve s r ed s, ot e d s us ve s' s t t ec u t f r t ej dg a n u e h ssn e c . h o r beo e h u e n o nc d i e tn e 8 Co n e' d cso no t p e e ta dto a e ie c wa o j cieyr a o a l a d n t u s ls e ii n t o r s n d iin l vd n e s b e tv l e s n b e n o d fce t F rh r r ,b c us o tej i tsn e c rc mme dain t tt e c u ta c p e , eiin. u te mo e e a e f h o n e tn e e o n to ha h o r c e td c u s ls a to s c ul n t ha e p eu ie Ries i a y wa Ri r' c u s l wa o n e' ci n o d o v rj dc d v r n n y. ves o n e s c tt i ly a qua e a t s c a m m us be d s i s ons iutona l de t nd hi l i t i m s ed. I . V Concl on usi The s a e c tpr ry f t t our ope l ound Ri r 'f i f ec i a s s a e of c ve s our ne f tve s i t nc ouns lcl i st be e am o unme iorous Bec us t sa eco tstndi di notr a ouloft Consiuton,t Cour rt i . a e he t t ur' i ngs d un f he tt i he t mus dimisalofRi r'j2254cams t s s l ves li . A n a o i t or rs l i s t s da ppr pra e de ha l s ue hi y. E E T i JV d yo Jl, 0 1 NT R: hs a f uy 2 1. Z J Seni U nied St t D i t c udge or t a es sri 9
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